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T.P.
2732
THE APPLICATION OF THE LAPLACE TRANSFORMATION

TO FLOW PROBLEMS IN RESERVOIRS
A. F. VAN EVERDINGEN, SHELL OIL CO., HOUSTON, AND W. HURST, PETROLEUM

CONSULTANT, HOUSTON, MEMBERS AIME
ABSTRACT
For several years the authors have felt the need for a source
from which reservoir engineers could obtain fundamental
theory and data on the flow of fluids through permeable media
in the unsteady state. The data on the unsteady state flow are
composed of solutions of the equation
O'P
oP
oP
-+--=-
ot
Or'
r Or
Two sets of solutions of this equation are developed, namely,
for "d~e constant terminal pressure case" and "the constant
terminal rate case." In the constant terminal pressure case the
pressure at the terminal boundary is lowered by unity at zero
time, kept constant thereafter, and the cumulative amount of
fluid flowing across the boundary is computed, as a function
of the time. In the constant terminal rate case a unit rate
of production is made to flow across the terminal boundary
(from time zero onward) and the ensuing pressure drop is
computed as a function of the time. Considerable effort has
been made to compile complete tables from which curves can
be constructed for the constant terminal pressure and constant
terminal rate cases, both for finite and infinite reservoirs.
These curves can be employed to reproduce the elIect of any
pressure or rate history encountered in practice.
Most of the information is obtained by the help of the
Laplace transformations, which proved to be extremely helpful
for analyzing the problems encountered in fluid flow. The
application of this method simplifies the more tedious mathe
matical analyses employed in the past. With the help of La
place transformations some original developments were obtained (and presented) which could not have been easily
foreseen by the earlier methods.
INTRODUCTION
This paper represents a compilation of the work done over
the past few years on the flow of fluid in porous media. It
concerns itself primarily with the transient conditions prevail
ing in oil reservoirs during the time they are produced. The
study is limited to conditions where the flow of fluid obeys the
Manuscript received at office of Petroleum Branch January 12 1949
Paper pr...ented at the AIME Annual Meeting in San Francisco, 'Febru:
ary 1317. 1949.
1 Refereneee are eiven at end of paper.
December, 1949
diffusivity equation. Multiplephase fluid flow has not been

considered.
A previous publication by Hurst' shows that when the pres
sure history of a reservoir is known, this information can be
used to calculate the water influx, an essential term in the
material balance equation. An example is offered in the literature by Old' in the study of dxe Jones Sand, Schuler Field,
Arkansas. The present paper contains extensive tabulated
data (from which work curves can be constructed), which data
are derived hy a more rigorous treatment of the subject mat
ter than available in an earlier publication.' The application of
this information will enable those concerned with the analysis
of the behavior of a reservoir to obtain quantitatively correct
expressions for the amount of water that has flowed into the
reservoirs, thereby satisfying all the terms that appear in the
material balance equation. This work is likewise applicable to
the flow of fluid to a well whenever the flow conditions are
such that the diffusivity equation is obeyed.
DIFFUSITY EQUATION
The most commonly encountered flow system is radial flow
toward the well bore or field. The volume of fluid which flows
per unit of time through each unit area of sand is expressed
by Darcy's equation as
K ,)P
v=---
II>
Or
where K is the permeability, II> the viscosity and oPlor the
pressure gradient at the radial distance r. A material balance
on a concentric element AB, expresses the net fluid traversing
the surfaces A and B, which must equal the fluid lost from
within the element. Thus, if the density of the fluid is expressed by p, then the weight of fluid per unit time and per
unit sand thickness, flowing past Surface A, the surface near
est the well bore, is given as
27rrp K
oP =
(pr OP)
2"K
Or
II>
Or
The weight of fluid flowing past Surface B, an infinitesimal
distance ar, removed from Surface A, is expressed as
II>
oP
27rK
[pr
II>
-.+
or
PETROlEUM TRANSACTIONS, AIME
0(
pr
0; )
or
6rJ
305
T.P. 2732
THE APPLICATION OF THE LAPLACE TRANSFORMATION TO FLOW PROBLEMS

IN RESERVOIRS
The difference between these two terms, namely,
o( pr~)
or .
or or,
is equal to the weight of fluid 105t by the element AB, or
2rK
- -p.
Op
- 2.. fr - - or
where f is the porosity of the formation.
This relation gives tl:e equation of continuity for the radial
system, namely,
o(pr ~) = fr Op
or
p.
+!.-
01')
f e-"
O'P
1 oP )
- - + - -Or'
r Or
oP
00
J e-"
dt =
-..:-...Jt
at
(1lI2)
Since P is a function of radius and time, the integration with

respect to time will automatically remove the ti~e function
and leave P a function of radius only. This reduces the left
side to a total differential with respect to r. namely,
t;I)
(II.I)
aT
From the physical characteristics of fluids, it is known

that density is a function of pressure and that the density of
a fluid decreases with decreasing pressure due to the fact that
the fluid expands. This trend expressed in exponential form
is
I' = p.e.... (r.-P l
(II.2)
where P is less than P., and c the compressibility of the fluid.
If we substitute Eq. II2 in Eq. II.I, the dilfusivity equation
can be expressed using density as a function of radius and
time! or
0'1'
( Or'
co
o
aT
implied by Eq. UII, the partial differential can be trans

formed to a total differential equation. This is performed by
multiplying each term in Eq. U4 by e-" and integrating with
respect to time between zero and infinity, as follows:
00
0' J ~ e-'" P dt
O'p
e....' - - dt
or'
dipl.)
= - - - etc.
dr'
Or'
and Eq. Irr-2 becomes
d'P IP
drIP.
dP
co
-dr'- + -dr- = f
r
0
e....' - - dt
dt
P, PRESSURE
01'
(IIoS)
fp.c
aT
For liquids which are only slightly compressible, Eq. II2
simplifies to I' e= P. [1- c (P. - P) ] which further modifies
Eq. 113 to give
p ) _K __
O'P
Furthermore, if the
( Or'
r
fltc
aT'
radius of the well or field, R., is referred to as a unit
radius, then the relation simplifies to
r
+ _1 a
or
or
aP
a"P -L I oP _ oP
-or' . -; or -
at .....
{n-4}
where t = KT!fp.cR.' and r now expresses the distance as a

multiple of R., the unit radius. The units appearing in this
paper are always used in connection with Darcy's equation, so
that the permeability K must be expressed in darcys, the
time T in seconds, the porosity f as a fraction, the viscosity FJ.
in centipoises. the compressibility c as volume per volume
per atmosphere, and the radius R. in centimeters.
q(t}, RATE
LAPLACE TRANSFORMATION
In all publications, the treatment of the diffusivity equation
has been essentially the orthodox application of the FourierBessel series. This paper presents a new approach to the
solution of problems encountered in the study of flowing fluids,
namely, the Laplace transformation, since it was recognized
that Laplace transformations offer a useful tool for solving
difficult problems in less time than by the use of Fourier.
Bessel series. Also, original developments have been obtained
which are not easily foreseen by the orthodox methods.
If PI') is a pressure at a point in the sand and a function
of time, then its Laplace transformation is expressed by the
infinite integral
(III.I)
where the constant p in this relationship is referred to as the
operator. If we treat the diffusivity equation by the process
306
'I
'2".
'3
TIME
FIG. 1A - SEQUENCE CONSTANT TERMINAL PRESSURES.

1B- SEQUENCE CONSTANT TERMINAL RATES.
PETROLEUM TRANSACTIONS, AIME
December, 1949
T.P. 2732
A. F. VAN EVERDINGEN AND W. HURST

Furthermore, if we consider that P ltl is a cumulative pressure
drop, and that initially the pressure in the reservoir is everywhere constant 50 that the cumulative pressure drop P, ...,=O,
the integration of the right hand side of the equation becomes
o
e...
dP dt
dt
I+
= e... PIC)
co
0
p
0
e-11' P ICI dt
co
= poI e-Pt P u > dt

As this term is also a Laplace transform, Eq. 111-2 can be written as a total differential equation, or
d'Pc,1
--dr'
+ -I
r
dPc,)_
- - - pPI,1
dr
y
(meg)
i!: PLANE
C L.----_f----............
---------_-+;:rl-_+..:.(.,..::..L.:O:.:)~
o
D r-----i~---__f..,
A
FIG. 2 - CONTOUR INTEGRATION IN ESTABLISHING THE CONSTANT
TERMINAL RATE CASE FOR INFINITE EXTENT.
The next step in the development is to reproduce the boundary condition at the well bore or field radius, r = I, as a
Laplace transformation and introduce this in the general solution for Eq. II1-S to give an explicit relation
PI,I = f l , )
By inverting the term on the right by the Mellin's inversion
formula, or other methods, we obtain the solution for the
cumulative pressure drop as an explicit function of radius
and time.
ENGINEERING CONCEPTS
Before applying the Laplace transformation to develop the
necessary work-curves, there are some fundamental engineering concepts to be considered that will allow the interpretation of these curves. Two cases are of paramount importance
in making reservoir studies, namely, the constant terminal
pressure case and the constant terminal rate case. If we know
the explicit solution for the first case, we can reproduce any
variable pressure history "at the terminal boundary to determine the cumulative influx of fluid. Likewise, if the rate of
fluid influx varies, the constant terminal rate case can he used
to calculate the total pressure drop. The constant terminal
pressure and the constant terminal rate case are not independent of one another, as knowing the operational form of
one, the other can he determined, as will be shown later.
Comtant Terminal Pressure Case

The constant terminal pressure case is defined as follows:
At time zero the pressure at all points in the formation is constant and equal to unity, and when the well or reservoir is
opened, the pressure at the well or reservoir boundary, r = I,
immediately drops to zero and remains zero for the duration
of the production history.
If we treat the constant terminal pressure case symbolically,
the solution of the problem at any radius and time is given
by P = PI. t). The rate of fluid influx per unit sand thickness
under these conditions is given by Darcy's equation
p
qCT)
2rK
. . . . . (IV.I)
)
,.
ar r = I
If we wish to determine the cumulative influx of fluid in
absolute time T, and having expressed time in the diffusivity
equation as t KTjf/'CR.', then
(r
QlTl
i!:
PLANE
-t-if--:H----+-1-+-+-1-+-t--f-f.--f-l--+-x
(~ ,0)
= J
o
qCT)
dT
2...K
,.cR:
ap )
t (
= - - x -- J -dt
,.
Or r = 1
K 0
= 2"cR.' Q'tl (IV-2)
where
= o/
(aapr )
dt
(IV-3)
r
1
In brief, knowing the general solution implied by Eq. IVS,
which expresses the integration in dimensionless time, t, of the
pressure gradient at radius unity for a pressure drop of one
atmosphere, the cumulative influx into the well hore or into the
oil-bearing portion of the field can be determined by Eq. IV-2.
Furthermore, for any pressure drop, L\.P, Eq. IV-2 expresses
the cumulative influx as
Q(T) = 2".fcR b l:l.P Q(cl (IV4)
per unit sand thickness. *
Q(t)
The set of symbols now introduced and the symbols reported In
Hurst'a1 earlier paper on water-drive are related as follQW1I:
G(Cl' 8jR')
FIG. 3 - CONTOUR INTEGRATION IN ESTABLISHING THE CONSTANT
TERMINAL RATE CASE FOR LIMITED RESERVOIR.
December, 1949
= QUI
and G(Cl' ejR')

Cl' SIR' = t
=J
Q(tl dt
where
307
T.P. 2732

IN RESERVOIRS
When an oil reservoir and the adjoining waterbearing formations are contained between two parallel and sealing fault.
ing planes, the How of Iluid is essentially parallel to these
planes and is "linear," The constant terminal pressure case
can also be applied to this case. The basic equation for linear
flow is given by
P
a'p
ax'
(IV.S)
a
= at
where now t = KT/fpc and x is the absolute distance meas.

ured from the plane of inHux extending out into the waterbe4I"ing sand. If we assume the same boundary conditions as
in radial flow, with P P(x, t) as the solution, then by
Darcy's law, the rate of fluid influx across the original water
oil contact per unit of cross-sectional area is expressed by
q,,'l
(~)
ax
X=o
= K,.
(IV-6)
The total fluid influx is given by
Q(TI
K fl"C
= J'!q""dT=-.-K
=f
o
,.
ap)
J t (-
OX
C Qltl
dt
x=o
(IV.7)
where Qltl is the generalized solution for linear flow and is

equal to
Q",
= o j (~)
dt
ax
x=o
(IV-B)
Therefore, for any overall pressure drop liP, Eq. IV7 gives
Q<Tl
= fcAP Q",
where q,n is the rate of water encroachment per unit area of

cross-section, and p,,) is the cumulative pressure drop at the
sand face per unit rate of production.
Superposition Theorem
With these fundamental relationships available, it remains
to be shown how the constant pressure case can be interpreted
for variahle terminal pressures, or in the constant rate case,
for variable rates. The linearity of the dilfusivity equation al
lows the application of the superposition theorem as a se
quence of constant terminal pressures or constant rates in
such a fashion that it reproduces the pressure or production
1. This is essentially Duhaznel's
history at the boundary, r
principle, for which reference can be made to transient electric
circuit theory in texts py Karman and Biot,' and Bush" It has
been applied t oilie flow of fluids hy Muskat,' Schilthuis and
Hurst,' in employing the variable rate case in calculating the
pressure drop in the East Texas Field.'
The physical significance can best be realized by an appli.

cation. Fig. IA shows the pressure decline in the well bore
or a field that has been flowing and for which we wish to ob
tain the amount of fluid produced. As shown, the pressure
history is reproduced as a series of pressure plateaus which
represent a sequence of constant terminal pressures. Therefore,
by the application of Eq. IV4, the cumulative fluid produced
in time t by the pressure drop e:,.P0' operative since zero time,
2..fcR: L\P. QU)' If we next consider
is expressed by Q<Tl
(IV9)
per unit of cross-sectional area.
Comtant Terminal Rate Case
r3o..------r-------..,....-----.
01tJ
In the. constant terminal rate case it is likewise assumed that

initially the pressure everywhere in the formation is constant
hut that from the time zero onward the fluid is withdrawn
from the well bore or reservoir boundary at a unit rate. The
pressure drop is given by P p(.,t\> and at the boundary of
the field, where r = 1, (aP/ar) ., = -1. The minus sign
is introduced because the gradient for the pressure drop rela
tive to the radius of the well or reservoir is negative. If the
cumulative pressure drop is expressed as liP, then
e:,.p
= q",
p(.,,,
20b------l--.1'....----/
(IVlO)
where q", is a constant relating the cumulative pressure drop

with the pressure change for a unit rate of production. By
applying Darcy's equation for the rate of fluid flowing into
the well or reservoir per unit sand thickness
q'T'
= -2rK
,.
( oL\P )
or
h simp
. lifi es to q(1l
wh Ie
=-2r K
=I , .
q(t)
(ap(.,tl )
or
=I
q('f,1' Therefore, for any constant

