1

TOBE
To be has two parts, they are :
1. The form
2. and the function
The forms of To be are:
1. The present form of TOBE consists of:
IS, AM and ARE.
To be Is is followed by subjects: She, He, It, Singular noun or Uncountable
noun.
To be AM is followed only by subject: I
To be ARE is followed by subjects: You, They, WE or Plural noun.
2. The past form consists of :
WAS and WERE.
To be WAS is followed by subjects: I, She, He, It, Singular noun or
Uncountable noun.
To be WERE is followed by subjects: YOU, They, WE, or Plural noun.
3. The perfect form is divided into two parts:
The present perfect form and the past perfect form.
The Present perfect form consists of :
a. HAVE BEEN and
b. HAS BEEN.
To be HAVE BEEN is followed by subjects: I, You, They, WE or
Plural noun
To be HAS BEEN is followed by subjects: She, He, It, Singular
noun or Uncountable noun.
The Past perfect form of to be is HAD BEEN and HAD BEEN is
followed by all subjects; either Singular or Plural noun.
4. And the last is The basic form of To be namely: BE.
BEis followed by All subjects; either Singular or Plural noun.
And the pattern of To be BE in a sentence is always followed by Modal
The pattern is: S + Modal + BE + PC (Active Nominal Sentence)
The Function of TO BE.
The function of TOBE consists of:
a. To be as a linking verb and
b. To be as an auxiliary verb.
1. TO BE as LINKING VERB. The function of TOBE as linking Verb is to link
or to connect or to relate between subjects of sentences with their predicate
complements. And the predicate complement itself consists of: Noun,
Adjective and Adverb of place.
Example:

2
a. Rina is a student. (noun)
b. I am happy. (adjective)
c. They are in Jakarta now. (adverb of place)
d. Amir was a soldier last year. (noun)
e. We were sad last night. (adjective)
F. John was in Malang two weeks ago.
2. TO BE as auxiliary verb.
The function of TO BE as auxiliary verb is to form the Ing of the verb as
predicate of a sentence which describes an action which is being in a process.
Example:
a. Rahmad is reading a book now.
b. They were studying when I came yesterday.
So we can draw conclusion:
If TO BE is followed by predicate complement, the TOBE is called as Linking Verb,
while if the TOBE is followed by Verb ing which indicates an action is being in a
process ( as a predicate ), the TO BE is called as an Auxiliary verb.

TENSE
What is actually Tense?
Tense in English is a change of a verb form based on the adverb of time used in a
sentence.
The English verbs that change their forms consist of three kinds of verb.
They are:
Full verb.
Linking verb,
And Auxiliary verb

The three kinds of verb change their forms based on the adverb of time of a sentence.
For examples :
The changes of linking verb.
John is ( LV) here now.

John was (LV) here yesterday.

John will be (LV) here tomorrow.

Auxiliary verb
Ali is (AUX) eating now.
Ali was (AUX) eating when I came home.
Ali had been (AUX) eating when John came to his house yesterday.

Hasan goes (FULL VERB) to school everyday.

Hasan is going (FULL VERB) to school now.
Hasan went (FULL VERB) to school yesterday.
Hasan had gone (FULL VERB) to the city before I came last week.

4
In English, we have sixteen tenses, but the most tenses which are used in our
daily communication consist of:
1. Simple present tense
2. Present continuous/progressive tense
3. Present future tense
4. Present perfect tense
5. Present perfect continuous/progressive tense
6. Simple Past tense
7. Past continuous/progressive tense
8.

Past perfect tense.

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

THE USAGE:
Simple present is used to express an action as:
(a). A habitual action.
Example:
Toni goes to school everyday.
(b). A general truth.
Example:
A cow has four legs.
THE PATTERN:
The pattern of simple present tense consists of:
(a) Verbal sentence pattern
(b) Nominal sentence pattern.
THE VERBAL SENTENCE

A verbal sentence is a sentence of which its predicate is a verb (full

verb)
The pattern for sentence with the subjects: I, YOU, THEY, WE or Plural noun, so the
patterns are like these ones:
The positive sentence :
S + VERB1 (Infinitive)
Example:
They study English every day.
The negative sentence:
S + DO NOT/DONT + VERB1 (infinitive)
Example:
They dont study English everyday.
The interrogative sentence:
DO + S + VERB1 (infinitive)

5
Example:
Do they study English everyday?
The pattern for sentence with the subjects: HE, SHE, IT, Singular noun or an
uncountable noun, so the patterns are like these ones:
The positive sentence :
S + VERB (infinitive) + S/ES
Example:
He studies English every day.
The negative sentence:
S +DOES NOT/DOESNT+VERB (infinitive)
Example:
He doesnt study English everyday.
The interrogative sentence:
DOES + S + VERB (infinitive) ?
Example:
Does he study English everyday?
THE NOMINAL SENTENCE
A nominal sentence is a sentence of which the predicate of the sentence is TO BE
and the TOBE functions as a linking verb, not as an Auxiliary verb, and the TOBE
is followed by predicate complements.
The patterns of the nominal sentences are as follows:
The positive sentence:
S + TOBE (IS, AM, ARE) + PC
Examples:
(a) John is happy now.
(b) I am a student today
(c) They are here now.
The negative sentence:
S + TOBE (IS, AM, ARE) NOT + PC
Examples:
(a) John is not happy now.
(b) Im not a student today
(c) Theyre not here now.
The interrogative sentence:
TOBE (IS, AM, ARE) + S + PC ?
Examples:
(a) Is John happy now?
(b) Am I a student today?
(c) Are they here now?
The adverbs of time used in the simple present tense are:
1. Today
2. Everyday
3. Every .. ( followed by time/day/month/year and so on)
4. This time
5. At present
6. At this moment
7. Now ( but NOW is used in a nominal sentence only, because if it is used in a verbal
sentence, so the sentence will be in Present continuous/progressive tense).

PRESENT CONTINUOUS/PROGRESSIVE TENSE

THE USAGE: Present continuous/progressive tense is used to express an action
which is being in a process at the present time.
Present continuous/progressive tense only has one pattern namely: Verbal sentence
pattern.
THE PATTERNS:
The positive sentence

: S + TOBE ( IS,AM,ARE) + VERB ing.

Example

: They are studying now.

The negative sentence

: S + TOBE (IS,AM,ARE) NOT + VERB ing.

Example

: They are not studying now.

The interrogative sentence

: TOBE (IS,AMA,ARE) + S + VERB ing?

Example

: Are they studying now?

THE ADVERBS OF TIME:

The adverbs of time used in this tense are:
1. Now
2. At this time
3. At this moment
4. At present.

But some adjectives can be used in continuous/progressive

tense. Those adjectives are used to describe TEMPERARY, IN-PROGRESS
BEHAVIOUR.

The pattern is :
S + to be + being + adjective ( stative )

Example:

7
John is being bad now. He just lost his money
And Those adjectives are:
1. Bad (ill-behaved)
5. Foolish
9. Illogical
13. Lazy
17. Noisy
21. Quiet
25. Silly

2. Careful
6. Funny
10. Impolite
14. Logical
18. Patient
22. Responsible
26. Unfair

3. Cruel
4. Fair
7. Generous 8. Good(Well-behaved)
11. Irresponsible
12. Kind
15. Loud
16. Nice
19. Pleasant
20. Polite
23. Rude
24. Serious
27. Unkind
28.Unpleasant

PRESENT FUTURE TENSE

THE USAGE
Present future tense is used to express an action which is going to happen/take place
at the future time.
Present future tense consists of two kinds of sentence:
1. Verbal
2. Nominal sentence
and every of them has two kinds of patter:
a. Pattern with Modal
b. Pattern with Going to
and the followings are the details:
THE PATTERN
VERBAL PATTERN uses Modal.
The positive sentence
: S + WILL + VERB (infinitive)
Example
: John will study English tomorrow.
The negative sentence
: S + WILL NOT/WONT + VERB( inf)
Example
: John wont study English tomorrow.
The interrogative sentence : WILL + S + VERB (infinitive)?
Example
: Will John study English tomorrow?
VERBAL PATTERN uses To be Going to.
The positive sentence
: S +TO BE1 + GOING TO + VERB1
Example
: John is going to study English tomorrow.
The negative sentence
: S+TOBE 1+NOT GOING TO + VERB1
Example
: John is not going to study English tomorrow.
The interrogative sentence : TOBE 1+S+GOING TO+VERB1?
Example
: Is John going to study English tomorrow?
NOMINAL PATTERN uses Modal.
The positive sentence
: S + WILL + BE+ PC
Example
: John will be here tomorrow.
The negative sentence
: S + WILL NOT/WONT + BE + PC
Example
: John wont be here tomorrow.
The interrogative sentence : WILL + S + BE + PC ?
Example
: Will John be here tomorrow?

NOMINAL PATTERN uses To be Going to.

