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Original Research
The effect of disinfectant agents on dimensional stability and
surface roughness of a tissue conditioner material
Amiralireza Khaledi, Zohre Borhanihaghighi, Mahroo Vojdani
Department of Prosthodontics,
Faculty of Dentistry, Shiraz
University of Medical Sciences,
Shiraz, Iran

Received : 22-02-10
Review completed : 11-05-10
Accepted
: 16-07-10

ABSTRACT
Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of disinfectant procedures on the
dimensional stability and surface quality of a tissue conditioner used as a functional impression
material.
Materials and Methods: A tissue conditioner (Visco-gel) used as a functional impression
material was disinfected by immersion in 5.25% sodium hypochlorite or 2% glutaraldehyde
solutions for 10 or 20 minutes, respectively. The control group consisted of specimens (n=10)
that were not treated by disinfectants. For testing the dimensional stability, impressions of an
aluminum edentulous arch with three reference points were made. After 24 hours of storage in
distilled water, the specimens were treated by one of the disinfection procedures. Impressions
were poured and, subsequently, 50 stone casts were measured with a Nikon profile projector.
For surface roughness evaluation, disks that contained Visco-gel were pressed against glass
slides. The disks were then stored in distilled water for 24 hours. After disinfection, 50 diskshaped dental stone casts were prepared. Surface roughness values were determined using
a profilometer. For each test, data were subjected to two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA)
followed by Tukeys test ( = 0.05).
Results: The results of the dimensional stability test showed that immersion of Visco-gel
impressions in 5.25% sodium hypochlorite solution or 2% glutaraldehyde solution did not
significantly change the anteroposterior (AP) and cross-arch (CA) distances of the resultant
stone casts when compared to the control group (P>0.05). The surface quality of dental stone
casts formed by Visco-gel did not change significantly when impressions were immersed in the
disinfectant solutions for either 10 or 20 minutes, or when stored in distilled water (P>0.05).
Conclusion: The results showed that the disinfectant solutions used in this study did not have
a significant effect on the surface quality and dimensional accuracy of Visco-gel as a functional
impression material.
Key words: Dimensional stability, disinfection, functional impression, surface roughness, tissue
conditioners

Tissue conditioners are soft resilient materials used for


the conditioning of inflamed, irritated tissues abused by
ill-fitting dentures. They are also used as interim reliners
during the healing phase after implant placements and as
functional impression materials for the relining procedure
Address for correspondence:
Dr. Mahroo Vojdani
E-mail: vojdanim@yahoo.com
Access this article online
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Website:
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PMID:
***
DOI:
10.4103/0970-9290.90277

499

or fabrication of new dentures.[13] However, some of these


materials are incapable of performing the dual functions of
tissue conditioning and the creation of functional impressions
due to their viscoelastic and chemical properties. That is, if
the material is ideal for one purpose it may not be suitable
for another.[4] Among the tissue conditioner materials tested,
Visco-gel has been reported to be more dimensionally stable
and more capable of producing smoother surfaces on dental
stone.[5] Visco-gel also has a satisfactory plastic flow, elastic
recovery, and compressibility.[1] Therefore, Visco-gel seems
to be a suitable material for making a functional impression.
When tissue conditioner materials are used for impression
taking as is done with other impression materials they
should be disinfected before the impression is sent to the
dental laboratory.[6] Numerous contagious diseases such as
AIDS, hepatitis, herpes simplex I and II, and tuberculosis
Indian Journal of Dental Research, 22(4), 2011

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Khaledi, et al.

