Method of Statement - PDA

High
Strain
Dynamic Test,
Low Strain Integrity

Test
METHOD OF STATEMENT
FOR WAVE PROPAGATION
&
Cross Hole Sonic
Test
PILE TESTING
AccordingtotheAmericanStandards
ASTMD494508,ADTMD588207andASTMD676008
ALLIQAABUREAUFORPILINGTEST|Street18,AlRashanBuilding,KaradahKharij
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www.lptconsultant.com
Email:info@lptconsultant.com
TableofContents
Introduction
TypesofWavePropagationPileTesting
ScopeofWork
1. HighStrainDynamicTest
i. General
ii. Frequency
iii. Prerequisite
iv. Method
2. LowStrainIntegrityTest
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
General
Frequency
Prerequisite
Method
3. CrossHoleSonicTest
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
General
Frequency
Prerequisite
Method

TESTINGAPPARATUS
SOFTWAREANALYSIS
i. CAPWAP
ii. PitW
iii. CHAW
RESULTSOFTEST
ACCEPTANCECRITERIA
MethodOfStatementforWavePropagationPileTesting
HighStrainDynamicTest,LowStrainIntegrityTest&CrossHoleSonicTest
Introduction
In the 1950s, E.A. Smith of the Raymond Pile Driving Company studied wave propagation on slender rods, and
developedanumericalanalysismethodtopredictthecapacityversusblowcountrelationshipandinvestigatepile
drivingstresses.Themodelmathematicallyrepresentsthehammerandallitsaccessories(ram,cap,capblock),as
wellasthepile,asaseriesoflumpedmassesandspringsinaonedimensionalanalysis.Thesoilresponseforeach
pilesegmentismodeledasviscoelasticplastic.Allcomponentsofthesystemarerealisticallymodeled.Theanalysis
beginswiththehammerramfallingandattaininganinitialvelocityatimpact.Thismethodisthebesttechniquefor
predicting the relationship of pile capacity and blow counts (or set per blow), and the only method available to
predict driving stresses. Improvements to Smiths method to incorporate a thermodynamic diesel hammer model
andresidualstresses.Thewaveequationapproachisanexcellentpredictivetoolforanalysisofimpactpiledriving,
butithassomelimitations.Thesearemainlyduetouncertaintiesinquantifyingsomeoftherequiredinputs,suchas
actualhammerperformanceandsoilparameters.
TypesWavePropagationPileTesting
TherearedifferenttypesofWavePropagationpiletesting;threeofthesetestsarecoveredinthismethodof
statement:
1. HighStrainDynamicTesting.
2. LowStrainPileIntegrityTesting.
3. CrossHoleSonicTest.
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1. HighStrainDynamicTest
i.
General
HighStainDynamicLoadTesting(HSDLT)ofpilesisafastandeffectivemethodofassessingfoundationbearing
capacitythatrequiresinstrumentingadeepfoundationwithaccelerometersandstraintransducersandanalyzing
datacollectedbythesesensors.Theprocedureisbasedonthecasemethodofpiletestingandisstandardizedby
ASTMD494508StandardTestMethodforHighStrainDynamicTestingofPiles.Itmaybeperformedondriven
piles,drilledpilesandothercastinplacefoundations.Inadditiontobearingcapacity,DynamicLoadTestinggives
informationonresistancedistribution(pileresistanceandendbearing)andevaluatestheshapeandintegrityof
thefoundationelement.Thefoundationbearingcapacityresultsobtainedwithdynamicloadtestscorrelatewell
withtheresultsofstaticloadtestsperformedonthesamefoundationelement.
ii.
Frequency
The frequency of this test is one pile to represent the entire site including current and future pile installation.
Engineermayincreaseno.ofpiles(Tests)asrequired.Typicallytestingincludes5%to15%ofthetotalno.ofthe
workingpiles.
iii.
Prerequisite
Thestaticaxialcapacityofpilestypicallychangesastimeelapsesafterpileinstallation,possiblyincreasing(setup)or
decreasing (relaxation), depending on the soil or rock properties and the pore water pressure and soil structure
disturbanceinducedbyinstallation.Thisbehaviormayaffectbothdrivenpilesandcastinplacepiles.TheEngineer
may specify a waiting period between pile installation and High Strain Dynamic Load testing to investigate time
effects.Thewaitingperiodmayrangefrom3to30days,orlonger,basedontesting(forexampleredrivingpiles)or