The positive sentence
: S +TO BE 1+ GOING TO + BE + PC
Example
: John is going to be here tomorrow.
The negative sentence
: S+TOBE 1+NOT GOING TO +BE+PC
Example
: John is not going to here tomorrow.
The interrogative sentence : TOBE 1+S+GOING TO+BE+PC?
Example
: Is John going to be here tomorrow?
THE ADVERBS OF TIME:
1. Tomorrow
2. Next (Adverb of time)
3. Tonight
4. Later
5. In ( adverb of time)
PRESENT PERFECT
THE USAGE:
Present perfect tense is used to express an action which is done at the past time and
finishes at the moment of speaking.
THE PATTERNS:
Present perfect tense has two kinds of pattern. They are Verbal and Nominal sentence
patterns.
THE VERBAL PATTERNS:
The patterns with the subjects: HE, SHE, IT, Uncountable noun, Singular Noun.
The Positive sentence:
S + HAS + VERB 3
Example:
He has gone to Surabaya.
The negative sentence:
S + HAS+NOT+ VERB 3
Example:
He has not gone to Surabaya.
The interrogative sentence:
HAS + S + VERB 3?
Example:
Has he gone to Surabaya?
The patterns with the subjects: I, YOU, THEY, WE or PLURAL NOUN.
The Positive sentence:
S + HAVE + VERB 3
Example:
They have gone to Surabaya.
The negative sentence:
S + HAVE + NOT+VERB 3
Example:

9
They have not gone to Surabaya.
The interrogative sentence:
HAVE + S + VERB 3?
Example:
Have they gone to Surabaya?
THE NOMINAL PATTERNS:
The patterns with the subjects: HE, SHE, IT, Uncountable noun, Singular Noun.
The Positive sentence:
S (she, he it, Uncountable noun, Singular Noun) + HAS + BENN+PC
Example:
He has been to Surabaya.
The negative sentence:
S +HAS+NOT+BEEN+PC
Example:
He has not been to Surabaya.
The interrogative sentence:
HAS + S + BEEN+PC?
Example:
Has he been to Surabaya?
The patterns with the subjects: I, YOU, THEY, WE or PLURAL NOUN.
The Positive sentence: S + HAVE + BEEN + PC
Example: They have been to Surabaya.
The negative sentence: S + HAVE + NOT+BEEN+PC
Example: They have not been to Surabaya.
The interrogative sentence: HAVE + S + BEEN + PC?
Example: Have they been to Surabaya?
The signal words used in the present perfect tense are:
Already( for positive sentence)
Not yet ( for negative sentence)
For (followed by duration of time. Ex: For two days. etc.)
Since ( Followed by the starting point of time. Ex: Since 1965. etc.)

10

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS/PROGRESSIVE TENSE

THE USAGE
Present perfect continuous/progressive tense is used to express an action which is
done at the past time and still being in a process at the moment of speaking.
THE PATTERN
Present perfect continuous/progressive tense only has one pattern sentence namely;
Verbal sentence pattern and the below is the pattern;
The patterns with the subjects: HE, SHE, IT, Uncountable noun, Singular Noun.
The positive sentence:
S (she, he, it, singular or uncountable noun) + has + been + verb ing.

Example:
She has been teaching for 3 hours.
The negative sentence:
S (she, he, it, singular or uncountable noun) + has + not +been + verb ing.

Example:
She has not been teaching for 3 hours.
The interrogative sentence: has + S (she, he, it, singular or uncountable noun) + been + verb ing.

Example: Has she been teaching for 3 hours?

The patterns with the subjects: I, YOU, THEY, WE or PLURAL NOUN.
The positive sentence: S (I, you, they, we, plural noun) + have + been + verb ing.

Example: They have been working since morning.

The negative sentence: S (I, you, they, we, plural noun) + have + not + been + verb ing.

Example: They have not been working since morning.

The interrogative sentence: have + S (I, you, they, we, plural noun) + been + verb ing?

Example: Have they been working since morning?

The signal words used in the present perfect tense are:
1. Already( for positive sentence)
2. Not yet ( for negative sentence)
3. For (followed by duration of time. Ex: For two days. etc.)
4. Since ( Followed by the starting point of time. Ex: Since 1965. etc.)

11

SIMPLE PAST TENSE

THE USAGE
Simple past tense is used to express an action which happens at the past time.
THE PATTERN
The pattern of simple past tense consists of two kinds of sentence, they are Verbal and
Nominal sentence.
The verbal pattern:
The positive sentence: S (singular or plural noun) + VERB 2
Example: They went to Jakarta yesterday.
The negative sentence: S (singular or plural noun) + did not + Verb 1
Example: They did not go to Jakarta yesterday.
The interrogative sentence: DID + S (singular or plural noun) + Verb 1
Example: Did they go to Jakarta yesterday?
The nominal sentence.
The patterns with the subjects: I, HE, SHE, IT, Uncountable noun, Singular Noun.
The positive sentence: S + WAS + PC
Example: Ahmad was here yesterday.
The negative sentence: S + WAS NOT + PC
Example: Ahmad was not here yesterday.
The interrogative sentence: WAS + S + PC?
Example: Was Ahmad here yesterday?
The patterns with the subjects: YOU, THEY, WE or PLURAL NOUN.
The positive sentence: S + WERE + PC
Example: Ahmad and Tono were here yesterday.
The negative sentence: S + WERE NOT + PC
Example: Ahmad and Tono were not here yesterday.
The interrogative sentence: WERE + S + PC?
Example: Were Ahmad and Tono here yesterday?

12
THE ADVERB OF TIME
The adverbs of time are:
1. Yesterday
2. Last . ( followed by adverb of time. Ex: Last week. Etc)
3. ... ago (preceded by number of time duration. Ex: 2 days ago. Etc.)
4. Just now
PAST CONTINUOUS/PROGRESSIVE TENSE
THE USAGE
Past continuous tense is used to express an action which is being in process at the past
time.
THE PATTERN
The pattern of past continuous tense consists of only one pattern, namely; Verbal
sentence pattern.
The patterns with the subjects: I, HE, SHE, IT, Uncountable noun, Singular Noun.
The positive sentence: S + WAS + VERB ing.
Example: John was studying when Ani came home.
The negative sentence: S + WAS NOT + VERB ing.
Example: John was not studying when Ani came home.
The interrogative sentence: WAS + S + VERB ing?
Example: Was John studying when Ani came home?
The patterns with the subjects: YOU, THEY, WE or PLURAL NOUN.
The positive sentence: S + WERE + VERB ing.
Example: They were studying when Ani came home.
The negative sentence: S + WERE NOT + VERB ing.
Example: They were not studying when Ani came home.
The interrogative sentence: WERE + S + VERB ing?
Example: Were they studying when Ani came home?
THE ADVERB OF TIME
The adverbs of time and time signals are:
1. Yesterday
2. Last . ( followed by adverb of time. Ex: Last week. Etc)
3. ... ago (preceded by number of time duration. Ex: 2 days ago. Etc.)
4. Just now
5. While

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6. When

PAST PERFECT TENSE

THE USAGE
Past perfect tense is used to express an action which happens before another action
happens at the past time, and both of the actions are at the past time.
THE PATTERN
The pattern of simple past perfect tense consists of two kinds of sentences; they are
Verbal and Nominal sentences.
The verbal pattern
The pattern with all subjects either singular or plural noun.
The positive sentence: S (singular or plural noun) + HAD +VERB 3
Example: They had gone to Jakarta before she came yesterday.
The negative sentence: S ( singular or plural noun) + HAD NOT + Verb 3
Example: They had not gone to Jakarta before she came yesterday.
The interrogative sentence: HAD + S (singular or plural noun) + Verb 3
Example: Had they gone to Jakarta before she came yesterday?
The nominal sentence.
The patterns with all subjects; singular or plural noun.
The positive sentence: S + HAD + BEEN + PC
Example: Ahmad had been here, before they came yesterday.
The negative sentence: S + HAD NOT + BEEN + PC
Example: Ahmad had not been here, before they came yesterday.
The interrogative sentence: HAD + S + BEEN +PC?
Example: Had Ahmad been here, before they came yesterday?
THE ADVERB OF TIME
The adverbs of time are:
5. Yesterday
6. Last . (Followed by adverb of time. Ex: Last week. Etc)
7. ... ago (preceded by number of time duration. Ex: 2 days ago. Etc.)
8. Just now

14

PRONOUN
Pronoun is a substitute of a man /men or a thing / things. In English a
pronoun has four changes of form based on its positions in a sentence. The
positions are as: Subject, Object, Possessive Adjective and Possessive Pronoun
and the followings are the forms of pronouns:

The changes of English Pronouns

NO

SUBJECT

OBJECT

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

I
YOU
THEY
WE
SHE
HE
IT

ME
YOU
THEM
US
HER
HIM
IT

POSSESIVE
ADJECTIVE
MY
YOUR
THEIR
OUR
HER
HIS
ITS

POSSESIVE
PRONOUN
MINE
YOURS
THEIRS
OURS
HERS
HIS
ITS

Examples :
1. I as a subject : I went to Surabaya
yesterday.
I as an object : They helped me last night.
I as a possessive adjective: My book is red.
I as a possessive pronoun: The book is mine.
2. You as a subject: You must go now.
You as an object : I will help you.
You as a possessive adjective : Your book is
good.
You as a possessive pronoun: This bag is
yours.
3. They as
They as
They as
is big.
They as
is theirs.

a subject: They can study it.

an object : We will take them.
a possessive adjective: Their house
a possessive pronoun: the big house

15

4. We as
We as
We as
big.
We as
is ours.

5. She
She
She
big.
She
hers.
6. He
He
He
big.
He
his.
7. It
It
It
It
its.

a subject: We will go.

an object : They will invite us.
a possessive adjective: Our house is
a possessive pronoun: The big house

as a subject: She can do it.

as an object : We will take her.
as a possessive adjective: Her house is
as a possessive pronoun: The big bag is

as a subject: He can study it.

as an object : We will take him.
as a possessive adjective: His house is
as a possessive pronoun: The big house is

as
as
as
as

a subject: It can run quickly.

an object : We will take it.
a possessive adjective: Its tail is long.
a possessive pronoun: The long tail is

16

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
Reflexive pronouns end in- -SELF or SELVES. The words SELFE or
SELVES are combined to be one with Possessive Adjective of the subject in the
sentence and they are used when the Subject and the object are the same person. The
action of the verb is pointed back to the subject of the sentence.
Example:
1. I saw myself in the mirror.
2. You hurt yourself. ( Singular Subject).
3. You saw yourselves. (Plural Subjects).
4. She saw herself.
5. We saw ourselves.
6. They saw themselves.
7. It saw itself.
Reflexive pronouns are also used to emphasize or to make other person sure of the
speakers statement.
Example:
A: John, did you do the test yourself?
B: Yes, Sir. I did the test myself.( means that John did the test without the help from
other person.
Reflexive pronouns are also used with the word BY which means ALONE.
EXAMPLE:
I went to Surabaya by myself. ( means that I went to Surabaya alone).
The bellows are some verbs and phrases commonly followed by a reflexive pronoun.
1. Believe myself
7. Hurt myself
13. take care of yourself
2. Blame myself
8. Give yourself
14. talk to myself
3. Cut myself
9. Introduce
15. teach yourself
myself
4. Enjoy myself
10.
Kill myself 16. tell yourself
5. Feel sorry for
11.
Pinch
17. work for myself
myself
myself
6. Help yourself
12.
Be proud
18. wish yourself(luck)
of myself

17

RELATIVE PRONOUN
Relative pronoun is a study about how to relate two or more sentences using
question words which function as pronouns and to substitute one of the same two
subjects or objects or possessive pronouns. The relative pronouns are:
1.
2.
3.
4.

