Instrumentos Financieros para Cobertura Del Riesgo - Parte I

1
Instrumentos financieros para cobertura del riesgo por eventos

naturales, variabilidad o cambio climtico y sus impactos sociales y
econmicos
Marco Internacional y Antecedentes en Latinoamrica
Parte I
Raquel Zabala
Julio de 2014
UNITED NATIONS PLAN OF ACTION ON DISASTER RISK REDUCTION FOR

RESILIENCE
Source(s): United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination (CEB)
Publisher(s): United Nations (UN)
Publication date: 2013
Number of pages: 16 p
http://www.preventionweb.net/english/professional/publications/v.php?id=33703
PORTAL DE LA LABOR DEL SISTEMA DE LAS NACIONES

UNIDAS SOBRE EL CAMBIO CLIMTICO
2014 INVESTOR SUMMIT ON CLIMATE RISK
Tackling climate change and transitioning to clean energy are the greatest
economic challenges and opportunities of the 21st century.
Hundreds of leading global investors gathered at the United Nations Headquarters
on January 15, 2014, for the 2014 Investor Summit on Climate Risk to understand
the investment and policy solutions necessary to address the climate challenge.
More than 500 global financial leaders gathered at the United Nations to discuss
the growing urgency of climate change and investor actions that are needed to
mitigate escalating economic risks.
Raquel Zabala, Julio 2014
Since 2003, the biennial Investor Summit on Climate Risk at the United Nations
has been the preeminent forum for leading institutional investors in North
America, Europe and the rest of the world to discuss the implications of climate
change for capital markets and their portfolios
THE UNITED NATIONS OFFICE FOR DISASTER
RISK REDUCTION
UNISDR
UNISDR was created in December 1999 as part of the UN Secretariat with the purpose of
ensuring the implementation of the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction.
Third UN World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction

14 to 18 March 2015 in Sendai City, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan
Regional Platforms
UNISDR. Oficina de las Naciones Unidas para la Reduccin del Riesgo de
Desastres, Oficina Regional Las Amricas.
http://eird.org/americas/index.html
Oficina de las Naciones Unidas para la Reduccin del Riesgo de Desastres y secretariado
de la Estrategia Internacional para la Reduccin de Desastres: es el punto focal del
sistema de las Naciones Unidas designado para coordinar la reduccin del riesgo de
desastres y para asegurar sinergias entre actividades de de las Naciones Unidas y
organizaciones regionales en torno a la reduccin de desastres y actividades en los
campos socioeconmicos y humanitarios
Cuarta Sesin de la Plataforma Regional para la Reduccin del Riesgo de

Desastres de las Amricas (PR14) -27-29 de mayo 2014
http://eird.org/pr14-eng/index.html
Nota Conceptual
Disaster Risk Financing: The Evolving Role of (Re) Insurance and Financial Markets
Claudia Melo - Swiss Re
http://www.eird.org/pr14/panelistas/paralela5/BIO-Paralela-5-Panel-3-Claudia-Melo.pdf
Resultado de la cuarta sesin de la Plataforma Regional para la Reduccin del Riesgo

de Desastres de las Amricas, 27 a 29 de mayo de 2014, Guayaquil (Ecuador)
http://bit.ly/1oSISWn
Informe de Evaluacin Global sobre

Reduccin del Riesgo de Desastres
El Informe de Evaluacin Global sobre Reduccin del Riesgo de Desastres (GAR, por sus
siglas en ingls) es una revisin y un anlisis exhaustivo de las amenazas naturales que
nos afectan. El documento se publica cada dos aos. El GAR13 se lanz en mayo del 2013
y el informe examina la manera en que las regulaciones pblicas y las inversiones van
dando forma al riesgo de desastres
Evaluacin Global sobre la

Reduccin del Riesgo de Desastres
Del riesgo compartido a un valor compartido
Un argumento empresarial a favor de la reduccin del
riesgo de desastres
Ginebra, Suiza: UNISDR (2013)
Prlogo
Un Vistazo al GAR
Prefacio
Captulo 1 Introduccin: Negocios arriesgados
Parte I
El panorama globalizado del riesgo de desastres
Captulo
Captulo
Captulo
Captulo
Captulo
Captulo
2
3
4
5
6
7
Los riesgos ocultos de la globalizacin econmica

Panoramas del riesgo intensivo
Riesgos invisibles
El reto de la resiliencia
El riesgo del capital natural
Pequeas islas, grandes oportunidades
Parte II
La inversin privada y el riesgo de desastres
Captulo 8 La urbanizacin del riesgo
Captulo 9 Un esparcimiento en peligro
Captulo 10 Nada es gratuito: La agroindustria y los riesgos para
la seguridad alimentaria
Parte III
Estrategias empresariales y gobernabilidad del riesgo
Captulo
Captulo
Captulo
Captulo
Captulo
Captulo
11
12
13
14
15
16
De la gestin de desastres a la gestin del riesgo

Inversiones a ciegas en el riesgo
Inversiones garantizadas: El replanteamiento de los seguros
La gobernabilidad del riesgo: En busca del paradigma perdido
La previsin del riesgo
Conclusin: Del riesgo compartido a un valor compartido
Glosario
Agradecimientos
Referencias
Impacto de los desastres en Amrica Latina y el Caribe, 1990-2011

Tendencias y estadsticas para 16 pases - 2013
Informe
http://eird.org/americas/noticias/Impacto_de_los_desastres_en_las_Americas.pdf
Los 16 pases incluidos en el informe fueron seleccionados porque cuentan con bases de
datos histricas de desastres, homogneas y con cobertura para los 22 aos
considerados*.
El Informe complementa (para Amrica Latina y el Caribe), los resultados del Informe de
evaluacin global sobre la reduccin del riesgo de desastres GAR 2013), de la UNISDR
(Ginebra, mayo de 2013) y acoge los umbrales establecidos en el GAR 2011 para esta
regin: riesgo extensivo se refiere a prdida de menos de 25 vidas humanas o menos de
300 viviendas destruidas en un municipio o equivalente, asociadas al impacto de un
evento a escala local; riesgo intensivo cuando estas superan dichos umbrales.
Entre los principales resultados se muestra que las prdidas por viviendas destruidas y
daadas, as como la cantidad de personas afectadas, est creciendo en el tiempo y se
estn expandiendo geogrficamente, tanto en la regin en general como en cada pas en
particular, especialmente asociadas a riesgos extensivos por fenmenos
hidrometeorolgicos y climticos. El Informe est acompaado de un Anexo en el cual se
muestran tendencias por pas de las variables analizadas (vidas humanas perdidas,
personas afectadas, viviendas destruidas y daadas).
A pesar de los avances en la recoleccin de informacin sobre desastres, estos no
incluyen datos sistemticos de efectos en los sectores, por ejemplo, vas, agricultura,
educacin, salud, como tampoco se realiza una valoracin econmica de los daos y
prdidas. El hecho de que las bases de datos no tengan valoracin econmica de los daos
y prdidas de pequeos y medianos desastres, no impide hacer estimaciones econmicas
para algunas variables. Si se asume que el costo de reposicin unitario de vivienda bsica
en la regin es de 20 mil dlares, las prdidas anuales por su destruccin seran de 1046
millones de dlares y el acumulado en los 22 aos sera de 23 mil millones. Si, adems, se
asume que el costo de reparacin de viviendas daadas equivalente al 25% del costo de
reposicin, los costos anuales seran 1382 millones y el acumulado sera 30 mil millones.
En total, slo en prdidas de viviendas en los 22 aos el valor en costos mnimos de
reposicin y reparacin es de 53 mil millones de dlares. Como estos valores solo
representan una parte de las prdidas reales, parece recomendable que en todos los
pases se estimen los daos sectoriales y por lucro cesante. Esta labor podra ser asumida
por los ministerios relevantes que con estos datos fortaleceran la cuantificacin en las
bases de datos y tendran mejores fundamentos para la toma de decisiones y una
planificacin que incluya la reduccin de riesgos.
Comentario: Ver grficos de Pgs. 21 y 22
Disaster Data & Statistics

http://www.preventionweb.net/english/professional/statistics/
WMO Disaster Risk

Reduction
Work Plan (2012-2015)
WMO Disaster Risk Reduction Programme
Disaster Risk Financing

Disaster risk reduction is at the core of the mission of the World Meteorological Organization
(WMO), and the National Meteorological and Hydrological Services (NMHSs) of its 191 Members.
WMO, through its scientific and technical programmes, its network of Global Meteorological
Centres and Regional Specialized Meteorological and Climate Centres, and the NMHSs, provide
scientific and technical services. This includes observing, detecting, monitoring, predicting and
early warning of a wide range of weather, climate- and water-related hazards. Through a
coordinated approach, and working with its partners, WMO addresses the information needs and
requirements of the disaster risk management community in an effective and timely fashion.
Atlas of Mortality and Economic Losses from Weather,

Climate and Water Extremes (19702012)
The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of
Disasters (CRED) of the Catholic University of Louvain (UCL) in Belgium have jointly published the
Atlas of Mortality and Economic Losses from Weather, Climate and Water Extremes 1970-2012,'
which describes the distribution and impacts of weather, climate and water-related disasters, and
highlights measures to increase resilience.
Atlas of Mortality and Economic

Losses from Weather, Climate and
Water Extremes 1970-2012
10
11
UNDP releases "Financing for Resilience" report on harmonising humanitarian,

development & climate finance
Three sources of finance - humanitarian, development and climate finance - play a critical role in
supporting recovery efforts in fragile and conflict-affected countries, says a report launched today
by Helen Clark, Administrator of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and Chair of
the United Nations Development Group (UNDG).
The Report, by the UNDP Multi-Partner Trust Fund Office (MPTF Office), Financing Recovery for
Resilience: Enhancing the coverage, capitalization and coherence of pooled financing mechanisms
for recovery to strengthen synergies between humanitarian, development and climate finance,
indicates that these three sources of finance now operate independently of each other in funding
recovery efforts. This reduces the effectiveness of recovery efforts and increases risks of financing
gaps.
Multi-Partner Trust Fund Office
EL BANCO MUNDIAL
Climate Change
Disaster Risk Management
Climate Finance
Climate Investment Funds
The Climate Investment Funds (CIF) provides 48 developing and middle income
countries with urgently needed resources to mitigate and manage the
challenges of climate change and reduce their greenhouse gas emissions.
Since 2008, the CIF champions innovative country-led investments in clean
technology, renewable energy, sustainable management of forests, and
climate-resilient development. Fourteen contributor countries have pledged a
total of $8 billion to the CIF, which is expected to leverage an additional $55
billion from other sources
12
WORLD BANK TREASURY

