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UNIT-IV
Waveequationsforconducting&perfectdielectricmedia
Uniformplanewaves&relationsb/wE&Handsinusoidalvariations
Wavepropagation:Inlosslessandconductingmedia
polarization

Sm

ar
tz

or

ld
.

co

Wavepropagation:Ingoodconductorsandgooddielectrics

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Waveequations:
TheMaxwell'sequationsinthedifferentialform

co

Letusconsiderasourcefreeuniformmediumhavingdielectricconstant ,magnetic
permeability andconductivity .Theabovesetofequationscanbewrittenas

or

ld
.

Usingthevectoridentity,

Sm

Substituting
from1

ar
tz

Wecanwritefrom2

Butinsourcefree(

)medium(eq3)

Inthesamemannerforequationeqn1

Since
fromeqn4,wecanwrite

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Thesetwoequations

areknownaswaveequations.
Uniform plane waves: A uniform plane wave is a particular solution of Maxwell's equation
assuming electric field (and magnetic field) has same magnitude and phase in infinite planes

perpendiculartothedirectionofpropagation.Itmaybenotedthatinthestrictsenseauniform

co

plane wave doesn't exist in practice as creation of such waves are possible with sources of
infiniteextent.However,atlargedistancesfromthesource,thewavefrontorthesurfaceofthe

ld
.

constant phase becomes almost spherical and a small portion of this large sphere can be

or

consideredtoplane.Thecharacteristicsofplanewavesaresimpleandusefulforstudyingmany
practicalscenarios

LetusconsideraplanewavewhichhasonlyExcomponentandpropagatingalongz.Sincethe

ar
tz

planewavewillhavenovariationalongtheplaneperpendiculartoz

.TheHelmholtz'sequationreducesto,

Sm

i.e.,xyplane,

.........................................................................(1)

Thesolutiontothisequationcanbewrittenas

............................................................(2)

aretheamplitudeconstants(canbedeterminedfromboundaryconditions).

Inthetimedomain,
.............................(3)
assuming

arerealconstants.

Here,
representstheforwardtravelingwave.Theplotof
severalvaluesoftisshownintheFigurebelow

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for

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Figure:Planewavetravelinginthe+zdirection

Ascanbeseenfromthefigure,atsuccessivetimes,thewavetravelsinthe+zdirection.

,zalsoshouldincreaseto

sothat

or

Or,

ld
.

Thenweseethatastisincreasedto

co

Ifwefixourattentiononaparticularpointorphaseonthewave(asshownbythedot)i.e.,
constant

ar
tz

When

Or,

=phasevelocity

Sm

wewrite

.....................................(4)

Ifthemediuminwhichthewaveispropagatingisfreespacei.e.,

Then
Where'C'isthespeedoflight.ThatisplaneEMwavetravelsinfreespacewiththespeedoflight.
Thewavelength
referencepoints).

isdefinedasthedistancebetweentwosuccessivemaxima(orminimaoranyother

i.e.,
or,
or,

Substituting

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................................(5)

or,
Thuswavelength

alsorepresentsthedistancecoveredinoneoscillationofthewave.Similarly,
representsaplanewavetravelinginthezdirection.

Theassociatedmagneticfieldcanbefoundasfollows:

ld
.

co

From(6.4),

............(6)

ar
tz

or

where

istheintrinsicimpedanceofthemedium.

Sm

Whenthewavetravelsinfreespace

istheintrinsicimpedanceofthefreespace.

Inthetimedomain,

...........(7)
Whichrepresentsthemagneticfieldofthewavetravelinginthe+zdirection.
Forthenegativetravelingwave,

...........(8)
Fortheplanewavesdescribed,boththeE&Hfieldsareperpendiculartothedirectionofpropagation,
andthesewavesarecalledTEM(transverseelectromagnetic)waves.

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TheE&HfieldcomponentsofaTEMwaveisshowninFigbelow

PoyntingVectorandPowerFlowinElectromagneticFields:

Figure:E&Hfieldsofaparticularplanewaveattimet.

co

Electromagneticwavescantransportenergyfromonepointtoanotherpoint.Theelectricandmagnetic
fieldintensitiesasscociatedwithatravellingelectromagneticwavecanberelatedtotherateofsuch
energytransfer.

ar
tz

Usingvectoridentity

or

ld
.