WHO
WHOM
WHOSE
WHICH or THAT

WHO
Relative pronoun WHO is used to substitute one of the same two subjects or object of
persons or humans in active condition and relate two or more sentences.
Example:
a. The old man is smoking.
b. The old man is Mr. Hary.
*. The old man who is smoking is Mr. Hary.
WHOM
Relative pronoun WHOM is used to substitute one of the same two objects of persons
or humans and relate two or more sentences.
Example:
a. The old man is Mr. Harry.
b. I met the old man yesterday.
*. The old man whom I met yesterday is Mr. Hary.
WHOSE
Relative pronoun WHOSE is used to substitute one of the same two possessive
pronouns of human and relate two or more sentences.
Example:
a. The old man is Mr. Harry.
b. His son is a doctor in Jakarta now.
*. The old man whose son is a doctor in Jakarta now is Mr. Hary.

18
WHICH
Relative pronouns WHICH and THAT are used to substitute one of the same two
subjects or object of things (not human) and relate two more sentences.
Example:
a. The cat is called Kitty.
b. The cat stole my cake last night
*. The cat that stole my cake is called Kitty.

DEGREES OF COMPARISON
A degree of comparison is used to compare the degree or the quality of two
or more things.
There are three degrees in comparing the things. They are:
1. Positive which means the things have the same quality.
2. Comparative which means that one thing or a group of things are higher in
quality compared to the other.
3. Superlative which means that one thing is superior among others.
Every degree is marked / signed by a pattern and conjunctions such as:
1. For positive degree, we use pattern and conjunction:
a.

S + TO BE + AS + ADJECTIVE(positive) + AS

Example : Rini is as beautiful as Tina

Means

: Rini and Tina are the same, they are beautiful.

Both Rini and Tina are beautiful

2. For comparative degree, we use patterns and conjunction:

a.

S + TO BE + ADJECTIVE + ER/IER + THAN

b.

S + TO BE + MORE ADJECTIVE + THAN

Example : This English book is cheaper than the history book.

: Johns work is better than Andys.
: Ani is more beautiful than Asri
3. For superlative degree, we use patterns and conjunctions:

19
a.

S + TO BE + THE + ADJECTIVE + EST / IEST + OF ALL / AMONG.

b.

S + TO BE + THE MOST + ADJECTIVE + OF ALL / AMONG

Example : Leli is the prettiest among the students of MA Kepuharjo.

: Leli is the most beautiful of all students in the class.
: Leli is the most beautiful among the students in MANU
: Leli is the best in all cases among the students of MA

NOTE:
1. Positive degree.
In the positive degree, there is no difference between the adjective which has
one, two, three or more than three syllabus, they have the same patterns as
follow: S + TOBE + AS + ADJECTIVE + AS
2. Comparative degree.
When the adjective consists of one or two syllabus, so in Comparative degree,
we just add er or ier on the adjective and followed by a word THAN as a
comparative sign, but if the adjective consists of three or more syllabus, so we
must add a word MORE before the adjective then followed by the
comparative signal word THAN.
3. Superlative degree.
When the adjective consists of one or two syllabus, so in Superlative degree,
we add the word THE before the adjective and we add est or iest on the
adjective and followed by words OF ALL/AMONG OTHERS as
comparative signs, but if the adjective consists of three or more syllabus, so
we must add words THE MOST before the adjective then followed by the
superlative signal word OF ALL/AMONG OTHERS.
4. For the irregular adjectives, like GOOD, BETTER, BEST, we just add the
degree signal words, like AS + ADJECTIVE + AS, for positive degree and
for comparative degree, we just add the word THAN after the adjective as
the comparative signal word and we must add the word THE, before the
adjective for superlative degree.
Semakin
Semakin kamu malas kamu akan semakin bodoh

20
The lazier you are, the worse you will be
Semakin cepat semakin baik
The earlier/sooner/quicker/faster is the better.

5. The classification of degrees of comparisons in comparative and superlative of

Adjectives and Adverbs.
ONE SYLLABLE

Old(Positive Degree)

For most one-syllable

ADJECTIVES

Older(Comparative D)

adjectives, -er/ier (for

The oldest(Superlative D

Comparative degree) and

Wise

est/iest(for Superlative

Wiser

degree) are added.

The wisest
Famous-more famous-the

For most two-syllables

most famous.

adjective added More(for

Two-syllable adjectives

Comparative degree) and the

most(for Superlative degree).
Three or more syllables

Important

adjectives

more important
the most important

21

ELLIPTICAL STRUCTURE
Elliptical Structure Is a study about the way how to combine two statements that
have the same contents by omitting one of the content and by adding conjunctions.
There are some conjunctions that we can use in this Elliptical Structure, among them
are as below:
A. Sentence with TO BE as a predicate (Either as Linking verb or as
Auxiliary)

Example in Present tense

Predicate using TOBE as Linking Verb

1. and . Too (used for combining two positive sentences)

Juli is good. Tono is good
>Become> Juli is good and Tono is too.
2. and so (used for combining two positive sentences)
Juli is good. Tono is good
>Become> Juli is good and so is Tono.
3. and either (used for combining two negative sentences)
Juli is not good. Tono is not good
>Become> Juli is not good and Tono isnt either.
4. and neither (used for combining two negative sentences)
Juli is not good. Tono is not good
>Become> Juli is not good and neither is Tono

Example in Present continuous/Progressive tense

Predicate using TOBE as Auxiliary

22
1. and . Too (used for combining two positive sentences)
Juli is eating. They are eating
>Become> Juli is eating and They are too.
2. and so (used for combining two positive sentences)
Juli is eating. They are eating
>Become> Juli is eating and so are they.
3. and either (used for combining two negative sentences)
Juli is not eating. They are not eating
>Become> Juli is not eating and They arent either.
4. and neither (used for combining two negative sentences)
Juli is not eating. They are not eating
>Become> Juli is not eating and neither are They.
NOTE:
When the predicate of both sentences are using TO BE either as Linking
Verb or Auxiliary, so we just eliminate one of the same Predicate
complements or the Verbs Ing in the one of the sentences.
SENTENCE WITH TOBE IN PERFECT FORM.
Example in Present Perfect tense
Predicate using TOBE as Linking Verb
1. and . Too (used for combining two positive sentences)
Juli has been here for 5 years. They have been here for 5 years.
>Become> Juli has been here for 5 years and They have too.
2.and so (used for combining two positive sentences)
Juli has been here for 5 years. They have been here for 5 years.
>Become> Juli has been here for 5 years and so have they.
3.and either (used for combining two negative sentences)
Juli has not been here for 5 years. They have not been here for 5 years.
>Become> Juli hasnt been here for 5 years and They have not either.
4.and neither (used for combining two negative sentences)
Juli has not been here for 5 years. They have not been here for 5 years.
>Become> Juli hasnt been here for 5 years and neithet haveThey.

23

Example in Present Perfect tense

Predicate using TOBE as Auxiliary

1.and . Too (used for combining two positive sentences)

Juli has been working for 5 hours. They have been working for 5 hours.
>Become> Juli has been working for 5 hours and They have too.

2.and so (used for combining two positive sentences)

Juli has been working for 5 hours. They have been working for 5 hours.
>Become> Juli has been working for 5 hours and so have They.
3.and either (used for combining two negative sentences)
Juli has not been working for 5 hours. They have not been working for 5
hours.
>Become> Juli has not been working for 5 hours and They have not either.
4.and neither (used for combining two negative sentences)
Juli has not been working for 5 hours. They have not been working for 5
hours.
>Become> Juli has not been working for 5 hours and neither have They.

D. SENTENCE WITH MODAL FOLLOWED BY TOBE.

1. and . Too (used for combining two positive sentences)
Example in Future tense
Predicate using TOBE as Linking Verb
Juli will be a teacher. Tono will be a teacher
>Become> Juli will be a teacher and Tono will too.
2. and so (used for combining two positive sentences)
Juli will be a teacher. Tono will be a teacher
>Become> Juli will be a teacher and so will Tono.
3. and either (used for combining two negative sentences)
Juli will not be a teacher. Tono will not be a teacher
>Become> Juli will be a teacher and Tono will not either.
4. and neither (used for combining two negative sentences)

24
Juli will not be a teacher. Tono will not be a teacher
>Become> Juli will be a teacher and neither will Tono.

E.SENTENCE WITH MODAL FOLLOWED BY FULL VERB.