WB - Financing & Risk Management
http://treasury.worldbank.org/bdm/htm/risk_financing.html
IBRD offers a line of disaster risk financing for direct budget support that provides varying
levels of protection depending on the type, frequency, and severity of the event.
Weather hedges
Financial contracts based on an underlying weather index that transfer the risk to the
financial markets. Payments are triggered by adverse weather events according to prespecified conditions (e.g. levels of rainfall, seasonal temperatures, etc.). IBRD offers
intermediation services for index-based weather derivatives to both middle- and lowincome countries.
Contingent financing
The Catastrophe Deferred Drawdown Option or Cat DDO provides countries with
immediate access to financing following a natural disaster and the declaration of a state
of emergency. Countries must have a disaster risk management framework in place.
Catastrophe bonds
Transfer the risk of a natural disaster to investors by allowing the issuer to not repay the
bond principal if a major natural disaster occurs. IBRD has developed the MultiCat
Program - a bond issuance platform - that transfers diversified risk to private investors.
The World Bank Commodity Risk Management Group (CRMG) already addresses the
knowledge gap through technical assistance and the demonstration effects of pilot
transactions, but credit and market gaps will limit its ability to scale up. GIIF would lower
the entry barrier for international risk transfer by pooling smaller transactions, thereby
helping to scale up risk transfer from developing countries.
Weather-Related Loss & Damage Rising as Climate Warms
November 18, 2013
http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2013/11/18/disaster-climate-resilience-ina-changing-world
Weather-related losses and damage have risen from an annual average of about
$50 billion in the 1980s to close to $200 billion over the last decade, according to
the Munich Re insurance group.
A new report highlights the World Banks experiences from decades of work in
weather-related disaster risk management and climate resilience.
Disasters strike rich and poor countries alike but some island nations and the
poorest nations in Africa and Asia are among the most vulnerable.
13
Peligros naturales, desastres evitables

La economa de la prevencin efectiva
2011
The International Bank for Reconstruction and
Development/The World Bank.
MEMORNDUM PARA UN MINISTRO DE FINANZAS PREOCUPADO

Visin general
1. Muertes fluctuantes, peligros crecientes: las cifras
3,3 millones de muertes en los ltimos 40 anos hasta 2010
Los desastres pueden golpear cualquier lugar
Los danos crecen
Mas en pases ricos, menos en pases pobres
Las pequeas economas insulares son fuertemente golpeadas
Las muertes expanden frica, los daos la reducen
Mltiples peligros naturales agrupados de distintos modos
Caso de Estudio 1 sobre Bangladesh: los antecedentes de las vidas salvadas
2. Midiendo los muchos efectos de los desastres

Individuos al lmite
Conflictos: causa o consecuencia?
El bienestar se reduce pero, cuales son los efectos sobre el output?
Cuanto duran?
Efectos agregados y sectoriales sobre el crecimiento econmico
y el output en el largo plazo
Midiendo los danos: mas del doble o menos de la mitad?
Caso de Estudio 2 sobre Turqua: donde civilizaciones y placas tectnicas se encuentran
3. La prevencin por parte de los individuos

Prevencin, seguro y afrontamiento: un marco de anlisis sencillo
Prevencin: hacen suficiente los individuos?
Los precios reflejan los riesgos si el mercado inmobiliario funciona
Mejorando las decisiones de los individuos: que pueden hacer los gobiernos?
Caso de Estudio 3 sobre Hait: prevenir los horrores de Hait
4. La prevencin por parte de los gobiernos

Cuanto gastan los gobiernos?
Quien decide realmente el gasto de los gobiernos?
Como mejorar las medidas colectivas de prevencin
Caso de Estudio 4 sobre Etiopa: muertes provocadas por la sequa o por el Derg?
5. El seguro y el afrontamiento
Seguro: til si la prima se tasa correctamente
Deberan los gobiernos pedir prestado, reservar fondos o suscribir seguros?
Ayuda rpida y directa para las familias
Caso de Estudio 5 sobre el tsunami de 2004: Alertas,la prevencin ms efectiva?
6. Nuevos desafos? Ciudades emergentes, cambio climtico y catstrofes naturales

inducidas por el clima
Ciudades: una exposicin creciente
Cambio climtico: peligros cambiantes, danos cambiantes
Catstrofes relacionadas con el clima: graves desastres futuros de alcance global
Conectando las tres C: ciudades, clima y catstrofes 224
MEMORNDUM PARA UN CIUDADANO PREOCUPADO 229

Notas y Referencias
ndice de nombres y materias
Cuadros Figuras Mapas Tablas
14
15
16
Crear Resiliencia mediante la integracin de los

riesgos climticos y de desastre en el proceso de desarrollo Lecciones de la experiencia del Grupo del Banco Mundial
Banco Mundial / GFDRR
2013 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
/ The World Bank
Resumen en espaol
Building resilience : integrating climate and disaster risk into

development - the World Bank Group experience
2013. Main report
World Bank and GFDRR
2013 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
/ The World Bank
Table of Contents
Acknowledgments
Foreword
Executive Summary
Abbreviations
I. Introduction
II. Rising Disasters in a Changing World
III. Climate and the Poor
IV. Resilience is Effective But it has a Cost
V. Towards Climate and Disaster Resilient Development
VI. The World Bank Group Experience
Overview of the World Banks Engagement
Mainstreaming
Risk Identification
Risk Reduction
Preparedness
Financial and Social Protection
Resilient Reconstruction
How Much Does It Cost?
VII. Conclusions
References
17
18
Financial and Social Protection

Risk transfer should not be treated as a standalone solution; rather, it represents one of
many components of a holistic DRM approach, helping to reduce the impacts of risks that
cannot be avoided. This is particularly relevant for climate-related risks. Insurance costs
are likely to increase as climate-related claims continue to rise, and, as is already
happening in some regions, insurance companies may completely abandon particular
markets as risk becomes more difficult to price (due to climate uncertainty) or too
expensive (IFC 2010a). This potential uninsurability, particularly of highly vulnerable
people and small and medium enterprises (SMEs), underscores the need for preventive
measures.
When a disaster does strike, integrating risk reduction approaches into recovery and
reconstruction is a key opportunity. World Bank and GFDRR support for post-disaster
assessment and resilient reconstruction planning can range in cost from US$100,000 to
US$250,000, not taking into account the costs of data collection, government staff time,
and involvement of other agencies and civil society. As mentioned above, post-disaster
assessment experiences suggest that building back better typically costs between 10
50% more than the replacement cost of original structures (see Box 3). Even though
building resilience requires additional upfront costs, long-term benefits far outweigh
costs if done in a proportionate way. But the most cost-effective means of building
resilient societies into the future is to avoid creating new risks by integrating resilient
approaches into development planning. Inst
Ver en especial captulo 6: La experiencia del Banco Mundial.
Available
19
Financiando el Cambio Climtico Presentacin

Integracin de la Adaptacin en las Operaciones del Banco Mundial
The Costs to Developing Countries of Adapting to Climate Change
New Methods and Estimates - The Global Report of the Economics of
Adaptation to Climate Change Study - 2010
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTCC/Resources/EACC-june2010.pdf
https://www.gfdrr.org/financingdisasterriskreductioninternationalaidover20years
Gestin del riesgo de desastres para un desarrollo con capacidad de adaptacin

Abril 12, 2013
http://www.bancomundial.org/es/results/2013/04/12/managing-disaster-risks-resilientdevelopment
El ao 2011 fue uno de los ms costosos de la historia en cuanto a catstrofes, con
prdidas aproximadas de US$380.000 millones, una tendencia ascendente desde hace 30
20
aos. Entre 1980 y 2011, los desastres naturales han causado la muerte de ms de 2,5
millones de personas y US$3,5 billones en daos econmicos en todo el mundo (i).
Los riesgos estn creciendo, principalmente, como resultado de la mayor exposicin de
las personas y los activos a las catstrofes naturales. Un anlisis detallado muestra que la
causa primordial en los ltimos aos es el aumento considerable de la poblacin y de los
activos en zonas vulnerables. La migracin hacia las costas y la expansin de las ciudades
sobre planicies inundables, junto con normas de construccin deficientes, son algunos de
los motivos de este aumento. Otro factor, es la degradacin de ecosistemas que sirven de
proteccin, como los manglares.
Los desastres hidrometeorolgicos son responsables prcticamente del 80% de los
fenmenos naturales adversos y del 75% de las prdidas. En el futuro, el cambio climtico
tendr efectos importantes sobre los ecosistemas mundiales, la agricultura y el suministro
de agua, el aumento del nivel del mar y la aparicin de fuertes tormentas. Los patrones
histricos por s solos ya no representarn una buena base para la planificacin. Son las
estrategias de adaptacin eficaces las que ayudan a manejar los riesgos de desastres a
mediano plazo, al tiempo que reducen la vulnerabilidad a largo plazo.
El Banco Mundial cumple una funcin crucial en el planteamiento de soluciones
innovadoras de financiamiento para el riesgo de desastres que buscan disminuir la
vulnerabilidad de los pases en desarrollo ante estos fenmenos., La asistencia del Banco
Internacional de Reconstruccin y Fomento (BIRF) y la Asociacin Internacional de
Fomento (AIF), a travs de inversiones e instrumentos vanguardistas, apoya a los pases
expuestos a las catstrofes naturales..
Se enumeran las acciones realizadas.
The Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change

A Synthesis Report - Final consultation draft
August 2010
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTCC/Resources/EACC_FinalSynthesisReport0803_2
010.pdf
Ver: Limitaciones y Recomendaciones: pgina 65 en adelante
Managing Agricultural Production Risk - Innovations in Developing Countries

Agriculture and Rural Development Department - 2005 The World Bank
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTARD/Resources/Managing_Ag_Risk_FINAL.pdf
En este trabajo se encuentra una detallada explicacin de la transferencia del riesgo.
The creation of risk transfer markets for weather events in developing and emerging
economies is rapidly progressing. This document describes several sources of risk that
create poverty traps for poor households and impede the development process, focusing
on low-probability, high-consequence weather risk events as they relate to rural
households. These types of risks are highly correlated and require special financing and
access to global markets if they are to be pooled, rendered diversifiable, and improved in
pricing. Thus, a significant contribution of this paper is the introduction of index
insurance, highlighting its use at the micro-, meso-, and macrolevels for risk transfer. By
using index insurance products, it is possible to organize systems that take advantage of
global markets to transfer the correlated risks associated with low-probability, highconsequence events out of developing countries. This document presents both a
conceptual backdrop for understanding this system and a progress report on several World
Bank efforts to assist countries in using their limited government resources to facilitate
market-based agricultural risk transfer when faced with natural disasters.
Pgina 51
21
INFORME SOBRE EL DESARROLLO MUNDIAL (IDM) 2014

