Exercise 5

Dosage Form
-

also known as pharmaceuticals. It is define

as preparation devised to make possible
administration of medications in measured or
prescribed amount.

Terms
Parenteral Dosage Forms are preparation
introduced into the body by injection through the skin,
the mucous, or the serous membranes
Dosage forms for inhalation are preparations
intended to be finally dispensed or vaporized to the
mucous membranes of the lower part of the respiratory
tract.
Oral Dosage Forms - are preparations intended to
be taken orally.
Rectal Dosage Forms - are preparations employed
for systemic effect or a local action through the rectum.
Dosage Forms For Topical application - are
preparations intended to be applied on the skin or
instilled into eyes, nose, or ears.
LIQUIDS
A. Solutions a homogenous mixture that is
prepared by dissolving a solid or liquid or gas in
another liquid; it represents a group of preparations in
which the molecules of the solute or dissolved
substances are dispersed among those of the solvent
Water used mainly as a vehicle and as a solvent for
the desired flavoring or medicinal
ingredients.
Aromatic water also known as medicated water,
clear saturated aqueous solutions of volatile
oils or
aromatic or volatile substances.
Aqueous acids official inorganic acids and certain
acids although of minor significance as therapeutic
agents are great importance in chemical and
pharmaceutical manufacturing.
Diluted acids aqueous solutions of suitable strength
usually 10% w/v except diluted acetic acid which is 6%
w/v
Douches aqueous solutions directed against a part
or into a cavity of the body
Enemas also known as evacuation enemas. They
are rectal injections employed to evacuate bowel
retention enemas to influence the general system by
absorption, or to effect locally the seat of disease.
Gargles aqueous solutions used for treating the
pharynx and nasopharynx by forcing air from the lungs
through the gargle which is held in the throat.

Mouthwashes aqueous solutions which are most

often used for their deodorant, refreshing, or antiseptic
effect.
Juices prepared from fresh ripe fruits, aqueous in
character and used in making syrups which are
employed as vehicles.
Nasal solutions usually aqueous solutions which
are deigned to be administered to the nasal passages
in drops or spray form.
Otic solutions aqueous preparations dispensed in a
container which permits the administration of drops to
the ear
NON-AQUEOUS
Collodion liquid preparations containing pyroxillin in
a mixture of ethyl ether and ethanol.
Elixirs clear, pleasantly flavored sweetened hydroalcoholic liquids intended for oral use.
Glycerites solutions or mixtures of medicinal
substances in not less than 50% by weight of glycerin
Inhalations are solutions of drugs administered
by the nasal or oral respiratory route for local or
systemic effect.
Liniments solutions or mixtures of various
substances in oil, alcoholic solutions of soap or emulsions.
Oleovitamins fish liver oils diluted with edible
vegetable oil or solutions of volatile substances of the
indicated vitamins or vitamin concentrates (usually A
and D) in fish liver oil.
Spirits known as essences; are alcoholic hydroalcohol solutions of volatile substances.
Toothache drops preparations used for temporary
relief of toothache by application of cotton saturated
with the product into tooth cavity
OPHTHALMIC PREPARATIONS sterile preparations
to be used on the eyes
Solutions intended for the eye; clear, sterile solution
to be instilled into the eyes by the use of a dropper.
Suspensions dispersion of finely divided relatively
insoluble drug substances in an aqueous vehicle
containing suitable suspending and dispersing agent.
Ointment intended for the eyes; they contain
medicinal agents added to the ointment base of white
petrolatum and mineral oil either as a solution or as a
micronized powder.
MEDICATED
OINTMENT semi-solid preparations intended for
external applications to the skin or mucous membranes.