Example in Future tense
1. and . Too (used for combining two positive sentences)
Juli will go tomorrow. Tono will go tomorrow.
>Become> Juli will go tomorrow and Tono will too.
2. and so (used for combining two positive sentences)
Juli will go tomorrow. Tono will go tomorrow.
>Become> Juli will go tomorrow and so will Tono.
3. and either (used for combining two negative sentences)
Juli will not go tomorrow. Tono will not go tomorrow.
>Become> Juli will not go tomorrow and Tono will not either.
4. and neither (used for combining two negative sentences)
Juli will not go tomorrow. Tono will not go tomorrow.
>Become> Juli will not go tomorrow and neither will Tono.
F. SENTENCE WITH FULL VERB AS A PREDICATE.

EXAMPLE IN PRESENT TENSE.

1. and . Too (used for combining two positive sentences)

Rudy studies English everyday. We study English everyday.
> Become> Rudy studies English and we do too.
2. and so (used for combining two positive sentences)
Rudy studies English everyday. We study English everyday.
> Become> Rudy studies English and so do we.

25

3. and either (used for combining two negative sentences)

Rudy doesnt study English everyday. We dont study English everyday.
> Become> Rudy doesnt study English and we dont either.
4. and neither (used for combining two negative sentences)
Rudy doesnt study English everyday. We dont study English everyday.
> Become> Rudy doesnt study English and neither do we.

Example in Past tense

1. and . Too (used for combining two positive sentences)
Rahmad went to Jakarta yesterday.
I went to Jakarta yesterday.
>Become > Rahmad went to Jakarta yesterday and I did too.
2. and so (used for combining two positive sentences)
Rahmad went to Jakarta yesterday.
I went to Jakarta yesterday.
>Become > Rahmad went to Jakarta yesterday and so did I.
3. and either (used for combining two negative sentences)
Rudy didnt study English everyday. We didnt study English everyday.
> Become> Rudy didnt study English and we didnt either.
4. and neither (used for combining two negative sentences)
Rudy didnt study English everyday. We didnt study English everyday.
> Become> Rudy didnt study English and neither did we.
Present Perfect tense
Predicate using FULL VERB
2. and . Too (used for combining two positive sentences)
Juli has lived here for 5 years. They have lived here for 5 years.
>Become> Juli has lived here for 5 years and They have too.
2.and so (used for combining two positive sentences)
Juli has lived here for 5 years. They have lived here for 5 years.
>Become> Juli has lived here for 5 years and so have they.
3.and either (used for combining two negative sentences)
Juli has not lived here for 5 years. They have not lived here for 5 years.
>Become> Juli hasnt lived here for 5 years and They have not either.

26
4.and neither (used for combining two negative sentences)
Juli has not been here for 5 years. They have not been here for 5 years.
>Become> Juli hasnt lived here for 5 years and neithet haveThey.

Example in Present Perfect tense

Predicate using TOBE as Auxiliary
1.and . Too (used for combining two positive sentences)
Juli has been working for 5 hours. They have been working for 5 hours.
>Become> Juli has been working for 5 hours and They have too.
2.and so (used for combining two positive sentences)
Juli has been working for 5 hours. They have been working for 5 hours.
>Become> Juli has been working for 5 hours and so have They.
3.and either (used for combining two negative sentences)
Juli has not been working for 5 hours. They have not been working for 5
hours.
>Become> Juli has not been working for 5 hours and They have not either.
4.and neither (used for combining two negative sentences)
Juli has not been working for 5 hours. They have not been working for 5
hours.
>Become> Juli has not been working for 5 hours and neither have They.

27

QUESTION TAQ
Question tag is a study about a statement which is used to ensure the other
speaker to believe the first speakers statement and therefore the answer of the
question tag must in line with the statement of the sentence.
And to form the tag we must add the auxiliary or linking verb of the statement with
the subject pronoun of the statement in the sentence, which is preceded by a coma
after the statement.
Example:
Rina is a good student, isnt she?
From the example we can understand that:
1. If the statement is positive, so the taq must be negative.
2. If the tag is negative, so between the auxiliary or linking verb and the word
NOT must be combined into one word.
3. The name of a person or thing in the statement must be change into subject
pronoun in the tag.
4. If the statement contains a word that contains a negative sense even there is
not any word NOT, so the tag must in positive.
5. If the statement is positive, so the answer of the statement must in positive too,
and on the other hand.
Now lets study the following examples:
Present tense
1. They study English everyday, dont they? Yes, they do.
2. She doesnt understand the lesson, does she? No, she doesnt.
3. I never go to Jakarta, do I? No, you dont.
Pattern in verbal sentence.
a. S + VERB 1, DONT + S? YES, S + DO.
b. S + DONT + VERB, DO + S? NO, S + DONT.
c. S + VERB +S/ES, DOESNT +S? YES, S +DOES.
d. S + DOESNT + VERB, DOES + S? NO, S + DOESNT.
e. S + NEVER + VERB/(VERB+S/ES), DO/(DOES)+ S? NO, S +
DONT/DOESNT.
Pattern in nominal sentence.
a. S + IS + PC, ISNT + S? Yes, S + IS
b. S + ISNT + PC, IS + S? No, S + ISNT
c. S + ARE + PC, ARENT S? YES, +S + ARE
d. S + ARENT + PC, ARE + S? NO, S + ARENT
1. Rudy is a good student in this class, isnt he? Yes, He is.

28
2.
3.
4.
5.

They arent happy to stay with you, are they? No, they arent.
We are never late to school, are we? No, we arent.
Exception(Perkecualian) S ( I ) + AM + PC, ARENT I?
I am a good student, arent I? Yes, you are.

Present continuous/progressive tense

The pattern only in verbal pattern
1.
2.
3.

S + IS/ARE + VERB ing, ISNT/ARENT + S? Yes, S + IS/ARE

Exception(Perkecualian) S ( I ) + AM + PC, ARENT I?
I am working, arent I? Yes, you are.

Present Future Tense

Present future tense consists of two kinds of sentence, they are verbal and nominal
sentence and have two kinds of patter; Pattern with Modal and Going to and the
followings are the details:
THE PATTERN
VERBAL PATTERN uses Modal.
The positive sentence
Example
The negative sentence
Example

: S + WILL + VERB 1, WONT + S? YES, S+WILL

: John will study English tomorrow, wont he? Yes, he will.
: S + WILL NOT/WONT + VERB 1, WILL + S? NO, S+ WONT
: John wont study English tomorrow, will he? No, he wont.

VERBAL PATTERN uses To be Going to.

The positive sentence
: S +TO BE 1 GOING TO + VERB 1, isnt/arent S? Yes, S + to be 1
Example
: John is going to study English tomorrow, isnt he? Yes, he is.
The negative sentence
: S+TOBE 1 NOT GOING TO + VERB, is/are + S? No, S + isnt/arent.
Example
: John is not going to study English tomorrow, is he? No, she isnt. .
NOMINAL PATTERN uses Modal.
The positive sentence
Example
The negative sentence
Example

: S + WILL + BE+ PC, WONT + S? YES, S + WILL.

: John will be here tomorrow, wont he? Yes. He will.
: S + WILL NOT/WONT + BE + PC, WILL + S? NO, S +WONT.
: John wont be here tomorrow, will he? No, he wont.

VERBAL PATTERN uses To be Going to.

The positive sentence
: S +TO BE 1 + GOING TO + BE + PC, ISNT/ARENT + S? YES, S + TOBE 1.
Example
: John is going to be here tomorrow, isnt he? Yes, he is.
The negative sentence
: S+TOBE 1 + NOT GOING TO +BE+PC, IS/AM/ARE +S? NO, S + TOBE 1 NOT
Example
: John is not going to here tomorrow, is he? No, he isnt.
PRESENT PERFECT
THE PATTERNS:
Present perfect tense has two kinds of pattern. They are Verbal and Nominal sentence patterns.
THE VERBAL PATTERNS:
The patterns with the subjects: HE, SHE, IT, Uncountable noun, Singular Noun.
The Positive sentence: S (she, he it, Uncountable noun, Singular Noun) + Has + Verb 3, hasnt + S? Yes, S+has.
Example: John has gone to Surabaya, hasnt he? Yes he has.
The negative sentence: S (she, he, it, Uncountable noun, Singular Noun)+ Has+not+ Verb 3, has +S? No, S+hasnt
Example: He has not gone to Surabaya, has he? No, he hasnt.
The patterns with the subjects: I, YOU, THEY, WE or PLURAL NOUN.
The Positive sentence: S (I, you, they, we, plural noun) + Have + Verb 3, havent +S? Yes, S + have.
Example: Rudy and Tono have gone to Surabaya, havent they? Yes, they have..
The negative sentence: S (I, you, they, we, plural noun) + Have + Not +Verb 3, have+S?, No, S + havent.
Example: Rudy and Tono have not gone to Surabaya, have they? No, they havent.