LetusconsiderMaxwell'sCurlEquations:

Sm

theabovecurlequationswecanwrite

.............................................(1)
Insimplemediumwhere

and

areconstant,wecanwrite

and

ApplyingDivergencetheoremwecanwrite,

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...........................(2)

Theterm

representstherateofchangeofenergystoredintheelectricand

magneticfieldsandtheterm
representsthepowerdissipationwithinthevolume.Henceright
handsideoftheequation(6.36)representsthetotaldecreaseinpowerwithinthevolumeunder
consideration.

Thelefthandsideofequation(6.36)canbewrittenas
where
(W/mt2)iscalledthePoyntingvectoranditrepresentsthepowerdensityvectorassociatedwiththe
electromagneticfield.TheintegrationofthePoyntingvectoroveranyclosedsurfacegivesthenetpower
flowingoutofthesurface.Equation(6.36)isreferredtoasPoyntingtheoremanditstatesthatthenet
powerflowingoutofagivenvolumeisequaltothetimerateofdecreaseintheenergystoredwithinthe
volumeminustheconductionlosses.

co

Poyntingvectorforthetimeharmoniccase:

,andwehaveseenthatinstantaneousvalue

Fortimeharmoniccase,thetimevariationisoftheform

isusedas

ar
tz

thenwecanwritetheinstanteneousfieldas

when

or

ld
.

ofaquantityistherealpartoftheproductofaphasorquantityand
reference.Forexample,ifweconsiderthephasor

.................................(1)

Sm

whenE0isreal.
LetusconsidertwoinstanteneousquantitiesAandBsuchthat
..................(2)

whereAandBarethephasorquantities.
i.e,

Therefore,

..............................(3)
SinceAandBareperiodicwithperiod
by

canbewrittenas

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,thetimeaveragevalueoftheproductformAB,denoted

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.....................................(4)
Further,consideringthephasorquantitiesAandB,wefindthat

and

,where*denotescomplexconjugate.

..............................................(5)
canbeexpressedas

Thepoyntingvector

co

...................................(6)
component,

or

ld
.

Ifweconsideraplaneelectromagneticwavepropagatingin+zdirectionandhasonly
from(6.42)wecanwrite:

where

Sm

ar
tz

Using(6)

and

........................................(7)

,fortheplanewaveunderconsideration.

Forageneralcase,wecanwrite

.....................(8)
WecandefineacomplexPoyntingvector

andtimeaverageoftheinstantaneousPoyntingvectorisgivenby

Polarisationofplanewave:Thepolarisationofaplanewavecanbedefinedastheorientationofthe
electricfieldvectorasafunctionoftimeatafixedpointinspace.Foranelectromagneticwave,the
specificationoftheorientationoftheelectricfieldissufficentasthemagneticfieldcomponentsare
relatedtoelectricfieldvectorbytheMaxwell'sequations.
Letusconsideraplanewavetravellinginthe+zdirection.ThewavehasbothExandEycomponents.

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..........................................(1)
Thecorrespondingmagneticfieldsaregivenby,

DependinguponthevaluesofEoxandEoywecanhaveseveralpossibilities:
2.IfEoy=0,thenthewaveislinearlypolarisedinthey-direction.

1.IfEoy=0,thenthewaveislinearlypolarisedinthex-direction.

co

3.IfEoxandEoyarebothreal(orcomplexwithequalphase),onceagainwegetalinearlypolarisedwave
,withrespecttothexaxis.Thisisshownin

Sm

ar
tz

or

ld
.

withtheaxisofpolarisationinclinedatanangle
fig1below

Fig1:LinearPolarisation

4.IfEoxandEoyarecomplexwithdifferentphaseangles,
Thisisexplainedasfollows:

willnotpointtoasinglespatialdirection.

Let

Then,

and

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....................................(2)

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Tokeepthethingssimple,letusconsidera=0and
fieldonthez=0plain.

.Further,letusstudythenatureoftheelectric

Fromequation(2)wefindthat,

.....................................(3)

andtheelectricfieldvectoratz=0canbewrittenas

,theplotof

forvariousvaluesoftishowninfigure2

Sm

ar
tz

or

Assuming

ld
.

co

.............................................(4)

Figure2:PlotofE(o,t)
Fromequation(6.47)andfigure(6.5)weobservethatthetipofthearrowrepresentingelectricfieldvector
tracesqnellipseandthefieldissaidtobeellipticallypolarised.