=--.
2,..K
IOI---/---/-+"L------+------I
rate of production the cumulative pressure drop at the field

radius is given by
L\P
= q(T)I' Pu )
2..K
(IV-H)
Similarly, for the constant rate of production in linear {low,

the cumulative pressure drop is expressed by
(IV.12)
308
O~I----~5------I~O:--------J
FIG. 4 - RADIAL FLOW, CONSTANT TERMINAL PRESSURE CASE, INFIN
ITE RESERVOIR, CUMUtATIVE PRODUCTION VS. TIME.
PETROlEUM TRANSACTIONS. AIME
December, 1949
T.P. 2732

the pressure drop t\.p.. which occurs in time t" and treat this
as a separate entity, but take cognizance of its time of inception t.. then the cumulative fluid produced by this increment
of pressure drop is Q(t) = 2".fcR.' t\.P, Q("'I)' By superimposing all these effects of pressure changes, the total influx
in time t is expressed as
QIT)
[LlP.QII) + t\.P,Qu.,) +
lI.P,Q".<,,) + lI.P,Q[ .,) + ... ]
= q,.) Pm + o f
(IV.IS)
+ [q,(t,) - qt.)] Pl. ) + [q"(.,) + [q(,,)-q(,:/] PI ....) +
-dt'- PH"')
(IV16)
dt'
at'
== ql.) Pl')
dq(t')
If ql.) = 0, Eq. IV16 can also be expressed as

lI.P
By considering variable rates of fluid production, such as

shown in Fig. IB, and reproducing these rates as a serles of
constant rale plateaus, then by Eq. IVll the pressure drop in
the well bore in time t, for the initial rate q. is lI.P. = q.PI.).
At time t" the comparable increment for constant rate is ex
pressed as q, - q., and the effect of this increment rate on
the corresponding increment of pressure drop is lI.P,
(q. - q.) PI' .... Again by superimposing all of these effects,
the determination for the cumulative pressure drop is ex
pressed by
lI.P
lI.P
= 2,..fcR.'
when t > t,. To reproduce the smooth curve relationship of

Fig. I-A, these pressure plateaus can be taken as infinitesim
ally small, which give the summation of Eq. IYI3 by the
integral
t Oll.P
Q(T) == 2ricR.' f - - Ql .) dt' . . (IVH)
p("',)
If the increments are infinitesimal, or the smooth curve reb.

tionship applies, Eq. IYIS becomes
(IV17)
dt'
where P'w is the derivative of Pl') with respect to t.

Since Eqs. IY13 and lVIS are of such simple algebraic
fOrIDs, they are most practical to use with production history
in making reservoir studies. In applying the pressure or rate
plateaus as shown in Fig. 1, it must be realized that the time
interval for each plateau should be taken as small as possible,
50 as to reproduce within engineering accuracy the trend of
the curves. Naturally, if an exact interpretation is desired, Eqs.
IV.14 and JV16 apply.
FUNDAMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS
In applying the Laplace transformation, there are certain
fundamental operations that must be clarified. It has been
stated that if P ICI is a pressure drop, the transformation for
PIt) is given by Eq. III-I, as
q(.,)]
(IV.IS)
rr=-Q(-t)--r----r----,r--~..__,,,.._-_r_--..,
= of q(.') P'".,,)
CIO
PIP)
== of e....
Pm dt
To visualize more concretely the meaniilg of this equation, if

the unit pressure drop at the boundary in the constant termi
nal pressure case is employed in Eq. Ill.I, its transform is
given by
35f----l----f---+
_
P (p)
CIO
== o f
e- P ' I dt
-e'
== - p
P
'
(Xl
=-p
(Y-I)
3.ot---+---+----h~,.L--_r_--_1_--_l
The Laplace transformations of many transcendental functions

have been developed and are available in tables, the most com
plete of which is thc tract by Campbell and Foster.' It is there
fore often possible after solving a total differential such as
Eq. ill-3 to refer to a set of tables and transforms and deter-
Pl.)
2.0-1---+--+-7-+---+---+---+---1
mine the inverse of
1.51-_ _-if-__-:=::!==---r--+__-=:A:;SY;.:"'::..:T..:OT.:.:'::.C....:V.:::J\L:r;:U::E....:I::..:.500=L/
simplify PIP) before an inversion can be made. However, Mel.

lin's inversion formula is always applicable, which requires
analytical treatment whenever used.
ASYMTOTIC VAI.UE O.ElZ!>

"R 1.5
O.OO~----;,'=.O,--------:2-:-..0;;----3,fO;;----4-='.O~----=5!-::.O;----6-=!.O
FIG. 5 - RADIAL FLOW, CONSTANT TERMINAL PRESSURE CASE,
CUMULATIVE PRODUCTION VS. TIME FOR LIMITED RESERVOIRS.
December, 1949
or PH)' It is frequently necessary to
There are two possible simplifications for PIP) when time

is small or time is large. This is evident from Eq. m3, where
p can be interpreted by the operational calculus as the operator dl dt. Therefore, if we consider this symbolic relation,
then if t is large, p must be lImall, or inversely, if t is small,
p will be large. To understand this, if P,P) is expressed by an
involved Bessel relationship, lhe substitution for p as a small
or large value will simplify PCP) to give PIt) for the corre
sponding times.
Mellin's inversion formula is given on page 71 of Carslaw
and Jaeger:'
309
T.P. 2732

IN RESERVOIRS
r-PRESSURE DROP IN ATMOSPHERES-PCtl.
1.80.....--,,-.......""'T"---r---r---r--"""T--..-----.
where
P(X )
is the transform PCP) Where this report is con-
corned with pressure drops, the above can be written as
J.901---++-t\-1t.--+--f---+--f---+--l
'Y+iex.
PI,,) -p Ct,)
=-
Xt,
(e
2ri
')'-i ex.
At,
-e
) P
(X)
d A.
(Y.2)
The integration is in the complex plane). x + iy, along a

line parallel to the yaxis, extending from minus to positive
infinity, and a distance 'Y removed from the origin, so that all
poles are to the left of this line, Fig. 2. The reader who has a
comprehensive understanding of contour integrals will recognize that this integral is equal to the integration around a
~-circle of infinite radius extending to the left of the iine
x 'Y, and includes integration along the "cuts," which joins
the poles to the semi-circle. Since the integration along the
semi-circle in the second and third quadrant is zero for radius
infinity and t>O, this leaves the integration along the "cuts"
and the poles, where the latter, as expressed in Eq. Y2, are
the residuals.
2.00J.---f--H--\t-\\-i--1t--1t--I---;
Certain fundamental relationships in the Laplace transformations are found useful:'
2.101--+---+11--+-\
2.201---I----!--\-+--+--\--+-\
Theorem A - If PCP) is the transform of Pc 'll then
00
00
+ P of
e-9 l Pl') dt
2:3()I.-........,,12!::--~16,.----;!2:!;-0--::;2;l;4---;:;;~--;f;;-.....l.-:h---i40'
P PCP) - P Wo)
dPlt)
or the transform of - dt
TIME(t)
= p PCP) - P Wolt provided e-9' P Ct)
FIG. 6 - RADIAL FLOW, CONSTANT TERMINAl RATE CASE, PRESSURE

DROP VS. TIME. P(t) VS. t
approaches zero as time approaches infinity.

00
Theorem B - The transform of of P (,') dt' is expressed by

-e-9'
00
f
o
e-9t
f
0
Pet') dt'dt
=-p
This integral is comparable to the integrals developed by the

superimposition theorem, and of appreciable use in this
paper.
t
0
fPc.') dt'
CONSTANT TERMINAL PRESSURE AND

CONSTA1'I"T TERMINAL RATE CASES,
INFINITE MEDIDM
p
or the t~ansform of the integration P Ct ') with respect to t'
_
from zero to t is P cpJ P, if e-9 t

infinity.
f
o
P (t') dt' is zero for time
Theorem C - The transform for ect p,,) is equal to

00
00
of e-9' ect Pct) dt
= of
e-CP.C)t PCt) dt
= P CP;C)
if p - c is positive.
TheoremD-Ifp,(p) is the transform of P,(t), and P,(p)

is the transform of P,(tlt then the product of these two transforms is the transform of the integral
t
of PUt') P,Ct.,) dt'
310
The analytics for the constant terminal pressure and rate

cases have been developed for limited reservoirs'" when the
exterior boundary is considered closed or the production rate
through this boundary is fixed. In determining the volume of
water encroached into the oil.bearing portion of reservoirs.
few cases have been encountered which indicated that the
sands in which the oil occurs are of limited extent. For the
most part, the data show that the influx behaves as if the
water-bearing parts of the formations are of infinite extent,
because within the productive life of oil reservoirs, the rate of
water encroachment does not reflect the influence of an ex
terior boundary. In other words, whether or not the water sand
is of limited extent, the rate of water encroachment is such as
if supplied by an infinite medium.
December, 1949
Computing the water inflWl for an infinite reservoir with the

help of Fourier-Bessel expansions, an exterior boundary can
be assumed so far removed from the field radius that the production for a considerable time will reflect the infinite ca~e.
Unfortunately, the poor convergence of these expansions inval.
idates this approach. An alternative method consists of using
increasing values for exterior radius, evaluating the water in.
flux for each radius separately, and then drawing ~he envelope
of these curves, which gives the infinite case, Fig. 5. In such
a procedure, each of the branch curves reflects a water reser.
voir of limited extent. Inasmuch as the drawing of an envelope
does 110t give a high degree of acuracy, the solutions for the
constant terminal pressure and constant terminal rate cases
for an infinite medium are presented here, with values for
Q(C) and Pit) calculated directly.
The constant terminal pressure case was first developed by
Nicholson" by the application of Green's function to an instan.
taneous circular source in an infinite medium. GoldsteinU pre.
sented this solution by the operational method, and Smith"
employed Cai"slaw's contour method in its development. Cars.
law and Jaeger.... later gave the explicit treatment of the
constant terminal pressure case by the application of the La.
place transformation. The derivation of the constant terminal
rate case is not given in the literature, and its development
is presented here.
( _o~)
or r=l
T.P. 2732
= -1 at all times.
A reference to a text on Bessel functions, such as Karman

and Biot: pp. 61.63, shows that the general solution for Eq.
III3 is given hy
(VI.l)
where I. (rvp) and K.(rYp) are modified Bessel func.
tions of the first and second kind, respectively, and of zero
order. A and B are two constants which satisfy a second order
differential equation. Since P(r,p) is the transform of the
pressure drop at a point in the formation, and hecause at a
point not yet affected hy production the absolute pressure
equals the initial pressure, it is required that P (r,p) should
approach zero as r becomes large. As shown in Karman and
Biot: I.(rVp) hecomes increasingly large and K.(r'/p)
approaches zero as the argument (r'/p) increases. There
fore, to obey the initial condition, the constant A must equal
zero and (VII) becomes
(VI.2)
To fulfill the second boundary condition for unit rate of
production, namely (oPlor)r-1 = -1, the transform for
unity gives
The Constant Rate Case

(VI-3)
As already discussed, the boundary conditions for the constant rate case in an infinite medium are that (1) the pres
sure drop p(. lI is zero initially at every point in the forma.
1) we have
tion, and (2) at the radius of the field (r
r-:
by Eq. Vl. The differentiation of the modined Bessel func

tion of the second kind, Watson's Bessel Functions," W.B.F.,
p. 79, gives K.' (z)
K, (z). Therefore, differentiation Eq.
=-
PRESSURE DROP
-..:3i!-_-..:jS~_..!8i!_!_=:....,.--_r~_r_--,...-__r-r_-----T"':;r_-r_-..,.._,
11,.. . .
xtl::lnO!:~
.-l._--R-200
I
3.. ~-----f_-----1I--_+A-~~,...--+15.2--+--___.,I__+_---__,"__~=---+_-_+__16.S
...
3.6.~----1----+ ~~-k-$------!15r-~f---+--+---#~---=====-~(-6
3.41-------I..'--:l~-+_7~jl-+_----_f14.8
5.21-----..P+--+-If---=l--f---
R-'OO'-+---1U
R.wo+l;--t--79f=--t-:::::===--
--1----4--16.0
F-:===F=hlfi1jro---l14.4-~;.q...---j---j-----t--+--+---J5.8
_~--R-300
2.8~(L--.l.~--L---L--l.-..L.T
.. ----L.l..L.-..c....L.---I-.L....s~---___:~-_:_--_:___'5.6
s
IXlO
3
l5
8 IXIO
3
3
!l
8
t
FIG. 7 - RADIAL FLOW, CONSTANT TERMINAL RATE CASE. CUMULATIVE PRESSURE DROP VS. TIME PIt) VS. t
December, 1949
311
T.P. 2732
VI2, with

IN RESERVOIRS
re~pect
to r at r = 1, gives
( .aort
and ..ince
where "f is Euler's constant 0.57722, and the logarithmic term

consists of natural logarithms. When z is small
z
K.,(z) ~ - [log:2 + 'Y]
(VI12)
) r=l. =-BVp K.( 'vp)
(-~~ )r=1 = - ;
the constant B = IIp'/1 K, (Vp). Therefore, the transform

for the pressure drop for the constant rate case in an infinite
medium is given by
K,(z) ~ liz
Therefore. Eq. VI4 becomes
-logp
p u ."
2p
= --- +
(log2-"Y)
(VI14)
r-"'"
I o.
To determine the inverse of Eq. VI-4 in order to establish

the pressure drop at radius unity, we can resort to the sim.
plification that for small times the operator p is large. Since
~;z
K.,(z) =
(VI.l3)
The inversion for the first term on the right is given by Camp.
bell and Foster, Eq. 892, and the inverse of the second term by
(VI-4)
p'rK, (vp)
.. ..
f--
e o
7'
lP
17/
r= E='t.'~~
(VIS)
for z large, W.B.F., p. 202, then

