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The _Temp, Humidity & Dew Point_ ONA (Often Needed Answers)
Table-of-contents:
1) Introduction.
2) Formulae.
3) Examples.
4) Net Readings & Paper-Based Literature.
5) Committment.
6) Outlook.
7) Signature.
1)
Introduction:
The real world outside is not closed, so that the air normally will
contain less vapour as it could. Sources of vapour are evaporation
processes from soil-, water- and ice surfaces, transpiration from
plants
and respiration from animals. The expression "evapotranspiration"
takes into consideration plants' large share of evaporation over
land areas.
2)Formulae:
For some people skipping this and going directly to the examples
would be the most rewarding. Especially as they treat the
conversion
of relative humidity and psychrometer temperatures. (BeK)
RH = 100% * e/es(T)
e = es(Td)
so RH becomes
RH = 100% * es(Td)/es(T)
In other words: if you have a parcel of air and cool it until the
water vapor in it condenses, then you have reached the saturation
point.
At this point you will measure the same vapour pressure as in your
original air probe.
Some more elaborate expressions follow here:
There are some simple and more complicated formulas for the
saturation vapour pressure at a given temperature.
A = 19.65
Tw= 273 K
Or:
TA
( )
es = 6.1078 × 10 T +B
temperature in C
So, once you have the dewpoint temperature you can establish
the
actual ambient vapour pressure. But in order to do this, you need
to
find the dewpoint temperature. And this is easier written than
done.
3. Dewpoint temperature
s = cp * P / Lv / epsilon
cp= air's specific heat at constant pressure
P = atmospheric pressure (this can change, can it not!)
Lv= latent heat of water (slightly temperature dependent!)
Only epsilon is really constant 0.62197 (normally taken to be
0.622).
Wet Bulb
Vapour Pressure
Dew Point (P365, Smithsonian for first part)
Ew - e
------- = .000660 (1 + .00115*Tw)
P(T-Tw)
Therefore:
C = log (e/6.1078)
10
Then:
C Td + C B = A Td
B*C
Td = --- Dew point in degrees C
A-C
where A = 7.5
B = 237.3
vapor pressure
/
e grams water
W = 0.622 -------- -------------
P-e grams dry air
\ |
total pressure |
Thus 12 g/kg comes out
as .012
vapor pressure
/
Tv = T /( 1 - 0.378 * e/P )
\
total pressure
The virtual temperature, Tv, takes into account that water vapour
weighs less than air. Therefore moist air is less dense than dry air
at the same temperature. So, if you could warm up the dry air to
the
temperature at which it has reached the same density as the
moist air
has at the actual temperature, you need to reach the virtual
temperature.
The following formula is not exact (but as e is normally much
smaller
than P, the error is negligible).
Tv = T * (1 + 0.378*e/P )
CAUTIONS:
Good psychrometers
a) Air velocity
In wetting the wet bulb, use distilled water. Salty scale on your
"sock" can change the vapor pressure, and will really mess
measurements near zero. Use enough water to hit steady-state
conditions well before you start to dry out.
Don't get anything but the wet bulb wet. Getting the radiation shield
or the thermal insulation wet will introduce errors.
Keep direct sunlight off. A great way to pump heat into your
"adiabatic" system. Don't ever paint the outside black. Many
commercial humidity meters are a pretty black finish. They will be
sensitive to indirect sunlight (and other radiative sources). Humidity
measurements are VERY sensitive to temperature!
Thomas Prüfer
Wet bulb temperature is really defined by the psychrometer and is
not
an atmospheric water vapor property (compared with Td which has
a firm
definition)!!!! The above computations assume the standard
psychrometer equation, but the psychrometer constant (0.00066*P
in
kPa/C) is a theoretical value that is not always matched even by
very
good psychrometers. PLEASE note this psychrometer constant
depends
directly on atmospheric pressure so it's value is not a "universal"
constant!