prior experience. Also the concrete to be sufficiently hardened. This can be confirmed by the concrete test cube
reports.
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iv.
Method
Highstraindynamictestingisperformedbyobtainingandanalyzingrecordsofpileforceandvelocityunderdrop
weightorHammerimpactsforevaluationsofpileloadcarryingcapacity,structuralintegrity,andloadmovement
and pilesoil load transfer relationships. Allow sufficient time for driven and castin place deep foundations
constructedofconcretetogainadequatestructuralstrengthpriortotesting.
1. Ifapermanentcasingisnotusedasafeaturetoconstructthetestpile,thenapiletopextension,consisting
ofathinwalledcasingorequivalent,shallbeusedtoextendthetestpile.Meanstoinsureflat,level,(axial
totestpile)andsolidconcretepiletop.Concreteshouldbelevelwith,andslightlyabovethecasing.Ifthe
topofthetestpileisbelowgrade,thenremovesurroundingsoilsoastocompletelyexposeatestareaas
describedabove.Windowsonatleasttwooppositesidesofthetestpilemayhavetobecutoffinthesteel
casingtoreachtheconcrete.(NotApplicableforaprecastpileorsteelPipePile).
2. In cases where casing is not present, smooth (by grinding) areas around the pile circumference such that
propersensorattachmentcanbeaccomplished.
3. Sensors(atleast2nos.)shallbeattachedtotheexposedconcreteorsteelcasinginasecuremannerasto
preventslippageunderimpact.
4. Forconcretepilesorconcretefilledpipepiles,placeapilecushionmadeofplywood
orothermaterialwithsimilarstiffnessontopofthepile.Forconcretefilledpipepiles,theconcretemust
completelyfillthepiletopsothattheimpactistransferredthroughthepilecushiontotheconcrete.
5. Dynamictestsperformedduringtheinitialinstallationofadrivenpiletypicallymonitortheperformanceof
theimpactdevice,thedrivingstressesinthepile,thepileintegrity,andrelativechangesincapacity.Ifthe
test results are used for static capacity computations, then dynamic measurements should (also) be
performed during restrikes of the deep foundation, after waiting a period of time following the initial
installationsufficienttoallowporewaterpressureandsoilstrengthchangestooccur.
6. Adropweightofapproximatelytwopercent(2%)oftheanticipatedtestpilecapacity,(onepercentmaybe
sufficientforpileswithrocksockets);higherpercentagesarehelpfulwhenpracticalandwhenavailableor
specialized Diesel/Hydraulic Hammer can be used for precast piles. The impacting surface of the drop
weightshouldhaveanareabetween 70and130%ofthetestpiletoparea. Theshapeoftheramweight
shouldbeasregularaspossible(square,round,hexagonal,etc.).Atopcushionconsistingofnewsheetsof
plywoodwithtotalthicknessbetween(50to150mm.)shallbeusedtoabsorbthehammerimpact.
7. At least two (2) hammer impacts should be applied to the top of the pile. First drop height should be
minimaltoallowtheTestingEngineertoassessthetestingequipment,theimpactsystemandthestresses
on the foundation. Subsequent impacts can then be applied by utilizing sequentially higher drop heights
untileitherstressesinthefoundationareexcessiveorthepilepermanentsetfortheappliedimpactexceeds
2.5mm.
8. Based on the measurements from strain or force, and acceleration, velocity, or displacement transducers,
thistestmethodobtainstheforceandvelocityinducedinapileduringanaxialimpact.TheEngineermay
analyzetheacquireddatausingengineeringprinciples,CAPWAPandjudgmenttoevaluatetheintegrityof
the pile, the performance of the impact system, and the maximum compressive and tensile stresses
occurringinthepileandafterassessingtheresultingdynamicsoilresponsealongthesideandbottomofthe
pile,theEngineermayanalyzetheresultsofahighstraindynamictesttoestimatetheultimateaxialstatic
compressioncapacity.
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Typical Force and Velocity Traces Generated by the Apparatus for

Obtaining Dynamic Measurements
Typical Arrangement for High-Strain Dynamic Testing of a Deep