Disinfectant agents effect on a tissue conditioner

can be prevented by simple and practicable infection control


measures in dental offices and laboratories.[7] The American
Dental Association (ADA) has issued guidelines regarding
impression disinfection that stipulate which disinfectants
should be used for different impression materials and
also specify the dilution, time, and temperature needed
for each agents optimal performance[8,9] because it has
been observed that materials differ widely in terms of the
properties of microbial absorption and retention.[10] The
guidelines recommend using an ADA-accepted spray or
immersion technique with an approved disinfectant.[8,9]
However, a recent review concluded that disinfection by
immersion is preferred because sprayed disinfectant tends
to pool and therefore the entire impression surface may
not be adequately covered.[8] This is especially true for
hydrophilic and porous materials.[8,11,12] On the other hand,
it is critical to weigh the effectiveness of the disinfection
procedure against possible negative side effects on the
material.[13] Several studies have concluded that there is no
adverse effect of various disinfecting media on the different
impression materials,[1416] but other studies have indicated
adverse effects of disinfectants on the dimensional stability
of some impression materials.[17,18]
Another important property that should not be adversely
affected by disinfection procedures is the surface quality of
the resultant stone casts. Peutzfeldt and Asmussen observed
that some disinfectant/impression combinations may
produce changes in the surface texture of dental stone.[19]
Therefore, the ideal disinfectant should be determined for
each impression material.
There has been much attention and research interest in
recent years on disinfection of dental impressions in order
to prevent cross-contamination.[6,13,20] However, there have
been no investigations on the effect of disinfectants on
the dimensional stability and surface roughness of tissue
conditioners when used as functional impression materials.
It has been hypothesized that disinfection procedures will
not significantly affect dimensional stability and surface
quality of the resultant stone casts. The objective of this study
was to evaluate both the dimensional stability and surface
quality of stone casts made from Visco-gel as an impression
material when these are immersed in disinfectants for the
prevention of cross-contamination.

H20: 20-minute immersion in 5.25% sodium hypochlorite


solution (Pakshoo Corp., Ghazvin, Iran)
G 10: 10-minute immersion in 2% glutaraldehyde
solution (Behsa Corp., Arak, Iran)
G 20: 20-minute immersion in 2% glutaraldehyde
solution (Behsa.Corp., Arak, Iran)

For the dimensional stability test, specimens were obtained


from impressions of an aluminum master model that
represented an edentulous arch. Reference points for the
measurements consisted of the central incisor and two
other symmetrical points in the left and right posterior
regions. Individual acrylic resin trays were fabricated on
the artificial stone cast of the master model which provided
a uniform 2-mm thickness of the impression material.
Visco-gel powder and liquid were mixed according to
the manufacturers recommendations. The mixture was
poured into the trays, which were subsequently seated
over the master model. Each impression assembly was
stored in distilled water at 37C for 24 hours. After
removal from distilled water all impressions, with the
exception of the control group (C), were subjected to
one of the disinfecting procedures. For each procedure,
new solutions of each of the disinfectants were prepared.
After the immersion period, impressions were washed for
15 seconds in running water and dried gently. Then the
impressions were immediately poured with dental stone
(New Plastone Type 3, GC Corp., Tokyo, Japan). The
dental stone was hand spatulated and then vacuum mixed
for 15 seconds before being poured into the impressions
with vibration. The casts were allowed to set for 1 hour
prior to their removal from the impressions. Distances
between the left anteroposterior (AP) and cross-arch (CA)
references [Figure 1] were measured in triplicate with a
Nikon profile projector (Nikon Corporation, Tokyo, Japan)
at a precision of 0.001 mm. The average of the distances
was calculated. Measurements of the master model were
made in a similar manner.

MATERIALS AND METHODS


For each of the tests of surface roughness and dimensional
change, 50 specimens of Visco-gel (Dentsply De Trey GmbH,
Germany) were prepared. Specimens in each group (n=10)
were subjected to disinfection procedures as follows:
C: no immersion in disinfectant solutions (control
group)
H10: 10-minute immersion in 5.25% sodium hypochlorite
solution (Pakshoo Corp., Ghazvin, Iran)
Indian Journal of Dental Research, 22(4), 2011

Figure 1: Dimensional accuracy of casts were determined by


measuring the distances between the reference points
500

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Khaledi, et al.

Disinfectant agents effect on a tissue conditioner

The surface roughness test was carried out according to


the procedure described by Murata et al.[5] The mixed
tissue conditioner was poured into aluminum rings,
with diameters of 18 mm and thicknesses of 2 mm, until
slightly overfilled. A flat glass plate was immediately
centered above the rings and pressed down onto the mass
of Visco-gel. To reach a maximum state of elasticity, all
specimens were stored in distilled water at 37C for 24
hours. Specimens in the experimental groups were then
treated by one of the disinfection procedures. The control
group was untreated.