Terry Howell
NET readings:
http://www.uswcl.ars.ag.gov/exper/relhumeq.htm
http://nwselp.epcc.edu/elp/rhsc.html
http://storm.atmos.uiuc.edu/covis2/visualizer/help/general/rh.dwp.ht
ml
3)
Examples
Pieter:
Your problem can be solved explicitly using the methods from Jensen
et
al. (1990) ASCE Manual No. 70 (see pages 176 & 177) using the
following steps and equations:
1) compute e as [es(T)*rH/100]
where es(T) = 0.611*EXP(17.27*T/(T+237.3)) in kPa
T is drybulb temp in C
e = (rH/100)* 0.611*EXP(17.27*T/(T+237.3))
where e is ambient vapor pressure in kPa
For example:
T = 25C
rH = 50%
assume elev is sea level and P = 100 kPa.
2) Td = [116.9+237.3*ln(1.30)]/[16.78-ln(1.30)] = 13.85 C
CHECK ANSWER:
Thus,
ERROR e = [(1.64 - 1.58)/1.58]*100 = 3.1%
ERROR Tw = [(18.2-17.95)/17.95]*100 = 1.4%
Answer
(I shall find a formula in SI units, please be patient, BeK)
pw = psf - p * A * (T - Tw)
pw = psf - k (T - Tw)
phi = pw/psf
Higher temperatures:
Tw about 60 C: k is about 0.52
Tw about 80 C: k is about 0.53
First: This air pressure that you have, is actually the total pressure,
i.e. it is the sum of the pressure of the dry air (pair) PLUS the share
from the water vapour (e).
Then calculate the saturation pressure (es) from one of the formulas
given
above.
Then multiply by the relative humidity (rh). This gives you the
ambient
water vapour pressure, (e).
R
L e
rho = --- -----------------
R p + e(R / R - 1)
V L V
WHERE:
R / R = 0.62197 (see the example for the mixing ratio)
L V
Hi Tom --
Here it is:
Td = B / ln(A * 0.622 / W / p)
where:
B = 5420 K
A = 2.53 E8 kPa
e
W = 0.622 -------
P-e
and transform it with the formulas for the Saturation vapor pressure
(es),
resulting in:
w0 * p
rH = ----------------
es(T)*(1 + w0)
where:
p is the total measured pressure and
w0 is the specific humidity (w) at the start of the run, which is
supposed to stay constant.
To give an example with the same starting conditions as in the
example
above, see the following table:
rel.
err. w' rh' es(T) T
1.1% 0.016 60% 2.645 22
1.3% 0.016 56% 2.810 23
1.4% 0.016 53% 2.985 24
1.6% 0.016 50% 3.169 25
1.8% 0.016 47% 3.363 26
2.1% 0.016 44% 3.567 27
2.3% 0.016 42% 3.781 28
As you can see w' equals w0, but the relative humidity changes of
course.
NB
By now you should be able to solve your undergraduate humidity
calculations
really by yourselves. But, looking at the text for the mixing ratio,
given
above, most of you could have gained knowledge of this formula by
yourselves, I guess.
4)
NET readings :
http://covis2.atmos.uiuc.edu/guide/wmaps/general/rhdef.html
http://njnie.dl.stevens-tech.edu/curriculum/oceans/rel.html
http://www.mtc.com.my/fpub/lib/drying/ch11.htm
Literature hints:
For the book and paper aficionados of the readers check out this:
5)
Committment:
This ONA was collected and provided to you by Bernd Kuemmel
(bek@kvl.dk).
Yours sincerely
Bernd Kuemmel
6)
Outlook:
None-so-far
7)
Signature:
Bernd Kuemmel + bek@less.xy-gene.kvl.dk + VOX: (+45) 35 28
35 33
AgroEcology Group, RVAU/KVL, Agrovej 10, DK-2630 Taastrup
Disclaimer: They do not necessarily agree with all this.