Foundation
Schematic Diagram of Apparatus for

Dynamic Monitoring of Deep Foundations
Typical Arrangement for Attaching

Transducers to Concrete Piles

Transducers to Pipe Piles

Transducers to H-Piles
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2. LowStainIntegrityTest
i.
General
LowStrainPileIntegrityTest(LSPIT)isechoorseismicmethodofassessingtheintegrityofpileshasbeenused
sincethe1970'stochecktheintegrityofpiledfoundationsandisstandardizedbyASTMD588207StandardTest
MethodforLowStrainIntegrityTestingofPiles.Thesystemmeasuresthevelocityresponseofapiletoaforce
inputgeneratedbyasmallhammer.Thesystemisrapidinoperationandcanbeusedtocheckthedepthofboth
precastandcastinsitupiles.Thepossiblecausesofintermediateresponsescanalsobeassessed.
ii.
Frequency
The frequency of this test is one pile to represent the entire site including current and future pile installation.
Engineer may increase no. of piles (Tests) as required. Typically testing includes 100% of the total no. of the
workingpiles
iii.
Prerequisite
Forcastinplaceconcretepilesorconcretefilledpipepiles,performtheintegritytesting nosoonerthan7days
after casting or after concrete strength achieves at least 75 % of its design strength, whichever occurs earlier.
Ensure that the pile head surface is accessible, above water, and clean of loose concrete, soil or other foreign
materialsresultingfrom construction.Ifthepileheadiscontaminated,removeasufficientpilesectiontoreach
sound concrete. Because proper pile top preparation is critical to the successful application of this method, if
necessary,preparesmallareasbyahandgrindertoprovideasmoothsurfaceformotionsensorattachmentand
impact.
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iv.
Method
Theaccelerometermustbefirmlyaffixedtothepiletopinordertomeasurethehighfrequencymotionof
thatsurfaceduringimpactandreflection.Forbestresults,theaccelerometershouldbebondedtothepile
top. Petroleum jelly works nicely in cold weather. Other adhesive materials such as plastic clay or bowl
sealerwaxcanalsobeused.
1. The motion sensor should be placed at or near the pile head using a suitable, or temporary, thin layer of
bondingmaterial(thatis,wax,Vaseline,puttyetc.)sothatitisassuredthatitcorrectlymeasurestheaxial
pilemotion(transduceraxisofsensitivityalignedwiththepileaxis).
2. Themotionsensorisplacedgenerallynearthecenterofthepile.Additionallocationsshouldbeconsidered
forpileswithdiametersgreaterthan500mm.
3. The low strain impact should be applied to the pile head within a distance of 300 mm from the motion
sensor.Ifthepileheadisnotaccessible,aswhenalreadyintegralwiththestructure,thesensor(s)maybe
attachedtothesideofthepile.
4.
The signals from the motion sensors shall be conveyed to the Pile Integrity Tester (PIT) for recording,
reducing,anddisplayingdataasafunctionoftime.ThePITincludesagraphicdisplayofvelocity,andadata
storagecapabilityforretrievingrecordsforfurtheranalysis.
5. Recordthemeasurementsfromseveralimpacts.Averagethesuitablerecordsofatleastthreeimpactsand
apply necessary amplification to the averaged record. The records from the individual impacts or the
averaged record, or both, should then be. The averaged, amplified record then can be evaluated for
integrity.
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Schematic Diagram of Apparatus for Pile Integrity Tester (PIT)
Typical Velocity Traces for the Pulse Echo Method Generated by the PIT for
Obtaining Dynamic Measurements (note the orientation of the input pulse is shown
as positive in this standard; orientation could also be shown negative)
Typical Velocity Record Indicating Pile of Generally Uniform Nature (Gradual

Impedance Changes or Soil Friction) (note the orientation of the input pulse is
shown as positive in this standard; orientation could also be shown negative)
Typical Velocity Record Indicating Major Changes in Impedance (Severe Damage

