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ABSTRACT : The concept of teaching is the fundamental study of student’s cognitive action. In this paper a
Trapezoidal Fuzzy Assessment model (TFAM) is developed for teaching assessment. The TFAM is a new
variation of a special form, which is used in Fuzzy mathematics centre of gravity(COG) defuzzification
technique. The TFAM’s new idea is the replacement of the rectangles appearing in the graph of the COG
method by isosceles trapezoids sharing common parts, thus covering the ambiguous cases of teachers’ scores
being at the limits between two successive grades (e.g between A and B). A classroom application is also
presented in which the outcomes of the COG and TFAM methods are compared with those of other traditional
assessment methods (calculation of means and GPA index) and explanations are provided for the differences
appeared among these outcomes .
Keywords : Teaching assessment, GPA index, fuzzy sets, centre of gravity(COG) defuzzification technique,
trapezoidal fuzzy assessment model(TFAM).
I. Introduction
The concept of teaching is fundamental to the study of student cognitive action. But while everyone
knows in general what teaching is, to give the clear idea about complicated proofs. This basically happens
because it is very difficult for someone to understand the way in which the students’ mind works, and therefore
to describe the mechanisms of the acquisition of the knowledge by the individual. The problem is getting even
harder by taking into consideration the fact that these mechanism, although they appear to have some common
general characteristics, they actually differ in details from person to person.
From[1] A.H.Sequeira says that “Teaching is a set of events, outside the learners which are designed to
support internal process of learning. Teaching (instruction) is outside the learners. Learning is internal to
learners. You cannot motivate others if you are not self –motivated. Motives are not seen, but behavior are
seen. Teaching is a both motive and behavior.
There are many theories and models developed by psychologists and education researchers for the
description of the mechanisms of teaching. From [2] Dr.Graeme Aitken argued that teaching basically consists
of which focuses on how teacher teach and on student results. An alternative view of teaching effectiveness that
incorporates style and outcomes within an inquiry based frame work. The following statements illustrate the
view of teaching effectiveness.
1. Teaching effectiveness is determined by what student is achieve.
2. The comparative effectiveness of teachers is best determined by comparing the achievements of the
students they teach.
3. The comparative effectiveness of teachers is best determined by comparing the added value they
contribute to the achievements of the students they teach.
The knowledge that teachers have about various concepts is usually imperfect characterized by different
degree of depth. From the student’s point of view on the other hand there exists vagueness about the degree of
teachers’ success in each stage of the teaching process. All these gave us the impulsion in earlier papers to
introduce principles of fuzzy logic in order to achieve a better and more realistic representing of the process of
teaching. We used [3] fuzzy logic system for assessing teachers’ mathematics teaching skills. We applied [4] the
centroid defuzzification technique that would be enable us to compare the teaching skills of teacher groups at
the each stage of the teaching process. Later we also used [5] the Triangular fuzzy model for assessing the
teachers’ mathematics teaching skills.
In this paper is the expansion of an introduced [6],[7] Trapezoidal fuzzy model for teaching
assessment(TFAM). In section 2 we render a brief account of fuzzy logic in the teaching process. A particular
emphasis is given in this section to the description of a special form of the COG technique, which is actually the
basis for the development of the TFAM. In section 3 we describe in detail the TFAM., while in section 4 we
present a classroom application illustrating our results in practice. In this application, apart from the fuzzy, we
also use traditional methods for teaching assessment (calculation of means, GPA index) and we compare their
outcomes with those of the COG and the TFAM methods.
For general facts on fuzzy sets and logic we refer to the book[9],[10],[11].
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Fuzzy Models For Teaching…
It is well known (e.g. see[13]) that the coordinates of the COG, say of the level’s area S are
calculated by the formulas:
Taking into account the situation presented by figure 1 and equation (1) it is straightforward to check that in our
case formulas (2) can be transformed to the form:
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Fuzzy Models For Teaching…
(3)
In fact, is the area of S which is in our case is equal to
Also
Now using elementary algebraic inequalities it is easy to check that there is a unique minimum for
corresponding COG (an analogous process for TFAM is described in detail in section 3). Further, the
ideal case is when = Then from formulas (3) we get and
Therefore the COG in this case is the point On the other hand the worst case is when and
. Then from formulas (3) we find that the COG is the point . Therefore the
COG of the level’s section F lies in the area of the triangle
Then by elementary geometric observations (an analogous process for TFAM is described in detail in section
3) one can obtain the following criterion:
Between two faculty groups the group with the bigger performs better.
If the two groups have the same , then the group with the bigger performs better.
If the two groups have the same , then the group with the lower performs better.