Table1: Mean values of the AP and CA distances (mm) of


casts made from Visco-gel impressions

Visco-gel-containing rings were rinsed under running water


for 15 seconds, air dried, and boxed with wax (Heraeus
Kulzer, South Bend, Ind.). The dental stone and water were
mixed by hand in a water/powder ratio according to the
manufacturers recommendation and then mechanically
mixed under vacuum for 15 seconds. Dental stone mixture
was poured over the surface of the specimens with gentle
vibration and stored at room temperature for 1 hour. After
the impressions were removed from the dental stone casts;
the surface roughness was measured in micrometers at three
areas of each cast with the use of a profilometer (Surfcorder
SE-1700, Kozaka Industry, Japan) that had been calibrated
with a cutoff value of 0.8 mm and tracing length of 2.5 mm.
Then the mean surface roughness values were measured
(in m) and recorded. The examiner was blinded to the
treatments the casts had received.

G20

Data on the dimensional stability and surface roughness


were subjected to two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA)
followed by Tukeys tests (=0.05).

RESULTS
Taking the control group as the baseline we can asses the
influence of treatments on the tested material. Group
mean values of the AP and CA distances of casts made
from Visco-gel impressions, according to time period and
disinfectant solution, and the result of the two-way ANOVA
for dimensional change are shown in Tables 1 and 2,
respectively.
The results for the dimensional stability test demonstrated
that disinfection treatments did not significantly change the
AP and CA dimensions of the resultant stone casts when
compared to the control group (P>0.05). With regard to the
disinfectant and cross-product interaction of disinfectant
time, there were no significant differences between
disinfected vs nondisinfected for both the AP and CA
distances (P>0.05). Results for the time factor indicated
that a significant difference existed for the CA dimension.
According to Tukeys test [Table 3], the only significant
difference was observed between the average value of the
CA distance when the specimens were immersed in 2%
glutaraldehyde for both 10 and 20 minutes (P=0.02).
501

C
H10
H20
G10

AP
CA
AP
CA
AP
CA
AP
CA
AP
CA

Mean

SD

22.20
30.12
22.19
30.09
22.26
30.15
22.13
30.03
22.23
30.21

0.14
0.12
0.10
0.14
0.17
0.13
0.41
0.15
0.14
0.08

95% Confidence
interval for mean
Lower
Upper
bound bound
22.10
22.30
30.03
30.21
22.12
22.27
29.99
30.19
22.14
22.38
30.06
30.25
21.83
22.42
29.93
30.14
22.13
22.32
30.15
30.26

Min

Max

21.90
29.97
22.02
29.75
21.85
29.99
21.08
29.70
21.93
30.09

22.39
30.34
22.41
30.23
22.48
30.41
22.51
30.22
22.37
30.31

C: Control, H10 and H20: immersion in 5.25% sodium hypochlorite for 10


and 20 minutes, respectively, G10 and G20: immersion in 2% glutaraldehyde
for 10 and 20 minutes, respectively

Table 2: Result of two-way ANOVA for dimensional stability test


Source
Disinfectant
Time
Disinfectant
time
Error
Total

Distance
AP
CA
AP
CA
AP
CA
AP
CA
AP
CA

Sum of
squares
0.02
0.00
0.07
0.14
0.00
0.03
2.20
0.72
24648.07
45365.71

df
1
1
1
1
1
1
45
45
50
50

Mean
square
0.02
0.00
0.07
0.14
0.00
0.03
0.05
0.02

P value

0.51
0.00
1.38
8.77
0.05
1.94

0.48
0.97
0.25
0.00*
0.83
0.17

*The mean difference is significant at the .05 level

Table 3: Tukeys test for the CA distance


Disinfection
treatment
H10

H20

G10

G20

Groups

P value

H20
C
G10
G20
H10
C
G10
G20
H10
H20
G10
G20
H10
H20
C
G20
H10
H20
C
G10

0.80
0.99
0.85
0.25
0.80
0.97
0.23
0.87
0.99
0.97
0.58
0.50
0.85
0.23
0.58
0.02*
0.25
0.87
0.50
0.02*

*The mean difference is significant at the .05 level

The mean changes and percentage deviations from the


master model for both the AP and CA dimensions were
determined. There was a contraction of 0.006mm in
both the AP and CA distances of visco-gel in the control
group.
Indian Journal of Dental Research, 22(4), 2011

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Khaledi, et al.