or a Cracked Pile (note the orientation of the input pulse is shown as positive in
this standard; orientation could also be shown negative) )
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3. CrossHoleSonicTest
i.
General
Crosshole Sonic Logging (CSL) is a NDT method which involves ultrasonic signal transmission through the pile
between two parallel water filled access tubes. The access tubes are often tied to the steel cage and cast
permanently into the pile. The total number of access tubes typically depends on the diameter of the pile. A
transmitter probe and a receiver probe are lowered to the bottom of the pile in separate access tubes.
Measurementsofthesignaltransmissionarecollectedapproximatelyevery5cmastheprobesareraisedtothe
top of the pile. The cables attached to the probes are pulled through calibrated encoder wheels which can
accuratelydeterminethedepthoftheprobeduringtesting.Acollectionofmeasurementsfromoneaccesstube
toanotherarecalleda profile.Profilesarecollectedfromallcombinationsofaccesstubes.Thetestmethodis
describedinASTMD676008.
ii.
Frequency
Thefrequencyofthistestisonepiletorepresenttheentiresiteincludingcurrentandfuturepileinstallation.
Engineermayincreaseno.ofpiles(Tests)asrequired.Typicallytestingincludes50%100%ofthetotalno.
oftheworkingpiles.
iii.
Prerequisite
Theaccessductsshallbesuppliedandinstalledduringconstructionbyorincooperationwiththecontractor
of the deep foundation element to be tested. The total number of installed access ducts in the deep
foundation element should be chosen consistent with good coverage of the cross section. As a guide, the
numberofaccessductsisoftenselectedasoneductforevery0.25to0.30mofdeepfoundationelement
diameter,spacedequallyaroundthecircumference.Aminimumofthreeaccessductsispreferredforcross
holetesting.SingleaccesstubesofPVCorequivalentothermaterialwithlowwavespeedisacceptablefor
singleholetestingofsmalldiameterdeepfoundationelements.
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iv.
Method
Theactualspeedofsoundwavepropagationinconcreteisdependentontheconcretematerialproperties,
geometry of the element and wavelength of the sound waves. When ultrasonic frequencies (for example,
>20000Hz)aregenerated,Pressure(P)wavesandShear(S)wavestravelthoughtheconcrete.BecauseS
wavesarerelativelyslow,theyareofnofurtherinterestinthismethod.IngoodqualityconcretethePwave
speed would typically range between 3600 to 4400 m/s. Poor quality concrete containing defects (for
example, soil inclusion, gravel, water, drilling mud, bentonite, voids, contaminated concrete, or excessive
segregationoftheconstituentparticles)hasacomparativelylowerPwavespeed.Bymeasuringthetransit
time of an ultrasonic Pwave signal between an ultrasonic transmitter and receiver in two parallel water
filled access ducts cast into the concrete during construction and spaced at a known distance apart, such
anomaliesmaybedetected.
1. Theaccesstubesshallbefilledwithwaterandstraightandfreefrominternalobstructions.Theexteriortube
surface shall be free from contamination (for example, oil, dirt, loose rust, mill scale, etc.), and for plastic
tubesthesurfaceshallbefullyroughenedbyabrasionpriortoinstallation,toensureagoodbondbetween
the tube surface and the surrounding concrete. The ends of the tubes shall be undamaged and suitably
prepared for the end caps and coupling system adopted. The access tubes shall be closeended at the
bottomandfittedwithremovableendcapsatthetoptoprevententryofconcreteorforeignobjects,which
couldblockthetubespriortotestingoperations. Ifextensionoftheaccesstubesisnecessaryduetolong
tubelengths,accesstubecouplingsshallbeusedwhichpreventslurryorgroutingressduringconstruction.