CATAPLASM a soft moist mass of meals, herb, seed

usually applied hot in clothes.
PASTES concentrates of absorptive powders
dispersed in petrolatum or hydrophilic petrolatum
POWDERS
Oral powders generally supplied as finely
or effervescent granules

divided

Dentifrices may be prepared in the form of a bulk

powders generally containing soap or detergent, mild
abrasive and anticariogenic agent
Douche powders soluble powders intended to be
dissolved in water prior to use as antiseptic or cleaning
agents for a body cavity.
ORAL SOLID DOSAGE FORMS
TABLET solid dosage form containing drug
substances with or without suitable diluents and
prepared either by compression or molding methods.
CAPSULES solid dosage forms in which
the
drug substance is enclosed in either a hard or soft
soluble container or of a suitable form of gelatin
PILLS small, round, solid dosage forms containing
medicinal agents and intended for oral administration
ORAL SOLID DOSAGE FORMS
TROCHES also known as lozenges or pastilles; they
are discoid shaped solid containing the medicinal agent
in a suitably flavored base.
CACHETS related to capsules in as such as they
provide an edible container for oral administration of
solid drugs.
PELLETS small, sterile cylinders about 3.2 mm in
diameter by 8 mm in length, formed by compression
from medicated masses
BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTS
Vaccines a suspension of attenuated (live) or
inactivated (killed) microorganisms or fraction thereof
administered to induce immunity and thus prevent
infectious disease.
Toxoid a modified antigen from an infectious
organism used as a vaccine
Immune globulin a solution containing antibodies
from the pooled plasma of not less than 1,000 normal
individuals
Hyperimmune serum a special preparation
obtained from human donor polls selected for high
antibody titer against a specific disease

Examples Dosage Forms

o Omega Pain Killer (Methyl salicylate, menthol,
camphor) Liniment
o Cold Rub (Camphor, Menthol, Eucalyptus oil)
Ointment
o Aceiti Manzanilla Solution
o Acrinol Tincture
o White Henna Powder
o Sebo De Macho Ointment
o Caladryl (Calamine) Lotion
o Nizoral (Ketoconazole) Cream, Shampoo, Tablet
o Dermovate (Clobetasol propionate) Cream,
Ointment, Solution
o Dulcolax (Bisacodyl) - Tablet, Suppository
o Dimetapp (Brompeniramine maleate) - Syrup
o Ponstan (Mefenamic Acid) Capsule SF 250 mg;
Tablet 500 mg; Suspension
o Nitro-Dur (Nitroglycerin) Transdermal Patch
o Nitroglycerin Tablet; Transdermal Patch
Five reasons for the need for dosage forms.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

To protect the drug substance from destructive

influences of atmospheric oxygen
To protect the drug from the destructive
influence of gastric
acid after oral
administration
To conceal the bitter, salty, or offensive taste or
odor of a drug substance.
To provide liquid preparations of substance
that are insoluble in desired vehicle
To provide for insertion of a drug into one of
the bodys orifices
To provide optimal drug action from topical
administration sites, etc.

Examples of Tablets
o Poten-Cee Ascorbic acid Pascual
o Alaxan Ibuprofen, Paracetamol Therapharma
o Tylenol Paracetamol - Janssen
o Neozep Phenylpropanolamine,chlorphenamine
maleate, paracetamol Myra/Unilab
o Flanax Naproxen Roche
Example of Capsules
o Velosef Cephradine Squibb
o Tegopen Cloxacillin Bristol
o Omnipen Ampicillin Wyeth
o Imodium Loperamide Janssen
o Darvon Aspirin, caffeine, propoxyphene Lilly
Advantages and disadvantages of different dosage
forms
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Ease of administrations
Stability purposes
Portability/ conveniently carried
Elegance
Accurate dosage
Manufactured at lower cost
Optimal drug action and others

Exercise 6
PRESCRIPTION
from the Latin words: prae before and
scribo I write. A prescription is an order for
medication issued by a physician, dentists,
veterinarian or other properly licensed
practitioner.
Parts of Prescription
Prescribers Information. The name of the
physician or dentist, his specialty, clinic address, contact
number and clinic hours.
Patient information. The full name and address of
the patient are necessary for identification purposes.
Date. Prescriptions are dated at the time they are
written. The date is important in establishing the
medication record of the patient especially in filling
prescriptions for controlled substances
Rx Symbol or Superscription. The Rx symbol is a
Latin verb recipe, meaning take thou or you take
Medication Prescribed or Inscription. Body or
main part of the of the Rx order. It contains the names
and quantities of the prescribed ingredients or drugs,
dosage form and potency
The name of the product must be written both in
Nonproprietary (generic name)
Proprietary (brand)
Chemical
Dosage form- the physical entity of medication (tablet,
capsule)
Strength potency of drug (250 mg, 100IU)
Quantity to be dispensed this includes the amount
and the unit of measure (grams, milligrams, tablets)
Dispensing Directions to Pharmacist or
Subscription.
Directions to the pharmacist for preparing the
prescription
These can be used for:
Preparations (compounding)
Labeling ( information to be put on the label )
Directions for the Patient or Transcription.
Instructions on the number of dosage units per dose
(one tablet), route of administration, frequency of
dosing (every 4 hours), duration of dosing (one week,
for one month) and use of the drug (optional)
Refill Information. If refill information is not
supplied, it is generally assumed that no refills are
authorized