29
THE NOMINAL PATTERNS:
The patterns with the subjects: HE, SHE, IT, Uncountable noun, Singular Noun.
The Positive sentence: S (she, he it, Uncountable noun, Singular Noun) + Has + Been+PC, hasnt+S? Yes,S+has.
Example: Azizah has been to Surabaya, hasnt she? Yes, she has.
The negative sentence: S (she, he, it, Uncountable noun, Singular Noun) Has+Not+Been+PC, has +? No, S+hasnt.
Example: Azizah has not gone to Surabaya, has she? No, she has not.
The patterns with the subjects: I, YOU, THEY, WE or PLURAL NOUN.
The Positive sentence: S (I, you, they, we, plural noun) + Have + Been + PC, havent +S? Yes, S + Have.
Example: They have been to Surabaya, havent they? Yes, They have.
The negative sentence: S (I, you, they, we, plural noun) + Have + Not + Been +PC, have+S? No, S+Havent.
Example: They have not been to Surabaya, have they? No,they have not.
PRSENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS/PROGRESSIVE TENSE
THE USAGE
Present perfect continuous/progressive tense is used to express an action which is done at the past time and still
being in a process at the moment of speaking.
THE PATTERN
Present perfect continuous/progressive tense only has one pattern sentence namely; Verbal sentence pattern and the
below is the pattern;
The patterns with the subjects: HE, SHE, IT, Uncountable noun, Singular Noun.
The positive sentence: S ( singular noun) + has + been + verb ing., hasnt + S? Yes, S + has.
Example: She has been teaching for 3 hours, hasnt she? Yes, she has.
The negative sentence: S (singular noun) + has + not +been + verb ing., Has + S? No, S has not.
Example: She has not been teaching for 3 hours, has she? No, she hasnt.
The patterns with the subjects: I, YOU, THEY, WE or PLURAL NOUN.
The positive sentence: S (I, plural noun) + have + been + verb ing., have+S? Yes, S+have.
Example: They have been working since morning, havent they? Yes, they have.
The negative sentence: S (I,plural noun) + have + not + been + verb ing., have+S? No, S+ Have not.
Example: They have not been working since morning, have they? No, they havent.
SIMPLE PAST TENSE
THE USAGE
Simple past tense is used to express an action which happens at the past time.
THE PATTERN
The pattern of simple past tense consists of two kinds of sentence, they are Verbal and Nominal sentence.
The verbal pattern:
The positive sentence: S (singular or plural noun) + Verb 2, didnt + S? Yes, S + did.
Example: They went to Jakarta yesterday, didnt they? Yes, they did.
The negative sentence: S (singular or plural noun) + did not + Verb 1, did +S? No, S + didnt.
Example: They did not go to Jakarta yesterday, did they? No, they did not.
The nominal sentence.
The patterns with the subjects: I, HE, SHE, IT, Uncountable noun, Singular Noun.
The positive sentence: S + was + PC, wasnt S? Yes, S + Was.
Example: Ahmad was here yesterday, wasnt he? Yes, he was.

30
The negative sentence: S + was not + PC, was + S? No, S + wasnt.
Example: Ahmad was not here yesterday, was he? No, he was not.
The patterns with the subjects: YOU, THEY, WE or PLURAL NOUN.
The positive sentence: S + were + PC, werent + S? Yes, S + were.
Example: Ahmad and Tono were here yesterday, werent they? Yes, they were.
The negative sentence: S + were not + PC, were + S? No, S + were not.
Example: Ahmad and Tono were not here yesterday, were they? No, they were not.
Example: Were Ahmad and Tono here yesterday?
PAST CONTINUOUS/PROGRESSIVE TENSE
THE USAGE
Past continuous tense is used to express an action which is being in process at the past time.
THE PATTERN
The pattern of past continuous tense consists of only one pattern, namely; Verbal sentence pattern.
The patterns with the subjects: I, HE, SHE, IT, Uncountable noun, Singular Noun.
The positive sentence: S + was + Verb ing., wasnt + S? Yes, S + Was.
Example: John was studying when Ani came home, wasnt he? Yes, he was.
The negative sentence: S + was not + verb ing., was + S? No, S+ was not.
Example: John was not studying when Ani came home, was he? No, he wasnt.
The patterns with the subjects: YOU, THEY, WE or PLURAL NOUN.
The positive sentence: S + were + verb ing.
Example: They were studying when Ani came home, werent they? Yes, they were.
The negative sentence: S + were not + verb ing., were + S? No, S + were not.
Example: They were not studying when Ani came home, were they? No, they were not.
PAST PERFECT TENSE
THE USAGE
Past perfect tense is used to express an action which happens before another action happens at the past time, and
both of the actions are at the past time.
THE PATTERN
The pattern of simple past perfect tense consists of two kinds of sentences; they are Verbal and Nominal sentences.
The verbal pattern
The pattern with all subjects either singular or plural noun.
The positive sentence: S (singular or plural noun) + had +verb 3, hadnt + S? Yes, S + had.
Example: They had gone to Jakarta before she came yesterday, hadnt they? Yes, they had.
The negative sentence: S ( singular or plural noun) + had not + Verb 3, had + S? No, S + hadnt.
Example: They had not gone to Jakarta before she came yesterday, had they? No, the hadnt.
The nominal sentence.
The patterns with all subjects; singular or plural noun.
The positive sentence: S + had + been + PC, hadnt + S? Yes, S + Had.
Example: Ahmad had been here, before they came yesterday, hadnt he? Yes, he had.

31
The negative sentence: S + had not + been + PC, had + S? No, S + had not.
Example: Ahmad had not been here, before they came yesterday, had he? No, he had not.

PASSIVE VOICE
Passive voice is a passive sentence which is constructed from an active verbal
sentence which uses a transitive verb as the predicate (a transitive verb is a verb
which has an object). The form and the pattern of passive voice or passive sentence
depends on the tense (or the adverb of time) that is used in the sentence. The subject
of an active sentence becomes the object in passive sentence and other hand. If the
active sentence has two objects; direct and indirect object, so the direct object must be
put as the subject in the passive sentence. The followings are the changes of active
sentences to passive sentences based on seven tenses.
Before we discuss about the change that happens during the process o forming a
sentence from an active sentence into a passive sentence, we must understand the
change of pronoun from Subject to object as follows:
SUBJECT
I
YOU
THEY
WE
HE
SHE
IT
The names of
persons or
things

OBJECT
ME
YOU
THEM
US
HIM
HER
IT
They do not
change, they
are the same as
when they act
as subjects or
objects, either
in active or
passive
sentence

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

Pattern:
Active sentence
: S + VERB 1 / VERB 1 + S/ES + OBJECT
Passive sentence
: S + TO BE 1 + VERB 3 + BY + OBJECT
Example:
Active sentence
: John always drives a car to his office everyday.
Passive sentence
: A car is always driven by John to his office everyday.

32
PRESENT CONTINUOUS/PROGRESSIVE TENSE
Pattern:
Active sentence
: S + TO BE 1 + VERB ing + OBJECT
Passive sentence
: S + TO BE 1 + BEING + VERB 3 + BY + OBJECT.
Example:
Active sentence
: They are helping us now.
Passive sentence
: We are being helped by them now.

PRESENT FUTURE TENSE

Pattern:
A.
Active sentence
: S + WILL + VERB 1 + OBJECT
Passive sentence
: S + WILL + BE + VERB 3 + BY + OBJECT
Example:
Active sentence
Passive sentence
B.
Active sentence
Passive sentence
Active sentence
Passive sentence

: She will buy some books tomorrow.

: Some books will be bought by her tomorrow.
: S + TOBE 1 + GOING TO + VERB 1 + OBJECT.
: S + TO BE 1 + GOING TO BE + VERB 3 + BY + OBJECT
: They are going to help me tonight.
: I am going to be helped by them tonight.

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

Pattern:
Active sentence
: S + HAS/HAVE + VERB 3 + OBJECT
Passive sentence
: S + HAS/HAVE + BEEN + VERB 3 + BY + OBJECT
Example:
Active sentence
: They have sold the car this morning.
Passive sentence
: The car has been sold by them this morning.
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS/ PROGRESSIVE TENSE
Pattern:
Active sentence
: S + HAS/HAVE BEEN + VERB ing + OBJECT
Passive sentence
: S + HAS/HAVE BEEN+ BEING + VERB 3 + BY + OBJECT
Example:
Active sentence
: They have been teaching us for three hours.
Passive sentence
: We have been being taught by them for three hours.
SIMPLE PAST TENSE
Pattern:
Active sentence
Passive sentence
Example:
Active sentence
Passive sentence

: S + VERB 2 + OBJECT
: S + TOBE 2 +VERB 3 + BY + OBJECT
: I bought some apples yesterday.
: Some apples were bought by me yesterday.

PAST CONTINUOUS/PROGRESSIVE TENSE

Pattern:
Active sentence
: S + TOBE 2 + VERB ing + OBJECT
Passive sentence
: S + TOBE 2 + BEING + VERB 3 + By + OBJECT
Example:
Active sentence
: They were driving a car when I called them yesterday.

33
Passive sentence

: A car was being driven by them when I called them yesterday.

PAST PERFECT TENSE

Pattern:
Active sentence
: S + HAD + VERB 3 + OBJECT
Passive sentence
: S + HAD BEEN + VERB 3 + BY + OBJECT
Example:
Active sentence
: They had sold the house last year.
Passive sentence
: The house had been sold by tem last year.

GERUND
Gerund is a full verb or linking verb (or an auxiliary in a perfect tense) of a
sentence which functions as a noun by changing its form into an ing form. The form
of gerund can be classified as follows:
1. Gerund as a subject consists of two parts; they are;
(a) Gerund as a subject taken from a full verb. Example: Playing a football is
my hobby.
(b) Gerund as a subject taken from a linking verb.
Example: Being a doctor is my dream.
(c) Gerund as subject in the perfect tense/form
Example:
Having passed test makes me happy.
2. Gerund as an object consists of two parts; they are;
(a)
Gerund as an object after certain verbs; like; like, love, hate, dislike,
avoid, anticipate, consider, continue, deny, delay, detest, enjoy, excuse,
finish, fancy, forgive, keep, mind, neglect, practice, postpone, pardon,
prevent, resist, risk, understand.
Example:
I like swimming, they hate climbing, etc.
Exception: for the verbs; stop, remember, and forget when they
followed by a verb ing form, they mean that the actions that exist in the
sentences are finish. But when the three verbs are followed by to
infinite / verb one with to mean that the actions are going to be carried
out / done.
Example:
They stop smoking, mean that they do not smoke anymore at the
time of speaking.
But
They stop to smoke means that they stop doing anything and begin
to smoke.