Riesgo y oportunidad: La administracin del riesgo como instrumento de
desarrollo
La administracin del riesgo como instrumento de desarrollo:
De la lucha contra las crisis a la administracin sistemtica del
riesgo - Octubre 06, 2013
Web
Riesgo y oportunidad: La administracin del riesgo como instrumento de desarrollo
Panorama general
Mensajes Principales
Al describir un enfoque holstico, el IDM 2014 concluye que la administracin

del riesgo exige la accin y la responsabilidad compartida entre distintos
niveles de la sociedad, desde los hogares hasta la comunidad internacional.
Aunque el hogar es la primera instancia de apoyo, las comunidades ofrecen
redes informales de aseguramiento y las empresas pueden contribuir a
absorber las perturbaciones. De manera similar, el sistema financiero puede
proporcionar herramientas tiles de administracin del riesgo, los Estados
pueden elaborar normas slidas y brindar apoyo directo, y la comunidad
internacional puede aportar conocimientos tcnicos y aunar los recursos
mundiales.
Part I: Fundamentals of risk management
Chapter 1: Risk management can be a powerful instrument for development
Chapter 2: Beyond the ideal: Obstacles to risk management and ways to
overcome them
Part II: The role of key social systems
Chapter 3: Households are the first line of support to confront risk and pursue
opportunity
Chapter 4: Cohesive and connected communities create resilience
Chapter 5: Fostering resilience and prosperity through a vibrant enterprise
sector
Chapter 6: The role of the financial system in managing risk: More financial
tools, fewer financial crises
Chapter 7: Managing macroeconomic risk: Building stronger institutions for
better policy outcomes
Chapter 8: The role of the international community: When risks exceed national
capacity
22
IFC, a member of the World Bank Group, is the largest global development institution focused
exclusively on the private sector in developing countries.
Established in 1956, IFC is owned by 184 member countries, a group that collectively
determines our policies. Our work in more than a 100 developing countries allows companies
and financial institutions in emerging markets to create jobs, generate tax revenues, improve
corporate governance and environmental performance, and contribute to their local
communities. IFCs vision is that people should have the opportunity to escape poverty and
improve their lives.
Climate Risk and Adaptation
Climate Business
Agribusiness
GLOBAL STRATEGY
The Global Index Insurance Facility (GIIF)
Background
The economic growth prospects of developing countries are negatively impacted by
external shocks, which create both short- and long-term physical and financial distress.
The lack of coherent and timely response to shocks, coupled with indirect impacts on
growth and investment, compound the cost of direct physical damage. Uninsured
enterprises do not develop their full earnings potential because they engage in lowrisk/low-return activities to minimize downside risks. Generally, too much capital goes
into nonremunerated selfinsurance. OECD countries, on the other hand, tend to be better
equipped to manage shocks since they have larger diversified economies that can
withstand such events and because private assets are insured. Demand for risk
management instruments is often frustrated by market gaps and entry barriers.
International reinsurers, for example, require substantial minimum risk amounts: The
greatest challenge is not to find capacity, but to find a large enough portfolio to make it
worth underwriting (Tobben 2005). The GIIF seeks to close the gap between the
developing countrys demand for insurance against severe shocks at public and private
levels and the index insurance markets.
Climate Risk and Business

Practical Methods for Assessing Risk
2010
International Finance Corporation
First printing, September 2010
Authored by
Vladimir Stenek, International Finance Corporation
Richenda Connell, Acclimatise
John Firth, Acclimatise
Michelle Colley, Acclimatise
23
The main objective of the first set of pilot climate risk assessment studies undertaken by
IFC was to test and begin to develop methods for evaluating climate risks to the private
sector and to identify appropriate adaptation responses. This included analyzing barriers
and gaps preventing evaluation of risks and adaptation options, and understanding the
roles of different stakeholders (private and public) in addressing those constraints. The
studies also aimed to provide information
that reduces uncertainty about present-day and future climate-related risks to the pilot
study clients. In this context, the pilot studies should be viewed as an initial step towards
elaboration of general tools for climate risk assessment and evaluation of adaptation
options, for use in the private sector.
Scaling Up Access to Finance for

Agricultural SMEs
Policy Review and Recommendations
International Finance Corporation
Global Partnership for Financial Inclusion (GPFI)
October 2011
Introduction
Executive Summary
CHAPTER 1
Agricultural SME Finance in Context
1.1 Definitions and Segmentation
1.2 Basic Challenges in Agricultural Finance
1.3 Changing Paradigms in Agricultural Finance
CHAPTER 2
Policies, Regulatory Framework, and Government Support
2.1 Developing Country Specific Diagnostics and Strategies
2.2 Developing a Supportive Legal and Regulatory Framework
2.3 Designing Effective Government Support Mechanisms
CHAPTER 3
Financial Infrastructure and Data
3.1 Strengthening the Financial Infrastructure
3.2 Building Consistent and Reliable Data Sources
CHAPTER 4
Capacity Building of Agricultural Finance Institutions and Their Clients
4.1 Building Capacity of Financial Institutions
4.2 Building Capacity of Value Chains
4.3 Building Capacity of Farmers and Farmer Organizations
4.4 Innovative Instruments and Delivery Mechanisms
CHAPTER 5
Conclusion
ANNEX I Grants to the Poor
ANNEX II Smart Subsidies and the Question of Fertilizer Subsidies
Bibliography
24
GLOBAL FACILITY FOR DISASTER REDUCTION AND RECOVERY (GFDRR)

https://www.gfdrr.org/
Established in 2006, the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR) is
a partnership of 41 countries and 8 international organizations committed to helping
developing countries reduce their vulnerability to natural hazards and adapt to climate
change. The partnerships mission is to mainstream disaster risk reduction (DRR) and
climate change adaptation (CCA) in country development strategies by supporting a
country-led and managed implementation of the Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA).
GFDRRs Partnership Charter, revised in April 2010, sets its original mission, rationale,
and governance structure.
GFDRR has three main business lines to achieve its development objectives at the
global, regional and country levels.
Track I: Global and Regional Partnerships
Track II: Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) in Development
Track III: Sustainable Recovery
Six initiatives that complement the three tracks and Climate Change Adapation
(CCA) programs are:
The Economics of Disaster Risk Reduction
GFDRR Labs
Disaster Risk Financing & Insurance
Strengthening Weather and Climate Information and Decision-Support Systems
(WCIDS)
Capacity Development
Gender
Disaster Reduction and Financing
https://www.gfdrr.org/dr_risk_fin
GFDRR helps governments implement ex-ante risk financing strategies through the
development of probabilistic risk assessment platforms, the creation of disaster risk
atlases and the establishment and improvement of loss-modeling tools. By making more
reliable data collection and new data management systems available, low- and middleincome countries create an enabling environment for better functioning insurance
markets that use competitive and cost-effective risk financing instruments.
See Disaster Risk Financing & Insurance for more details.
Disaster Risk Financing and Insurance (DRFI)
https://www.gfdrr.org/DRFI
The GFDRR Disaster Risk Financing and Insurance (DRFI) Program assists developing
countries in increasing their financial resilience to natural disasters. The DRFI Program
partners with developing countries in a variety of ways; from establishing natural disaster
micro-insurance programs to intermediating between governments and international
financial markets, the DRFI Program seeks innovative ways to mitigate the financial
impacts of natural disasters on individuals, small- and medium-enterprises, agricultural
sector participants, and governments.
25
EL BID Y EL CAMBIO CLIMTICO

http://www.iadb.org/es/temas/cambio-climatico/cambio-climatico-y-energiarenovable,1448.html
El valor agregado del financiamiento climtico

http://www.iadb.org/es/temas/cambio-climatico/financiamiento-climatico-en-elbid,8404.html
Adaptacin
http://www.iadb.org/es/temas/cambio-climatico/adaptacion,2934.html
Novedades sobre Adaptacin al Cambio Climtico

http://kp.iadb.org/Adaptacion/es/Paginas/default.aspx
Comunidad Cono Sur y Gran Chaco

http://kp.iadb.org/Adaptacion/es/Cono-Sur/Paginas/inicio.aspx
Financiamiento de la Adaptacin
http://kp.iadb.org/Adaptacion/es/Paginas/CentrodeConocimiento/Mecanismos/Fina
nciamiento-de-la-adaptacion.aspx
Exige registrarse
Mitigacin
http://www.iadb.org/es/temas/cambio-climatico/mitigacion,2935.html
Sumideros de carbono
http://www.iadb.org/es/temas/cambio-climatico/sumideros-de-carbono,1453.html
Fondos de Inversin Climtica

http://www.iadb.org/es/temas/cambio-climatico/fondos-de-inversion-climatica,8327.html
Climate Investment Funds

https://www.climateinvestmentfunds.org/cif/home
BID: Finanzas: Inversionistas

http://www.iadb.org/es/bid-finanzas/inversionistas/inversionistas,1977.html
Soluciones Financieras
http://www.iadb.org/es/bid-finanzas/espanol/soluciones-financieras,1978.html
Bonos del BID - Una opcin de inversin sostenible

http://www.iadb.org/es/bid-finanzas/inversionistas/bonos-del-bid-una-opcion-de-inversionsostenible,2199.html
Lista de bonos recientes del BID

http://www.iadb.org/es/bid-finanzas/inversionistas/lista-de-bonos-recientes-del-bid,2434.html
Blog
http://blogs.iadb.org/cambioclimatico/
9 fuentes de financiamiento para tu proyecto de cambio climtico
26
MICROSEGUROS
FOMIN
Fondo Multilateral de Inversiones Miembro del Grupo BID
http://www.fomin.org/es-es/portada/proyectos.aspx
http://www.fomin.org/mif/Proyectos/AccesoaFinanzas/Microaseguranzas/tabid/538/lan
guage/es-ES/Default.aspx
http://www.fomin.org/PORTADA/Conocimiento/Eventos/DetallesEvento/tabid/590/id/8
32/language/es-ES/Default.aspx
MICROSEGUROS: Anlisis de Experiencias Destacables en Latinoamrica y el