Prescribers Signature. The name and signature of

the physician or dentist who wrote the prescription
order. Below the signature of the physician are the
licensed number to practice his profession, PTR
( Privilege Tax Receipt) no. and TIN
Dispensing Procedures
1. Dispensing should be done by Pharmacist
2. Partial Filling is allowed and must be reflected
in the prescription
Filling and Recording Procedures
1.

The prescription once filled must be retained by

the pharmacist for a period of two years
2. The prescription must be recorded in Rx book
and ready for inspection by BFAD FDROs
when the outlet is open for operation anytime
Enumerate at least two responsibilities of the
pharmacist in providing the medication needs of the
patient
Provide information about drugs to the health
profession and to the public legally responsible
for dispensing prescription.
Translate and communicate the dangers of
drug to the patient, and others
PARTS OF PRESCRIPTION
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Patient Information
Date
Superscription or Rx symbol
Inscription or medication prescribed
Subscription or dispensing direction
Transcription, signs and signature or the
direction to the patient
7. Refill, special labeling or other instruction
8. Prescribers signature, address, and other
pertinent information
INTERPRETATIONS
-

Nembutal 100 mg (at bed time) ( if there is a

need) ( by mouth )
Propranolol hydrochloride 40 mg (by mouth)
(twice a day)
Ampicillin 1 g (Intavenous piggyback) (every 6
hours)
Demerol 50 mg (Intramuscularly) (every 4
hours) (if there is a need) for pain
Tylenol 325 mg tablets (2) (by mouth) (at once,
immediately)
Pilocarpine (2) (drops) (both eyes) (every 3
hours)
Scopolamine 0.8 mg (subcutaneously)
(immediately)
Milk of magnesia 1 (tablespoon) (by mouth) (at
bed time)
(every night)
Septra DS tablet (double strength) (1) (every
day) (by mouth)

Prohibited Drugs
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Opium Brown mixture Tablet and Liquid

Codein Codeine sulfate H.T. and T.T.
Pethidine Demerol Ampul and Vial
Codein Dolo-Adamon Supplement and
Tablet
Opium + alcohol Elixir Paregoric
Fentanyl Innovar Injection
Morphine Morphine Sulfate H.T., Ampule,
Tablet
Alfentanyl Rapifen Injection
Hydrocodone Deka Syrup
Dihydrocodeinone Ruminon syrup

Exercise 7
PROCESSING PRESCRIPTION
How is a prescription processed?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Regulated Drugs
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.

Amobarbital Amytal Tablet, Capsule, Ampul

Amphetamine Benzedrine Tablet
Butabarbital Butisol Sodium
Hydrocodone + Pentobarbital - Calciudrine
syrup
Methamphetamine Desoxyn Tablet
Amobarbital + Dexamphetamine Dexamyl
Spansule No.1
Dexamphetamine Dexedrine Spansule
Propoxyphene napsylate Doloxene Plain
Tablet
Propoxyphene hydrochloride Doloxene
compound 65 capsule
Pipradol Gadexyl Tablet
Methaqualone Mandrax Tablet
Nitrazepam Mogadon tablet
Pentobarbital Nembutal Sodium
Chloralhydrate Noctec liquid
Methylprylon Noludar Tablet
Mecloqualone Nubarene Tablet
Paraldehyde Paraldehyde ampul
Pentothal - Pentothal sodium
Ethchlorvynol Placidyl Capsule
Aprobarbital + Barbital + Phenobarbital
Plexonal
Flunitrazepam Robypnol Tablet
Secobarbital Seconal Sodium Capsule
Ethinamate Valamin Tablet
Pentazocine Sosegon Tablet
Ephedrine
Pseuephedrine

receiving the prescription

reading and checking the prescription
numbering and dating
Labeling
preparing the prescription
packaging
rechecking
delivering and patient counseling
recording and filling
pricing the prescription