34

(b)

Gerund as an object after prepositions.

Some prepositions are : at, in, on, up, of, under, from, before, after,
about, without, for, since, though, to, besides, etc.
Example:
(1) I am afraid of walking alone at night. (2) Jane is afraid of being a
doctor, because she must see blood.

3. Negative imperative.
Example:
No smoking, no gambling here. (Usually these negative imperatives of gerund
are used for a notice)
4. Gerund as a noun modifier of which the noun is in passive sense.
Example:
The waiting room is red. The word the waiting room means that the room
which is used for waiting.

5. Gerund after other certain verbs which has the negative meaning.
Example:
Your hair needs cutting. Means that you need to cut your hair or you must go
to a barber to cut your hair.

35

CONDITIONAL IF
Conditional if in Indonesian language is Kalimat pengandaian. Conditional If in
English is divided into three parts, they are:
1. Future conditional if
2. Present conditional if
3. Past conditional if
FUTURE CONDITIONAL IF
The usage: Future Conditional If is used to express an opinion that may or may not
come true in the future time based of the completion of the requirements.
The pattern: There are three kinds of patterns in the future conditional if, they are
Verbal, Nominal patterns and Mixed patterns (Verbal and Nominal Sentences or on
the other way).
VERBAL PATTERN
Positive sentence

: IF + S + V1 (+ S/ES), S + WILL + VERB 1

Example

: If I have a car, I will go to Jakarta next year.

Negative sentence

: IF + S + DONT/DOESNT + VERB 1, S+WONT + VERB 1

Example

: If I dont have a car, I wont go to Jakarta next year.

Interrogative sentence

: WILL + S+ VERB 1 + IF S + VERB 1?

Example

: Will you go to Jakarta if you have a car next year?

NOMINAL PATTERN
Positive sentence

: IF + S + TO BE 1 + PC, S + WILL + BE+ PC

Example

: If Rini is rich, they will be happy next time.

Negative sentence

: IF + S + TO BE 1 NOT + PC, S+ WONT BE + PC

Example

: If Rini is not rich, they wont be happy next time.

Interrogative sentence

: WILL + S +BE + PC + IF + S + TO BE 1 + PC?

Example

: Will they be happy if Rini is rich next time?

MIXED PATTERN (VERBAL AND NOMINAL SENTENCES)

Positive sentence

: IF + S + V1 (S/ES), S + WILL + BE +PC

Example

: If John has a motor cycle, he will be happy next year.

OR

: S + WILL + BE +PC IF + S + V1 (S/ES)

36
OR

: John will be happy if he has a motor cycle next year.

Negative sentence

: IF + S + DONT/DOESNT + VERB 1, S + WONT + BE + PC

Example

: If John doesnt have motor cycle, he wont be happy next year.

OR

: S + WONT + BE + PC IF + S + DONT/DOESNT + VERB 1

OR

: John wont be happy if he doesnt have motor cycle next year.

Interrogative sentence

: WILL + S + BE + PC IF + S + VERB 1 (+ S/ES) ?

Example

: Will John be happy if he has a motor cycle next year?

ADVERBS OF TIME

: Tomorrow, Tonight, Next.., In , Later, etc.

PRESENT CONDITIONAL IF
The usage: Present Conditional If is used to express a condition which is contrary to
the fact at the present time.
The pattern: There are three kinds of patterns in the Present conditional if, they are
Verbal, Nominal patterns and Mixed patterns (Verbal and Nominal patterns or on the
other hand) with the real condition patterns.
VERBAL PATTERN
Positive sentence

: IF + S + V2, S + WOULD + VERB 1

Real condition

: S + DONT/DOESNT + VERB 1, SO + S + DONT/DOESNT + VERB 1

Example

: If I had a car, I would go to Jakarta today.

Real condition

: I dont have a car, so I dont go to Jakarta today.

Negative sentence

: IF + S + DIDNT + VERB 1, S+WOULDNT + VERB 1

Real condition

: S + VERB 1 ( + S/ES), SO + S + VERB 1

Example

: If I didnt have a car, I wouldnt go to Jakarta today.

Real condition

: Because I have a car, so I go to Jakarta today.

Interrogative sentence

: WOULD + S+ VERB 1 + IF S + VERB 2?

Example

: Would you go to Jakarta if you have a car today?

NOMINAL PATTERN
Positive sentence

: IF + S + WERE + PC, S + WOULD + BE+ PC

Real condition

: S + TO BE 1 + NOT + PC, SO + S + TO BE 1 NOT + PC

Example

: If Rini were rich, they would be happy now.

Real condition

: Rini is not rich, thats why they are not happy now.

Negative sentence

: IF + S + WERE NOT + PC, S+ WOULDNT BE + PC

Real condition

: S + TO BE 1 + PC, SO + S + TO BE 1 + PC

Example

: If Rini were not rich, they wouldnt be happy now.

Real condition

: Because Rini is rich, so they are happy now.

Other example

: They would be happy if Rini were rich now.

Real condition

: They are not happy because Rini is not rich now.

Interrogative sentence

: WOULD + S +BE + PC + IF + S + WERE + PC?

Example

: Would they be happy if Rini were rich now?

MIXED PATTERN (VERBAL AND NOMINAL SENTENCES)

Positive sentence

: IF + S + V2, S + WOULD + BE +PC

37
Real condition

: S + DONT/DOESNT + V1, SO + S + TOBE 1 NOT + PC

Example

: If John had a motor cycle, he would be happy now.

Real condition

: John doesnt have a motor cycle, so he is not happy now.

Positive sentence

: S + WOULD + BE +PC IF + S + V2

Real condition

: S + TOBE 1 NOT + PC, BECAUSE + S + DONT/DOESNT + V 1

Example

: John would be happy if he had a motor cycle now.

Real condition

: John isnt happy because he doesnt have a motor cycle now.

Negative sentence

: IF + S + DIDNT + VERB 1, S + WOULDNT + BE + PC

Real condition

: BECAUSE + S + V1, SO + S + TOBE 1 + PC

Example

: If John didnt have a motor cycle, he wouldnt be happy now.

Real condition

: Because John has a motor cycle, so he is happy now.

Positive sentence

: S + WOULDNT + BE + PC IF + S + DIDNT + VERB 1

Real condition

: S + TOBE 1 + PC + BECAUSE + S + V1

Positive sentence

: John wouldnt be happy if he didnt have motor cycle now.

Real condition

: John is happy because he has a motor cycle now.

Interrogative sentence

: WOULD + S + BE + PC IF + S + VERB 2 ?

Example

: Would John be happy if he had a motor cycle now?

ADVERBS OF TIME

: Today, Now, This time, At this moment, etc.

PAST CONDITIONAL IF
The usage: Past Conditional If is used to express a condition which actually never
happens at the past time.
The pattern: There are three kinds of patterns in the Past conditional if, they are
Verbal and Nominal patterns, Mixed patterns and the bellows are the real condition
patterns.
VERBAL PATTERN
Positive sentence

: IF + S + HAD +V3, S + WOULD + HAVE + VERB 3

Real condition

: S + DIDNT + VERB 1, SO + S + DIDNT + VERB 1

Example

: If I had had a car, I would have gone to Jakarta last year.

Real condition

: I didnt have a car, so I didnt go to Jakarta last year.

Negative sentence

: IF + S + HADNT + VERB 3, S+WOULDNT + HAVE+ VERB 3

Real condition

: S + VERB 2, SO + S + VERB 2

Example

: If I hadnt had a car, I wouldnt have gone to Jakarta last year.

Real condition

: Because I had a car, so I went to Jakarta last year.

Other example

: I wouldnt have gone to Jakarta if I hadnt had a car last year.

Real condition

: I went to Jakarta because I had a car last year.

Interrogative sentence

: WOULD + S+ HAVE + VERB 3 + IF + S + HAD + VERB 3?

Example

: Would you have gone to Jakarta if you had had a car last year?

NOMINAL PATTERN
Positive sentence

: IF + S + HAD BEEN + PC, S + WOULD +HAVE + BEEN+ PC

Real condition

: S + WAS/WERE + NOT + PC, SO + S + WAS/WERE+ NOT + PC

Example

: If Rini had been rich, they would have been happy last year.

38
Real condition

: Rini was not rich, so they were not happy last year.

Negative sentence

: IF + S + HAD NOT BEEN+ PC, S+ WOULDNT HAVE +BEEN + PC

Real condition

: S + WAS/WERE + PC, SO + S + WAS/WERE + PC

Example

: If Rini had not been rich, they wouldnt have been happy last year.

Real condition

: Because Rini was rich, so they were happy last year.

Interrogative sentence

: WOULD + S +HAVE BEEN + PC + IF + S + HAD + BEEN + PC?

Example

: Would they have been happy if Rini had been rich last year?

MIXED PATTERN (VERBAL AND NOMINAL SENTENCES)

Positive sentence

: IF + S + had+V3, S + WOULD + HAVE + BEEN +PC

Real condition

: S + DIDNT + V1, SO + S + TOBE 2 NOT + PC

Example

: If John had had a motor cycle, he would have been happy last year.

Real condition

: Since John didnt have a motor cycle, so he was not happy last year.

Positive sentence

: S + WOULD + HAVE BEEN + PC IF + S + HAD + V3

Real condition

: S + TOBE 2 NOT + PC, BECAUSE + S + DIDNT + V 1

Example

: John would have been happy if he had had a motor cycle last year.

Real condition

: John wasnt happy because he didnt have a motor cycle last year.