Caribe. Luz Andrea Camargo y Luisa Fernanda Montoya
http://idbdocs.iadb.org/wsdocs/getDocument.aspx?DOCNUM=38333051
--------------------------------------Aprovechamiento de los mercados financieros internacionales para gestionar el riesgo
de amenazas naturales en Amrica Latina
- Ivar Pettersen -John Magne Skjelvik -Nils Atle Krokeide
Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo
Washington, D.C. 2006
http://idbdocs.iadb.org/wsdocs/getdocument.aspx?docnum=1442230
Aspectos financieros del riesgo de amenazas naturales

Pgs.7-16
Agricultura y Clima Futuro en Amrica Latina y el Caribe: Impactos Sistmicos y
Posibles Respuestas - Walter Vergara - Ana R. Ros - Paul Trapido -Hctor Malarn - Banco
Interamericano de Desarrollo
2014
http://publications.iadb.org/bitstream/handle/11319/5806/Agricultura%20y%20Cambio%20Climati
co%20IDB-DP-329_es.pdf?sequence=2
Describe los impactos del CC en LAC
La adaptacin a los impactos unidireccionales de largo plazo requerir el desarrollo de

diversos tipos de programas y actividades. Es recomendable que este proceso incluya por
lo menos los siguientes elementos:
a) Los responsables de las polticas, agricultores, instituciones del sector privado e
inversionistas deben reconocer que la agricultura de la regin afronta un desafo sin
precedentes que exigir un esfuerzo sostenido de adaptacin para evitar los tipos de
impactos sistmicos de largo plazo aqu discutidos. Esto significa que existe la necesidad
de realizar una campaa de concientizacin sobre los impactos previstos, lapsos en que
estos pueden presentarse as como efectos econmicos y sociales relacionados.
b) Revisar las polticas agrcolas actuales con el fin canalizar los recursos pblicos de
forma que sean congruentes con una agricultura baja en carbono y resiliente al clima, as
como para promover la inversin en bienes pblicos tales como investigacin agrcola y
servicios de extensin.
c) Aumentar sustancialmente los esfuerzos de colaboracin entre institutos de
investigacin y extensin, sector privado y gobiernos para: (i) identificar, producir y
comercializar variedades de cultivos resilientes al clima; (ii) sistematizar y difundir el uso
27
de conocimientos tradicionales y locales; (iii) determinar los impactos de largo plazo para
la agricultura a ser causados por el aumento del nivel del mar y de la temperatura del
suelo; y (iv) evaluar los vnculos con el comercio internacional y cadenas de suministro.
d) Reforzar la recoleccin de datos, monitoreo y pronstico al igual que reforzar
capacidades para proporcionar y usar servicios de informacin sobre el clima dedicados a
establecer tendencias de largo plazo.
e) Apalancar financiamiento pblico, privado e internacional para maximizar los
beneficios en el sector agrcola a travs de la implementacin de prcticas resilientes al
clima.
Agricultura y cambio climtico: nuevas tecnologas en la mitigacin y adaptacin de la

agricultura al cambio climtico
Memoria del tercer seminario regional de agricultura y cambio climtico, realizado en
Santiago, 27 y 28 de septiembre de 2012
CEPAL et al
2013 Series de la CEPAL
http://www.cepal.org/publicaciones/xml/1/51531/Agriculturaycambioclimatico.pdf
Los efectos de los desastres en 2004 y 2005: la necesidad de adaptacin de largo

plazo. Ricardo Zapata Mart
Punto Focal de Evaluacin de Desastres - CEPAL, Mxico
S E R I E estudios y perspectivas
Mxico, D. F., agosto del 2006
http://www.cepal.org/publicaciones/Mexico/3/LCMEXL733/L733.pdf
Resumen
I. Retrospectiva sobre los desastres en Amrica Latina y el Caribe
II. 2004-2005: las estaciones de huracanes registradas en el Ocano Atlntico ms activas e
intensas
III. Los desastres no distinguen nivel de desarrollo, pero s capacidad de resistencia y grado de
afectacin ambiental
IV. Balance regional: agravamiento de vulnerabilidades, prdida de acervo y postergacin de
metas sociales y del IDH
V. Otros pases y otros eventos: necesidad de adaptacin para un proceso de desarrollo sostenible
VI. Algunas conclusiones y propuestas para disminuir los efectos de los desastres en la regin: de la
respuesta a la reduccin del riesgo y la adaptacin del proceso de desarrollo
VII. De cara a la rehabilitacin y reconstruccin: la necesidad de adaptacin para reducir el riesgo
Bibliografa
28
GESTIN DE RIESGO DE DESASTRES NATURALES. Sistemas Nacionales para la Gestin

Integral del Riesgo de Desastres. Estrategias Financieras para la Reconstruccin en
Caso de Desastres Naturales
Paul K. Freeman, Leslie A. Martin, Joanne Linnerooth-Bayer, Koko Warner y George
Pflug 2006 ()
(Documento elaborado por el Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo para el Dilogo Regional
de Poltica y la Red de Desastres Naturales
http://bit.ly/1jSXiJW
Es citado por documentos ms actuales.
Pg. 71
Los nuevos instrumentos del mercado de capitales se pueden clasificar en seis
grandes categoras:
Bono de catstrofe. Son bonos que dependen de Casos Fortuitos que ofrecen un
alto rendimiento para los inversores, pero no se pagan en caso de que ocurra una
determinada catstrofe durante su vigencia. El atractivo para el inversor radica en su
alto rendimiento y baja probabilidad de incumplimiento de pago. Normalmente, los
fondos que se obtienen de la venta de este bono se invierten en instrumentos libres
de riesgo; los intereses percibidos reducen el costo neto del bono para el emisor
Ttulos de excedente contingente. Estos ttulos son, esencialmente, derechos de
opciones de venta que permiten que su titular emita deuda a compradores
predeterminados en caso de catstrofe. El propietario del ttulo paga una comisin a
los compradores potenciales de deuda por el compromiso de comprar la deuda.
Opciones sobre catstrofes que cotizan en bolsa. Las opciones sobre el ndice de
reclamos - PCS- property claims service- que cotizan en el Mercado de Futuros de
Chicago Chicago Board of Trade- brindan al comprador la opcin de exigir el pago de
acuerdo con un contrato de opcin si el ndice de reclamos supera el nivel
previamente especificado. Los ndices utilizados abarcan distintas reas de los Estados
Unidos y reflejan la cantidad global de reclamos informados en la industria
aseguradora.
Opciones de venta sobre catstrofes. Las opciones de venta de acciones son otro
tipo de opciones que permiten que el asegurador venda acciones ordinarias a la vista
despus de un desastre de gran magnitud. El asegurador paga una comisin por la
opcin de venta. Estos instrumentos son similares a los ttulos de excedente
contingente.
Derivado por clima. Son contratos conforme a los cuales se realizan pagos en el caso
de que durante una determinada cantidad de das la temperatura o las precipitaciones
sean mayores o menores de un valor especificado de activacin.
Swaps sobre catstrofes. Estos productos derivados utilizan a los participantes del
mercado de capitales como contrapartes. Se cambia una cartera de seguros con una
obligacin potencial de pago por un ttulo valor y sus correspondientes obligaciones
de pago de flujos de fondos.
El asegurador asume la responsabilidad de realizar pagos peridicos al inversor de una
cartera especfica de ttulos valores a la que el inversor estaba originariamente
obligado a pagar, en tanto que el inversor asume la responsabilidad del asegurador de
realizar pagos en caso de una catstrofe .
29
IDB Proposes Climate Change Risk Assessment Methodology for Caribbean

Projects Wednesday, 02 July 2014
Climate Change Data and Risk Assessment Methodologies for the Caribbean.
Prepared by: Tetra Tech, Inc.
Inter-American Development Bank .Environmental Safeguards Unit
April 2014
http://www.cpdcngo.org/cpdc/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=196&Ite
mid=27
Trata sobre metodologas para evaluar el riesgo, adaptadas al rea del Caribe. (Incluye
modelos)
Pagina 49
. Insurance products are available in the commercial market to address known extreme events
such as hurricanes and intense rainfall events. The Caribbean Catastrophe Risk Insurance Facility
(CCRIF) provides country-level insurance for such major events, but to the best of our knowledge,
these address current risks, rather than risks due to events that might occur a decade or two into
the future.
Although insurance provides coverage from catastrophic events in the near-term, looking over the
long-term projects design and adaptive capacity must ensure some level of resilience from future
climate change-associated events.
The climate change risk assessment for a new project, for existing infrastructure, or even for a
specific sector of the economy (such as tourism or transportation) can be performed at different
levels of detail depending on the project scope, resources available, and the potential risk due to
the climate change impacts.
At this time, it is safe to assume that the projected climate database available will be the same no
matter what level of risk assessment is performed. This is because climate modeling is performed
globally by multiple modeling groups, and it is not likely that any such effort will be replicated to
serve local needs.
Even regional climate modeling, when performed over a suite of multiple models, is unlikely to be
developed at a local level. Given the same climate data, however, climate change risk
assessments can vary greatly in the level of detail with which the impacts are assessed.
Typically, each sector will have detailed tools for designing the pertinent infrastructure, and these
detailed tools will need to consider what the response will be if climatic conditions will be
different from the historical range. For example, this might include the largest storm a roadway is
designed to withstand, or the level of storm surge a coastal facility such as an oil handling
terminal is protected against, or the level of drought a water supply system is designed for. These
analyses must focus on the location-specific design elements of the infrastructure or investment
project in question. This paper is not focused on this detailed level of analysis, but provides a
general roadmap that can be followed if specific investments require this level of effort
Effectiveness of weather derivatives as cross-hedging instrument against climate

change: The cases of reservoir water allocation management in Guanajuato, Mexico
and Lambayeque, Peru / Miriam Jurez-Torres, Leonardo Snchez-Aragn. (IDB
working paper series ; 328)
BID 2012
http://bit.ly/1nN03Mq
Efectividad de los derivados climticos como instrumento de cobertura cruzada contra

el cambio climtico: Los casos de gestin de la adjudicacin de agua de embalse en
Guanajuato, Mxico y Lambayeque, Per
30
Se proponen derivados climticos como un mecanismo complementario para la

satisfactoria adopcin de adjudicaciones de agua ms eficientes en los distritos de
irrigacin. Dichos derivados climticos difuminan los riesgos e incorporan una mejor
comprensin del comportamiento de los sistemas climticos, fortaleciendo la capacidad
de los distritos de irrigacin de abordar el asunto de la disponibilidad del agua y su
demanda. El modelo emplea un esquema de adjudicacin dinmica del recurso hdrico,
una precipitacin histrica y escenarios del Grupo Intergubernamental de Expertos sobre
el Cambio Climtico (IPCC) para dar con una estrategia ptima de adjudicacin de agua
para el escenario de referencia ante el cambio climtico.
Cambio climtico. Una perspectiva regional. Cumbre de la Unidad de Amrica