Buttweldingforsteeltubecouplingsshallnotbepermitted.Forcouplingplastictubes,threadedorglued
plasticcouplingsshallbeused.Wrappingthejointswithtapeorothercompoundsisstrictlyforbidden.
2. Thetestsshallbeperformednosoonerthan3to7daysaftercastingdependingonconcretestrengthand
shaftdiameter(largerdiametershaftsmaytakecloserto7days).Inthecaseofplasticaccesstubes,testing
shouldbecompletedassoonaspracticaltopreventlossofdatacausedbydebondingoftheconcretefrom
thetube.
3. The access ducts shall be exposed and the protective top caps removed. Preferably, use a weighted
measuringtapetomeasureandrecordthelengthofeachaccessducttothenearest10mm.Iftheaccess
ductisblocked,recordthedepthoftheblockagefromtheaccessducttop.Theaccessductsshallbefilledto
thetopwithcleanwater.
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4. Assignasystematicreferencelabeltoeachaccessductandprepareareferencesketchoftheaccessduct
layoutusingthemagneticcompassorasiteplandiagram.Theasbuiltdetailsoftheaccessductlayoutshall
berecordedincludingmeasuringthecentertocenterseparationsoftheexposedaccessductstothenearest
10mmusingameasuringtapeandmeasuringtheaccessductlengthexposedabovetheconcrete,ifany,to
thenearest100mm.
5. Carefullylowertheprobesdowntothebottomoftheaccessducts,alwayskeepingthematapproximately
thesamelevel,untiloneprobereachesthebottomoftheductorencountersanobstruction(forexample,
becauseoneaccessductisshorter,bentorblocked).Setthedepthlocationtothebottomofthetubes,if
necessary.Raisetheprobesfromthetubebottomtoaportionofthedeepfoundationelementwithgood
qualityconcrete.Ifrequiredbythetestsystemmanufacturer,toensurethatthedistancebetweenprobesis
minimized,therelativeleveloftheprobesshouldbeadjusteduntilthetimeoffirstarrivalofthesignalis
minimized.Temporarilysecurethecablesatthatlevelwiththecablesremaininginequaltension.
6. For Single Hole Sonic Test, The transmitter and receiver probes shall be fixed to each other at a preset
verticalseparation(forexample,typically600mm).Theverticalseparationmaybeincreasedtoscanalarger
radius around the access duct. This will, however, reduce the measured profile length and the detection
resolution.Placetheprobecablepulleyguideintothesingleaccessduct(PVCorequivalentductrequired).
Insertthetransmitterandreceiverprobesintothisaccessductensuringthat thecablesareengagedover
thecablepulleyguidefixedattheaccessducttop.
7. Beginrecordingtheultrasonicpulsesastheprobesareraised.Liftbothprobesbysteadilypullingtheprobe
cables simultaneously at a speed of ascent slow enough to capture one ultrasonic pulse for each depth
interval specified. If an ultrasonic pulse is not obtained for any depth interval, then the probes shall be
loweredpastthatdepthandthetestrepeateduntilalldepthintervalshaveanassociatedultrasonicpulse.
Data collection in some systems may proceed from the top down, or during both downward and upward
probe travel. In some cases it is advantageous to place the probes at different levels during pulling. The
differencescanbeateitherfixedorvariabledistancesdependingontheapplication.
8. Theresultsoftheanalysisshallincludethetimeoffirstarrivaloftheultrasonicpulses(orcalculatedwave
speed) and the relative energy or amplitude plotted relative to the deep foundation element depth to
quantifytheextentandlocationofanyapparentanomaly.Energyoramplitudearepresentedonalogscale,
andattenuationoftherelativesignalstrengthassessedfromthelogscaleorpresentedindB.
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10
TypicalAccessDuctConfigurations
TestArrangementforCrossholeSonicLogging
CSLandSingleholeSonicLoggingSSL
TypicalUltrasonicProfile
PilewithFullLayerDefect
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11
SOFTWAREANALYSIS
I.
CAPWAP
CAPWAP (CAse Pile Wave Analysis Program) is a software program that