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Figure3:Polarisationellipse

co

Thepolarisationellipseshowninfigure3isdefinedbyitsaxialratio(M/N,theratioofsemimajorto
semiminoraxis),tiltangle (orientationwithrespecttoxaxis)andsenseofrotation(i.e.,CWorCCW).
Linearpolarisationcanbetreatedasaspecialcaseofellipticalpolarisation,forwhichtheaxialratiois
infinite.

Sm

ar
tz

or

ld
.

,fromequationthetipofthearrowrepresentingelectricfieldvectortraces
Inourexample,if
outacircle.SuchacaseisreferredtoasCircularPolarisation.Forcircularpolarisationtheaxialratiois
unity

Figure5:CircularPolarisation(RHCP)

Further,thecircularpolarisationisasidetoberighthandedcircularpolarisation(RHCP)iftheelectricfield
vectorrotatesinthedirectionofthefingersoftherighthandwhenthethumbpointsinthedirectionof
propagation(sameandCCW).Iftheelectricfieldvectorrotatesintheoppositedirection,thepolarisation
isasidtobelefthandcircularpolarisation(LHCP)(sameasCW).InAMradiobroadcast,theradiated
electromagneticwaveislinearlypolarisedwiththe fieldverticaltotheground(verticalpolarisation)
whereasTVsignalsarehorizontallypolarisedwaves.FMbroadcastisusuallycarriedoutusingcircularly
polarisedwaves.Inradiocommunication,differentinformationsignalscanbetransmittedatthesame
frequencyatorthogonalpolarisation(onesignalasverticallypolarisedotherhorizontallypolarisedorone
asRHCPwhiletheotherasLHCP)toincreasecapacity.Otherwise,samesignalcanbetransmittedat
orthogonalpolarisationtoobtaindiversitygaintoimprovereliabilityoftransmission.
BehaviourofPlanewavesattheintefaceoftwomedia:Wehaveconsideredthepropagationof
uniformplanewavesinanunboundedhomogeneousmedium.Inpractice,thewavewillpropagatein
boundedregionswhereseveralvaluesof
willbepresent.Whenplanewavetravellinginone

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mediummeetsadifferentmedium,itispartlyreflectedandpartlytransmitted.Inthissection,weconsider
wavereflectionandtransmissionatplanarboundarybetweentwomedia.

Fig6:NormalIncidenceataplaneboundary

Case1:Letz=0planerepresenttheinterfacebetweentwomedia.Medium1ischaracterisedby

co

andmedium2ischaracterizedby
.Letthesubscripts'i'denotesincident,'r'
denotesreflectedand't'denotestransmittedfieldcomponentsrespectively.

or

ld
.

Theincidentwaveisassumedtobeaplanewavepolarizedalongxandtravellinginmedium1along
direction.Fromequation(6.24)wecanwrite

where

ar
tz

..................(1)

and

......................(2)

Sm

Becauseofthepresenceofthesecondmediumatz=0,theincidentwavewillundergopartialreflection
andpartialtransmission.Thereflectedwavewilltravelalong

inmedium1.

Thereflectedfieldcomponentsare:
...............................................(3)

.........(4)
Thetransmittedwavewilltravelinmedium2along

forwhichthefieldcomponentsare

............................................(5)

............................................(6)

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and

Sm

ar
tz

or

ld
.

co

where

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Inmedium1,
and
andinmedium2,
and
Applyingboundaryconditionsattheinterfacez=0,i.e.,continuityoftangentialfieldcomponentsand
notingthatincident,reflectedandtransmittedfieldcomponentsaretangentialattheboundary,wecan
write

&
Fromequation3to6weget,

co

................................................................(7)

..............................................................(8)

or

ld
.