1
PU.,I = -,,;
(VI-6)
The inversion for this transform is given in Campbell and
:to'
17 r7
.J?
./
/'
1/
..
~
"",
~.p
I....
:j::j::Ij
Foster, Eq. 516, as
PUI = - - t'/1
(VI-7)
v-;;
In brief, Eq. VI.7 states that when t = K T/fpeR.' is small,
which can be caused by the boundary radius for the field, R.,
being large, the pressure drop for the unit rate of production
approximates the condition for linear flow.
To justify this conclusion, the treatment of the linear flow
equation, Eq. IV-S, by the Laplace transformation gives
d' :PI"
--= pP,,1
dx'
(VI.S)
for which the general solution is the expression
P,x."
= Ae-' vp + Be"V>
(VI9)
By repeating the reasoning already employed in this develop.
ment, the transform for the pressure drop at x = 0 gives
V
Ol ,
Eq. VI. Therefore, the pressure drop at the boundary of the

field when t is large is given by
= -- [log 4t - "f]
2
1
= - [log t + 0.80907]
2
KT/fl'c.
K.,(z) = - I.(z) { log~

2
1 ) (
1+ 2
)'
+ 'Y ~ + ( ~:l )'

1
1) (
1+"2+"3
(2!)'
Pl. .,
K.(z)=-(-I)''I.(z) {log2+'Y~
1
+ -2
+ -21
312
ex>
( -=-)u'"
oJ
(_1)' 2: - - - - - [ ~ m-'
,.. r! (n+r) !
nl
2:
,..
(-1)'
Z ) _..,
m-'
(n-r-l)!
r!
2:
m-']
mA
(VIH)
(VI.lS)
The solution given by Eq. VI-ISis the solution of the con

tinuous point source problem for large time t. The relationship
has been applied to the flow of fluids by Bruce," Elkins," and
others, and is particularly applicable for study of interference
between flowing wells.
The point source solution originally developed by Lord Kel
vin and discussed in Carslaw" can be expressed as
) ' (VI.lO)
(3!)'
z
III
FIG. 8 - CONSTANT RATE OF PRODUCTION IN THE STOCK TANK,

ADJUSTING FOR THE UNLOADING OF FLUID IN THE ANNULUS. pet)
VERSUS t where;
c!2ncR.', AND c is the VOLUME OF FLUID UN
LOADED FROM THE ANNULUS. CORRECTED TO RESERVOIR CONDI.
TlONS, PER ATMOSPHERE BOTTOMHOLE PRESSURE DROP. PER UNIT
SAND THICKNESS.
P(OVPf
lip'!'
which is identical with (VI.6) with p the operator of t =
The second simplification for the transform (VI-4) is to
consider p small, which is equivalent to considering time, t,
large. The expansions for K. (z) and K, (z) are given in Cars.
law and Jaeger,' p. 248.
ro'
ro'
ro
=.-!2 it sex>
e-' dn =..!. { -Ei

n
2
(_.!4t ) ~ . (VI.16)
often referred to as the logarithmic integral or the Eifunc

tion. Its values are given in Tables of Sine, Cosine, and Expo.
nential Integrals, Volumes I and II, Federal Works Agency,
W.P.A., City of New York. For large values of the time,t,
Eq. VI16 reduces to P" ..,
= 21
[log 4t-')'] which is Eq.
VI-IS, and this relation is accurate for values of t>100.
December, 1949
T.P. 2732

By this development it is evident that the point source solu
tion doe3 not apply at a boundary for the determination of the
pressure drop when t is small. However, when the radius, R..
is small, such as a well radius, even small values of the abso
lute time, T will give large values of the dimensionless time t,
and the point source solution is applicable. On the other
hand, in considering the pressure drop at the periphery of a
field (in which case R. can have Il large numerical value) the
value of t can be easily less than 100 even for large values of
absolute time, T. Therefore, for intermediate times, the rig
orous solution of the constant rate case must be used, which
we will now proceed to obtain.
To develop the explicit solution for the constant terminal
rate case, it is necessary to invert the Laplace transform, Eq.
VI4, by the Mellin's inversion formula. The path of integra
tion for this transform is described by the "cut" along the
negative real axis, }'ig. 2, which give3 a single valued function
on each side of the "cut." That is to say that Path AB re
quired by Eq. V-2 is equal to the Path AD and CB, both of
which are described by a semi-eircle of radiu3 infinity. Since
'Its integration is zero in the second and third quadrant, this
Jeaves the integration along l'aths DO and UC equal to All.
The integration on the upper portion of the "cut" can he ob-
~ == u' e +i~ which
tained by making
At,
_~(e
J
2ri a
At.
-e
yields
-
dA
==
)
ir
-u't, -ut,
- e
) 1(. (u e' r) du
1 00 (e
ria) - - - - i - r - - - - i r - - - -
u' e' K, ( u e' )

(VI.17)
Carslaw and Jaeger' (page 249) shows that modified Bassel
i1l'
2
functions of the /irst and second kind of arguments z e

can be expressed by the regular Bessel functions as complex
values, as follows:
i,..
2
I. (z e )
==
1. (z)
- ,..i
+ -~ I.(z) +i Y.(z) }
2
I".
I,(z e ')
i".
and
i I,(z) .
(VIIS)
K,(z e
= -"2 [I,(z) + i
-ut t1
_f
(e
_utt:
-e
r) d A
-j,r/2
-ir/2
u' e
K,(u e
)
Using Eq. VIIS, yields the relationship
-u't, -u't
Io:>(e
-e ') [Y1 (u) I.(ur)-J,(u) Y.(ur)]
-;-J
u' [1,'(u)
du
Y,'(u)]
(VI20)
The integration along Paths DO and DC is the sum of the

relations VII9 and VI20, or
p(" '1) - PI', ,,)
0:>
-Of
(e-u't'_eu't,) [Y,(u} l.(ur} -l,(u) Y.(ur}] du

----~~~~_:_::_-_...:...--
r
u'[1,'(u) + Y,'(u)]
Initially, that is Ilt time zero, the cumulative pressure drop at
any point in the formation is zero, p(,. ,) O. Hence, the
pressure drop since zero time equals:
-u't
2 o:>(l-e
) [1,(u) Y.(ur) -Y.(u) l.(url] du
=-;J
u'[1,'(u) + Y.'(u)]
(VI21)
which is the explicit solution of the constant terminal rate case
for an infinite medium.
To determine the cumulative pressure drop for a unit rate
of production at the well bore or field radius, (where r == 1)
then Eg. VI21 changes to
-u't
2 0:> (1 -e
) [1.(u) Y.{u) - Y.{u) I.(ll)] du
p u t) =-;of
u' [J,'(u) + Y,'(u)]
(VI22)
By the recurrence formula given in W.B.F., p. 77
I, (u) Y. (u) - J. (u) Y. (u) =
(VI-23)
ru
Equation VI22 simplilies to

co
-u't
(I - e
) du
u' [J,'(u) + Y1'(u)]
(VI24)
p(,) ,...of
Constant Terminal Pressure Case
As already shown, the transform of the pressure drop in
aninfinitemediumisP(,.,=B K,('Ipr). In the constant
terminal pressure case it is assumed that at all times the pressUre drop at r
1 will be unity, which is expressed as a
transform by Eg. VI
;-;:-;,-:-;-;--;--:::-;;-:;-::-;;-
..:.-_
(VI.I9)
where the imaginary term has been dropped.
= 1/p
By solving for the constant B at r
== 1 in
the above formula,
we find B
lip K, (vp), so that the transform for the
pressure at any point in the reservoir is expressed by
-
1(.(Vp r)
=_..:-....:.........:...
(VI25)
p1(.(Vp)
The comparable solution of VI25 for a cumulative pressure
drop can be developed as before by considering the paths of
Fig. 2, with a pole at the origin, to give the solution
PI'."
) [Y,(u) J.Cur) -I,(u) Y.(ur) ] du

u' [J,'(u) + Y,'(u) ]
December, 1949
and
-;-J
PU l
substitution of the corresponding values for

iTr/2
ir/2
K, (u e
r) and K, (u e
) from Eq. VIIS in Eq. VI-17
gives the integration along the upper portion of the negative
real "cut" as
CD
0:>
) 1(.(V A
= u e-i,..
~'i' K,(v'~
"
ut
(e- '_e-U 1,) 1(. (u e-1.,.. /2 r) du
Y,(z) ]
The
= -1
-e
At.
1 (e
0:>
:!:-
1(.(z e
1
2".
~t.
111'
2
negative real "cut" is expressed by
p(,..,
)1(.(Y A r)
~.{S K.( v'A
Likewise, the integration along the under portion of the
313

IN RESERVOIRS
T.P. 2732
p(l'.
t:L)
-P(r.
tl)
co(e-u't '-e-u'Es ) [J.(u) Y.(ur) - Y.(u) J.(ur)] du
-;J
u'[J:(u) + Y.'(u)]
(VI26)
If we are interesterl in the cumulative Buid influx at the field
radius, r
I, then the relationship Eq. IV3 applies, or
Q(t)
Jt
(oP)
-or- r=l
(IV3)
dt
oPI ) )
K.(Yp )
or
r=l
p'I'K.(Vp)
since K.'(z) =-K,(z). Since the pressure drop Pl', Cj corre
aponds to the difference between the initial and actual pres'
sure, the transform of the gradient of the actual pressure at
r = I is given by
( oP)
or
r=1
_ (-OP",.))
or
r=l
or
p'fJ K.(
3.0 "
4.0 "
6.0 u
0.0 "
1.0 u
8.0 u
8.0 u
1.0
1.8
2.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
8.0
0.0
7.0
8.0
8.0
1.0Cl0)'
1.8 "
2.0 u
2.5 u
6.0 ..
0.0 ..
7.0 u
8.0 ..
0.0 u
1 (c....Y.;:,..P..;..)_
K...c
r=l
3_0 u
4.0 ..
or
oP )
p(U
1.0(10)"
~.O "
1.0(10)-'
1~6 ..
2.0 "
2.6
The determination of the transform of the gradient of the

pressure drop at the field's edge follows from Eq. VI25,
TABLE I - Radial Flow, Comtant Terminal Pressure

~ Constant Terminal Rate ClUes Jar Infinite
Reservoirs
Vp>
1.0(10)1
1.5
0.112
0.220
0.315
0.375
0.424
0.450
0.112
0.27S
0.104
0.620
0.5OG
0.580
0.7$0
O.80S
1.020
1.140
1.261
0.150:1
0.6M
0.010
0.860
0.702
0.136
I.~
o.m
1.450
1.670
0.802
0.127
2.032
2.442
UI20
1.101
2.83S
3.m
3.m
l.tau
1.276
1.3112
4.541
1.430
1.600
5.148
5.740
U14
8.1151
7.417
O.oeo
I.22tCIO)1
1.4M ..
1.881 "
2.088 ..
2.482 ..
2.1150 ..
3.228 ..
3.500 ..
3.1l42 ..
4.301 "
6.080 ..
which corresponds to the integrand of Eq. IV-3. Further, from
2.0 ..
7.m
..
9.120
the definition given by Theorem H, namely, that if P (p) is the
4.0
10.&3 "
13.48 "
transform of P(Ch then the transform of o f P CC') dt' is given by

P(p)/p and the Laplace transform for Q(tl is expressed by
QI.)
K,( Yp)
= rlof u'
10
0.0 ..
1.0(10)'
18.24
J8.~
"
Ie
21.150 Ie
24..23 j~
20.17 ..
2G.31 ..
"
..
..
..
..
"
G.O "
1.0(10)'
1.5 ..
2.0 oW
2.6 ..
3.0 "
4.0 M
8.0 ..
0.0
7.0
8.0
0.0
..
"
..
..
1.5 "
2.0 ..
2.5 ..
!.OSO
3.0 ..
4.0 ..
5.0 ..
U61
1.820
2.001
2.141
2.282
.2.3&3
2.478
2.660
2.115
2.112
2.723
2.021
3.004
3.113
3.253
3.40$
3.518
U08
3.584
3.750
3.818
0.0
0.757
11.88
13.05
15.QU
18.00
IG.QU
..
"
..
..
"
..
21.1l8 ..
3.140(10)'
4.070 ..
4.QU4 ..
5.801 ..
7.534 ..
0.542 M
11.03 ..
12.80 ..
14.33 ..
1.0(10)'
U80
1.504
4.138(10)'
UI5 ..
8.480 ..
1.890 ..
7.0 ..
8.0 ..
8.0 ..
1.0(10)'
1.5 M
2.0 ..
2.5 M
3.0 ..
4.0 u
6.0 oW
8.0 ..
7.0 ..
8.0 ..
0.0 ..
1.0Cl0l'
16.8$
17.88
..
..
2.538(10)'
3.308 M
4.080
4.817
8.207
7.0Q9
9.113
10.51
11.80
13.28
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
14.112 ..
2.120(10)
2.781 ..
3.m ..
4.1ld4 ..
5.313 ..
8.544
7.781
8.1l88
10.18
11.14
12.62
..
..
..
..
..
3.1150
TABLE 1- COnlirwed
Eq. VI27
1.5(10)'
(VI28)
+ Y:(u) ]
With respect to the transform 'O"H there is the simplification
[J:(u)
that for time small. p is large, or Eq. VI27 reduces

'0(0)
7.0
8.0
..
K.( Vp)
The application of the Mellin's inversion formula

follows the paths shown in Fig. 2, giving
-u't
4 ex>
(I-e
) du
Q(tl
8.0 u
e.o ..
(VI27)
._-:.:~.:..-.:....-
pi/,
2.6
3.0
,~
1.8(10)'
2.0
2.6
3.0
4.0
5.0
0.0
7.0
S.O
= IIp'l'
and the inversion is as hefore

2
QUl
t'l'
=---
10
(VI.29)
2.0
2.5
3.0
4.0
..
..
..
..
5.0 II
8.0 ..
7.0 u
8.0 ..
U.O ..
1.0(10)1
1.5 "
2.0 ..
2.8 "
3.0
t.O ..
(VI30)
Y-;-
which is identical to the linear flow case. For all other values
of the time, Eq. VI28 must be solved numerically.
Relation Between Q(p) and pep)