estimates total bearing capacity of a pile or shaft, as well as resistance
distribution along the shaft and at the toe. The program takes as input the
force and velocity data obtained with aPile Driving Analyzer (PDA).It is
essential to post process PDA data with CAPWAP for at least one foundation
elementperjob.CAPWAPcompletestheDynamicLoadTestingprocedureand
simulates a Static Load Test. CAPWAP 2006 has improved features for the
analysis of drilled shafts and auger castinplace (CFA) piles. The program
includesacompletelyautomatedmodeaswellasadjustableparameterswith
whichtheusersystematicallyimprovesthecalculatedresults.CAPWAPworks
inEnglish,MetricorSIunits,andfeaturesacomprehensivehelpfeature.The
CAPWAP manual introduces the user to the wave equation theory and signal matching procedure on
whichtheprogramisbased.
CAPWAPcalculates:
Staticshaftresistance,magnitudeanddistribution.
Staticendbearing.
Stressesatanypointalongtheshaft.
Energytransferredfromtheramtothefoundation.
FromforceandvelocitydatameasuredbythePileDrivingAnalyzerPDAonafoundationimpactedbya
ram. Based on these results, CAPWAP simulates a static load test and predicts the instantaneous load
settlementbehaviorofthetestedfoundation.CAPWAP2006hasanimprovedmathematicalmodelthat
enhances the analysis of drilled shafts and augered castinplace piles. Numerous automatic search and
helpfunctionsmakeCAPWAPanefficientandreliableanalysistool.
TYPICALCAPWAPANALYSIS
Forcesandvelocitiesmeasuredatthetopofafoundationduringramimpactarerelated(complementary)
quantities; foundation characteristics and soil resistance parameters govern this relationship. The basic
CAPWAPprocedureusesthisfactandconsistsofthefollowingsteps:
1.RetrieveforceandvelocitydatafromthePileDrivingAnalyzer.
2.Setuppilemodel.
3.Assumesoilresistanceparameters.
4.Performanalysisusingoneofthemeasuredquantitiesasaninputandcalculatethecomplementary
quantity.
5.Comparemeasuredwithcomputedquantity.
6.Ifmatchisnotsatisfactory,adjustsoilparameterssuchasresistance,quakeanddampingandgotostep4.
7.Outputsoilmodel,satisfactorymatchandsimulatedstatictest.
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12
HELPFEATURES
CAPWAPguidestheusertoproperlyadjustthelargenumberof
variables that affect the signal matching process. Arriving at
bearing capacity results is an efficient and rewarding process
thanksto:
Automatedsignalmatchingoption(AC)
Bestmatchforindividualorgroupsofvariables(AQ)
Automaticresistancedistribution(AF)
Automatictoeparameterscheck(AT)
Staticresistancedampingexchange(RD)
Extensiveexperthelpsystem
Backgroundmanual
CAPWAPAnalysisScreen
THECAPWAPPILEANDSOILMODEL
CAPWAPisasignalmatchingprogramwithanextended,Smithtypesoilandcontinuouspile
model. CAPWAP calculations are based on onedimensional wave propagation theory.
Calculations can be performed in English, SI or Metric units. In its default mode, CAPWAP
modelsthedeepfoundationasaseriesof1mlonguniformsectionswithmultipleelastic
properties.Piledamping,splices,nonuniformitiesandmultiplepileorshaftmaterialsmay
alsobemodeled.Thesoilresistanceistypicallylumpedintoindividualresistanceforcesat2
mintervalswithelastoplasticstatic,linearlyviscousandmassrelateddynamicproperties.
Radiation damping is represented by an additional mass and dashpot. The user has the
optionofusingindividualtoeresistanceparameterssuchasaplugmass,aresistancegap
andatrueSmithdampingapproach.
OUTPUT
Simulatedstatictest.
Resistancedistribution.
Forcesandstressesalongtheshaft.
Shaftandtoedampingandquake.
Measuredandcomputedforcesandvelocities.
Maximaofdisplacementandvelocity.
Transferredenergy.
CASEMethodresults.
CORRELATIONS
CorrelationsbetweenLoadSetCurvesfromstaticloadtestand
fromCAPWAPsimulatedtestsonavarietyofsoilsandtypesof
foundationshavebeenextensivelyproven.
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13
II.
PitW
PitWissoftwareforInDepthAnalysisofDataCollectedwiththePileIntegrity
TesterPITWProfessionalmaximizestheinformationyoucanextractfromdata
collectedwiththePileIntegrityTester(PIT).PITWProisparticularlyusefulfor:
Comparingrecordsfromseveralpilesonthesamesite.
Analyzingdatafromfoundationsofexistingstructures.
Assessingunknownfoundationlength.
Evaluatingtheseverityandlocationofanomaliesalongtheshaft.
PITWAdvancedFeatures:
ProfileAnalysisgeneratespileimpedanceversusdepthplottohelp
estimatetheshapeofthefoundation
Analysisquantifiesimpedancechangestohelpassesstheseverity
ofdefects
Multiple Column Plot generates user customized summary sheets