EliminatingEto,

or,

ar
tz

or,

...............(8)

Sm

iscalledthereflectioncoefficient.
Fromequation(8),wecanwrite

or,

........................................(9)
iscalledthetransmissioncoefficient.
Weobservethat,

........................................(10)

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Thefollowingmaybenoted
(i)both andTaredimensionlessandmaybecomplex
(ii)
Letusnowconsiderspecificcases:
CaseI:Normalincidenceonaplaneconductingboundary
andmedium2isperfectlyconducting

From(9)and(10)
=1

ld
.

andT=0

co

Themedium1isperfectdielectric

or

Hencethewaveisnottransmittedtomedium2,itgetsreflectedentirelyfromtheinterfacetothemedium
1.

.................................(11)

ar
tz

&

Proceedinginthesamemannerforthemagneticfieldinregion1,wecanshowthat,

Sm

...................................................................................(12)

Thewaveinmedium1thusbecomesastandingwaveduetothesuperpositionofaforwardtravelling
waveandabackwardtravellingwave.Foragiven't',both
measuredfromz=0.Thisisshowninfigure6.9.

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and

varysinusoidallywithdistance

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Figure7:Generationofstandingwave

co

ZeroesofE1(z,t)andMaximaofH1(z,t).

ar
tz

or

ld
.

MaximaofE1(z,t)andzeroesofH1(z,t).

Case2:Normalincidenceonaplanedielectricboundary:Ifthemedium2isnotaperfect

Sm

conductor(i.e.
)partialreflectionwillresult.Therewillbeareflectedwaveinthemedium1anda
transmittedwaveinthemedium2.Becauseofthereflectedwave,standingwaveisformedinmedium1.
Fromequation(10)andequation(13)wecanwrite
..................(14)

Letusconsiderthescenariowhenboththemediaaredissipationlessi.e.perfectdielectrics(
)

..................(15)
Inthiscaseboth

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and

becomerealnumbers.

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..................(16)
From(6.61),wecanseethat,inmedium1wehaveatravelingwavecomponentwithamplitudeTEioand
astandingwavecomponentwithamplitude2JEio.Thelocationofthemaximumandtheminimumofthe
electricandmagneticfieldcomponentsinthemedium1fromtheinterfacecanbefoundasfollows.The
electricfieldinmedium1canbewrittenas
..................(17)
If

i.e.

>0

Themaximumvalueoftheelectricfieldis
..................(18)

ld
.

co

andthisoccurswhen

,n=0,1,2,3.......................(19)

is

ar
tz

Theminimumvalueof

or

or

Sm

Andthisoccurswhen

or

For

i.e.

,n=0,1,2,3.............................(21)

<0

Themaximumvalueof
is

.................(20)

is

whichoccursatthezminlocationsandtheminimumvalueof

whichoccursatzmaxlocationsasgivenbytheequations(6.64)and(6.66).

Fromourdiscussionssofarweobservethat

canbewrittenas

.................(22)
ThequantitySiscalledasthestandingwaveratio.
As

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therangeofSisgivenby

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From(6.62),wecanwritetheexpressionforthemagneticfieldinmedium1as

.................(23)
From(6.68)wefindthat
willbemaximumatlocationswhere
Inmedium2,thetransmittedwavepropagatesinthe+zdirection.

isminimumandviceversa.

ObliqueIncidenceofEMwaveataninterface:Sofarwehavediscussthecaseofnormalincidence
whereelectromagneticwavetravelinginalosslessmediumimpingesnormallyattheinterfaceofa
secondmedium.Inthissectionweshallconsiderthecaseofobliqueincidence.Asbefore,weconsider
twocases
i.

Whenthesecondmediumisaperfectconductor.

ii.

Whenthesecondmediumisaperfectdielectric.

Aplaneincidenceisdefinedastheplanecontainingthevectorindicatingthedirectionofpropagationof
theincidentwaveandnormaltotheinterface.Westudytwospecificcaseswhentheincidentelectricfield

co

isperpendiculartotheplaneofincidence(perpendicularpolarization)and
isparalleltotheplaneof
incidence(parallelpolarization).Forageneralcase,theincidentwavemayhavearbitrarypolarizationbut
thesamecanbeexpressedasalinearcombinationofthesetwoindividualcases.
ObliqueIncidenceataplaneconductingboundary
i.

ld
.

PerpendicularPolarization

Sm

ar
tz

or

Thesituationisdepictedinfigure8.