Negative sentence

: IF + S + HADNT + HAD + VERB 3, S + WOULDNT + HAVE BEEN + PC

Real condition

: BECAUSE + S + V2, SO + S + TOBE 2 + PC

Example

: If John hadnt had a motor cycle, he wouldnt have been happy last year.

Real condition

: Because John had a motor cycle, so he was happy last year.

Positive sentence

: S + WOULDNT + HAVE BEEN + PC IF + S + HADNT + VERB 3

Real condition

: S + TOBE 2 + PC + BECAUSE + S + V2

Positive sentence

: John wouldnt have been happy if he hadnt had motor cycle last year.

Real condition

: John was happy because he had a motor cycle now.

Interrogative sentence

: WOULD + S + HAVE BEEN + PC IF + S + HAD + VERB 3 ?

Example

: Would John have been happy if he had had a motor cycle last year?

ADVERBS OF TIME

: 1. Last. 2. .Ago 3. Yesterday 4. Just now.

NOTE:
1.

A conditional sentence is a sentence which is marked with the word IF at the beginning of the
sentence.

2.

If the conditional sentence is in the first position, so before the second sentence must be added with
coma but if the conditional sentence is in the second position, so it doesnt need to be added with
Coma.

3.

The conjunctions that we can use to relate two real sentences are: Because, So, Since, Thats why,
Therefore.

4.

Other term as the substitute of IF in conditional if is IF ONLY means Andaikata

5.

Other unreal conditional is AS IF which Seolah-olah. Ex. (1) Ari acts as if She had much
money today. Means: Ari does not have much money today. (2) Ari acts as if she had been here
yesterday. Means; Ari was not here yesterday. (3) Ari acted as if she had passed the test. Means.
Ari did not pass the test.

39

CAUSATIVE HAVE & GET

The word Causative is derived from the Verb Cause which means to
cause/to ask someone/something to do something or not to do anything for the subject
of a sentence.
The ways how to express a command or request to ask someone to do or not to do a
thing for a subject can be done by using Causative Pattern based on the adverbs of
time used in the sentence.
SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
Positive Pattern
1. S + have/has + active Object +verb 1
I have Rudi clean my car today.
He has Rudi clean his car today.
2. S + get/gets + active Object + to verb 1
I get Rudi to clean my car today.
3. S + ask/asks + active Object + to verb 1
I ask Rudi to clean my car today.
4. S + have/has/get/gets + passive object + verb 3 by + active object
I have/get my car cleaned by Rudi today.
Negative Pattern
1. S + dont/doesnt + have + active Object +verb 1
I dont have Rudi clean my car today.
2. S + dont/doesnt + get + active Object + to verb 1
I dont get Rudi to clean my car today.

40
3. S + ask/asks + active Object + to verb 1
I dont ask Rudi to clean my car today.
4. S +dont have/get + passive object + verb 3 by + active object
I dont have/get my car cleaned by Rudi today.

Interrogative Pattern
1. Do/Does +S + have + active Object +verb 1
Do you have Rudi clean your car today?
2. Do/Does +S + get + active Object + to verb 1
Do you get Rudi to clean your car today?
3. Do/Does + S + ask + active Object + to verb 1
Do you ask Rudi to clean your car today?
4. Do/Does + S + have/get + passive object + verb 3 by + active object
Do you have/get your car cleaned by Rudi today?
SIMPLE PAST TENSE
Positive Pattern
1. S + had + active Object +verb 1
I had Rudi clean my car yesterday.
He had Rudi clean his car yesterday.
2. S + got + active Object + to verb 1
I got Rudi to clean my car yesterday.
3. S + asked + active Object + to verb 1
I asked Rudi to clean my car yesterday.
4. S + had/got + passive object + verb 3 by + active object
I had/got my car cleaned by Rudi yesterday.
Negative Pattern
1. S + didnt + have + active Object +verb 1
I didnt have Rudi clean my car yesterday.

41
2. S + didnt + get + active Object + to verb 1
I didnt get Rudi to clean my car yesterday.
3. S + didnt +ask + active Object + to verb 1
I didnt ask Rudi to clean my car yesterday.
4. S + didnt have/get + passive object + verb 3 by + active object
I didnt have/get my car cleaned by Rudi yesterday.
Interrogative Pattern
1. Did +S + have + active Object +verb 1
Did you have Rudi clean your car yesterday?
2. Did +S + get + active Object + to verb 1
Did you get Rudi to clean your car yesterday?
3. Did + S + ask + active Object + to verb 1
Did you ask Rudi to clean your car yesterday?
4. Did + S + have/get + passive object + verb 3 by + active object
Did you have/get your car cleaned by Rudi yesterday?

NOTE:
1. In Causative Have or Get, when the adverb of time changes, so we just
change the verb which becomes the predicate of the subject, not the predicate
of the object either; active object or passive object.
2. In forming the negative or interrogative sentence, we just add an auxiliary
after subject for negative sentence and we put an auxiliary before the subject
of the sentence.

42

SUBJUNCTIVE WISH
The usage: Subjunctive Wish is used to express a hope or a wish which is
contrary to the reality. And there are three ways of expressing this expression.
1. Subjunctive Wish used to express a present hope or wish which is contrary
to the present reality.
Verbal pattern is

: Subject + Wish (+ES) + Subject + V2.

Example

: The old man wishes his son could go home now.

Means

: The old mans son cant go home now.

Nominal pattern

: Subject + Wish (+ES) + Subject + Were + PC.

Example

: They wish that we were with them now.

Means

: We are not with them now.

2. Subjunctive Wish used to express a present hope or wish of a past activity

which is contrary to the past reality.
Verbal pattern is

: Subject + Wish (+ES) + Subject + had + V3.

Example

: The old man wishes his son had visited him last week.

Means

: The old mans son didnt visit him last week.

Nominal pattern

: Subject + Wish (+ES) + Subject + had been + PC.

Example

: They wish that we had been with them yesterday.

Means

: We were not with them yesterday.

3. Subjunctive Wished used to express a past Hope or Wish of an unreal past

activity.
Verbal pattern is

: Subject + Wished + Subject + had + V3.

Example

: The old man wished his son had visited him last week.

43
Means

: The old mans son didnt visit him last week.

Nominal pattern

: Subject + Wished + Subject + had been + PC.

Example

: They wish that we had been with them yesterday.

Means

: We were not with them yesterday.

REPORTED SPEECH or INDIRECT SPPECH

Reported speech or indirect speech is a statement from the first speaker which
is repeated by other speaker. Reported speech or indirect speech in English is divided
into two types, and every part is classified into five forms.
The first type using introducing/reporting verb in the present.
1. If the direct speech is in the positive or negative statement, so we must use
conjunction that when we change them into reported/indirect speech.
Direct speech: Ali tells me, You must go to my house now(Tell is
introducing/reporting verb in the present form of a dependent clause)
Indirect speech: Ali tells me that I must go to his house now.
Direct speech: They tell us, we will not go with you
Indirect speech: They tell us that they will not go with us.
2. If the direct speech is in the interrogative form and preceded by the auxiliary
or linking verb so when it is changed into the indirect speech or reported
speech, we have to use the conjunction if/whether.
Example:
Direct speech: they ask me, Did you study last night? (Ask is
introducing/reporting/questioning verb in the present form of a dependent
clause)
The reported speech: They ask me whether I studied last night
Example:
Direct speech: Susie asks us, Were you here last night?
Indirect speech: Susie asks us if we were here last night.
3. If the direct speech is in the interrogative form but started with double w h
question/question words, so we use the question words as the conjunction.
Example :

44
Direct speech: Toni asks me, Where did you study last night? (Ask is
introducing/reporting/questioning verb in the present form of a dependent
clause)
Indirect speech: Toni asks me where I went last night.

4. If the direct speech is in interrogative form so we just add the word TO

before the verb or Be
Examples:
Direct speech: They tell me, Go away! (Tell is A Command
word/imperative word)
Indirect speech: They tell me to go away.
Direct speech: He says to us, Be quiet!
Indirect speech: He says to us to be quiet.
5. If the direct speech is in the negative imperative so we just change the word
DONT into NOT TO
Examples:
Direct speech: They forbid me, Dont smoke here! (Dont is Forbidding
Word)
Indirect speech: They forbid me not to smoke here.
The second type using introducing/reporting verb in the past form
There are at least four changes when we change direct speech into
indirect/reported speech, namely:
a. TENSE
1) Present tense becomes Past tense
2) Present future becomes past future
3) Present progressive/continuous becomes Past
progressive/continuous.
4) Present perfect becomes Past perfect
5) Present perfect progressive/continuous becomes Past perfect
progressive/continuous
6) Past tense becomes Past perfect
7) Past progressive/continuous becomes Past perfect
progressive/continuous.