Recently we [5] developed a new variation of the COG method for teaching assessment, which they called
Triangular Fuzzy Model(TFM). The main idea of TFM is to replace the rectangles appearing in the graph of
the COG method (figure 1) by isosceles triangles sharing common parts, so that to cover the ambiguous cases
of faculty scores being at the limits between two successive grades.
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Fuzzy Models For Teaching…
case we have = Also, since the abscissa of the COG of each trapezoid is equal to the abscissa
of the midpoint of its base, it is easy to observe that
4.We consider the system of COG’s i= 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and we calculate the coordinates ( of the COG
of the whole area S considered in figure 2 by the following formulas ,derived from the commonly used in
such a cases definition(e.g. see [15]):
(4).
In formulas (4) ,I = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 denote the areas of the corresponding trapezoids. Thus
and
Therefore, from formulas(4) we finally get that
(5)
5.We determine the area of COG lies as follows: For I j = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, we have that
, therefore , with the equality holding if, and only if .
Therefore
+2
=5 (6),
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Fuzzy Models For Teaching…
with the equality holding if, and only if, = = In the case equality the first of
formulas (5) gives that .
Further, combining the inequality (6) with the second of formulas(5) one finds that . Therefore the
unique minimum for corresponds to COG . The ideal case is when =
= . Then from formulas (5) we get that and . Therefore the COG in
this case is the point (33, ). On the other hand, the worst case is when = 1 and = .
Then from formulas (3), we find that the COG is the point (5, ). Therefore the area where the COG lies
in the area of the triangle (see figure 3)
1/2 Fw Fi
F2' F2
F1' F1
1/10
Fm
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Fuzzy Models For Teaching…
85,85,75,77,79 ,60,61,63,51,51,50,40,42.
Department 2(D2- Business administration):
90,84,82,74,73,70,59,58,48,45,45.
The results of the faculties’ performance are summarized in table 1 below:
Table 1: Results of D1and D2
Grade D1 D2
A 2 1
B 3 2
C 3 3
D 3 2
F 2 3
Total 13 11
The evaluation of the above results will be performed below using both traditional methods, based on principles
of the classical (bivalent) logic, and fuzzy logic methods.
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Fuzzy Models For Teaching…
In paragraphs 4.1 and 4.2 we have applied four in total methods for learning assessment. The
first of these methods measures the mean performances of a faculty group, while the other three methods (GPA,
COG, TFAM) measure its quality performance by assessing greater coefficients (weights) to the higher scores.
The coefficients attached to the ’s in these three methods – see formula(7) and the first of formulas (3) and (5)
respectively are present in the following table 2:
References
[1] http://ssrn.com/abstract 2150166.
[2] http://www.tki.org.nz/r/governance/ftpp/module2/index_e.php., Gr.Aitken,s The inquiring teacher: clarifying the conceptof
teaching effectiveness
[3] N.Sarala, R.Kavitha, Model Of Mathematics Teaching: A Fuzzy Set Approach
[4] International organization of scientific research – journal of mathematics ,Jan-Feb 2015,Vol.11,Ver.1 Issue 1, 19-22.
N.Sarala, R.Kavitha, Application of centroid technique and fuzzy measure for measuring mathematics teaching
skill,International Journal ofSscience and Research , March 2015, Vol 4 Issue 3,1749-1755
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mathematics trends and technology, June 2015, Vol 22, No 1,9-12.
[6] Subbotin, I.Ya. Trapezoidal Fuzzy logic model for learning assessment, ar XIV 1407.0823[Math .GM], submitted on July 2014.
[7] Subbotin, I.Ya, Michael Gr.k Voskoglou, fuzzy Models for learning assessment
[8] Models of mathematics teaching – CCSU www.math.ccsu.edu/.../ models of mathematics Tea.
[9] Klir. G.j & folger,t.a. (1988), Fuzzy sets and uncertainty and information, Prentice Hall London.
[10] Klir. G.j/bo yuan, Fuzzy sets and fuzzy logic, Theory and applications, Prentice Hall London.(2010)
[11] h.j. zimmermann, Fuzzy set theory and its applications, Fourth edition, Springer, New Delhi.
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modeling approach, International journal of advance engineering and research development, Volume 1, Issue 3, April 2014,1-6.
[13] Wikipedia, Center of mass: Definition, available in the Web at:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/center of mass#definition.
[14] Wikipedia, Trapezoid: Other properties, available in the Web at:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/trapezoid# other properties 15.
[15] Wikipedia, Center of mass: A system of particles, available in the Web at:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/center of mass#A system
of particles.
[16] Grade point average assessment, available in the web at: http://www.swinburne.edu.au/student-
[17] administration/assessment/gpa.html.
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