Latina y el Caribe - Riviera Maya (Mxico) 22 y 23 de febrero de 2010
Publicacin de las Naciones Unidas
LC/L.3207
Copyright Naciones Unidas, febrero de 2010.
http://www.cepal.org/publicaciones/xml/9/38539/2010-109-Cambio_climaticouna_perspectiva_regional.pdf
Comentario: trata el tema de Mitigacin, abatimiento de emisiones
31
Climate Change and Extreme Weather Events in Latin America: An Exposure

Index. Adrin Garlati
(IDB Technical Note ; 490) 2013
http://idbdocs.iadb.org/wsdocs/getdocument.aspx?docnum=37417004
Expone distintas metodologas para indicadores e ndices.
Presenta el ndice de Exposicin a los Desastres
Using DesInventar data, the paper develops an innovative Disaster Exposure Index (DEI)
that encompasses many disasters impacts. DEI calculations indicate an unexpected
scenario where some regions usually considered resilient are found to be exposed.
Comentarios: No toma Brasil, su clasificacin no es clara, no recomiendo usar el ndice
por ahora.
Es ms adecuado el citado anteriormente: Impacto de los desastres en Amrica Latina y
el Caribe, 1990-2011. Tendencias y estadsticas para 16 pases 2013 Informe
Los efectos de los desastres en 2004 y 2005: la necesidad de adaptacin de

largo plazo. Ricardo Zapata Mart
Punto Focal de Evaluacin de Desastres - CEPAL, Mxico
S E R I E estudios y perspectivas
Mxico, D. F., agosto del 2006
http://www.cepal.org/publicaciones/Mexico/3/LCMEXL733/L733.pdf
Resumen
I. Retrospectiva sobre los desastres en Amrica Latina y el Caribe
II. 2004-2005: las estaciones de huracanes registradas en el Ocano Atlntico ms activas e
intensas
III. Los desastres no distinguen nivel de desarrollo, pero s capacidad de resistencia y grado de
afectacin ambiental
IV. Balance regional: agravamiento de vulnerabilidades, prdida de acervo y postergacin de
metas sociales y del IDH
V. Otros pases y otros eventos: necesidad de adaptacin para un proceso de desarrollo
sostenible
VI. Algunas conclusiones y propuestas para disminuir los efectos de los desastres en la regin:
de la respuesta a la reduccin del riesgo y la adaptacin del proceso de desarrollo
VII. De cara a la rehabilitacin y reconstruccin: la necesidad de adaptacin para reducir el
riesgo
Bibliografa
32
FAO
Manejo de riesgos climticos

Finanzas e inversiones agrcolas
Centro de Aprendizaje en Finanzas Rurales
Anlisis de Sistemas de Gestin del Riesgo de Desastres
Una Gua
OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2014-2023

The Agricultural Outlook, 2014-2023, is a collaborative effort of the Organisation for
Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the Food and Agriculture
Organization (FAO) of the United Nations.
It brings together the commodity, policy and country expertise of both organisations
and input from collaborating member countries to provide an annual assessment of
prospects for the coming decade of national, regional and global agricultural
commodity markets.
OECDFAO Perspectivas Agrcolas 20142023 - Resumen en espaol
CONFERENCIA REGIONAL DE LA FAO PARA AMRICA LATINA Y EL CARIBE
Trigsimo tercer Perodo de Sesiones - Santiago, Chile, 6 al 9 de mayo de 2014
Panel 2: Desafos para el desarrollo sostenible y la adaptacin al cambio climtico en
Amrica Latina y el Caribe
Desafo 1: Mejorar la resiliencia y adaptacin de sistemas alimenticios y agrcolas al
cambio climtico
Desafo 2: Conseguir ms con menos en la produccin y el consumo de alimentos
Desafo 3: Conservar, proteger y mejorar el estado de los recursos naturales
Desafo 4: Mejorar y proteger los medios de vida rurales y el bienestar social
Pg. 6
30. Se deben fortalecer instrumentos financieros para incentivar a los agricultores
familiares a cubrir los costos de adaptacin de sus sistemas de produccin asociados a la
conservacin y uso sostenible de los recursos, por ejemplo, a travs de asistencia tcnica;
compra de semillas criollas; bonos para alimentos saludables y sistemas de Pagos por
Servicios Ecosistmicos (PSE). Es importante aumentar la concientizacin sobre los
servicios ecosistmicos que brindan los sistemas productivos sostenibles y, orientar a los
consumidores en productos alimenticios producidos responsablemente, por ejemplo, a
travs de sistemas de certificacin o de comercio justo.
33
Gestin de Riesgos y Seguros Agropecuarios: Desafo impostergable para el

desarrollo de Amrica Latina y el Caribe
http://www.iica.int/Esp/regiones/sur/uruguay/Documentos%20de%20la%20Oficina/iicarevista-n3.pdf
Los seguros agropecuarios en las Amricas: un instrumento para la gestin del

riesgo Instituto Interamericano de Cooperacin para la Agricultura (IICA), 2012
http://www.iica.int/Esp/Programas/agronegocios/Publicaciones%20de%20Comercio%20Agronegoci
os%20e%20Inocuidad/B2996e.pdf
II. Los seguros agropecuarios
2.1. Los seguros agropecuarios como un instrumento de transferencia de riesgos
2.2. El ndice de siniestralidad: un indicador relevante de la actividad aseguradora agraria
2.3. El cambio climtico
2.4. El desarrollo del mercado de seguros agropecuarios y tipos de seguros
2.5. El papel de los actores pblicos y privados
2.6. La informacin: sustento indispensable de los sistemas de seguros agropecuarios
Seguros Agropecuarios y Gestin del Riesgo

Tendencias y Experiencias Internacionales
http://www.iica.int/Esp/regiones/central/cr/Documentos%20Oficina%20Costa%20Rica/SEGUROS.pdf
Polticas pblicas de gestin del riesgo agropecuarios en los pases del CAS
http://www.iica.int/Esp/regiones/sur/chile/Publicaciones%20de%20la%20Oficina/B1655E.PDF
Zonificacin y Mapas de Riesgo Agroclimtico para el MERCOSUR

Conformacin de un Foro Permanente de Coordinacin para la administracin de la
informacin meteorolgica y climtica en los pases del MERCOSUR es uno de los objetivos
del Taller.
http://www.iica.int/Esp/regiones/sur/uruguay/Paginas/ComunicadosPrensa/ZonificacionMapasRiesgoAgrocli
maticoMERCOSUR.aspx
Zonificacin y Mapas de Riesgo Agroclimtico para el MERCOSUR - Presentaciones

http://www.iica.int/Esp/regiones/sur/uruguay/Paginas/Notas
Especiales/ZonificacionMapasRiesgoAgroclimaticoMERCOSUR-Presentaciones.aspx
Instrumentos de transferencia de riesgos: seguros agrcolas y programas de apoyo ante

contingencias climatolgicas- Csar Bustamante Terreros
Presentacin BID 2013
http://centromariomolina.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/6.-Instrumentos-de-Transferenciade-Riesgos-C%C3%A9sar-Bustamante-BID.pdf
Solo 3,5% de los seguros agrcolas mundiales operan en las Amricas
Estudio del IICA afirma que en Amrica Latina la industria de seguros agrcolas puede basarse en
un modelo pblico-privado para impulsar su desarrollo.Instituto desarrolla iniciativas para
mejorar los sistemas de gestin de riesgos agrcolas.
13 Mayo 2013
Biblioteca / Tecnologas Cambio Climtico
34
INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR SUSTAINABLE

DEVELOPMENT (IISD)
Financing Mitigation and Adaptation in Developing Countries: New options and
mechanisms Background Paper. Dennis Tirpak and Jo-Ellen Parry
March, 2009 (IISD)
http://www.iisd.org/pdf/2009/financing_mitigation_new_options.pdf
Pg.20 (al 2008)
3.2 Current Funding for Adaptation
Funding for climate change adaptation under the UNFCCC is currently provided through funds
operated by the Global Environment Facility (GEF) and will soon be made available through an
operational Adaptation Fund (AF). These Convention and Kyoto Protocol sources are
complemented, and currently surpassed, by additional sources, particularly development
assistance activities that enhance the adaptive capacity of developing countries. New funding
provided through adaptation-related bilateral and multilateral initiatives is being added to this
mix, such as the World Banks Pilot Project for Climate Resilience (PPCR). These sources are also
expected to surpass the resource levels provided under the Convention. See Table 6 for an
overview of the levels and sources of existing resources for adaptation (including pledged
contributions)
Agro-Value Chain Finance and Climate Adaptation: The role of the banking sector
Julie Dekens (IISD) and Susan Bingi - 2013
(2013 through a partnership between the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Cooperatives (MoTIC),
Makerere University (MAK) and the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD).
http://www.iisd.org/sites/default/files/publications/agro_value_chain_bank_sector.pdf
1. Explicitly integrate climate risk in the banks risk-management strategies. In the current
context of rapid change and uncertainty due to both climatic and non-climatic factors, the banking
sector would do well to adopt a more holistic approach to risk management. This should be based
on vulnerability assessments that measure the existing and potential future impacts and associated
costs of inaction versus adaptation measures on lending activities. Banks should understand the
current and future potential impacts of climate variability and change on their operations. The
integration of climate risk into financial institutions risk management framework requires that
they can access relevant, tailored information such as the nature, location, frequency and
magnitude of climate risks presently and in the future; their assets exposure and vulnerability to
climate hazards; and the impacts of climate hazards on their clients.
2. Incentivize adaptation and climate-proof the banks financial instruments to support climate
adaptation (or at a minimum to prevent maladaptation) along agro-value chains. Additional action
should be taken to anticipate and reduce potential losses from climate hazards along the entire
value chain. This is important since risk-prevention strategies can save greater costs in the
medium and longer terms compared to reactive strategies. For example, clients demonstrating
adaptation actions to climate change could obtain preferential rates and/or access to specific
financial schemes as incentives. However, this could effectively drive out the most at risk
smallholders by raising their capital costs and making them more vulnerable to variability in
production (decreasing margins and inducing greater volatility in profits). Lending programs should
therefore encourage farmers to implement adaptive practices and technologies by reducing the
capital cost of these (e.g., innovative financing for climate-sensitive practices and technologies).
Thereby, the bank can reduce climate risk in its portfolio as these farmers become more
resilient. The government could support such programs by making a pool of capital available to
banks for such lending activities (i.e., impact investing). Other way to support a climate-resilient
agro-value chain is to encourage savings (e.g., banks could offer incentives for saving activities
such as advantageous interests rates, vocational training, financial literacy training, etc.) and
develop innovative insurance products such as weather index insurance..
35
EUROPA
UNION EUROPEA
EUROCLIMA
http://www.euroclima.org/es/
Colaboracin con Amrica Latina y el Caribe en el Cambio Climtico Presentaciones

http://ec.europa.eu/clima/events/articles/0085_es.htm
Argentina
EUROPEAN COMMISSION: HUMANITARIAN AID AND CIVIL PROTECTION