It is evident from the work that has already gone before.
that the Laplace transformation and the superimposition the
orem offer a basis for interchanging the constant terminal
pressure to the constant terminal rate case, and vice versa. In
any reservoir study the essential interest is the analyses of
the flow either at the well hore or the field boundary. The
purpose of this work is to determine the relationship between
Q (t), the constant terminal pressure case, and P (tl. the con
stant terminal rate case, which explicitly refer to the boundary
r 1. Therefore, if we conceive of the influx of fluid into a
5.0 ..
8.0 ..
7.0 ..
8.0 ..
0.0 ..
1.0(10)'
l.5 u
2.0 ..
2.5 "
3.0 "
4.0 ..
5.0 II
5.0 "
7.0 "
8.0 u
9.0 ..
1.0(10)"
1.6 '1
2.0 ..
2.5 "
3.0 "
4.0 u
4.0 u
8.0 "
7.0 ..
8.0 u
9.0 u
1.0(10)11
1.828(10)'
2.3G8 ..
2.G81 u
3.011 ..
4.&10 ..
5.889 "
8.788 ..
7.818 If
8.M8 ..
G.Oll ..
)G.D.S "
1.804(101'
2.108 ..
l.5(10)1l
2.0 ..
2.5 ..
3.0 ..
4.0 ..
5.0 ..
6.0 ..
7.0 'I.
8.0 C4
G.O ..
1.0(10)0:
1.6 ..
2.0 "
1.17CI0)"
1.85
1.82
2.20
3.02
3.15
..
..
..
..
"
,.
5.10 ..
6.8Q ..
~.47
8.&3 "
7.28 "
1.08(10)"
1.42 ..
2.S01 u
3.1DO "
4.071 ..
5.032
5.084
8.028
1.866
8.701
..
..
..
oW
..
o.m"
1.429(10r
1.880
2.328 ..
2.171 "
3.M5 ..
4.510 II
8.388 ..
8.220 ..
1.OM "
7.000 ..
8.747 ..
1.288(10)'
1.097 ..
2.103 "
2.505 ..
3.2GO ..
4.081 ..
4.868
lii.643
8.414
7.183
7.048
..
u
..
,.
..
314
December, 1949
T.P. 2732
A. f. VAN EVERDINGEN AND W. HURST
TABLE II - Comtant Terminal Pressure Ca.se

Radial Flow. Limited Reservoirs
R _
R _ 1.6
lit
2.8899
'.S452
=
... =
lit
QCt)
Q lI )
5.0(10)-'
8.0 M
7.0 M
8.0 ..
9.0 ..
1.0(10)-1
1.1 M
1.2 ..
1.3 M
1.4 ..
1.8 ..
1.8 ..
1.7 M
1.8 ..
l.t ..
2.0 ..
2.1 M
2.2 M
2.3 M
2.4 ..
2.' M
2.8 ..
2.8 ..
3.0 ..
3.2 ..
3.4 ..
8.5 M
3.' ..
4.0 ..
4.8 ..
8.0 ..
5.0 M
1.0 ..
8.0 ..
0.275
0.304
0.330
0.304
0.318
5.0(10)->
7.6 II
1.0(10)-'
1.25 ..
1.SO
1.75
2.00
2.25
2.50
2.78
3.00
0.398
0.41'
0.431
0.4~
0.~1
0.414
0.484
0.4f7
0.507
0.817
0.&28
0.833
0.041
0.848
0.884
O.sst
0.868
0.814
0.682
0.883
0.894
0.899
0.803
'0.505
0.813
0.817
0.821
0.823
0.824
2.0
= 1.3606
= 4.U58
CI,
3.25
3.50
3.75
4.00
4.25
4.50
4.78
5.00
5.50
8.00
8.50
1.00
1.50
8.00
t.OO
1.00
..
..
..
..
..
..
II
..
..
..
..
..
M
..
..
..
..
M
..
..
M
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
l.5
1.7
0.278
0.3~
0.404
0.448
0.507
0.553
0.597
0.838
0.878
0.715
0.751
0.785
0.817
0.848
0.817
0.908
0.832
0.988
0.183
1.028
1.070
1.108
1.143
1.174
1.203
1.253
1.298
1.330
1.388
l.882
1.402
1.432
1.4
1.453
1.8
1.468
1.481
2.0
2.5
8.0
4.0
5.0
1.498
1.499
l.500
R _
lit
lit
= SoD
= 0.6%56
... = 2.3041
2.5
= 0.8663
lit
3.0876
Q(t)
1.0(IW'
1.5 M
2.0 M
2.5 M
3.0 ..
3.8 ..
4.0 ..
4.6 II
8.0 ..
&.5 I'
5.0 ..
8.8 ..
7.0 M
1.5 ..
8.0 ..
8.8 ..
9.0 ..
9.8 ..
1.0
1.1
1.2
o.m
0.962
1.024
1.083
1.140
1.198
1.248
1.z:n
1.148
1.398
1.440
l.484
1.525
1.505
1.571
1.747
1.811
1.810
1.924
1.118
2.022
2.106
2.178
2.241
2.294
2.340
:1.380
2.4
2.491
2.&28
2.851
2.570
2.599
2.813
2.81t
2.822
2.824
1.4
1.8
1.8
1.7
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.8
2.8
3.0
3.4
3.8
4.2
4.8
8.0
8.0
1.0
8.0
t.O
10.0
5.0 ..
5.0 ..
7.0 ..
1.a23
1.1'3
1.258
1.31l3
1.448
l.81l3
1.191
1.997
2.184
2.&l3
2.507
2.848
2.772
2.885
2.990
8.084
8.0 ..
'.0 ..
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.15
2.00
2.25
2.50
2.15
3.00
3.25
3.50
3.75
4.00
4.25
4.50
4.75
5.00
8.50
5.00
8.50
7.00
7.80
8.00
9.00
10.OJ
11.00
12.00
1UlO
15.00
18.00
20.00
22.00
24.00
8.110
a.241
a.811
8.181
a.439
8.m
8.881
8.655
3.717
3.757
3.l!OD
3.843
3.~
3.1128
3.981
8.m
1.885
Ut3
3.997
3.m
3.m
4.000
when 6P is the cumulative pressure drop at the well bore

affected by producing the well at constant rate which is established by
R _
4.0
R _
4.6
1.00
1.20
1.40
l.50
1.80
2.00
2.20
2.40
2.50
2.80
3.00
3.25
3.50
3.16
4.00
4.26
4.50
4.15
8.00
6.50
8.00
5.80
7.00
7.80
8.00
8.50
9.00
9.80
10.00
11
12
13
l4
15
18
17
18
20
25
30
35
40
Q(,)
Q(,)
1.511
2.00
2.20
2.40
2.80
2.80
3.00
3.25
3.50
3.76
4.00
4.25
4.50
4.76
6.00
5.80
5.00
8.50
7.00
7.50
8.00
8.80
9.00
9.80
10
11
12
13
2.W!
2.598
2.148
2.893
3.034
3.170
3.334
3.493
3.845
3.792
3.932
4.088
4.198
4.323
4.580
4.779
4.982
6.169
6.343
6.504
5.653
8.790
5.917
8.035
8.248
8.425
8.5SO
8.712
5.825
8.922
7.004
7.078
7.189
7.272
7.332
7.377
7.434
7.454
1.481
7.490
7.4"
7.497
1.781
1.940
2.111
2.273
2.427
2.674
2.715
2.849
2.978
3.098
3.242
3.379
3.507
3.828
3.742
3.850
3.951
4.047
4.222
4.378
4.518
4.839
4.749
4.845
4.!l32
5.009
5.078
8.138
5.241
5.321
8.385
5.435
5.475
5.806
6.531
6.851
5.579
5.811
8.821
5.824
5.825
14
15
18
17
18
20
22
24
26
30
34
38
42
\6
50
December, 1949
- 2.5
It _ 6.0
3.0
3.8
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.6
8.0
8.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10
11
12
13
14
15
15
18
20
22
24
25
28
30
34
38
42
46
50
60
70
80
90
100
Q(l)
2.835
3.196
3.537
3.859
4.185
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.6
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10
UM
4.727
4.984
5.231
5.484
6.884
5.892
6.089
8.218
6.453
8.821
6.930
7.208
7.457
7.880
7.880
8.060
8.385
8.511
8.809
8.958
9.097
9.200
9.283
9.404
9.481
9.532
9.565
9.586
9.612
9.821
9.823
9.624
9.625
11
12
13
14
15
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
34
38
42
46
50
50
70
60
90
100
120
Q(\t')2::c
(IYU)
t)
The substitution of Eq. IY-l1 in IV14 gives

Q
_ q(T) f/'CR.' ft d p u') Q
(T) K
0
~ u,', dt'
Since the rate is constant. Q(T,=q(T' x T, and as t=KT/f.ucR.'
this relation becomes
dPc.')
~ Qc.-") dt'
(VI-31)
To express Eq. VI31 in transformation form. the tran3form

for t is I/p', Campbell and Foster, Eq. 408.1. The trllIl9form
for
at r
1 is P(Ph and it follows from Theorem A that

dP(t)
the transform of - - - is pP Cp) as the cumulative pressure
dt
drop P(t) for constant rate is zero at time zero. Finally from
Theorem D. the transform for the integration of the form Eq.
VI-31 is equ81 to the product of the transforms for each of the
two terms in the integrand, or
PO)
I
TABLE IT - Continued
... = 0.4861 ... = 0.8986 ... = 0.3295 ... = 0.2823

... = 1.8374 ... = 1.5267 ... = 1.3061 ... = 1.1S92
t
6P
TABLE IT - Continued
B _U
---;w-
Q(l)
3.0(10)-<
0.755
1---t.O
0.895
0. 408
0.509.
0.899
0.881
0.758
O.ll2lI
1.3
well or field 85 a constant rate problem, then the actual cumu

lative fluid produced as afunction of the cumulative pressure
drop is expre3~ed by the superposition relationship in Eq.
IV14 as
t
d6P
Q(T)
2...fcR.' of
Quo,'. dt'
(IV-H)
Q(t)
It
lit
... =
3.195
3.542
3.875
4.113
4.4g~
4.792
5.074
5.345
$.IlOS
6.854
8.094
8.325
8.547
8.780
8.985
7.350
7.708
8.035
8.339
8.820
8.879
9.338
9.731
10.07
10.35
10.89
10.80
10.98
11.25
11.48
11.81
11.7.
11.79
11.91
11.96
11.98
11.99
12.00
12.0
= 6.0
= 0.2182
0.9025
Q Ct )
8.0
6.5
7.0
7.8
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.6
10.0
10.5
11
12
13
5.148
5.440
5.724
8.002
8.273
8.537
5.795
7.047
7.~3
15
18
17
18
19
20
22
24
25
31
35
39
51
80
70
80
7.533
7.787
8.220
8.651
9.083
9.458
9.829
10.19
10.53
.0.65
11.18
11.74
12.28
12.50
13.74
14.40
1U3
15.05
15.58
15.91
17.14
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
180
200
220
17.38
lUI
17.45
11.46
.7.48
17.49
IU9
IUO
17.50
17.80
14
eo
17.27
7_0
... = 0.1167
... = 0.7634
R _
8.0
... = 0.1476
... = 0.8438
It _ 9.0
0.1264
0.6140
... =
... =
Q(I)
Q(U
9.00
9.80
10
11
6.861
7. i27
7.389
7.902
8.397
8.876
'.341
g.791
10.23
10.85
11.05
11.45
11.85
12.58
13.27
13.92
14.53
15.11
16.39
17.49
16.43
19.24
20.51
2'.45
22 3
22.83
23.00
23.47
23.71
23.85
23.92
23.96
24.00
9
10
11
12
.3
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
22
24
26
28
30
34
38
40
45
80
55
60
70
80
6.851
7.398
7.920
8.431
8.930
9.418
9.895
10.361
10.82
11.26
11.70
12.13
12.95
13.14
14.80
15.23
15.92
17.22
18.41
18.97
20.28
21.42
22 6
23.40
24.98
26.26
27 .26
28.11
29.31
30.08
30.88
30.U
31.12
31.34
31.43
31.47
31.49
31.50
31.80
10
15
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
36
40
42
H
46
48
80
82
84
-- --- - - - -----12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
22
24
26
28
30
S5
40
.5
50
80
70
80
go
100
120
140
180
ISO
200
500
90
100
120
140
160
ISO
200
240
2SO
320
360
400
500
50
18
50
85
70
75
SO
85
go
. g6
100
120
140
160
180
ZOO
240
280
320
300
400
440
480
R _10.0
... ::::: 0.1104
0.4919
... =
Q lI )
Q(,)
7.417
9.945
12.26
13.13
.3.98
14.79
15.89
15.35
'7.10
17.82
15
20
22
24
25
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
.8
48
50
82
84
58
58
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
120
9.985
12.32
13.22
14.09
14.95
16.78
16.59
17.36
18.16
18.91
19.85
20.37
21.07
21.18
22.42
23.07
23.71
24.33
24.t.
25.53
28.11
25.87
26.02
29.29
3O.4g
3Ul
32.87
33.86
34.50
36.46
38.81
40.89
42.15
44.21
45.38
46.95
47.94
48.54
48.tl
49.14
49.28
49.36
18.82
19.19
19.85
20.48
21.09
21.89
22.28
22.82
23.36
23.89
24.39
24.88
25.36
26.48
27.62
28.46
2g.38
30 .8
30.g3
31.53
32.27
34.39
35.92
37.04
37.85
38.U
39.17
39.16
39.77
39.88
39.94
39.97
39.16
IH
160
180
200
240
280
320
380
400
440
4SO
315
T.P. 2732
IN RESERVOIRS
1
pi
= pP
IPl
Q Ct,
(VI-32)
Qu,
Evidence of this identity can be confirmed by substituting

Eqs. VI-4 and VI27 in Eq. VI32. In brief, Eq. VI32 is the
relationship between constant terminal pressure and constant
terminal rate cases. If the Laplace transformation for one is
known, the transform for the other is established. This inter
change can only take place in the transformations and the
final solution must be by inversion.
&
.&
du
u(log u - 0.11593]'
== t J ---,:-::----:-:--:-:-:-:- == --::~:-0
=..
For u equal to or less than 0.02, J,{U)

2/... u so that Eq. VI.35 reduces to
P
To plot P Itl and Qlt' as work-curves, it is necessary to de

termine numerically the value for the integrals shown in Eqs.
VI24 and VI.28. In treating the infinite integrals for P It I and
QUit the only difficult part is in establishing the integrals for
small values of u. For larger values of u the integrands converge fairly rapidly, and Simpson's rule for numerical integration has proved sufficiently accurate.
Further,
To determine the integration for Qlt' in the region of the

origin, Eq. VI-28 can he expressed as
f
o
Q"m
where the value for
&
(VI-33)
----=
The integration for P Itl close to the origin is expressed by