Disinfectant agents effect on a tissue conditioner

With immersion in 5.25% sodium hypochlorite solution,


the AP and CA distances decreased by 0.015 mm (0.07%)
and 0.033 mm (0.11%), respectively, after 10 minutes.
However, the group that was immersed for 20 minutes
showed an expansion of 0.05 mm (0.23%) in the AP distance
and 0.03 mm (0.10%) in the CA dimension. On the other
hand, 10-minute immersion in 2% glutaraldehyde caused
a decrease of 0.08 mm (0.37%) in the AP distance and 0.09
mm (0.30%) in the CA distance. With 20-minute immersion
in the same solution, the resultant stone casts displayed an
increase of 0.015 mm (0.07%) in the AP distance and 0.084
mm (0.28%) in the CA distance.
The mean values of surface roughness of dental stone casts
from nondisinfected and disinfected specimens and the
result of ANOVA are shown in Tables 4 and 5, respectively.
The least surface roughness was seen when Visco-gel was
disinfected by 2% glutaraldehyde for 20 minutes, followed
by casts immersed in the same agent for 10 minutes. The
difference of surface roughness between casts made from
Visco-gel immersed in 2% glutaraldehyde and those made
from visco-gel immersed in sodium hypochlorite solution
was not statistically significant (P>0.05). Generally, with
respect to surface roughness, none of the disinfection
treatments were shown to differ statistically from the
control group (P>0.05).

DISCUSSION
Compared with the control, casts made from Visco-gel
impressions and disinfected by immersion were found to
maintain accuracy in both the AP and CA dimensions.
The reproduction of surface quality was also unaffected
by treatments. Therefore, the hypothesis that disinfection
procedures would not significantly affect the dimensional
Table 4: Mean values of surface roughness (m) of casts
made from Visco-gel impressions

C
H10
H20
G10
G20

Mean

SD

0.91
0.88
0.92
0.79
0.67

0.19
0.21
0.17
0.20
0.20

95% Confidence
interval for mean
Lower Upper
bound bound
0.73
0.69
0.76
0.60
0.48

1.09
1.08
1.09
0.97
0.08

Min

Max

0.70
0.60
0.70
0.55
0.35

1.25
1.20
1.20
1.10
0.90

C: Control, H10 and H20: immersion in 5.25% sodium hypochlorite for 10


and 20 minutes, respectively, G10 and G20: immersion in 2% glutaraldehyde
for 10 and 20 minutes, respectively

Table 5: Result of ANOVA for surface roughness test


Source
Material
Time
Material time
Error
Total

Sum of
squares
0.21
0.01
0.04
1.20
26.2

df
1
1
1
30
35

Mean
square
0.21
0.01
0.04
0.04

Indian Journal of Dental Research, 22(4), 2011

P value

5.15
0.22
1.08

0.06
0.64
0.31

stability and surface quality of the Visco-gel material was


not rejected.
With 24-hour storage in water and 10-minute immersion
in disinfectant solution, the AP and CA distances
decreased; however, groups that were immersed for 20
minutes showed increase in both dimensions. These
changes were not significant. They may be attributed to
the chemical composition, molecular weight, and particle
size distribution of polymer powders, in addition to the
composition of the liquids.[5,21] Tissue conditioners are
available as powder and liquid packaged separately. The
liquid is an ester plasticizer of 4%50% by wt. ethyl alcohol,
while the powder consists of poly (ethyl methacrylate) or a
related copolymer.[21] Jones et al. have reported that ethyl
alcohol was completely lost within 24 hours of storage in
water. The leaching out of alcohol and plasticizer into water
would be associated with shrinkage, whereas expansion
would be caused by water absorption.[22] Tissue conditioners,
when used as functional impression materials, should have
dimensional stability in addition to compatibility with dental
stones. [5] These properties should remain unchanged
following treatment with disinfectants. To avoid distortion
of the impression surface, the material should reach its
maximum state of elasticity before the cast is poured. It
would seem that a functional impression should remain
intraorally for approximately 24 hours. This amount of
time may be a more important factor than the selection of
the material. With this time period, the elasticity of the
material reaches a sufficient value.[23,24] However, during
the time needed for impression taking tissue conditioners,
more than any other material, are in close contact with
saliva, blood, or food particles that have been consumed
by patients. Therefore, disinfection of tissue conditioners
when they are used as impression materials is significantly
important.
In accordance with ADA guidelines, the present study
used immersion in 2% glutaraldehyde and 5.25% sodium
hypochlorite solutions to disinfect impression materials.[9]
Glutaraldehyde solutions act by fixating cell membranes,
blocking the release of cellular components, and
consequently killing the microorganisms. The performance
of sodium hypochlorite is based on cell oxidation.[25] The
method implemented in this study took into account the
recommendations of several investigators that 10 minutes
of immersion in the two test solutions would be enough to
eliminate viable bacteria from the surface of the impression
material and, additionally, allow an impression with a
virus-free surface. However, we checked the effects when
this time period was increased to 20 minutes because this
longer duration is necessary for an anti-spore effect [14,25,26].
The material should have sufficient thickness of
approximately 2 mm in order to create an accurate
functional impression. [27] In addition, the efficacy of
502

