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5.1. Introduction
The provision of adequate space for all road users includes vehicles, cyclists, pedicabs and
pedestrians as well as other features such as shoulders, drainage, sidewalks, cut or fill slopes and
clearances to the edge of the right of way. The general cross section standards are detailed in Table 16.1,
Design Standards for Philippine National Highways.
To assure consistency, the terms roadway and travelled way are defined by AASHTO as follows:
Roadway
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The portion of a highway, including shoulders, for vehicular use. A divided highway has two or
more roadways (see Exhibits 4-1 and 4-2).
Travelled way
-
The portion of the roadway for the movement of vehicles, exclusive of shoulders (see Exhibits
4-1 and 4-2).
For maximum efficiency, a median should be highly visible both night and day and should contrast
with the traveled way. Medians may be depressed, raised, or flush with the traveled way surface. Where
space and cost permit, wide median is highly recommended. For rural sections of freeway, an 18.00 m to
27.00 m wide median is being adopted. As per policy on Geometric Design, a 3.00 m to 9.00 m wide
median width is appropriate in suburban or mountainous situations. For rural and urban arterials, a
median of 18.00 m or wider is preferred because it allows the use of independent profiles and at the same
time minimizes cross over accidents.
On divided highways each one-way traveled way may be crowned separately as on two-lane highways, or
it may have a unidirectional cross slope across the entire width of the traveled way, which is almost
always downward to the outer edge.
For paved shoulder cross slope ranges from 3% to 6% although 4% is the most common.
For gravel shoulder 4% to 6% slope is satisfactory and 8% slope is effective drainage for turf
(grass) surfaces
A cross section with each roadway crowned separately, as shown in Exhibit 4-3A through Exhibit
4-3C, has an advantage in rapidly draining the pavement during rainstorms.
Disadvantages are that more inlets and underground drainage lines are needed, and treatment of
intersections is more difficult because of the number of high and low points on the cross section.
Roadways with unidirectional cross slopes, as shown in Exhibit 4-3D through Exhibit 4-3G, tend
to provide more comfort to drivers when they change lanes and may either drain away from or
toward the median.
5.5. Shoulders
Road shoulder or verge is defined as that portion of the roadway between the edge of the traffic
lane and the edge of the ditch, gutters, curb or side slope.
The shoulder width is generally selected according to the traffic volume and standards are detailed in
Table 16.1. On curved alignments, it is advisable to consider the paving of the outside curve shoulder
width. This will minimize the possibility of a vehicle that strays off the traffic lane from loosing control
due to poor traction on a gravelled shoulder. The widening of traffic lanes on curved alignments is also
advisable.