DEPARTMENT (ECHO)
The European Commission's Humanitarian aid and Civil Protection department
(ECHO) aims to save and preserve life, prevent and alleviate human suffering and
safeguard the integrity and dignity of populations affected by natural disasters
and man-made crises. EU assistance, amounting to one of the world's largest, is
enshrined in the Treaty of Lisbon and supported by EU citizens an as expression of
European solidarity with any person or people in need.
Latin America & Caribbean
South America
Preparing communities for future disasters
Besides helping in emergencies, the European Commission's Humanitarian Aid and Civil
Protection department (ECHO) works to empower communities and local disaster
response teams to be better prepared to face natural hazards, and take measures that
allow them to stop a hazard from becoming a disaster. This is mainly done through the
Disaster Preparedness Program (DIPECHO). DIPECHO works first by identifying the risks,
and then taking simple and inexpensive measures to minimise them, hence reducing the
impact of natural phenomena. These include strengthening emergency response
capacities, improving infrastructures, and conducting awareness-raising campaigns.
36
The EU has invested 66.9 million, more than one third of its humanitarian funds for
South America, in disaster preparedness activities across the region.
The 2011-2012 programme targeted communities in 9 countries - Argentina, Bolivia,
Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru and Venezuela - with an allocation
of 12 million. An additional 3 million was channelled to strengthen the resilience and
capacities of communities exposed to frequent droughts in the Bolivian and Paraguayan
region of the Chaco. In the next plan 2013-2014, ECHO will invest 14.5 million for
disaster preparedness projects and drought resilience activities.
EU CLIMATE ACTION
http://ec.europa.eu/clima/index_en.htm
International action
Climate ADAPT
Financing Adaptation
GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE ALLIANCE (GCCA)

http://www.gcca.eu/
The Global Climate Change Alliance (GCCA) is an initiative of the European Union (EU),
launched in 2007 and coordinated by the European Commission (EC), aimed at
strengthening dialogue and cooperation on climate change with developing countries
most vulnerable to climate change and supporting their efforts to develop and implement
adaptation and mitigation responses. It focuses on the Least Developed Countries (LDCs)
and the Small Island Developing States (SIDS). These countries have contributed the least
to greenhouse gas emissions, but are often the most affected by climate change and have
limited resources to address the related challenges.
Making climate finance effective: strengthening national public financial

management and budgetary systems
Background document - GCCA Global Policy Event 2013
http://www.gcca.eu/sites/default/files/soraya.khosravi/gpe_background_paper_climate_finance
_final_en_0.pdf
37
CLIMATE FINANCE
http://climatefinance.info/
http://climatefinance.info/profiles/blogs/arranca-el-ii-dialogo-finanzas-clima
Segundo Dilogo sobre las Finanzas del Clima El Salvador, julio, 2013
Realidad del financiamiento climtico en Amrica Latina y el Caribe
http://ec.europa.eu/clima/events/docs/0085/t7_finanzas_es.pdf
Resumen del II Dilogo Regional sobre las Finanzas del Clima (julio de 2013).
http://www.multipolar.net/files/cf/Resumen_II_Dialogo_Finanzas_Clima.pdf
---------------------------------
FINANZAS EFICACES PARA EL CLIMA

Compartiendo las experiencias e innovaciones de los pases de Amrica Latina y el
Caribe. Observaciones y recomendaciones surgidas del intercambio entre pases
durante el Dilogo Regional de Tela.
---------------------------Cooperacin suiza
Preparacin Financiera Climtica - Lecciones Aprendidas en Pases En
Desarrollo
--------------------------weADAPT
http://weadapt.org/knowledge-base/economics-of-adaptation/financial-risks-ofclimate-change
weADAPT is developed and maintained by the Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI).
Content is curated both by SEI and a network of Knowledge Partners.
weADAPT started life as 'wikiADAPT' and has grown into a collection of over 1000 articles
and case studies.
38
The technical development of weADAPT is based on extensive consultation with

Knowledge Partners by the Stockholm Environment Institute. It has been the result of
collaborations over several years between SEI and many Knowledge Partners including
IIED, IDS (CBAx), CSAG (UCT), UNEP RRCAP, SENSA, Oxfam GB, CIFOR, UNITAR,
Google.org, ENDA and START.
weADAPT is an online open space on climate adaptation issues (including the synergies
between adaptation and mitigation) which allows practitioners, researchers and policy
makers to access credible, high quality information and to share experiences and lessons
learnt with the weADAPT community. It is designed to facilitate learning, exchange,
collaboration and knowledge integration to build a professional community of research
and practice on adaptation issues while developing policy-relevant tools and guidance for
adaptation planning and decision-making.
ABI research paper no 19, 2009 - the financial risks of climate change
Examining the financial implications of climate change using climate models and
insurance catastrophe risk models
Report by AIR Worldwide Corp. and the Met Office
By Peter Dailey, Matt Huddleston, Simon Brown and Dennis Fasking
http://weadapt.org/knowledge-base/economics-of-adaptation/financial-risks-of-climatechange
This study makes several groundbreaking advances in the area of climate impact
assessment by using state-of-the-art modelling techniques combined with expert
knowledge in the fields of climate, meteorology, hydrology and actuarial science. The
report provides a detailed analysis of the potential impact from a changing climate on
insured risk for insurers and other stakeholders through its effects on precipitationinduced inland floods in Great Britain, winter windstorms in the United Kingdom, and
typhoons in China.
Pg. 39
Issues for Insurers and Policymakers
Examining the impact of future climate scenarios on selected risk metrics derived from
catastrophe models is an important first step. Determining how these changes might
impact important aspects of insurers operations needs to be examined as well. Of
particular interest are the potential impacts on pricing, risk measurement and
management, regulators requirements for minimum capital, the amount of additional
capital that insurers may need, and supplemental capital requirements.
This section concludes with a brief discussion of some prudent prevention, loss mitigation
and adaptation steps that could be taken now to counter some of the possible increases
in key risk metrics.
39
COOPERACIN ALEMANA
Adaptacin al Cambio Climtico Para el Desarrollo Rural SostenibleCooperacin Alemana
http://www.riesgoycambioclimatico.org/index.htm
http://www.riesgoycambioclimatico.org/biblioteca.html
Gestin del Riesgo y Adaptacin al Cambio Climtico en el Sector Agropecuario en las
Subregiones Andino y Amaznica Lima - 11 al 13 de septiembre 2007.
http://www.riesgoycambioclimatico.org/tallerinternacional/index.html
http://www.riesgoycambioclimatico.org/tallerinternacional/ponencias.htm
1. Nancy Zapata - Presentacin del Taller
2. Graciela Magrin - Variabilidad climtica, cambio climtico y sector
agropecuario en la subregiones Andina y Amaznica
3. Stephen Bender - Impactos de los Peligros Naturales y Toma de Decisiones
para el Sector Agropecuario
4. Stephen Bender - Impactos de los Peligros Naturales y Toma de Decisiones
para el Sector Agropecuario
5. Alberto Aquino - Reglas del Taller
6. Helmut Eger - La gestin del riesgo y adaptacin al cambio climtico desde lo
local: instrumentos y estrategias
7. Miguel Prial - Experiencias de la incorporacin del anlisis del riesgo en la
inversin pblica del sector agropecuario
8. Liudmila Ortega - La reduccin de la vulnerabilidad en la agricultura
9. Omar Cardona - La reduccin de la vulnerabilidad en la agricultura
10. Francisco Boshell - Variabilidad del clima, cambio climtico y el seguro
agropecuario en Colombia
11. Oscar Ramrez - Seguro agropecuario como alternativa viable al impacto
econmico de los desastres
12. Frank Nieder - El Seguro Agrcola Basado en ndices
13. Bolivia - Avances y experiencias en gestin del riesgo y adaptacin al cambio
climtico en el sector agropecuario
14. Brasil - Red de Gestin del Riesgo en la Amazona del Brasil
15. Colombia - Avances y experiencias en gestin del riesgo y adaptacin al
cambio climtico en el sector agropecuario
16. Ecuador - Avances y experiencias en Gestin del Riesgo y Adaptacin al
Cambio Climtico en el Sector Agropecuario
17. Per - Los Desastres impactan en el Desarrollo
18. SICA - Caso de Amrica Central
Costos y Beneficios de la Adaptacin al Cambio Climtico en Amrica Latina
http://www.riesgoycambioclimatico.org/CostosBeneficiosACC/index.html
Con la intencin de profundizar los conocimientos sobre la Economa de la

