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local maximum:
dy
d y
goes (+,0,) or (+,und,) or 2 <0
dx
dx
2
Basic Derivatives
d n
x nx n1
dx
d
sin x cos x
dx
d
cos x sin x
dx
d
tan x sec2 x
dx
d
cot x csc2 x
dx
d
sec x sec x tan x
dx
d
csc x csc x cot x
dx
d
1 du
ln u
dx
u dx
d u
du
e eu
dx
dx
where u is a function of x,
and a is a constant.
More Derivatives
d
u
1
du
sin 1
2
2 dx
dx
a
a u
d
1
cos 1 x
dx
1 x2
d
u
a
du
tan 1 2
2
dx
a
a u dx
d
1
cot 1 x
dx
1 x2
d
u
a
du
sec1
2
2
dx
a
u u a dx
d
1
csc 1 x
dx
x x2 1
d u x
du
u x
a
a ln a
dx
dx
AP CALCULUS
Stuff you MUST know Cold
Differentiation Rules
Chain Rule
d
du
dy dy du
f (u ) f '(u ) dx OR dx du dx
dx
f ( x)dx
d
du
dv
(uv)
vu
OR u ' v uv '
dx
dx
dx
2 f ( xn 1 ) f ( xn )]
f ( x)dx
1
3
x[ f ( x0 ) 4 f ( x1 ) 2 f ( x2 ) ...
2 f ( xn 2 ) 4 f ( xn 1 ) f ( xn )]
Quotient Rule
d u
dx v
v u
v2
dv
dx
OR
u ' v uv '
v2
PLUS A CONSTANT
The Fundamental Theorem of
Calculus
[ f ( x0 ) 2 f ( x1 ) ...
Simpsons Rule
Product Rule
du
dx
1 ba
2 n
f ( x)dx F (b) F (a )
where F '( x) f ( x)
Corollary to FTC
d b( x)
f (t )dt
dx a ( x )
f (b( x))b '( x) f ( a( x))a '( x)
Intermediate Value Theorem
If the function f(x) is continuous on [a, b],
and y is a number between f(a) and f(b),
then there exists at least one number x= c
in the open interval (a, b) such that
f (c ) y .
f (c )
(b a )
This value f(c) is the average value of the
function on the interval [a, b].
x b
x a
R( x)
dx
Washer Method
V
R ( x)
r ( x)
dx
V Area ( x) dx
a
x '(t ) y '(t )
2
dt
velocity =
*velocity vector =
dx dy
,
dt dt
Rolles Theorem
f ( x)dx
distance =
tf
v dt
final time
initial time v dt
tf
( x ') 2 ( y ') 2 dt *
average velocity =
final position initial position
total time
x
=
t
d
1
log a x
dx
x ln a
f (a) 0
or ,
If
g (b) 0
f ( x)
f '( x)
lim
then lim
x a g ( x )
x a g '( x)
Eulers Method
dy
If given that dx f ( x, y ) and that
the solution passes through (xo, yo),
y ( xo ) yo
M
y ( xn ) y ( xn1 ) f ( xn1 , yn1 ) x
In other words:
xnew xold x
ynew yold
lim
k
u=LIPET)
ln x dx x ln x x C
Taylor Series
If the function f is smooth at x =
a, then it can be approximated by
the nth degree polynomial
f ( x ) f (a) f '( a)( x a )
f ''(a )
( x a)2 K
2!
f ( n ) (a)
( x a)n .
n!
Maclaurin Series
A Taylor Series about x = 0 is
called Maclaurin.
x 2 x3
e x 1 x K
2! 3!
2
x
x4
cos x 1 K
2! 4!
x3 x5
sin x x K
3! 5!
Integral of Log
dy dy / d
dx dx / d
d
d r sin
d
d r cos
Ratio Test
dy
x
dx xold , yold
udv uv vdu
Integration by Parts
1
2
ak 1
1
ak
M
n 1
xc
n 1 !
k 1
Values of Trigonometric
Functions for Common Angles
sin
0
1
2
tan
0
2
2
3
2
cos
1
3
2
2
2
1
2
3
3
1
3
Trig Identities
Double Argument
sin 2 x 2sin x cos x
cos 2 x cos 2 x sin 2 x 1 2sin 2 x
1
cos 2 x 1 cos 2 x
2
1
1 cos 2 x
2
Pythagorean
sin 2 x cos 2 x 1
(others are easily derivable by
dividing by sin2x or cos2x)
1 tan 2 x sec 2 x
sin 2 x
cot 2 x 1 csc 2 x
Reciprocal
1
sec x
or cos x sec x 1
cos x
1
csc x
or sin x csc x 1
sin x
Odd-Even
sin(x) = sin x (odd)
cos(x) = cos x
(even)
Some more handy INTEGRALS:
1
1 x x 2 x3 K
1 x
x 2 x3 x 4
ln( x 1) x K
2 3 4
a ar ar 2 ar 3 K ar n 1 K ar n 1
n 1
a
if |r|<1
1 r
tan x dx ln sec x C
ln cos x C