40
&=0.02
(1 - e-u't ) du
P .Ct)
J
. (VI-.35)
u
... 0
ul[J,'(u) + Y,'(u)]
Computation 01 Pit) and Q",
-u't
4 .&
(1- e
) du
"..oJ ul[J"{u) +Y.'(u)]
[0.11593 -log &J

(VI.34)
"
If we let n
-u't
& (l-e
==
It)
o'
= 0,
and Y,(u)
du
==
(VI-36)
=u't
P
. .1t (1- e
(t)=-
&
"'t(I- e-n )
o'
-n
dn
(VI-37)
lI
1 (1- e- ) dn
=
J
nOli
dll
Since Euler's constant

1
is taken such that 1- e-u't ::: u't.
'Y=
'Y
is equal to
(l-e-) dn
e-
CXl
-J
dn
which is troe fgr u't equal to or less than 0.02, or" = YO.02/t
and the simplification for Eq. VI33 becomes
4t"
du
Q,Ilt)
u[J:(u) + Y:(u)]
Substitution of this relation in Eq. VI-3S gives

&'t (1- e-) dn
CXl e1 dn
f
='Y+
f - n dn- .ftn
fo
n
&'t
For u less than 0.02, I.(u) == I, and

2
u
2
Y.{Ii) ::: - { log - + 'Y ~ == ...
2
...
and since the second term on the right is the Eifunction already discussed in the earlier part of this work, Eq. VI-37
reduces to
=".. J
{ log
u - 0.11593 ~
AB the logarithmic term is most predominant in the denominator for small values of u, this equation simplifies to
(I)
&
= -12
['Y-Ei(-a't)
+ log &'t]
(VI.39)
TABLE III - Comtant Terminal Rate Case Radial Flow - Limited Reservoirs
H,
P, ==
fll =
t
5.0(10)"
8.0 u
1.0(10)-1
1.2 u
1.4 u
1.8 u
1.8 u
2.0 ..
2.2 u
2.' ..
2.5 ..
2.8 "
3.0 ..
3.5 ..
C.O ..
C.5 ..
5.0 "
5.3 u
6.0 u
R _
1.5
8.3225
11.92C
P, ==
fl, ==
P
ltl
2.2(10)-1
2.4 u
2.8 II
2.8 U
3.0 u
3.2 ..
3.C U
3.8 u
3.8 ..
4.0 ..
0.251
0.288
0.322
0.385
0.387
0.420
0.452
0.4IU
0.at6
0.M8
,(.2 ..
4.4 u
4.5 U
4.8 u
5.0 u
5.0 II
7.0 ..
8.0 U
9.0 U
1.0
2.0
3.0
8.0
O.UO
0.6IZ
0.1l
0.724
0.1ll4
o.ssc
0.1lM
1.0
1.124
2.0
3.1955
8.8118
P
Ctl
0.3
0.459
0.476
0.492
0.807
0.522
0.&38
0.651
O.aM
0.579
0.593
0.807
0.521
0.&34
0.648
0.715
0.782
O.84D
0.915
0.982
1.649
2.31B
3.649
R _2.6
2.1584
4.2280
p, =
p, =
R _
p, ==
fJ. ::;
PC,)
C.0(10)-I
C.2 u
C.C U
C.8 u
4.8 U
6.0 ..
6.2 ..
5.C ..
5.6 ..
5.8 U
5.0 ..
O.aM
0.578
0.187
0.598
0.808
0.618
0.528
0.&8
0.647
0.667
0.566
0.1188
0.710
O.73t
0.752
0.772
0.792
0.8IZ
0.832
1.215
1.893
5.2(10)-1
5.4 u
8.5 U
8.0 U
8.5 ..
7.0 U
7.5 ..
8.0 II
8.5 U
9.0 U
9.5 ..
1.0
1.2
t.f
6.5 ,.
7.0 H
7.3 u
8.0 ..
8.5 ..
9.0 u
D.5 ..
t.O
2.0
3.0
4.0
3.0
1.8
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
3.0
1.8358
3.t787
PIll
0.ll27
0.&8
0.14$
0.e82
0.883
0.703
0.721
0.740
0.788
0.776
0.791
0.8>6
0.866
0.920
0.973
1.075
1.328
1.578
1.828
R _ 8.5
p,
1.3218
(J, = 2.6526
1.0
1.1
1.2
t.3
I.C
1.6
1.8
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.25
2.80
2.78
3.0
4.0
6.0
6.0
U77
2.368
I
316
Ctl
0.802
0.830
0.857
0.882
0.906
0.929
0.9St
0.973
0.9U
1.014
1.034
1.083
1.130
1.176
1.221
UOI
U79
1.787
p, =
p,
1.5
1.8
1.7
1.8
1.0
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.8
2.8
3.0
3.8
4.0
U
8.0
6.0
U
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
R -
1.1120
2.1342
P
ltl
0.927
0.948
0.988
0.988
1.007
1.1>26
I.OS9
1.092
1.123
1.IM
1.184
1.258
1.32C
1.392
1.4OO
1.527
1.894
1.6OO
1.727
1.861
1.994
2.IZ7
fl,
fl,
t
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.'
2.4
2.8
2.8
2.7
2.8
2.9
3.0
3.2
3.C
3.8
3.8
4.0
4.3
5.0
8.5
8.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
12.0
!J.O
H.O
15.0
=
=
C.5
0.9609
1.8356
P
ltl
1.023
1.040
I.Ose
t.072
1.087
1.102
1.116
1.130
1.1CC
I.ISS
1.17l
1.197
1.222
1.246
1.269
t.292
1.349
1.403
1.457
UIO
1.815
1.719
1.823
1.92'1
2.031
2.135
2.239
2.343
2.CC7
December, 1949
T.P. 2732

The values for the integrands for Eqs. VI-24 and VI-28
have been calculated from Bessel Tables for or greater than
0.02 as given in W.RF., pp. 666-697. The calculations have
been somewhat simplified by using the square of the modulus
of
IH.c'> (u) 1=IJ. (u) +i Y.(u) I and IH.(1) (u) l=jJ.Cu) +i Y,(u) I
which are the Bessel functions of the third kind or the Hankel
functions.
there exists a restriction such that no fluid can flow past this
barrier
50
OP)
R = O.
Or r=
that at that point (
The general solution of Eq. VI.I still applies, but to fulfill

the boundary conditions it is necessary to re-determine values
for constants A and B. The transformation of the boundary
condition at r
1 is expressed as
1
- = AL( \' p ) + BK,,( v' p )
p
and at r = R the condition is
(VII-I)
Table I shows the calculated values for Qlt) and PIt) to

three significant figures, starting at t = 0.01, the point where
linear flow and radial flow start deviating. PIt) is calculated
only to t = 1,000 since beyond this range the point source
solution of Eq. VI-15 applies. The values for Qlt) are given
up to t = 10".
since it is shown in W.B.F., p. 79, that K,,' (z) = - K. (z), and

I: (z) = I. (z). The solutions for A and B from these two
simultaneous algebraic expressions are
The reader may reproduce these data as he sees fit: Fig. 4

is an illustrative plot for QI' and Fig. 7 is a semi-logarithmic
relationship for P (I).
and
o=
AI. (v'pR) - BK. (v'pR)
. . .
(VII-2)
A=K.(v'pR)/p[K.(v'pR) !.(v'p)+K.(v'p) I,(v'pR)]

B=I,( v'p R)/p[K.( v'p R) 1.( v'p)+K.( v'p) 1.( yIp Rl]
LIMITED RESERVOIRS
By substituting these constants in Eq. VI-I, the general solution for the transform of the pressure drop is expressed by
As already mentioned, the solutions for limited reservoirs

of radial symmetry have been developed by the Fourier-Bessel
type of expansion.I I n Their introduction here is not only to
show how the solutions may be arrived at by the Laplace
transformation, hut also to furnish data for PIll and QIll
curves when such ca::es are encountered in practice.
Pc . p>
[K.(v'p R) r.(vp r) +I.(v'p Rl K.(Vpr)]

= -=-...::..:.-..:...--::....-:..:..-=_:.-_.:....:..--::.-....:....-::.;..-.....:....:.::..::.
p[K.(vpR) I.(v'p) +I.(VpR) K.(vP}J
(VII-3)
To find Q(t) the cumulative fluid produced for unit pressure drop, then the transform for the pressure gradient at
r = 1 is obtained as follows:
No Fluid Flow Across E:tterior Boundary

The first example considered is the constant terminal pressure case for radiallIow of limited extent. The boundary conditions are such that at the well bore or field's edge, r
1,
the cumulative pressure drop is unity, and at some distance
removed from this boundary at a point in the reservoir r = R.
_(O:).~
-0
[I,(Vp_R)
K.(v'~ -K.(V!R) II(V~)]
pIP[K.( v' p R) 1.( v' p) +1.('1 p R) K.( V p )]
where the negative sign is introduced in order to make Q(t)
TABLE III - Continued

R
fl.
P,
= 0.8472
= 1.6112
Pit>
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.8
3.7
3.8
3.9
4.0
4.2
4.4
4.8
4.8
5.0
5.6
8.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
S.O
1.167
1.180
1.1D2
1.204
1.215
1.227
1.238
1.249
1.259
1.270
1.28t
1.301
1.321
1.340
1.350
1.378
1.424
1.489
1.513
1.558
1.698
1.841
1.725
1.808
9.0
10.0
11.0
12.0
13.0
14.0
15.0
1.892
U75
2.~9
P.
P.
t
4.0
4.5
6.0
5.5
8.0
0.6
7.0
7.6
8.0
8.6
9.0
9.6
10.0
11.0
12.0
13.0
14.0
15.0
10.0
17.0
18.0
19.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
6.0
= 0.6864
= 1.2963
7.0
fl. = 0.5782
P. = 1.0860
P.
P.
Pit>
p(,>
1.275
1.322
1.384
U04
1.441
1.477
1.511
1.5
1.878
1.507
1.838
1.088
1.898
1.757
1.815
1.873
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.6
8.0
8.6
9.0
9.5
10.0
11.0
12.0
13.0
14.0
15.0
15.0
17.0
18.0
19.
20.q
22.Q
24.00
28.0
28.0
30.0
1.436
U70
1.501
l.631
1.659
l.68&
1.813
1.838
1.863
1.711
1.757
1.801
1.845
1.888
1.G31
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
1.931
1.988
2.045
2.103
2.150
2.217
2.214
2.sao
2.846
l.914
2.018
2.~8
2.100
2.184
2.287
2.351
2.434
2.617
8.0
= 0.4999
= 0.9352
10.5
11.0
1l.G
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0
17.0
19.0
21.0
23.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
PIt)
1.558
1.582
1.807
1.831
1.863
1.575
1.897
1.717
1.737
1.757
1.778
1.795
I.S13
1.831
1.849
1.919
1.988
2.051
2.118
2.180
2.340
2.499
2.lJ58
2.817
P,
P.
9.0
= 0.4406
= 0.8216
t
10.0
10.5
11.0
11.6
12.0
12.6
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0
15.5
18.0
17.0
18.0
19.0
20.0
22.0
24.0
28.0
28.0
30.0
34.0
38.0
40.0
45.0
50.0
R -
P,
P.
10
= 0.3940
= 0.7333
PI'>
Pc,>
1.lJ51
l.G73
1.8G3
1.713
1.732
1.750
1.788
1.78&
1.803
1.819
1.835
1.861
1.8&7
. 897
1.D28
1.9055
1.983
2.037
2.090
2.142
2.t93
2.244
2.345
2.440
2.496
2.621
2.148
12.0
12.6
13.0
.3.6
14.0
14.5
15.0
15.5
18.0
17 .0
18.0
19.0
20.0
22.0
24.0
28.0
28.0
30.0
32.0
U.O
30.0
38.0
40.0
50.0
00.0
70.0
1.732
1.750
.788
1.784
1.801
1.817
1.832
1.847
1.882
1.890
1.917
1.943
1.988
2.017
2.083
2.108
2.151
2.194
2.238
2.278
2.319
2.360
2.401
2.804
2.806
3.008
2.142
2.225
December, 1949
PETROLEUM TRANSACT/ONS, A/ME
317

IN RESERVOIRS
T.P. 2732
pos1tlve. Theorem B shows that the integration with respect

to time introduces an additional operator p in the denomi.
nator to give
QIP'
[I, ( vp R) K, ( v'p] -K,(vp R) I,(vp )]

p"l'[K, ( vp R) 1.( vp )
+ 1.( vp R) K.( vp
)]
(Vll4)
In order to apply Mellin's inversion formula, the first con

sideration is the roots of the denominator of this equation
which indicate the pole~. Since the modified Bessel functions

for positive real arguments are either increasing or decreasing, the bracketed term in the denominator does not indicate
any poles for positive real values for p. At the origin of the
plane of Fig. 2 a pole exists and this pole we shall have to
investigate first. Thus, the substitution of small and real
values for z (Eqs. VJ12 and VI13) in Eq. VII4, gives
(R'-I)
QIP) =
2p
~
TABLE IV - Comtant Terminal Rate CaJe Radial Flow