Figure8:PerpendicularPolarization

AstheEMfieldinsidetheperfectconductoriszero,theinterfacereflectstheincidentplanewave.

and

respectivelyrepresenttheunitvectorinthedirectionofpropagationoftheincidentandreflected
waves,

istheangleofincidenceand

istheangleofreflection.

Wefindthat

............................(24)
Sincetheincidentwaveisconsideredtobeperpendiculartotheplaneofincidence,whichforthepresent
casehappenstobexzplane,theelectricfieldhasonlyycomponent.
Therefore,

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Thecorrespondingmagneticfieldisgivenby

...........................(25)
Similarly,wecanwritethereflectedwavesas

...................................................(26)

co

Sinceattheinterfacez=o,thetangentialelectricfieldiszero.

............................................(27)

ld
.

Considerinequation(6.72)issatisfiedifwehave

isSnell'slawofreflection.

..................................(29)

Sm

ar
tz

Thecondition

or

..................................(28)

..................................(30)

Thetotalelectricfieldisgivenby

..................................(31)
Similarly,totalmagneticfieldisgivenby

.............................(32)
Fromeqns(31)and(32)weobservethat
1. Alongzdirectioni.e.normaltotheboundary
ycomponentof
and

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andxcomponentof

where

maintainstandingwavepatternsaccordingto

.Noaveragepowerpropagatesalongzasycomponentof

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andxcomponentof

areoutofphase.

2. Alongxi.e.paralleltotheinterface
ycomponentof
phasevelocity

andzcomponentof

areinphase(bothtimeandspace)andpropagatewith

.............................(33)
Thewavepropagatingalongthexdirectionhasitsamplitudevaryingwithzandhenceconstitutesanon
uniformplanewave.Further,onlyelectricfield
isperpendiculartothedirectionofpropagation(i.e.x),
themagneticfieldhascomponentalongthedirectionofpropagation.Suchwavesarecalledtransverse
electricorTEwaves.
ParallelPolarization:
and

aregivenbyequations(6.69).Here

and

haveonlyycomponent.

Sm

ar
tz

or

ld
.

co

Inthiscasealso

ii.

Figure9:ParallelPolarization

Withreferencetofig9:thefieldcomponentscanbewrittenas:
Incidentfieldcomponents:

............................(34)
Reflectedfieldcomponents:

............................(35)
Sincethetotaltangentialelectricfieldcomponentattheinterfaceiszero.

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Whichleadsto

and

asbefore.

Substitutingthesequantitiesin(6.79)andaddingtheincidentandreflectedelectricandmagneticfield
componentsthetotalelectricandmagneticfieldscanbewrittenas

...........................(36)
Onceagain,wefindastandingwavepatternalongzforthexandycomponentsof

and

,whilea

nonuniformplanewavepropagatesalongxwithaphasevelocitygivenby
where
Since,forthispropagatingwave,magneticfieldisintransversedirection,suchwavesarecalled
transversemagneticorTMwaves.

Sm

ar
tz

or

ld
.

co

Obliqueincidenceataplanedielectricinterface:Wecontinueourdiscussiononthebehaviorof
planewavesataninterfacethistimeweconsideraplanedielectricinterface.Asearlier,weconsiderthe
twospecificcases,namelyparallelandperpendicularpolarization.

Forthecaseofaplanedielectricinterface,anincidentwavewillbereflectedpartiallyandtransmitted
partially.InFig(6.12),
transmission.

correspondsrespectivelytotheangleofincidence,reflectionand

1. ParallelPolarization:Asdiscussedpreviously,theincidentandreflectedfield

componentscanbewrittenas

..........................(37)

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..........................(38)
Intermsofthereflectioncoefficient

..........................(39)

ThetransmittedfiledcanbewrittenintermsofthetransmissioncoefficientT

co

..........................(40)

aretobecontinuousatz=0forallx,thenformthephasematchingwehave

Sm

Wefindthat

..........................(41)

and

ar
tz

Ifboth

or

ld
.

Wecannowenforcethecontinuityoftangentialfieldcomponentsattheboundaryi.e.z=0

..........................(42)

Further,fromequations(6.86)and(6.87)wehave

..........................(43)

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..........................(44)

or

..........................(45)
forwhich

=0suchthat

Fromequation(6.90)wefindthatthereexistsspecificangle

.........................(46)

co

or

Further,

.........................(47)

ar
tz

or

ld
.