foreasyrecordcomparison.
MultipleColumns
ProfileAnalysis
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14
III.
CHAW
DATAPROCESSINGSOFTWARECHAWPerformsdataqualitychecks.Providespowerfultoolsfordataanalysis:
EdgeFinderforFirstArrivalTimedetection.
DefectAnalysisforeasydefectidentification.
Twomethodsofsignalstrengthevaluation(energyor
amplitude).
Outputsusercustomizedgraphsandtables:
SonicMapSignalstrengthversustimeanddepthintraditionalwaterfalldiagram.
FirstArrivalTimeSignaltraveltimefromtransmittertoreceiver,versusdepth.
WavespeedPlotWavespeed(anindicatorofconcretestrength)versusdepth.
WavespeedTableWavespeeds,meansandstandarddeviations.
EnergyorAmplitudePlotSignalstrengthversusdepth.
Defectlocationgraphically(horizontalredline)andintableformat.
TOMOSONIC
Optical tomography software produces 2D and 3D color coded

imagesthathelpvisualizelocaldefects.Viewsincludehorizontaland
verticalslicesandathreedimensional
representationoftheshaft.
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15
TESTINGAPPARATUS
PileDrivingAnalyzer(PDA)ModelPAX
For Dynamic Load Testing and Dynamic Pile Monitoring, The Pile Driving
Analyzer(PDA)acquiresdatafromaccelerometers andstraintransducers
attached to a pile or shaft. The tests require the impact of a pile driving
hammeror,ifthatisnotavailable,ofasuitabledropweight.
DynamicLoadTest
Results:Bearingcapacity,structuralintegrityassessment
PDAdataanalyzedwiththeCAPWAPsoftware
Excellentcorrelationwithstaticloadtests
PerformedondrilledPiles,continuousflightauger,castinsituordrivenpilesonarestrike.
DynamicPileMonitoring
Capacityatthetimeoftesting,drivinghammerperformance,drivingstress,pileintegrity.
Performedduringdriving.
HelpsestablishtheDrivingCriterion.
Contributestosafeandeconomicalproductionpileinstallation
StrainandAccelerationSensors
For the Pile Driving Analyzer and Dynamic Load testing. Strain Transducers
andAccelerometersmanufacturedbyPileDynamicsarereliable,convenientto
installandremove,andhighlydurable.
ACCURACY:
PDIsensorscollectaxiallyaccuratesignalsathighmicrostrain(strain
transducers)andg(accelerometers)levels.
CALIBRATION:
Calibrationsheetsarefurnishedwitheachsensor.
PileDynamicsrecommendsthatsensorsberecalibratedatleasteverytwoyears,inaccordancewithASTMD4945.
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PileIntegrityTester:PITFV
The Pile Integrity Tester (PIT) performs Low Strain

Integrity Testing, also called Sonic Echo or Pulse Echo
Testing. The PIT may be used for augered castinplace
(CFA) piles, drilled shafts, driven concrete piles, concrete
filled pipes and timber piles. It detects potentially
dangerous defects such as major cracks, necking, soil
inclusionsorvoidsand,insomesituations,candetermine
unknownlengthsofpiles.
PITV,whichfeaturesalargerscreen,alsoreadsvelocitydatafromasingle(traditionalorcabled)accelerometerPIT
FVhastwodatainputchannels.Thefirstinputistheaccelerationmeasuredonthepile.Thesecondinputmaybe
fromasecondaccelerometerorfromaninstrumentedhammer.
PITVANDFVACCELEROMETERS
UsedwiththePileIntegrityTester(PIT)
Availableintoporsidemount.Attachmentbyboltonsystem(side)orflatbasemount
(top)withadhesive.Fullwaterproofing.
ACCURACY:
PDIsensorscollectaxiallyaccuratesignalsathighmicrostrain(straintransducers)and
g(accelerometers)levels.
CALIBRATION:
Calibrationsheetsarefurnishedwitheachsensor.
PileDynamicsrecommendsthatsensorsberecalibratedatleasteverytwoyears,inaccordancewithASTMD5882.
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17
CrossHoleAnalyzer(CHAMP)
For crosshole and single hole sonic logging The CrossHole