Preuure at Exterior Radiu$ Comtant
=
=
>.. =
B
L5
A,
a.4~2~
9.5207
t
5.0(10)-1
1.1 ..
1.0 ..
7.0 ..
8.0 ..
~.O ..
1.0(10)-1
1.2 ..
1.4 ..
1.6 ..
1.1 ..
2.0 ..
2.2 ..
2.4 ..
2.6 ..
2.1 ..
1.0 ..
I ....
4.0 ..
4.1 ..
1.0 ..
e.o ..
7.0 ..
1.0 ..
~LO
>., =
A. =
Pu >
0.230
0.2((l
0.249
0.2flG
0.282
0.2ll2
0.307
0.828
0.144
0.140
0.167
0.175
0.881
O.JIlI
O.IBO
0.8n
O.UG
0.400
0.402
0.404
0.405
0.405
0.405
0.405
>., =
1.7140
4.8021
>.., =
t
Pit)
2.0(10)-1
2.2 ..
2.4 ..
2.5 ..
2.8 ..
3.0 ..
3.5 ..
4.0 ..
4.5 ..
5.0 ..
5.5 ..
6.0 ..
6.5 ..
7.0 ..
7.5 ..
1.0 ..
8.5 ..
9.0 ..
9.5 ..
1.0
1.2
U
1.1
1.8
2.0
2.1
3.0
0.424
0."1
0.457
0.472
0.486
0.498
0.527
0.552
0.573
0.691
O.IOS
0.119
0.830
0.839
0.647
0.854
O.IGO
3.0(10)-1
3.5 ..
4.0 ..
4.5 ..
5.0 ..
1.1 ..
6.0 ..
7.0 ..
8.0 ..
9.0 ..
1.0
1.2
U
1.5
1.8
2.0
2.2
0.1&1
0.849
0.1173
0.582
0.188
O.IBO
0.1182
0.582
O.eva
0.893
2.8
2.8
3.0
3.1
4.0
4.6
1.0
1.1
8.0
lU
0.~13
0.~1I
0.9111
0.9111
0.9111
0.9111
=
=
A. =
3.0
= 0.9696
A. = 2.4372
A,
t
Pit)
0.502
0.1535
0.1iM
0.691
0.618
0.838
0.159
0.691
0.728
0.755
0.771
0.115
0.842
0.801
0.8711
0.887
0.8115
O.BOO
0.905
0.90S
0.910
2.11
1J!426
3.2285
5.0(10)-1
1.1 ..
1.0 ..
7.0 ..
8.0 ..
~.O ..
1.0
1.2
U
1.6
1.8
2.~
2.2
2.4
2.1
2.8
1.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
1.1
8.0
11.1
7.0
5.0
10.0
A,
Pc I)
0.617
O.S(()
0.142
0.702
0.738
0.770
5.0(10)-1
8.0 ..
7.0 ..
8.0 ..
9.0 ..
1.0
1.2
U
1.8
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.5
2.8
3.0
3.6
4.0
5.0
11.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
18.0
O.ns
0.850
0.892
0.1l27
0.155
0.980
1.000
1.011
1.030
1.042
1.051
1.059
1.080
1.017
1.0Il1
l.em
1.096
1.097
1.01l7
1.0Il8
1.01l9
3.5
0.7862
1.9624
pc.)
0.120
o.eea
0.705
0.741
0.774
0.S>4
0.858
0.1104
0.145
0.981
1.012
t.041
1.051
1.017
1.1011
1.121
1.158
lm
1.25
1.2#
1.242
1.247
1.2aO
1.251
1.252
1.263
1.253
TABLE IV - Continued
= 4.0
= 0.5870
>.., = 1.6450
>.,
>..,
A,
t
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.8
1.8
'!.O
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3.0
3.4
3.8
4.5
5.0
5.5
8.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
H.O
18.0
LIS.O
318
pc.)
0.802
0.867
0.901
0.947
0.985
1.020
1.052
1.080
1.108
1.130
1.152
1.190
1.222
1.258
1.290
1.309
1.325
1.347
1.381
1.370
1.376
1.382
1.386
1.386
1.386
t
4.0
4.6
5.0
6.6
8.0
8.5
7.0
7.6
8.0
8.6
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
111.0
18.0
20.0
22.0
24.0
25.0
28.0
30.0
36.0
((l.0
50.0
= 6.0
= 0.4205
= 1.0059
PCI)
1.276
1.320
1.381
1.398
1.432
1.4e2
UBO
1.518
1.539
1.551
1.580
1.816
1.587
1.704
1.730
1.749
1.7112
1.771
1.777
1.781
1.784
1.787
1.789
1.791
1.792
7.0
7.6
8.0
8.6
9.0
~.8
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
22.0
24.0
28.0
28.0
30.0
35.0
((l.0
45.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
U43
1.987
1.985
2.002
2.016
2.0fO
2.055
2.064
2.070
2.078
2.078
2.079
PCI)
pc.)
10.0
12.0
14.0
18.0
18.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
fO.O
45.0
50.0
55.0
60.0
55.0
70.0
76.0
SO.O
BO.O
10.0(10)1
11.0 ..
12.0 ,(
13.0 ..
It.O ..
18.0 ..
1.161
1.730
1.798
1.856
1.907
1.952
2.043
2.111
2.160
2.197
2.224
2.245
2.260
2.271
2.279
2.286
2.290
2.293
2.297
2.300
2.301
2.302
2.302
2.302
2.303
20.0
22.0
24.0
28.0
28.0
30.0
35.0
((l.0
45.0
60.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
10.0(10)1
12.0 ..
H.O ..
18.0 ..
18.0 4f
20.0 ..
22.0 .4
24.0 ..
28.0 ..
28.0 ..
30.0 ..
1.veo
2.003
2.043
2.080
2.114
2.148
2.218
2.279
2.332
2.379
2.455
2.513
2.168
2.582
2.819
2.166
2.877
2.8811
2.897
2.701
2.70t
2.705
2.707
2.707
2.708
PCI)
1.499
1.527
1.654
1.680
1.604
1.827
1.1148
l.72t
1.785
1.837
1.879
1.914
=15
>., = 0.1518
>..,
0.8745
R = 10
A, = 0.2448
>..,
0.6726
R = 8.0
A, = 0.8090
>.., = 0.7285
December, 1949
T.P. 2732

and by the application of Mellin's inversion formula applied
at the origin, then
_1_
2ri
f/t..!-2 --A-(R'-I)
R'-I
dA = - 2 -
lished by the Mellin's inversion formula by letting

then by Eqs. VI-IS
(VIIS)
2~
= u'eir ;
At-
Q(A)d A =
A" A" etc.

-u't
[1.(uR) Y,(u) -Y.(uR) ll(u)] du
(VII-6)
ri
u'[J,(uR) Y.(u) -YI(uRl J.(u)]
as, a:. etc.
where a" as, and a. are the roots of
[J,(a.R) Y.(a.) - Y,(a.R) I.(a.)] = 0
(VII7)
and the poles are represented on the negative real axis
by A. = - a.', Fig. 3. The residuals of Eq. VII-6 are the series
expansion
A=.
~fe
An investigation of the integration along the negative real

"cut" both for the upper and lower portions, Fig. 2, revea1l
that Eq. VII4 is an eYen function for which the integration
along the paths is zero. However, poles are indicated along
the negative real axis and these residuals together with Eq.
VIIS make up the solution for the constant terminal pressure
case for the limited radial system. The residuals are estab
TABLE IV -Continued
a _
20
= 800.08032
>., = 0.1849
B_ 25
As 0.09648
A,
G.2:l23
As = 0.1208
As = 0.2788
a _
=
=
A, =
A,
A, =
== 500.04813
A, = 0.1106
40
0.05019
0.1384
R
A,
l' (t)
I'll)
PC,)
I'll)
30.0
85.0
40.0
41.0
10.0
10.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
10.0(10)'
10.1 U
11.0 u
n.1 U
12.0 U
12.1 U
13.0 U
la.& ..
14.0 ..
14.1 ..
15.0 U
18.0 ..
18.0 U
2 t8
2.219
2.282
2.838
2.888
2.f75
2.841
2.tlO9
2.858
110.0
M.O
SO.O
85.0
70.0
75.0
SO.O
85.0
90.0
95.0
10.0(10)1
12.0 U
14.0 U
15.0 u
18.0 U
20.0 U
22.0 U
24.0 U
25.0 U
28.0 U
30.0 u
35.0"
40.0 u
46.0 u
60.0 u
eo.O ..
70.0 ..
ao.O u
90.0 If
2.18ll
2.434
2.478
2.114
2.&60
2.583
2.814
2.843
2.871
2.897
2.721
2.Sl7
2.878
2.935
2.984
3.024
3.057
3.085
3.107
3.125
3.142
a.171
70.0
SO.O
;0.0
10.0(10)1
12.0 U
14.0 U
15.0 u
S.I U
17.0 U
17.5 U
18.0 U
20.0
25.0 U
30.0 ..
35.0 U
40.0 ..
45.0 U
150.0 U
2.MI
2.815
2.872
2.723
2.812
2.88&
2.0lI0
2.985
2.979
2.m
a.DOe
a.084
a.115O
a.219
3.289
12.0(10)1
H.O U
15.0 U
18.0 u
2.813
2.888
20.0(10)1
22.0 "
24.0 u
28.0 u
28.0 u
30.0 "
35.0 u
40.0 "
45.0 ..
10.0 ..
85.0 .u
eo.O u
85.0 U
'70.0
75.0 u
SO.O U
85.0 u
go.O u
g6.0 u
10.0(10)'
12.0 ..
14.0 u
15.0 "
18.0 u
20.0
II
24.0 "
28.0 U
30.0 ..
40.0 u
150.0
2.107
2.728
2.7f7
2.7&4
2.181
2.m
2.810
2.823
2.835
2.848
2.857
2.875
2.go5
2.1129
2.g58
2.g7S
2.9ao
2.m
2.996
3.189
3.200
3.207
3.2U
3.217
3.218
3.2U
GO.O
UOO
U32
3.351
3.375
a.887
70.0 u
SO.O u
90.0 u
10.0(10)'
12.0 u
14.0 "
a.a~
3.397
a.399
3.401
3.401
2.~
3.011
3.003
3.109
3.152
3.191
3.228
3.259
3.831
a.891
a.44O
3.482
3.515
3.845
3.888
3.888
a.819
a.S40
20.0 ..
22.0 U
2t.0 ..
25.0 ..
28.0 ..
30.0 ..
U.O ..
40.0 u
45.0 ..
60.0 CI
M.O U
eo.O U
85.0 U
70.0 u
SO.O ..
go.o u
10.G(l0)'
12.0 U
14.0 "
15.0 ..
18.0 ..
20.0 u
25.0 It
U611
3.1172
3.581
3.585
a.m
3.188
3.889
I'll)
20.0
22.0
24.0
25.0
28.0
"
"
"
"
3.084
3.111
3.184
3.193
3.229
3.283
3.339
3.406
3.481
3.112
a.558
3.195
a.830
3.GS1
a.888
3.713
3.735
3.7M
a.771
3.787
3.833
3.882
3.881
3.892
3.;00
3.go4
3.;07
3.m
3.UO
n
= 60
tl
Pit)
3.0(10)'
t.O U
5.0 U
5.0 ..
3.257
3.401
3.612
a.802
3.575
a.nu
a.7UZ
a.832
3.908
3.959
3.905
4.023
4.043
4.071
4.084
4.090
7.0 ,.
8.0 U
U.O u
10.0 "
12.0
14.0
15.0
18.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
80.0
55.0
It
"
"
..
..
..
I'
u
Ie
II
December, 1949
4.m
4.093
4.094
4.094
= 10
80
I'll)
pc.)
S.0(10)'
5.0 U
7.0 U
8.0 "
9.0 U
10.0 U
12.0 If
14.0 II
18.0 "
18.0 U
3.612
3.eoa
3.SSO
3.748
3.803
a.884
3.US7
4.003
4.084
4.095
4.127
4.181
4.211
4.228
4.2:17
4.242
4.245
4.247
4.247
4.248
4.248
4.248
4.248
8.0(10)'
7.0 U
8.0 ..
9.0 Ie
10.0 U
3.eoa
a.sso
3.747
3.ll3S
3.SS7
a.945
4.01U
4.061
4.0BO
4.lao
4.171
4.248
4.297
4.328
<1.847
4.3eo
4.358
4.375
4.380
4.381
4.382
4.382
4.382
8.0(10)'
9.0 "
1.0(10)'
1.2 u
1.3 u
1.4 U
1.6 ..
1.8 ..
2.0 ..
20.0
II
25.0 u
30.0 u
35.0
40.0 ..
405.0 It
~.O
It
611.0 U
60.0 u
65.0 It
70.0 "
75.0 ..
80.0 u
12.0 "
14.0 "
HLO .,
15.0 u
18.0 "
20.0 "
25.0
30.0 "
305.0 If
f.
4O:G ,.
45.0 ..
ro.D
eo.O ..
70.0 ..
80.0 ..
;0.0 u
10.0(10)'
11.0 ..
2.5 "
3.0 u
3.6 ..
4.0 If
4.5 n
&.0 "
5.0 "
7.0
II
8.0 ..
g.o u
10.0 u
11.0 "
12.0 u
14.0
= 90
R
P
(l
3.747
3.B05
3.SS8
3.U4U
3.U88
4.025
4.058
Uff
UUZ
4.285
4,34U
4.3Uf
4.425
4.448
U&4
t.482
4.491
4.496
4.498
4.4UU
U90
4.1500
4.1500
= 100
1'Ct)
1.0(10)'
1.2 u
1.t: It
1.5 U
1.8 ..
3.SS9
3.849
4.025
4.092
4.1150
4.200
4.303
4.:179
4.434
4.478
4.510
4.534
4.852
4.565
4.579
4.883
4.588
4.593
4.6U8
4.1101
4.1104
4.1106
ltl
2.0 ..
2.5 U
3.0 "
3.a
4.0
4..5
5.0
5.5
8.0
0.3
7.0
7.3
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.1
n
U
u
If
If
"
If
U
If
..
..
..
If
15.0 ..
319