Fornonmagneticmaterial
Usingthiscondition

Sm

Fromequation(6.93),solvingfor

Thisangleofincidenceforwhich

.........................(48)

weget

=0iscalledBrewsterangle.Sincewearedealingwithparallel

polarizationwerepresentthisangleby

sothat

2. PerpendicularPolarization
Forthiscase

.........................(49)

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.........................(50)

.........................(51)
Usingcontinuityoffieldcomponentsatz=0

.........................(52)

ld
.

co

Asinthepreviouscase

ar
tz

Usingtheseconditionswecanwrite

or

.........................(53)

.........................(54)

Sm

Fromequation(6.99)thereflectionandtransmissioncoefficientsfortheperpendicularpolarizationcanbe
computedas

Weobservethatif

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=0foranangleofincidence

.........................(55)

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Again

or

co

or

or

.........................(56)

ld
.

Weobserveif
i.e.inthiscaseofnonmagneticmaterialBrewsterangledoesnotexistasthe
denominatororequation(6.101)becomeszero.Thusforperpendicularpolarizationindielectricmedia,
thereisBrewsteranglesothat canbemadeequaltozero.

or

Fromourpreviousdiscussionweobservethatforbothpolarizations

For

Sm

ar
tz

If

Theincidenceangle

forwhich

i.e.

iscalledthecriticalangleofincidence.If

theangleofincidenceislargerthan totalinternalreflectionoccurs.Forsuchcaseanevanescentwave
existsalongtheinterfaceinthexdirection(w.r.t.fig(6.12))thatattenuatesexponentiallyinthenormali.e.
zdirection.Suchwavesaretightlyboundtotheinterfaceandarecalledsurfacewaves.

Solvedexamples:
1. ThemagneticfieldcomponentofanEMwavepropagatingthroughanonmagneticdielectric
mediumisgivenby

Determinethepermittivityofthemediumandtheelectricfieldintensity.

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Solution:

ld
.

co

Thedielectricconstantofthemedium=81

or

Sm

ar
tz

2. Aplanewavetravellingalong+zdirectionisincidentnormallyonaperfectconductingwallat
z=0.Thereflectedfieldisgivenby

(a)Determinetheincidentfieldanditspolarisation.
(b)Determinethecurrentdensityinducedontheconductingwall.
Solution:Tangentialcomponentoftheelectricfieldiszeroonametallicwall.

and
Atz=0

Itrepresentsarighthandcircularlypolarizedwave.

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Figure

Sm

ar
tz

or

ld
.

co

(b)Atz=0

3. Themagneticfieldcomponentofaplanewaveinalosslessnonmagneticdielectricmediumis
givenby

Determine
(a)Wavelengthandwavevelocity
(b)Electricfieldcomponentandpolarizationofthewave.
Solution:
(a)

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(b)

co

Also

ld
.

Sm

ar
tz

or

Thisisalinearlypolarizedwavetravellingalongx.

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Sm

ar
tz

or

ld
.

co

Questions:

Bits:
1.

ForauniformplanewavepropagatinginxdirectionEx=0andHx=0

2.

Intrinsicimpedanceofamediumis

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Attenuationconstantinfreespaceiszero

4.

Phaseconstantinfreespaceis

5.

Phasevelocityoffreespaceisvp=

6.

Attenuationconstantingoodconductorsis

7.

Depthofpenetrationis

8.

ComplexpointingvectorisE H*(yes/no)

9.

Inacircularpolarization,ExandEycomponentshavethesamemagnitude

10.

Powerdensityisrepresentedbypointingvector

11.

Unitofpropagationconstantism-1

12.

Horrizontalpolarizationissaidtobelinearpolarization.

13.

Brewsterangleisgivenby

14.

IftheDepthofpenetrationofaplanewaveinamediamis2mm,theattenuationconstant

co

ld
.

or

is0.5x103m-1

3.

15.

If

16.

WhenanEMwaveisincidentonaperfectconductornormally,standingwavesare
produced

ar
tz

0.2rad/m

ThevelocityofEMwaveisinverselyproportionalto

18.

ThedirectionpropagationofEMwaveisobtainedbyE H

19.

Uniformplanewaveistransverseinnature

Sm

17.

ComplexpointingvectorPis

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