EPO540

ELECTRICAL MACHINES
TRANSFORMERS (II)

prepared by Kanendra

1. Per-Unit (PU) System

Quantities are expressed in a per-unit (pu) system to simplify computation
Two major advantages in using a per-unit system:
1.

2.

Parameters and variables expressed in pu quantity have a narrow numerical

range simplifies computations and make it possible to quickly check the
correctness of the computed values
No need to refer to circuit quantities form one side to another, therefore
commons mistakes are removed

The pu quantity is defined as follows:

prepared by Kanendra

1. Per-Unit (PU) System

Usually base values of power and voltage are selected first and base values of

current and impedance are obtained as follows:

=
=

In transformer, base power is the same for primary and secondary. However

the base voltage, Vbase are different and usually assigned to the rated voltage
Also in transformer, voltages, current and impedances are expressed in a per-

unit system have the same per unit values in either side of the winding

prepared by Kanendra

1. Per-Unit (PU) System

1
1
2 /
2
=
=
=
=
1
1
2 /
2
1
1
2
2
1, =
=
=
=
=
1
1
2
2
1
(2)2 2
1, =
=
=
2
1
( )2
2
1, =

2
= 2,
2
2
= 2,
2
= 2,

Full-load copper loss in pu system

2
, =1
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
, | =
=
=
=
= 1,

1 1
1 /1
1
Transformer resistance expressed in per-unit represents the full load copper
loss in per-unit form

prepared by Kanendra

2. Three Phase Transformers

Three phase system is used to generate and transmit bulk / massive electrical

supply
Three phase transformers are required to step up or step down voltages in the

various stages of power transmission

Three phase transformers can be built:
1.
2.

Suitably connecting a bank of three single phase transformers

Constructing a three phase transformer on a common magnetic structure

A set of three similar single phase transformers may be connected to form a

three phase transformer

prepared by Kanendra

2. Three Phase Transformers

Three single-phase transformers

connected wye-wye

Three phase transformer

on common core

prepared by Kanendra

2. Three Phase Transformers

The primary and secondary windings may be connected in either wye (Y) or
1.
2.
3.

4.

delta () configurations. Possible connections:

Y : commonly used to STEP DOWN a high voltage to a lower voltage
Y : commonly used to STEP UP voltages
: can be configured as open delta or V connection one
transformer can be removed for repair / maintenance and the remaining two
continue to deliver power
Y Y : rarely used due to problems with exciting current and induced
voltages

prepared by Kanendra

2. Three Phase Transformers

Y transformer connection

transformer connection
prepared by Kanendra

2. Three Phase Transformers

Y transformer connection

Y Y transformer connection
prepared by Kanendra

3. Phase Shift
Some of the three phase transformer connection results in a phase shift

between the primary and secondary line-to-line voltages

Consider a three phase transformer with (Y ) configuration and its phasor
diagram:

Y transformer connection

Phasor diagram
prepared by Kanendra

3. Phase Shift
The property of phase shift in Y or Y connections can be used

advantageously in some application: Multiple rectifiers

12 pulse rectifier
prepared by Kanendra

4. Single Phase Equivalent Circuit

If the three transformers are practically identical and the source and load are

balanced, then the voltages and currents on both primary and secondary sides
are balanced
A single-phase equivalent circuit can be conveniently obtained if all sources,
transfromer windings, and load impedance are considered to be Y-connected
Y transformation can be used for the connected load

prepared by Kanendra

4. Single Phase Equivalent Circuit

For wye (Y)

IP = IL
VP = VL/sqrt(3)
For delta ()
IP = IL/sqrt(3)
VP = V L

prepared by Kanendra

4. Single Phase Equivalent Circuit

Equivalent transformer circuit

prepared by Kanendra