Adaptacin al Cambio Climtico, el grupo de trabajo AGROCLIMA de la GIZ Red
Sectorial GADeR-ALC (Gestin Ambiental y Desarrollo Rural Amrica Latina y el
Caribe) acord crear una iniciativa que trabaje la temtica a travs de estudios de
anlisis costo-beneficio de la adaptacin al cambio climtico, en el contexto de
40
proyectos de desarrollo en los pases contraparte. La iniciativa est coordinada por

la GIZ Per.
Reunin de la Iniciativa Costos y Beneficios de la Adaptacin al Cambio Climtico
en Amrica Latina Grupo AGROCLIMA Red Sectorial GADeR-ALC
Fecha: 30 de mayo al 01 de junio del 2012- Oficinas GIZ Mxico, D.F.
Objetivos: Conocer detalles del avance de estudios de caso de anlisis costobeneficio (ACB) en los pases integrantes, y fomentar el intercambio de
conocimiento entre GIZ, expertos en la economa de la adaptacin y las
contrapartes de los proyectos.
Documentos de inters:
1. Anlisis Costo Beneficio para medidas de Adaptacin al Cambio Climtico
2. Introduccin al trabajo sobre Economa de Adaptacin en Alemania
3. Impacto del Cambio Climtico en los glaciares del Per- Laguna PalcacochaAncash
4. Anlisis Beneficio Costo Gestin del Riesgo y Adaptacin al Cambio Climtico
Inversin Pblica SNIP Per
5. La metodologa de la Economa de Ecosistemas y Biodiversidad (TEEB)
6. Avances en Bolivia
7. Avances y opciones futuras para los estudios de caso de EACC, Avances en
Brasil
8. Economa de la Adaptacin al Cambio Climtico, Avances en Ecuador
9. Avances en Mxico
Biblioteca con informacin adicional sobre el tema de la economa de la adaptacin
http://www.riesgoycambioclimatico.org/CostosBeneficiosACC/biblioteca.html
Proyecto "Seguros para micro-crditos agrarios para la adaptacin al cambio climtico"

http://seguros.riesgoycambioclimatico.org/index.html
Seguros Climticos Innovadores
Seguro contra el Fenmeno del Nio Per
En los ltimos aos, a nivel mundial se estn utilizando un nuevo tipo de seguros, llamado
seguro indexado. El seguro indexado o basado en ndices es aquel seguro que se basa en un
indicador climtico relacionado al posible dao o prdida para calcular la indemnizacin. A
diferencia del seguro tradicional, el indexado no realiza una evaluacin de los daos para
calcular la indemnizacin, sino utilizan un indicador establecido.
Biblioteca. http://seguros.riesgoycambioclimatico.org/biblioteca.php
Noticias: http://seguros.riesgoycambioclimatico.org/noticias.php
Seguros para la Adaptacin al Cambio Climtico

Memoria del Proyecto Seguros para la Adaptacin al Cambio Climtico
Cooperacin Alemana al Desarrollo Agencia de la GIZ en el Per 2013
IPACC PERU
http://www.ipacc.pe/
Proyecto Inversin Pblica y Adaptacin al Cambio Climtico (IPACC), financiado por el Ministerio
Federal de Medio Ambiente, Proteccin de la Naturaleza y Seguridad Nuclear (BMU) de Alemania a
travs de su Iniciativa Internacional de Proteccin del Clima (IKI)
http://www.ipacc.pe/publicaciones.html
Finanzas pblicas: integrando la adaptacin al cambio climtico en la inversin pblica Alberto Aquino
-----------------------Contraparte internacional: http://globalagrisk.com/Raquel Zabala, Julio 2014
41
Alianza con FOMIN

Alianza para Reforzar el Conocimiento sobre los Microseguros en Amrica
Latina http://www.microinsurancefacility.org/es/oit-fomin
FOMIN
Fondo Multilateral de Inversiones Miembro del Grupo BID
http://www.fomin.org/es-es/portada/proyectos.aspx
Documentos de la Biblioteca BIVICA
Conceptos asociados a la gestin del riesgo de desastres en la planificacin e
inversin para el desarrollo
http://www.bivica.org/upload/gestion-riesgo-conceptos.pdf
Sistema Nacional de Inversin Pblica y cambio climtico. Una estimacin de los
costos y los beneficios de implementar medidas de reduccin del riesgo
http://www.bivica.org/upload/inversion-cambio-climatico.pdf
Los seguros agropecuarios en las Amricas: un instrumento para la gestin del
riesgo / David Hatch [et.al.] San Jos, C.R.: IICA: ALASA, 2012.
http://www.bivica.org/upload/seguros-agropecuarios.pdf
Biblioteca de cambio climtico
http://www.bivica.org/index.php?pg=/novedades
http://www.bivica.org/index.php?pg=/noticias/050411/
ORGANIZACIN INTERNACIONAL DEL TRABAJO

Protegiendo a los pobres. Un compendio sobre microseguro
http://www.ilo.org/global/publications/books/WCMS_104684/lang--es/index.htm
Informe: Taller sobre cambio climtico: Sus consecuencias en el empleo y los
mercados laborales, marzo 2010
http://www.ilo.org/actrav/what/pubs/WCMS_146173/lang--es/index.htm
Labour and the Environment: A Natural Synergy UNEP WHO ILO
http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_dialogue/--actrav/documents/publication/wcms_112529.pdf
Base de datos de proyectos
http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_dialogue/--actrav/documents/publication/wcms_112529.pdf
Evaluacin del entorno para empresas sostenibles - Honduras 2013
http://www.ilo.org/empent/WCMS_227765/lang--es/index.htm
42
RISK MANAGEMENT
G20/OECD methodological framework on disaster risk assessment and risk
financing
Disaster Risk Assessment and Risk Financing
A G20 / OECD METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK
Foro Mundial Resumen

Uso de los Sistemas Nacionales para la Gestin de las Finanzas para el Clima
Facilitado por la Asociacin Mundial para la Cooperacin al Desarrollo Eficaz 2-3 diciembre 2013 Incheon, Repblica de Corea
http://www.oecd.org/dac/environment-development/2014-0120%20Global%20Forum%20Summary%20Spanish.pdf
Fue organizado conjuntamente por el PNUD, el Gobierno de Corea, la OCDE y la

Asociacin de las OSC para la Eficacia del Desarrollo; y fue co-financiado por Corea,
Suecia, Alemania y la Alianza Global contra el Cambio Climtico (WACC) de la Unin
Europea.
El Foro defini los "sistemas nacionales" de manera amplia, dando a entender que estos
incluyen las capacidades de un pas, incluso a nivel local, para la planificacin,
coordinacin y ejecucin de polticas, la elaboracin de presupuestos y la gestin
financiera, la realizacin de adquisiciones pblicas, el seguimiento y la evaluacin.
La "financiacin climtica" fue definida por los pases como todos los gastos que estn
relacionados con el clima, y que pueden ser financiados por fuentes nacionales o
internacionales, de carcter pblico o privado. El uso de los sistemas nacionales para
guiar y administrar el financiamiento climtico tiene como beneficio la identificacin de
prioridades por los propios pases, la reduccin de duplicidades, la transparencia y una
mayor rendicin de cuentas a nivel nacional, as como un aumento de oportunidades para
generar una transformacin profunda que integre las cuestiones climticas con los
objetivos deseados para el desarrollo. Los principales inconvenientes identificados para el
uso de los sistemas nacionales incluyen aspectos polticos, institucionales y fiduciarios.
El Foro decidi que es posible adaptar el exitoso modelo utilizado en Amrica Latina
para el dilogo y el aprendizaje a nivel regional en la financiacin para el clima y el uso
de los sistemas nacionales.
43
SECTOR PRIVADO
ACCESS TO INSURANCE
http://www.access-to-insurance.org/
Access to Insurance - An important strategy for reducing vulnerability
The inability to manage vulnerability can perpetuate poverty. Access to insurance
services can play an important role in mitigating welfare losses. Regulation and
supervision can facilitate insurance markets to become more accessible and inclusive for
low-income households.
The Access to Insurance Initiative is a global partnership with the mission to inspire and
support supervisors to promote inclusive and responsible insurance, thereby reducing
vulnerability.
The Initiative is the implementation partner of the Global Standard Setting Body for
insurance, the International Association of Insurance Supervisors (IAIS) on access to
insurance.
GLOBALAGRISK, INC.
http://globalagrisk.com/
Innovations
GlobalAgRisk milestone accomplishments have inspired governments, development
institutions, and the private sector to replicate and expand sustainable risk transfer
solutions throughout the world.
GlobalAgRisk:
Contributed to the design of World Banks first index insurance projects

beginning in 1997
Designed and acted as lead adviser for the globally acclaimed Index-based
Livestock Insurance Program (Mongolia) since 1998
Contributed to the design of the first derivative contract for food security
(Ethiopia 2006), which served as a starting point for the African Risk Capacity
Designed a parametric product against floods for a financial institution to increase
financial inclusion (Mekong Delta, Vietnam)
Designed and launched the worlds first regulated insurance product that pays
before the disaster, so called forecast insurance (Peru)
Designed an insurance contract that uses sea surface temperature for financial
institutions to increase financial inclusion and climate resilience (Peru)
Risk modelling and design of parametric product against earthquake risk for
financial institutions to increase financial inclusion (Indonesia)
New Approaches to Designing Index Insurance Insuring against Consequential Losses

Projects:
Peru
Mxico
Nicaragua
44
Links:
Global Centre on Disaster Risk and Poverty (GCDRP) http://www.gcdrp.org/
On-Going Projects
"Insurance for Development: Protecting Emerging Markets and Their People in a
Period of Climate Change"
Climate Risk as an Obstacle to Economic Development in Underdeveloped
Regions
The Potential of Weather Index Insurance for Poverty Reduction
CGAP (the Consultative Group to Assist the Poor) Advancing financial
inclusion to improve the lives of the poor http://www.cgap.org/
http://www.cgap.org/topics/financial-inclusion
Latin America : http://www.cgap.org/countries/latin-america-and-caribbean
CLIMATE BONDS INITIATIVE
The Climate Bonds Initiative is an international, investorfocused not-for-profit. It's the only organisation in the world
focusing on mobilizing the $80 trillion bond market for climate
change solutions.
A large and liquid Green and Climate Bonds Market will help to
drive down the cost of capital for climate projects and
improve access to lower-cost debt in emerging markets.
Bonds & Climate Change 2014
SWISS RE
IFC and Swiss Re partner on index-based insurance innovation
ZURICH
Zurich champions responsible investing, doubling its commitment to green bonds up
to USD 2 billion
PORTAL DE MICROFINANZAS
El Portal de Microfinanzas, un servicio de CGAP para la comunidad internacional, es el
recurso en espaol ms completo dedicado a promover la inclusin financiera. Fue
lanzado en agosto del 2009 y desde entonces ha sido una plataforma para crear, innovar e
intercambiar ideas sobre el sector de microfinanzas y las tendencias en inclusin
financiera.
CGAP (the Consultative Group to Assist the Poor) is a global partnership of 34 leading
organizations that seek to advance financial inclusion.
FONDO PARA LA INNOVACIN EN MICROSEGUROS
Microinsurance Innovation Facility
http://www.microinsurancefacility.org/es
Experiencias de pases: http://www.microinsurancefacility.org/es/topic/marketdevelopment/subtopic/country-experience
45
CLIMATE POLICY INITIATIVE
The Global Landscape of Climate Finance 2013 - CPI Report

