Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
x2 + x 1 = 0 .
1
du
+ u2 = 0
dx
and the left-hand side of the equation is not a linear function of u and its derivatives. Note that if the u2 term
were replaced with u, the problem would be linear (the
exponential decay problem).
Second and higher order ordinary dierential equations
(more generally, systems of nonlinear equations) rarely
yield closed form solutions, though implicit solutions and
solutions involving nonelementary integrals are encountered.
Common methods for the qualitative analysis of nonlinear
ordinary dierential equations include:
Examination of any conserved quantities, especially
in Hamiltonian systems.
4.3
Pendula
4.3
Pendula
gravity
hinge
Linearizations of a pendulum
mass
Illustration of a pendulum
= t + C1
C0 + 2 cos()
8 SEE ALSO
Ball and beam system
d2
+ =0
dt2
since sin() for 0 . This is a simple harmonic oscillator corresponding to oscillations of the pendulum near the bottom of its path. Another linearization
would be at = , corresponding to the pendulum being
straight up:
Colebrook equation
d2
+ =0
dt2
Ishimori equation
d2
+ 1 = 0.
dt2
Vlasov equation
This corresponds to a free fall problem. A very useful See also the list of nonlinear partial dierential equations
qualitative picture of the pendulums dynamics may be
obtained by piecing together such linearizations, as seen
in the gure at right. Other techniques may be used to 7 Software for solving nonlinear
nd (exact) phase portraits and approximate periods.
systems
8 See also
Aleksandr Mikhailovich Lyapunov
Dynamical system
Initial condition
Interaction
Linear system
Mode coupling
AC power ow model
Vector soliton
Volterra series
References
10
Further reading
11
External links
12
12
12.1
12.2
Images
File:Complex-adaptive-system.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Complex-adaptive-system.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work by Acadac : Taken from en.wikipedia.org, where Acadac was inspired to create this graphic
after reading: Original artist: Acadac
File:Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg License: Cc-bysa-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:PendulumLayout.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/PendulumLayout.svg License: CC0 Contributors:
PendulumLayout.png Original artist: PendulumLayout.png: Ben pcc
File:PendulumLinearizations.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/8d/PendulumLinearizations.png License: PD
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Question_book-new.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/99/Question_book-new.svg License: Cc-by-sa-3.0
Contributors:
Created from scratch in Adobe Illustrator. Based on Image:Question book.png created by User:Equazcion Original artist:
Tkgd2007
File:Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Text_document_
with_red_question_mark.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Created by bdesham with Inkscape; based upon Text-x-generic.svg
from the Tango project. Original artist: Benjamin D. Esham (bdesham)
12.3
Content license