Analyzer(CHAMP)determinesthequalityandconsistencyofthe
concrete of drilled shafts, slurry walls, bored piles, castinsitu
pilesandothertypesofconcretefoundations.Itmaybeusedfor
crosshole sonic logging (CSL) of drilled shafts or single hole
soniclogging(SSL)ofsmalleraugeredcastinplacepiles.
Features
Small
Lightweight
Rugged
Easytouchscreenoperation
ColorLCDvisibleevenindirectsunlight
Batterylastsanentiredayofnormaltesting
SonicLoggingProbes
Probesaresturdy:theiroilfilledbrassshellsarepressuretested
for water depths up to 300 m. Transmitter probes have an
exclusivesafetyfeature,theyarepoweredbya12voltsourcein
theCHAMPandtransformedtohighervoltageswithintheprobe
itself.These highervoltagesallowtestingbetween accesstubes
more than 3 m apart. The probes may be fitted with bottom
extension weights for deeper shafts and centralizers to position
theprobesinthecenterofthetubes.
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RESULTSOFTEST
HighStrainDynamicTestingReport
ThereportforDynamicLoadtestingshallincludethefollowinginformation:
GeneralInformation
Projectinfo.
Clientinfo.
Pileinfo(Length,Type,Diameter,Casting/Drivingdateetc.).
Hammerinfo.
Commentsandrecommendationsaboutthepile(s)capacity.
EquipmentCertificatesandCalibrationssheets.
Graphicaloutputsdrawing
Forcevs.timecurve.
Velocityvs.timecurve.
Loadvs.settlementcurve.
LoadDistribution.
DetailedTablesoutputs
CAPWAPSummary
SoilModelParameters
ExtremaTable
DynamicResistanceTable
GeneralSummary
CaseMethod
PileProfileandPileModel
StaticLoadtable
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19
SampleoftheGraphicaloutputfortheDynamictestreport
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Sample(1of3)ofthedetailedtableoutput
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23
SampleoftheCertificatesandCalibrationSheets
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24
LowStrainPileIntegrityTesting
ThereportforPileIntegrityTestshallincludethefollowinginformation:
GeneralInformation
Projectinfo.
Clientinfo.
Pileinfo(Length,Type,Diameter,Casting/Drivingdateetc.).
Assessment(PileAcceptancecriteria)
EquipmentCertificatesandCalibrationssheets.
Velocityvs.timecurveforaverageimpactsforeachindividualpile.
Pileprofileplot(incaseofflawordamage).
DetailedTablesoutputs
PilesRating(AA,AB,ABx,PFxorPDx)
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25
SampleoftheVelocitycurves
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SampleofthePilesRatingTable
SampleofthePileProfilePlot
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SampleofEquipmentCertificatesandCalibrationsheets
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28
CrossHoleSonicTest
ThereportforCrossholeSonicTestshallincludethefollowinginformation:
GeneralInformation
Projectinfo.
Clientinfo.
Pileinfo(Length,Type,Diameter,Castingdateetc.).
CommentandRecommendationoneachpilecondition.
AccessTubeInformation
No.ofaccesstubeanddimensions.
Accesstubedrawings.
Totalno.ofusedpath.
VelocityLogcurve,foreachaccesstubecombination.
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SampleofVelocityplotsof2Paths
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ACCEPTANCECRITERIA
TheacceptanceofaTestwillbebasedonthefollowing:
Thepilewasinstalledinaccordancewithitsrespectivespecification.
AlltheProject/Client/PileInformationshallbesubmittedbytheEngineerpriortothetest.
ThepilewastestedinaccordancewiththetestprocedurescontainedinthisMethodofStatementand
accordingtothecorrespondingAmericanStandardcode:
ASTMD454908forDynamicLoadTest
ASTMD588207forPileIntegrityTest
ASTMD676008forCrossholeSonicTest
AllfieldtestingandmeasurementsshallbemadeinthepresenceoftheEngineer.
Theequipmentrequiredtobeattachedtothepileshallbeappropriatelypositionedandfixedtothe
approvaloftheEngineer.
EquipmentreadingsvalidatethatnoloadorstresswastransferredtothePileexceedingtheallowablelimits
(IfsuchlimitwasproposedbytheEngineer).
Theacceptabletestpilemeetsanyothercriteriaindicatedinthecontractdocuments.
TheTestReportandequipment certificationsandCalibrationshavebeensubmittedasoutlinedinTest
Results.
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High Strain
Dynamic Test,
Low Strain
Integrity Test
METHOD OF STATEMENT
FOR WAVE PROPAGATION
&
Cross Hole Sonic
Test
PILE TESTING
ASTMD494508,ADTMD588207andASTMD676008

Method of Statement - PDA

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High

Low Strain Integrity

FOR WAVE PROPAGATION

Typical Force and Velocity Traces Generated by the Apparatus for

Typical Arrangement for High-Strain Dynamic Testing of a Deep

Schematic Diagram of Apparatus for

Typical Arrangement for Attaching

Typical Arrangement for Attaching

Typical Arrangement for Attaching

Schematic Diagram of Apparatus for Pile Integrity Tester (PIT)

Typical Velocity Record Indicating Pile of Generally Uniform Nature (Gradual

Typical Velocity Record Indicating Major Changes in Impedance (Severe Damage

CAPWAP (CAse Pile Wave Analysis Program) is a software program that

Multiple Column Plot generates user customized summary sheets

Optical tomography software produces 2D and 3D color coded

The Pile Integrity Tester (PIT) performs Low Strain

For crosshole and single hole sonic logging The CrossHole

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