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Khaledi, et al.

Disinfectant agents effect on a tissue conditioner

tissue conditioners as functional impression materials


is influenced by rheological properties, dimensional
stability, durability, and compatibility with dental stone.
Therefore, some materials may not be suitable for creating
functional impressions. [5,24] When these materials are
immersed in water they experience a marked loss of
their properties due to leaching out of the plasticizers
and ethyl alcohol components, as well as absorption of
water into the material.[22,28] Murata et al. have evaluated
the linear dimensional change, absorption, and solubility
of six tissue conditioners during water storage. After 24
hours, significant differences were found in the percentage
changes in the linear dimensions of all the materials. A
positive linear relationship between dimensional changes
and the weight changes of tissue conditioners was
observed. However, Visco-gel was more dimensionally
stable, with the least weight change and lowest percentage
of solubility, than the other materials.[24]
In another study, Visco-gel produced smoother surfaces on
dental stone when compared with other tissue conditioner
materials and exhibited only minimal changes on surface
roughness over a period of time.[5] Visco-gel liquid consists
of a considerably lower percentage of ethyl alcohol (4.9%
wt.) and higher-molecular-weight esters [butyl phthalyl
butyl glycolate (mol. wt. 336)], which result in the least
weight and dimensional change and the lowest percentage of
solubility.[28] In addition, it has been observed that Viscogel has the lowest elastic recovery and most compressibility
when compared with other tissue conditioners.[1] Therefore,
from the standpoint of surface quality, viscoelastic
properties, and dimensional stability, it seems that
Visco-gel is a suitable material for making functional
impressions.[1,5,22,24]
Although to ensure the stability of functional impressions,
they must be poured as soon as possible after removal from
the patients mouth,[29] the results of our study showed that
immersion of impressions for 1020 minutes in disinfectants
did not have a significant effect on the dimensional stability
of the dental stone casts. In addition, surface roughness was
unaffected when compared to the control group. The mean
changes and percentage deviations from the master model
for both the AP and CA distances were neither statistically
nor clinically significant. For comparison, 0.1% corresponds
to 0.022 mm in the AP and 0.03 mm in the CA dimensions.
The amount of distortion in the mandible during opening
and impression taking is in the range of 0.10.5 mm[8] and is
larger than the dimensional changes during the disinfection
process (0.0150.09 mm).
The results of the current study cannot be extrapolated to
other combinations of tissue conditioners, disinfectants,
and dental stones. Therefore, further research on the
compatibility of different disinfection methods with other
tissue conditioners is necessary.
503

CONCLUSION
This study tested the effect of 5.25% sodium hypochlorite
and 2% glutaraldehyde solutions on Visco-gel as a
functional impression material. Within the limitations of
this study, it can be concluded that immersion for 1020
minutes does not significantly impact either dimensional
stability or surface roughness of stone casts that have been
formed by Visco-gel.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We would like to thank the Office of Vice Chancellor of Research
at Shiraz University of Medical Sciences for providing financial
support.

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How to cite this article: Khaledi A, Borhanihaghighi Z, Vojdani M. The effect
of disinfectant agents on dimensional stability and surface roughness of a
tissue conditioner material. Indian J Dent Res 2011;22:499-504.
Source of Support: Vice Chancellor of Research at Shiraz University of
Medical Sciences, Conflict of Interest: None declared.

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Indian Journal of Dental Research, 22(4), 2011

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