IN RESERVOIRS
T.P. 2732
Therefore, the solution for Q(t) is expressed by
e-Ga't [J.(a.R) Y.(a.) - Y.(a.R) JI(a.)]
CD
-2 %
d
a"a. a.'lim-[J.(uR)
Y.(u) - Y.(uR) J.(u)]
(VII-B)
-all't
R'-I
du
etc.
Q(C)
u~
since
J.'(z)
= J.(z) -J.(z)/z
e-Ga't
CD
%
a"a,
J.' (a.R)
a.' [J:(a.) -J,'(aoR)]
J.'(a.R)
a.' [J.' (a.) - J,') a.R)]
(VII.IO)
etc.
J:(z) = -J.(z)
which are recurrence formulae for both first and eecond kind
of Bessel functions, W.B.F., p. 45 and p. 66, then by the identities of Eqs. VII7 and VI-23, the relation VII-B reduces to
%
a"a,
etc.
= - -2- - 2
(VII9)
and
- 2
CD
This is essentially the solution developed in an earlier work,'

but Eq. VIIIO is more rapidly convergent than the solution
previously reported.
The values of Q(t) for the constant terminal pressure case
for a limited reservoir have been calculated from Eq. VII-lO
for R = 1.5 to 10 and are tabulated in Table 2. A reproduction
of a portion of these data is given in Fig. 5. As Eq. VII-IO is
rapidly convergent for t greater than a given value, only two
= 200
= SOO
PCII
PUI
4.11e1
UOS
4.117
H08
H8&
4.682
4.833
4.754
4.1129
4.8a4
4.H9
4.998
6.072
e.o(IO)'
8.0 "
10.0 "
12.0 "
14.0 "
18.0 "
18.0 ..
20.0 .,
24.0 "
28.0 ..
30.0 ..
40.0 "
&0.0 "
SO.O"
70.0 "
80.0 4f
90.0 "
10.0(10)'
12.0 u
14.0 ..
11.0 ..
4.754
4.lIa8
1.010
5.101
5.177
1.242
5.2eO
1.5(10)4
2.0 "
a.o ..
4.0 "
5.0 "
!.O "
7.0 ..
8.0 "
9.0 "
10.0 "
11.0 ..
12.0 "
12.1 "
13.0 ..
14.0 "
18.0 "
18.0 u
20.0 II
24.0 "
28.0 "
= 400
R
P
= 500
cu
R
P
= eoo
Ctl
PUI
U(10)'
2.0 ..
2.1'"
a.o ..
8'"
O~ ..
'.0"''''
8.0
7.0
1.0
'.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
18.0
18.0
20.0
21.0
10.0
38.0
40.0
..
..
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
..
"
"
"
3.m
1.171
&.203
&.227
6.284
6.282
1.2DO
1.294
5.~8
5.429
5.401
5.117
5.aoe
1.M2
5.878
I. lIDO
5.806
8.700
1.702
5.703
5.704
5.704
1.212
1.166
1.616
1.68ll
1.781
1.1146
1.880
I.v.zo
1.942
1.957
I.M7
6.976
1.977
5.98>
1.983
1.988
I.m
1.991
1.991
1.991
2.0(10)'
2.1 Ie
a.o ..
a.1 "
4.0 "
4.1 "
5.0 ..
8.0 "
7.0 "
8.0 "
9.0 "
10.0 ..
12.0 "
1.0 "
18.0 "
18.0 "
20.0 ..
25.0 ..
30.0 ..
a5.0 ..
40.0 ..
1.3M
5.468
8.569
&.838
&.102
&.75Q
5.810
5.8a4
&.DeD
8.013
8.051
8.088
8.151
5.154
8.183
8.103
8.202
8.211
8.213
8.214
1.214
4.0(0)4
4.8 "
&.0 ..
8.0 "
7.0 ..
8.0 ..
0.0 ..
10.0 "
12.0 "
14.0 "
18.0 ..
18.0 ..
20.0 "
21.0 ..
30.0 "
3&.0 "
40.0 c.
SO.O ..
80.0 "
6.703
8.7112
1.814
8.004
I.m
8.041
8.54
Ua9
80210
8.2S'Z
8.299
8.12a
U411
U7.
8.187
8.192
U9S
8.a97
8.1.7
R
R
P
6.0(10)'
8.0 ..
7.0 ..
8.0 "
9.0 ..
10.0 "
12.0 ..
14.0 ..
IS.O"
18.0 ..
320
= 700
20.0
Ie
25.0
10.0
36.0
40.0
46.0
80.0
80.0
70.0
80.0
"
..
"
"
..
..
"
..
Ctl
5.814
1.90S
U82
1.048
8.105
8.118
8.239
6.305
6.357
1.308
1.430
8.484
1.614
8.830
8.140
1.545
8.1148
8.150
8.511
8.511
= 800
PCt)
7.0(10)'
8.0 "
0.0 "
10.0 "
12.0 II
14.0 ..
16.0 ..
18.0 ..
20.0 ..
25.0 ..
30.0 "
35.0 "
fO.O u
45.0 ..
60.0 II
5.983
M.O
Ie
eo.O u
70.0 ..
so.o ..
100.0 ..
8.049
6.108
6.180
8.249
8.322
8.382
8.432
6 .74
8.8&1
8.6DD
8.830
6.850
1.833
8.171
6.878
8.879
8.882
1.884
1.884
t
8.0(10)'
SI.O ..
10.0 ..
12.0 ..
14.0 ..
18.0 ..
18.0 "
20.0 ..
25.0 "
30.0 ..
40.0 ..
45.0 ..
&0.0 II
15.0 II
80.0 "
70.0 ..
SO.O u
GO.D U
10.0(10)1
= 900
P
Ctl
1.040
8.108
6.181
8.251
6.327
8.392
6.447
6.49.
8.187
6.852
6.729
8.751
8.788
8.777
8.785
8.794
6.798
6.800
6.8>1
4.1
5.0
6.6
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
H.O
18.0
R
PC'I
1.0(10)1
1.2 ..
1.4 "
1.8 u
1.8 "
2.0 u
2.5 II
3.0
3.6
4.0
= 1000
u
II
..
I'
u
'I
It
..
..
..
..
..
6.UI
8.252
8.329
8.395
6.432
8.503
8.805
8.881
1.738
8.781
8.813
&.837
8.8&4
8.868
1.885
8.SD5
8.901
8.90~
6.907
6.007
8.908
Pcu
2.0(10)1
3.0 ..
4.0 "
5.0 "
8.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
19.0
20.0
21.0
22.0
23.0
2~.0
= 1200
u
u
"
..
I'
..
..
"
"
II
..
..
..
..
8.1107
6.704
6.833
UI8
8.976
7.013
7.038
7.058
7.087
7.08>
7.08&
7.081
7.080
7.089
7.090
7.090
7.090
7.090
7.00J
December, 1949
T.P. 2732

terms of the expansion are necessary to give the accuracy
needed in the calculations.
Likewise from the foregoing work it can be easily shown
that the transform of the pressure drop at any point in the
formation in a limited reservoir for the constant terminal rate
case, is expressed by
[K,(vpR) I.(vpr) +I,(VpR) K..(Vpr)]
P,. P) = .:0""'-
P I ... l
p-70
R (R'-r')
R'
(R'-I) log-r 2(R'-I)
= pi
(R'
+ 1)
4(R'-I)'~
+7
R'logR
(R'-I)'
(R'-l)
(VII-I2)
This equation now indicates both a single and double pole at

the origin, and it can be shown from tables or by applying
Cauchy's theorem to the Mellin's formula that the inversion of
Eq. VIII2 is
p'I'[I,(VpR) K,(V Pl-K,(VpR) I, vp)]

(VII13'
(Vil.Il)
P I ... l =
+t
An examination of the denominator of Eq. VII-Il indicates
R'
r3R'-4R'log R-2R'-Il
----logr
that there are no roots for positive values of p. However, a
4(R'-I)'
(R'-I)
double pole exists at p O. This can be determined by ex which holds when the time, t, is large
panding K..(z) and K,(z) to second degree expansions for
.As in the preceding case, there are poles along the negative
small values of z and third degree expansions for I.(z) and,
real axis, Fig. 3, and the residuals are determined as before
I, (z), and substituting in Eq. VIIll. It is found for small
values of p, Eq. VII-ll reduces to
and Eqs. VIIS give
by letting A u'
(R~I) [~
= lr,
TABLE IV -Continued
R :=: 1400
R :=: 1600
R :=: 2000
R :=: lS00
R:=: 2200
Pit)
PIt)
PI')
PIt}
2.0(10)1
2.6 "
1.0 "
2.8(10)'
8.0 "
3.8 "
8.619
8.710
8.787
8.883
8.tG2
3.0(10l'
4.0 "
8.710
8.854
8.tee
4.0(10)1
8.0"
8.0 "
8.854
6.0(10)1
8.8 "
7.120
7.188
7.238
7.2SO
8.0 "
10.0 ..
8.lID7
8.819
8.7ug
8.788
8.849
8.880
7.028
7.082
7.\23
7.IM
7.177
20.0 fC
21.0 ..
10.0 I'
11.0 ..
32.0 It
33.0 ..
7.241
7.243
7.244
7.244
7.244
7.244
1.8 u
4.0 u
8.0 u
'.0 "
7.0
1.0 "
'.0
15.0 u
7.~
4.0
8.0
e.o
u
u
7.00
7.0 u
8.0 u
9.0
10.0
18.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
36.0
40.0
42.0
H.O
7.114
7.187
7.210
7.244
7.334
7.304
7.373
7.375
7.377
7.378
7.378
7.378
"
..
..
n
..
..
..
If
"
..
8.0
8.0
7.0
S.O
u
u
u
7.084
9.0 U
10.0 u
7.407
18.0 "
20.0
30.0
u
u
&0.0
fC
7.489
7.4llll
40.0 ..
7.4~5
7.498
7.4~6
81.0 "
62.0
13.0
504.0
7.4~6
u
u
7.408
7.496
7.496
88.0 ..
7.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
UM
u
u
u
10.0 ..
18.0 ..
20.0
30.0
8.0
8.8
7.0
7.8
7.088
7.132
7.1ge
7.26\
7.:gS
7.374
7.431
7.474
7.800
7.1530
7.860
7.884
7.093
7.597
7.800
7.001
7.001
26.0 ..
38.0 ..
40.0 tt
60.0 "
00.0 "
6-4.0 If
S.O
u
u
u
u
u
8.8 u
9.0 u
10.0 "_t
12.0
18.0
20.0
30.0
35.0
fO.O
60.0
60.0
70.0
SO.O
..
II
25.0 u
II
tt
..
tl
..
..
Ul
8.tee
7.013
7.067
7.0117
7.111
7.11l7
7. log
7.%n
7.2M
7.307
7.m
7.1la7
7.679
7.831
7.1161
7.877
7.880
7.893
7.895
7.8ge
7.596
R :=: 2400
R :=: 2600
Pit)
8.0(10)1
7.0 "
8.0 "
9.0 "
10.0 II
12.0 ..
18.0 ..
20.0 II
24.0 ..
28.0 "
30.0 "
35.0 II
7.057
40.0
50.0
GO.G
70.0
SO.O
90.0
93.0
II
II
II
II
~
II
December, 1949
7.134
7.200
7.259
7.310
7.a~S
7.625
7.811
7.168
7.706
7.720
7.746
7.7l1D
7.776
7.7SO
7.782
7.783
7.783
7.793
Pit)
7.0(10)1
8.0 "
0.0
10.0 ..
12.0 u
14.0 ..
10.0 ..
18.0
20.0
2 0
28.0
30.0
36.0
40.0
60.0
..
"
..
..
..
..
II
80.0
II
70.0 "
80.0 ..
90.0 u
10.0{lO)'
7.134
7.201
7.269
7.312
7.401
7.478
7.1535
7.588
7.1531
7.099
7.740
7.765
7.799
7.821
7.1lt6
7.866
7.800
7.11e2
7.883
7.833
If
10.0 ..
12.0 u
10.0 ..
20.0 ..
24.0 ..
28.0 If
30.0 u
35.0 ..
40.0 If
lID.O "
lID.O ..
70.0 ..
SO.O ..
90.0 u
10.OCI0)'
12.0 ..
13.0 ..
7.21.'1
7.2l1D
7.312
7.403
7.542
7.844
7.71~
7.775
7.797
7.840
7.870
7.905
7.1122
7.1130
7.934
7.938
7.937
7.937
7.937
1.0(10)'
1.2 "
1.4
J.G
1.8
I~
I'
2.0 ..
2.4 If
2.8 II
3.0 "
3.6 ..
4.0 u
4.5 II
5.0 u
8.0 II
7.0 II
8.0 ..
g.O
It
10.0 ..
12.0 If
15.0 "
= 3000
P
Pit)
8.0(10l'
0.0
= 2S00
Ctl
7.312
7.403
7.4SO
7.546
7.002
7.~1
7.732
7.794
7.820
7.871
U08
7.938
UM
7.979
7.1192
7.999
8.002
8.004
8.006
8.005
I
I
I
I
I
i
321
T.P. 2732
1
2ri
>."

IN RESERVOIRS
When developing the solution hy meal15 of the Laplace
transformation, it is assumed that the exterior boundary r = R,
>.., etc.
=.!.-fe-u't
,..i
[J,(uR) Y.(ur) - Y,(uR) 1.(ur)] du (VII.I4)

u'[l,(uR) Y,(u) -l,(u) Y,(uR))
etc.
where fJ" fJ" etc., are roots of
[J,(fJ.R) Y,(fJ.) -J,CP.) Y,(fJ.R)] = 0 . (VIII5)
with >.. -fJ.'. The residuals at the poles in Eq. VIII4 give
the series
{J" {J"
e -P2 t
00
2::&
P,,{J.. etc.
[J, (fJ.R) Y. (fJ.r) - Y, (fJ.R) J. (fJ.)]
. d
Po' lim.[J,(uR) Y,(u) -J,(u) Y,(uR)]
u~fJ.
du
(VllI6)
By the recurrence formulae Eqs. VII9, the identity VIIIS,

and Eq. VI23. this series simplifies to
e -P't
J,(fJ.R) [1,(,11.) Y.(P.r) - Y,(fJ.) J.C.6.r)]
00
.. ::&
P.[J,'CfJ.R) - l,'(P.)]
fJ.. P.. etc.
(VII17)
Therefore, the sum of all residuals, Eqs. VII13 and VllI7 is
the solution for the cumulative pressure drop at any point in
the formation for the constant terminal rate case in a limited
reservoir, or
_ _2_(~+t)_~10 r- (3R'-4R'logR-2R'-I)
p(.,)- (R'-I) 4
(R'-I) g
4CR'-I)'
t
J.(.6.R) [J,(P.) Y.(P.r) - Y,(P.)J.(p.r)]
00
cPo'
+r::&
fJ.[J,'(fJ.R) -J,'(P.)]
fJ., (I,
(VIIIS)
which is essentially the solution given by Muskat: now de
veloped by the Laplace Transformation. Finally. for the cumu
lative pressure drop for a unit rate of production at the well
1, this relation simplifies to
bore, r
=
p(.)
2
(H' - 1)
00
('!'+t) _ (3R'-4R'logR-2R'-1)
4
4(R' - I)'
e-P.'t J,'(P.R)
(Vll19
'rJ'I (p.R) - J',(13, ) ]
fJ,
,II..
The calculations for the constant tenninal rate case for a
reservoir of limited radial extent have been determined from
Eq. VII19. The summary data for R 1.5 to 10 are given in
Table 3. An illustrative graph is shown in Fig. 6. The effect
of the limited reservoir is quite pronounced as it is shown
that producing the reservoir at a unit rate increases the pres
sure drop at the well bore much faster than if the reservoir
were infinite, as the constant withdrawal of fluid is reflected
very soon in the productive life by the constant rate of drop
in pressure with time.
+2::&
p
Pressure Fixed at Exterior Boundary