What is the purpose of numbering and dating

the prescription?
The same number of the original prescription
should appear at the label of the filled prescription
to avoid error in dispensing
The date of the prescription is not the same date
that should be placed on the filled prescription
for identification purposes
Information to be recorded in the prescription
book.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

name of physician
name of the drug
quantity
date when dispensed
balance (quantity if any)
pharmacist signature, etc

Exercise 8
Key Terms
Labeling - means all labels and other written, printed
or graphic matter (1) upon any article or any of its
containers or wrappers (2) accompanying such articles
Outer label means the label on or affixed to the
outside package of an article. Example carton label
Principal display panel means the part of the
label that is most likely to be displayed, presented,
shown, or examined under customary conditions of
display for retail sale
Cosmetics means articles intended to be rubbed,
poured, sprinkled, or sprayed on, introduced into or
otherwise applied to the human body or any part
thereof for cleansing, beautifying, promoting
attractiveness, or altering appearance
Auxiliary labels are placed on drug product
containers to give the patient, healthcare provider
important information needed for using the product
Label means a display of written, printed or graphic
matter upon any article or any of its container or
wrappers or attached to or accompanying such article
Inner label means the label on or affixed to an
immediate container
Packaging materials means all items used or
attached to blind, enclose or contain the preparation in
the final form for market presentation of the product
Packaging the activity of designing and producing
the container or wrapper for a product
Devices instrument, apparatus, or contrivance,
including their components, parts, and accessories,
intended for use in diagnosis, treatment, cure,
prevention, mitigation of disease in man and animal
Differences between Inpatient and outpatient
label
Outpatient
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
j)
k)

name and address of pharmacy

name of patient
name of prescriber
direction for use
date dispensed
cautionary statements, if any
serial number of prescription
name or initial of dispensing pharmacist
quantity dispensed
expiration
number of refills, etc.

Inpatient
Label of single unit packages should include
a) name of the drug
b) route of administration, unless oral
c) strength, if applicable, volume of the product,
expressed when possible in the metric system
d) control number and expiration date
e) if repackaged, identification of the repackager
f) special storage conditions, if needed
Multiple dose
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)

identification of the dispensing pharmacy

patients name
date of dispensing
name of the drug
strength

Auxiliary labels
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.

Shake well
Keep in the refrigerator, Do not Freeze
Do not use after
Refrigerate, Shake well, Discard After
External Use Only
May cause drowsiness; Alcohol and Operating
Car or Machine Warning
Do not Drink Alcohol
Avoid Sun Exposure
Take with food
Take on an Empty Stomach
Finish all this medication
Do not take Aspirin
Keep Out of the Reach of Children
This prescription May be Refilled _____________
Times
Cancer Chemotherapy, Dispose of Properly

Terms generally employed in storage labeling

Cold 20 C to 80 C
Cool 80 C to 150 C
Room temperature 200 C to 250 C
Warm 300 C to 400 C
Excessive heat above 400 C
Protection from freezing

Exercise 9
Drug Labels and Packaging
Key Terms
Component means any ingredient intended for use
in the manufacturing of drugs including those that not
appear in the finished product
Lot means batch or any portion of a batch of a drug
produced by a continuous process, an amount of drug
produced in a unit of time or quantity in a manner
that assures its uniformity and in either case which is
identified by a distinctive lot number and has uniform
character and quality within specified limits
Active Ingredient means any substance of a drug
which is intended to furnish pharmacologic activity
Strength means concentration of known active drug
substance in formulation
Brand name refers to the proprietary, trade name
assigned to the product by the drug establishment
Inactive ingredient means any substance other
than active ingredient present in a drug
Formulation refers to the name/s and amount/s of
active medicinal ingredients per dosage unit expressed
in the metric system
Dosage forms means the pharmaceutical form of
the preparation based on official pharmacopeia
Storage conditions refers to the prevailing specified
range of temperature, humidity, and other
environmental factors within optimal stability of the
product is ensured based on laboratory data
Date of manufacture for products other than
biological products means the date (month and year)
during which the processing of the product, from which
the goods are to be filled, is completed