Climate Policy Initiative - October 2013
http://climatepolicyinitiative.org/publication/global-landscape-of-climate-finance-2013/
About CPI
Climate Policy Initiative is a team of analysts and advisors that works to improve the
most important energy and land use policies around the world, with a particular focus on
finance. An independent organization supported in part by a grant from the Open Society
Foundations, CPI works in places that provide the most potential for policy impact
including Brazil, China, Europe, India, Indonesia, and the United States.
Our work helps nations grow while addressing increasingly scarce resources and climate
risk. This is a complex challenge in which policy plays a crucial role.
SCOR GROUP
SCOR Global P&C (Property and Casualty reinsurance) and SCOR Global Life (Life
reinsurance), plus an asset management business, SCOR Global Investments.
Managing Agricultural Production Risk - Innovations in Developing Countries

http://www.scor.com/en/sgrc/pac/agriculture/item/1746/1746.html?lout=sgrc
ENVIRONMENTAL DEFENSE FUND

http://www.edf.org/
A Blind Eye to Climate Change? Fred Krupp on how corporate chiefsand politicians
arent preparing for whats coming - Pg. 2
http://economics.wsj.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/ECOnomics_2014_SpecialReport.pdf
RISK MANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS INC

http://www.rms.com/
The global RMS model suite delivers the most informed view of risk possible, based on
over 20 years of experience and catastrophe modeling expertise. Our models help insurers
and reinsurers underwrite risk today and strategize for the future.
See more at: http://www.rms.com/models#sthash.VIMQ5SRU.dpuf
Aggregate cat bonds: the model variations:
http://static.rms.com/email/documents/newsroom/aggregate-cat-bonds-modelvariations.pdf
In this special project, Trading Risk worked with modelling agencies to highlight the
range of expected loss outcomes from cascading annual aggregate cat Bonds.
The cat bond market has taken on more Florida-specific deals in 2014 than ever before,
with a handful of transactions completed by regional cedants as well as the $1.5bn
Everglades Re deal.
RMS plans to give governments access to multi-peril risk modeling tool- 2014-07-04
http://www.canadianunderwriter.ca/news/rms-plans-to-give-governments-access-to-multi-perilrisk-modeling-tool/1003142736/
46
How public sector risk transfer solutions can make societies more resilient
https://www.climateinvestmentfunds.org/cif/sites/climateinvestmentfunds.org/files/Swiss%20Re
%20PPCR%2019%20march%2010.pdf
Michael Schwarz | 19 March 2010 - Swiss Re Public Sector -Assistant Vice President
AMERICAN RISK AND INSURANCE ASSOCIATION (ARIA)

http://www.aria.org/index.html
EUROPEAN GROUP OF RISK AND INSURANCE ECONOMISTS (EGRIE).

http://www.egrie.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=frontpage&Itemid=1
Useful Links
http://www.egrie.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=section&id=13&Itemid=48
-----------------------------CAT BONDS and other risk-linked securities: state of the market and recent
developments - J. David Cummins
Risk Management and Insurance Review, 2008, Vol. 11, No. 1, 23-47
http://homepage.univie.ac.at/franz.diboky/RI2/CAT_Bonds.pdf
------------------------------------------------------Climate services for society: origins, institutional arrangements, and design
elements for an evaluation framework
Catherine Vaughan, and Suraje Dessai
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/wcc.290/pdf
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/wcc.290/abstract
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/advanced/search/results
------------------------------------------------Catastrophe bonds, insurance linked securities, reinsurance capital & investment, risk
transfer intelligence
http://www.artemis.bm/deal_directory/
------------------------------------------------Climate bonds. A dull shade of green - A modest, but important, addition to climate
finance. Oct 29th 2011 http://www.economist.com/node/21534810
Microinsurance. A hard sell. New research suggests insurance can be made more attractive
for poor farmers. Jan 4th 2014 |http://www.economist.com/news/finance-andeconomics/21592653-new-research-suggests-insurance-can-be-made-more-attractive-poorfarmers-hard
47
OTROS SITIOS Y RECURSOS

CLIMATE FUNDS UPDATE
Climate Funds Update is an independent website that provides information on the
growing number of international climate finance initiatives designed to help
developing countries address the challenges of climate change.
About Climate Funds
http://www.climatefundsupdate.org/listing
A list of funds tracked by Climate Funds Update, and links to fund profile pages can be found
below.
FORUM FOR AGRICULTURAL RISK MANAGEMENT IN DEVELOPMENT (FARMD)

https://www.agriskmanagementforum.org/
The Forum for Agricultural Risk Management in Development (FARMD) is a network of
practitioners seeking to enhance the sharing of experience and knowledge in agricultural
risk management. FARMD provides a platform for sharing experiences and information
amongst agricultural risk management practitioners, but also provides a space for
learning, capacity building, and advancing knowledge in agricultural risk management. By
improving the practice of agricultural risk management, the network seeks to strengthen
investments in the agricultural sector and reduce vulnerabilities of stakeholders.
Weather Index Insurance for Agriculture: Guidance for Development

Practitioners
DISASTER RISK REDUCTION INITIATIVE (DRRI)
http://daraint.org/risk-reduction-index/disaster-risk-reductioninitiative-drri/
Risk Reduction Index
http://daraint.org/risk-reduction-index/
CLIMATE FINANCE AND MARKETS
ALIANZA CLIMA Y DESARROLLO

Gestin de riesgos de desastres
Amrica Latina y el Caribe
Gua CDKN: Toma de decisiones con conocimiento del riesgo de desastres
48
REGATTA
PLATAFORMA de Cambio Climtico para Amrica Latina y el Caribe, REGATTA
Portal Regional de Transferencia de Tecnologa y Accin frente al Cambio
Climtico en Amrica Latina y el Caribe (REGATTA)
http://www.cambioclimatico-regatta.org./index.php/es/
http://www.cambioclimatico-regatta.org./index.php/es/oportunidades-definanciamiento
The Disaster Information Management System is a tool that helps to analyze the disaster
trends and their impacts in a systematic manner. With increased understanding of the
disaster trends and their impacts, better prevention, mitigation and preparedness
measures can be planned to reduce the impact of disasters on the communities.
http://www.desinventar.org/es/
http://online.desinventar.org/
Cambio Climtico y Gestin del Riesgo
El Centro Regional de Informacin sobre Desastres (CRID) es una iniciativa patrocinada por seis
organizaciones que decidieron mancomunar esfuerzos para asegurar la recopilacin y diseminacin
de informacin disponible sobre el tema de desastres en Amrica Latina y el Caribe.
Estas organizaciones son:
- Organizacin Panamericana de la Salud Oficina Regional de la Organizacin Mundial de la Salud,
OPS/OMS
- Naciones Unidas, secretara de la Estrategia Internacional para la Reduccin de Desastres,
ONU/EIRD
- Comisin Nacional de Prevencin de Riesgos y Atencin de Emergencias de Costa Rica, CNE
- Federacin Internacional de Sociedades Nacionales de la Cruz Roja y Media Luna Roja, FICR
- Centro de Coordinacin para la Prevencin de los Desastres Naturales en Amrica Central,
CEPREDENAC
Tambin le da soporte a esta iniciativa la National Library of Medicine (NLM).
Redes de Gestin de Riesgos y Adaptacin al Cambio Climtico
CEPREDENAC
Plataforma Regional
OTRAS REDES

Instrumentos Financieros para Cobertura Del Riesgo - Parte I

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Instrumentos Financieros para Cobertura Del Riesgo - Parte I

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Instrumentos financieros para cobertura del riesgo por eventos

UNITED NATIONS PLAN OF ACTION ON DISASTER RISK REDUCTION FOR

PORTAL DE LA LABOR DEL SISTEMA DE LAS NACIONES

2014 INVESTOR SUMMIT ON CLIMATE RISK

Raquel Zabala, Julio 2014

Third UN World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction

Cuarta Sesin de la Plataforma Regional para la Reduccin del Riesgo de

Resultado de la cuarta sesin de la Plataforma Regional para la Reduccin del Riesgo

Raquel Zabala, Julio 2014

Informe de Evaluacin Global sobre

Evaluacin Global sobre la

Los riesgos ocultos de la globalizacin econmica

De la gestin de desastres a la gestin del riesgo

Raquel Zabala, Julio 2014

Raquel Zabala, Julio 2014

Raquel Zabala, Julio 2014

Raquel Zabala, Julio 2014

Raquel Zabala, Julio 2014

Impacto de los desastres en Amrica Latina y el Caribe, 1990-2011

Disaster Data & Statistics

Raquel Zabala, Julio 2014

WMO Disaster Risk

WMO Disaster Risk Reduction Programme

Disaster Risk Financing

Atlas of Mortality and Economic Losses from Weather,

Atlas of Mortality and Economic

Raquel Zabala, Julio 2014

Raquel Zabala, Julio 2014

UNDP releases "Financing for Resilience" report on harmonising humanitarian,

Multi-Partner Trust Fund Office

Raquel Zabala, Julio 2014

WORLD BANK TREASURY

Raquel Zabala, Julio 2014

Peligros naturales, desastres evitables

MEMORNDUM PARA UN MINISTRO DE FINANZAS PREOCUPADO

2. Midiendo los muchos efectos de los desastres

3. La prevencin por parte de los individuos

4. La prevencin por parte de los gobiernos

6. Nuevos desafos? Ciudades emergentes, cambio climtico y catstrofes naturales

MEMORNDUM PARA UN CIUDADANO PREOCUPADO 229

Raquel Zabala, Julio 2014

Raquel Zabala, Julio 2014

Crear Resiliencia mediante la integracin de los

Building resilience : integrating climate and disaster risk into

Raquel Zabala, Julio 2014

Raquel Zabala, Julio 2014

Financial and Social Protection

Raquel Zabala, Julio 2014

Financiando el Cambio Climtico Presentacin

Gestin del riesgo de desastres para un desarrollo con capacidad de adaptacin

Raquel Zabala, Julio 2014

The Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change

Managing Agricultural Production Risk - Innovations in Developing Countries

Raquel Zabala, Julio 2014

INFORME SOBRE EL DESARROLLO MUNDIAL (IDM) 2014

Al describir un enfoque holstico, el IDM 2014 concluye que la administracin

Raquel Zabala, Julio 2014

Climate Risk and Business

Raquel Zabala, Julio 2014

Scaling Up Access to Finance for

Raquel Zabala, Julio 2014

GLOBAL FACILITY FOR DISASTER REDUCTION AND RECOVERY (GFDRR)