As a variation on the condition that ( dP = 0 )
we
dr
r=R
may assume that the pressure at r
R is constant. In effect,
this assumption helps to explain approximately the pressure
history of Bowing a well at a constant rate when, upon open
ing, the bottom hole pressure drops very rapidly and then
levels out to be:ome constant with time. The case has heen
developed by Hurbt' using a cylinder source and by Muskat'
using a point 50urce solution.
322
P(R,p)
0, which fixes the pressure at the exterior boundary
as constant. Since the ahove-quoted references contain com
plete details, the final solutions are only quoted here for
completeness' sake.
Cylindrical source:
00
P (OJ
e ->..'t
J:(>..R)
= log R - 2n=l
1:
>..'[J,'(>'.) - J.'(>..R)]
where >.. is the root established from

J.(>.,.) Y.p.R) - Y.(>.,.) J.(h.R)
Point source:
-I/oo't
2 00 e
J.(I/oo)
PC') =logR-- ::&
R' n=l 1/00' J,' (J1.R)
(VII.20)
=0
(VII.2I)
(VII 22)
-
where the root p.,. is determined from J.(Il.R)

O. W.B.F.,
p. 748. Table 4 is the summary of the calculated pet) em
ploying Eq. V1I.20 for R
1.5 to 50, the cylinder source
solution, which applies for small as well as large times. The
data given for R = 60 to 3,000 are calculated from the point
source solution Eq. V1I22. Plots of these data are given in
Fig. 7.
SPECIAL PROBLEMS
The work that has gone before shows the facility of the
Laplace transformation in deriving analytical solutions. Not
yet shown is the versatility of the Laplace transformation in
arriving at solutions which are not easily foreseen by the ortho
dox methods. One such solution derived here has shown to he
of value in the analysis of flow tests.
When making flow tests on a well, it is often noticed that
the production rates, as measured by the fluid accumulating
in the stock tanks, are practically constant. Since it is
desired to obtain the relation hetween flowing hottom hole
pressure and the rate of production from the formation, it is
necessary to correct the rate of production as measured in the
flow tanks for the amount of oil obtained from the annulus
between casing and tubing. To arrive at the solution for this
problem, we use the basic equation for the constant terminal
rate case given by Eq. IVH, where q(T) is the constant rate of
fluid produced at the stock tank corrected to reservoir condi
ditions, but Pm is a pseudo pressure drop which is adjusted
mathematically for the unloading of the fluid from the annulus
to give the pressure drop occurring in the formation.
It is assumed that the unloading of the annulus is directly
reflected by the change in bottom hole pressure as exerted by
a hydrostatic head of oil column in the casing. Therefore, the
rate of unloading of the annulus qA,(T), expressed in cc. per
second corrected to reservoir conditions, is equal to
dAP
qA(T)
(VIII.l)
= C----;rr-
where C is the volume of fluid unloaded from the annulus

per atmosphere bottom hole pressure drop per unit sand thick
ness. The rate of fluid produced from the formation is then
given by q'T) - qA(T)' As the hottom hole pressure is continuo
ously changing, the prohlem becomes one of a variable rate.
The substitution of the form of Eq. IVn in the superposition
theorem, Eq. IV16, gives
December, 1949
AP
1
=-2rK
and it will be recognized from Campbell and Foster, Eq. 920.1,
[qlT', - qAIT"] P'It., dt'
that the integrand is the transform for K" (Vp). Further,

the integration with respect to time follows from Theorem B,
Chapter V, so that the transform of Eq. VIII7 is the relation
and from Eq. VIII I

AP =...!:... j[qIT" - C dAP ] P'e .' dt' (VIII2)
2rK 0
dT'
Since T = fi<CR: t/l(, and the unit rate of production at the
qlTl1'
surface corrected to reservoir conditions is qlt,
K' Eq.
2r
VIII2 becomes
=-
AP=
t[
dAP ] p'e ) dt'

qlt')-C-dt'
(VIll.s)
where C = C/2rf~R.'.
Eq. VIll3 presents a unique situation and we are confronted with ~etermination of AP, the actual pressure drop,
appearing both in the integrand and to the left side of the
equation. The Laplace transformation offers a means of soly
ing for AP which, by orthodox methods, would be difficult
to accomplish.
It will be recognized that Theorem D, from Chapter V, is
applicable. Therefore, if Eq. VIII-3 can be changed to a Laplace transformation, AP can be solved explicitly. If we
express the transform of the constant rate qltl as q/p, the
transform of P'I., as
pli;., and the transform of AP as AP,
80 that the transform for dAP/ dt is pAP, then it follows

that
AP= [--C PAP]P P tp ,

p
(VIIl4)
and on solution gives

(VIII5)
tuted for Pl.). If we wish to apply the cylinder source, Eq.

VI4 applies, namely,
p'"
K,,(Vp)
the Ei.function. Therefore, to apply this expression in Eq.

VIII.5, it is necessary to obtain the Laplace transform of the
point source solution of Eq. VI-I6. By an interchange of
variables, this equation becomes
I t e-1/U
Pet!
f - t dt (VIII-7)
20
December, 1949
= K.,(Vp)
p
. . . . . .
(vm-8)
The same result can be gleaned from Eq. VIll-6 since for t
large, p is small and K, (vp) = 1/ vp. Substitution of
this approximation in Eq. VIIl-6 yields Eq. VIll.a. Therefore,
introducing the expression for PIP) in Eq. VIII5 gives
q K.,( v'p)
AP=
(VIII9)
p [1 + C p K.,(Vp)]
for which it is necessary only to find the inverse of
(VIII.IO)
K.,(Vp)]
to obtain values for Pith the cumulative pressure drop for unit
rate of production in the stock tank which automatically takes
cognizance of the unloading of the annulus.
The inverse of the form of VIII-iO by the Mellin's inversion
formula can be determined by the path described in Fig. 2.
The analytical determination is identical with the constant
terminal rate case given in Section VI. Therefore, the cumulative pressure drop in the well bore, for a unit rate of production at the surface, corrected for the unloading of the fluid
in the casing, is the relation
-u't
00
(I-e .) J.(u) du
Pit)
of - - - - - - r - - - - - - - - r - - - u[ (1 + u'C Y.(u) + (uC2"J.(u']
p [1
+ Cp
responding to C from 1,000 to 75,000. It can be observed that

the greater the unloading from the cBsing, the smaller the
actual pressure drop is in a formation due to the reduced rate
of fluid produced from the sand. For large times, however, all
curves become identified with the point source solution which
is the envelope of these curves. After a sufficient length of
time, the change in bottom hole pressure is 80 slow that the
rate of production from the formation is essentially that produced by the well, and the point source solution applies.
(VIII-6)
K,(\lp)
However, from the previous discussion it has been shown

that for wells, t is usually large since the well radius is small,
and the point source solution of Lord Kelvin's applies, namely,
I
00 e......
. (VI.I6)
PIt! = 2 1/ 4 /
-;;- du
=-
PIP)
(VIll-1l)
Fig. 8 presents a plot of the computed values for PIll cor-
Since q = qml'/211"K, then the term - - - - - - in Eq.

[1 + C pPI.J
.VIII-5 can be interpreted as the transform 'of the pseudo pres
sure drop for the unit rate of production at the stock tank.
No mention has been made as to what value can be substi-
AP=----[1 + C pPe.)]
Pl.,
T.P. 2732
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors wish to thank the Management of the Shell Oil
Co., for permission to prepare and present this paper for
publication. It is hoped that this information, once available
to the industry, will further the analysis and understanding
of the behavior of oil reservoirs.
The authors acknowledge the help of H. Rainbow of the
Shell Oil Co., whose suggestions on analytic development
were most helpful, and of Miss L. Patterson, who contributed
the greatest amount of these calculations with untiring effort.
REFERENCES
1. "Water Infiux into a Reservoir and Its Application to the
Equation of Volumetric Balance," William Hurst, Trans.,
AIME,I943.
323
T.P. 2732

IN RESERVOIRS
2. "Analysis of Reservoir Performance," R. E. Old, Trans.,

AIME, 1943.
3. "Unsteady Flow of Fluids in Oil Reservoirs," William
Hurst, Physics, January, 1934.
4. "The Flow of Compressible Fluids Through Porous Media and Some Problems in Heat ConductioU;" M. Muskat,
Physic:J, March, 1934.
5. Mathematical Methods in EngineerinG, Karman and Biot,
p. 403, McGraw-Hill, 1940.
6. Operational Circuit Analysi:s. Vannevar Bush, Chapter V,

John Wiley and Sons, 1929.
7. "Variations in Reservoir Pressure in the East Texas Field,"
R. J. Schilthuis and W. Hurst, Trans., AIM, 1935.
B. "Fourier Integrals for Practical Applications," G. A.
Campbell and R. M. Foster, American Telephone and
Telegraph Company.
9. Operational Methods in Applied Mathematics, H. S. Canlaw and J. C. Jaeger, Oxford Univ. Press, 1941. (Chap
ter IV).
10. Ibidu11l. p. 5 to 7.
11. "A Problem in the Theory of Heat Conduction," J. W.

Nicho1sen, p. 226, Proc. Royl Soc., 1921.
12.. "Some Two-Dimensional Diffusion Problems with Circu.
lar Symmetry," S. Goldstein, p. 51, Froc. London Math.
Soc. (2), Vol XXXIV, 1932.
13. "Heat Flow in an Infinite Solid Bounded Intemally by a
Cylinder," L. P. Smith, p. 441, !. App. Physics, 8, 1937.
14. "Some Two-Dimensional Problems in Conduction of Heat
with Circular Symmetry," H. S. Carslaw and J. C. Jaeger,
p. 361, Proc. London Math. Soc. (2), Vol. XlVI.
15. "Heat Flow in the Region Bounded Intemally by a Cir.
cular Cylinder," J. C. Jaeger, p. 223, Proc. Royal Soc.,
Edinb. A, 61, 1942.
16. A Treatise on the Theory of Bessel Functions, G. W.
Watson, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1944.
17. Modern Arwlrsis, E. T. Whittaker and G. W. Watson,
Cambridge Univ. Press, 1944.
18. The Conduction of Heat, H. S. Carslaw, pp. 149-153,
MacMillan and Company, 1921.
19. "Pressure Prediction for Oil Reservoirs," W. A. Bruce,

Trans., AWE, 1943.
20. "Reservoir Performance and Well Spacing," Lincoln F.

Elldns, Oil and Cas !ourrwl, Nov. 16, 1946, API, 1946.
21. Conduction of Heat in Solids, H. S. CarsIa'" and
J. C.
Jaeger, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, 1947.

Note: This book came to our notice only after the text of
this paper was prepared and for that reason refer
ences to its contents are incomplete. The careful
reader will observe that, for instance, equation yj.21
in this paper is similar to equation (16), p. 283
when k and a_reo given unit values; also that
"Limited Reservoirs" cOntains equations quite similar to those appearing in Section 126, "The Hollow
Cylinder," of Carslaw and Jaeger's book.
***
324
December, 1949

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T.P.

THE APPLICATION OF THE LAPLACE TRANSFORMATION

A. F. VAN EVERDINGEN, SHELL OIL CO., HOUSTON, AND W. HURST, PETROLEUM

diffusivity equation. Multiplephase fluid flow has not been

PETROlEUM TRANSACTIONS, AIME

THE APPLICATION OF THE LAPLACE TRANSFORMATION TO FLOW PROBLEMS

The difference between these two terms, namely,

Since P is a function of radius and time, the integration with

From the physical characteristics of fluids, it is known

implied by Eq. UII, the partial differential can be trans

and Eq. Irr-2 becomes

where t = KT!fp.cR.' and r now expresses the distance as a

FIG. 1A - SEQUENCE CONSTANT TERMINAL PRESSURES.

PETROLEUM TRANSACTIONS, AIME

A. F. VAN EVERDINGEN AND W. HURST

= poI e-Pt P u > dt

Comtant Terminal Pressure Case

The set of symbols now introduced and the symbols reported In

Hurst'a1 earlier paper on water-drive are related as follQW1I:

PETROlEUM TRANSACTIONS, AIME

and G(Cl' ejR')

THE APPLICATION OF THE LAPLACE TRANSFORMATION TO FLOW PROBLEMS

where now t = KT/fpc and x is the absolute distance meas.

The total fluid influx is given by

where Qltl is the generalized solution for linear flow and is

where q,n is the rate of water encroachment per unit area of

The physical significance can best be realized by an appli.

per unit of cross-sectional area.

Comtant Terminal Rate Case

In the. constant terminal rate case it is likewise assumed that

where q", is a constant relating the cumulative pressure drop

q('f,1' Therefore, for any constant

rate of production the cumulative pressure drop at the field

Similarly, for the constant rate of production in linear {low,

PETROlEUM TRANSACTIONS. AIME

A. F. VAN EVERDINGEN AND W. HURST

+ [q,(t,) - qt.)] Pl. ) + [q"(.,) + [q(,,)-q(,:/] PI ....) +

If ql.) = 0, Eq. IV16 can also be expressed as

By considering variable rates of fluid production, such as

when t > t,. To reproduce the smooth curve relationship of

If the increments are infinitesimal, or the smooth curve reb.

where P'w is the derivative of Pl') with respect to t.

To visualize more concretely the meaniilg of this equation, if

The Laplace transformations of many transcendental functions

mine the inverse of

simplify PIP) before an inversion can be made. However, Mel.

ASYMTOTIC VAI.UE O.ElZ!>

or PH)' It is frequently necessary to

There are two possible simplifications for PIP) when time

PETROLEUM TRANSACTIONS, AIME

THE APPLICATION OF THE LAPLACE TRANSFORMATION TO FLOW PROBLEMS

is the transform PCP) Where this report is con-

corned with pressure drops, the above can be written as

The integration is in the complex plane). x + iy, along a

Certain fundamental relationships in the Laplace transformations are found useful:'

Theorem A - If PCP) is the transform of Pc 'll then

= p PCP) - P Wolt provided e-9' P Ct)

FIG. 6 - RADIAL FLOW, CONSTANT TERMINAl RATE CASE, PRESSURE

approaches zero as time approaches infinity.

Theorem B - The transform of of P (,') dt' is expressed by

This integral is comparable to the integrals developed by the

CONSTANT TERMINAL PRESSURE AND

from zero to t is P cpJ P, if e-9 t