45
8) Past perfect becomes Past perfect (the same)
9) For some events which belong to general truth or present habits,
they do not change.
For examples:
Direct speech: John said , The world is round.
Indirect speech: John said that the world is round.
b. DEMONTRATIVE ADJECTIVE AND DEMONTRATIVE PRONOUN
This becomes That
That becomes That (the same)
These becomes Those
Those becomes Those (the same)
c. ADVERB OF TIME
Now becomes Then/at that time
Today becomes Then/at that day
Tomorrow becomes The day after (tomorrow)
Yesterday becomes The day before (yesterday)
d. ADVERB OF PLACE
Here becomes There
There becomes there ( The same)
1. If the direct speech is in the positive or negative statement, so we must use
conjunction that when we change them into reported/indirect speech.
Direct speech: Ali told me, You must go to my house now(Told is
introducing/reporting verb in the past form of a dependent clause)
Indirect speech: Ali told me that I had to go to his house then.
Direct speech: They told us, we will not go with you
Indirect speech: They told us that they would not go with us.
2. If the direct speech is in the interrogative form and preceded by the auxiliary
or linking verb so when it is changed into the indirect speech or reported
speech, we have to use the conjunction if/whether.
Example:
Direct speech: they asked me, Did you study last night? (Ask is
introducing/reporting/questioning verb in the past form of a dependent clause)

46
The reported speech : They asked me whether I had studied the night before
Example:
Direct speech: Susie asked us, were you here last night?
Indirect speech: Susie asked us if we had been there the night before.
3. If the direct speech is in the form interrogative but started with double w h
question/question words, so we use the question words its self as the
conjunction.
Example :
Direct speech: Toni asked me, Where did you study last night? (Ask is
introducing/reporting/questioning verb in the past form of a dependent clause)
Indirect speech: Toni asked me where I had gone the night before.
4. If the direct speech is in interrogative form so we just add the word TO
before the verb or Be
Examples:
Direct speech: They told me, Go away! (Tell is A Command
word/imperative word)
Indirect speech: They told me to go away.
Direct speech: He said to us, Be quiet!
Indirect speech: He said to us to be quiet.
5. If the direct speech is in the negative imperative so we just change the word
DONT into NOT TO
Examples:
Direct speech: They forbade me, Dont smoke here! (Dont is Forbidding
Word)
Indirect speech: They forbade me not to smoke there.

47

PREFERENCE
Preference is a statement of being more interested in one or a group of things
than the other. There are at least four ways of expressing the preference. And the
bellows are the ways or the patterns:
A. The patterns which are followed by verb as the predicate of a sentence.
(VERBAL PATTERN)
1. Subject + like + verb ing + better than + verb ing
I like studying better than sleeping
2. Subject + prefer + verb ing + to + verb ing
I prefer studying to sleeping
3. Subject + had better + verb 1 + than + verb 1
I had better study than sleep
4. Subject + would rather + verb 1 + than + verb 1
I would rather study than sleep
B. The patterns which are followed by to be as the predicate of a sentence.
(NOMINAL PATTERN)
1. Subject+like+being+pc+better than+being + pc
I like being a teacher better than being a pilot
2. Subject + prefer + being + pc + to + being + pc
I prefer being a teacher to being a pilot
3. Subject + had better + be + pc + than + be + pc
I had better be a teacher than be a pilot
4. Subject+ would rather + be + pc + than + be + pc
I would rather be a teacher than be a pilot

48

ADVERB
Adverb in Indonesian is called kata keterangan. It consists of many kinds of
adverbs; adverb of frequency, adverb of place, adverb of manner and there are still
many others. Here, we are going to discuss about adverb of manner.
Adverb of manner is derived from an adjective. The adjective changes into adverb of
manner because:
In a sentence an adjective has a function to modify a
subject, but when the sentence contains a predicate of
full verb, so the adjective does not modify the subject
any more, but it modifies the predicates and the
adjective changes into adverb of manner that modifies
the predicate, The process of changing the adjective
into an adverb of manner undergoes some rules and
degrees as follows.
THE DISCUSSION ON THIS TOPIC (ADVERB OF
MANNER) IS IN POSITIVE DEGREE.
There are three kinds of the change from an adjective into an
adverb of manner and they are :
1. Type one > An adjective changes into adverb of manner by
added LY after the adjective.
Example: Julia is nice > changes into> Julia walks nicely.
2. Type two > An adjective changes into an adverb of manner
with total different form.
Example: John is good > changes into> John works well.
3. Type three > An adjective changes into an adverb of
manner with the same form.
Example: The car is fast. John drives the car fast.
THE DISCUSSION ON THIS TOPIC (ADVERB OF
MANNER) IS IN COMPERATIVE DEGREE.
At thispart we are going to expalin totally on the change of
adverb mammer in comperative degree only. And there are
still three kinds or category at this degree.
1. Type one > at this degree, all adjectives on type one that
become adverbs of manner, like the above explaination,
are added by the word more before the adverb of manner.

49

Example:
A. John takes 10 minutes to drive from Kepanjen to
Malang.
B. Harry takes 15 minutes to drive from Kepanjen to
Malang.
Means > John drives more quickly from Kepanjen to
Malang than Harry does.
2. Type two > at this degree, all the adverbs of manner
change the forms totally.
Example:
A. Hasan got score 75 on his test.
B. Sholeh got score 90 on his test.
Means > Sholeh did the test better than Hasan did.
3. Type three > at this degree, all adverbs of manner are
added by letters ER .
Example :
A. Smith can ride 5 Km in 10 minutes.
B. Hansen can ride 5 Km in 7 minutes.
Means > Hansen can ride faster than Smith.
THE DISCUSSION ON THIS TOPIC (ADVERB OF
MANNER) IS IN SUPERLATIVE DEGREE.
1. Type one > at this degree all of adverbs of manner use the
pattern The most + adjective + ly .
Example:
A. Maria got a score 700 in a beauty contest.
B. Sinta got a score 750 in a beauty contest.
C. Cintia got a score 900 in a beauty contest.
Means > Cintia performed the most beautifully in the
beauty contest.
Process:
Positive

Comperative

Superlative

As beautifully as

More beautifully
than

The most
beautifully of all

50

2. Type two > at this degree, all adverbs of manner use article
The and they change their forms totally.
Example:
A. Caterin did the test and got the score 80.
B. Mathew did the test and got the score 90.
C. Julia did the test and got the score 100.
Means: Julia did the test the best compared to Caterin and
Mathew.
Process:
Positive

Comparative

Superlative

As well as

Better than

The best of all

3. Type three > at this degree, all the adverbs of manner use
pattern The + adjective + est .
Example:
A. Josua can drive 80 Km/hour.
B. Sandy can drive 90 Km/hour.
C. Collin can drive 100 Km/hour.
Mean: Collin drives the fastest compared to Josua and
Sandy.
Process:
Positive

Comparative

Superlative

As fast as

Faster than

The fastest of all

As hard as

Harder than

The hardest of all

51

MIDSENTENCE ADVERBS
Midsentence adverbs consist of two parts:
1. Midsentence adverbs of frequency which have positive
meaning:
a. Ever
b. Always
c. Almost always
d. Usually *
e. Often*
f. Frequently*
g. Generally*
h. Sometimes*
i. Occasionally*
2. Midsentence adverbs of frequency which have negative
meaning:
a. Seldom
b. Rarely
c. Hardly ever
d. Almost never
e. Never
f. Not ever
3. Other midsentence adverbs of frequency:
a. Already*
b. Finally
c. Just
d. Probably
The adverbs with an asterisk (*) may also occur at the
beginning or end of a sentence. The other adverbs in
the list (without asterisk *) rarely occur at the
beginning or end of a sentence.

ADJECTIVE

52

Adjective is a syllable or a word or phrase or a clause that modifies a noun or

nouns of which its position is before the noun/nouns. The forms of an adjective can be
formed from the pure adjective, gerund, active participle, past participle, even from a
noun.
1. Adjectives from the Pure adjectives, for examples : Nice, Beautiful, Smart,
etc.
2. Adjective from Gerund, for example: The waiting room is large.
3. Adjective from Active participle, for example: The smoking boy is John
4. Adjective from Past participle, for example: The isolated area is dark.
5. Adjective from Noun, for example: the student meeting is started.
Some adjective always preceded by certain verbs. One of the verbs is get. And the
adjectives which are preceded by the word GET are as follows:

GET AND ADJECTIVE0

GET + ADJECTIVES (Pure adjectives)
1. Get
1. Get
2. Get
3. Get
4. Get
5. Get
6. Get
7. Get
8. Get
9. Get
10.Get
11.Get
12.Get
13.Get
14.Get
15.Get
16.Get
17.Get
18.Get
19.Get
20.Get
21.Get
22.Get
23.Get
24.Get
25.Get

angry
bald
big
busy
close
cold
dark
dirty
dizzy
dry
fat
full
hot
hungry
interested
late
nervous
old
quiet
rich
serious
sick
sleepy
thirsty
well
wet

GET+ PAST PARTICIPLE

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.
l.
m.
n.
o.
p.
q.
r.
s.
t.
u.
v.
w.
x.

Get acquainted
Get arrested
Get bored
Confused
Get crowded
Get divorced
Get done
Get dressed
Get drunk
Get engaged
Get excited
Get finished
Get frightened
Get hurt
Get interested
Get invited
Get involved
Get killed
Get lost
Get married
Get scared
Get sunburned
Get tired
Get worried

NOUN CLAUSE WITH THAT

53
A noun clause can be introduce with the word that .
Example :
I
think that John is a doctor now.
S
P
O
Adverb of time
( That Mr. John is a doctor ) is a noun clause. It is the object of the verb THINK.
Noun clause with THAT or that clauses are frequently used as the objects of
verbs which express mental activity. Although, sometimes the word THAT is
omitted in speaking, but the sentence has the same meaning.
The bellows are some common verbs followed by that clauses
1. Assume that
11. learn that
21. Agree that
2. Believe that
12. Notice that
22. Conclude that
3. Discover that
13. Predict that
23. Decide that
4. Dream that
14. Prove that
24. Demonstrate
that
5. Guess that
15. Realize that
25. Doubt that
6. Hear that
16. Suppose that
26. Fear that
7. Hope that
17. Suspect that
27. Feel that
8. Know that
18. Think that
28. Figure out that
9. Recognize that
19. Regret that
29. Remember that
10.

Show that

20. Teach that

31. Find out that

32. forget that
33. Imagine that
34. Indicate that
35. Observe that
36. Presume that
37. Pretend that
38. Read that
39. Reveal that

30. Understand that

PREPOSITION
1. ABOUT

10. BEFORE

19.

28. OF

37. TO

54

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

ABOVE
ACROSS
AFTER
AGAINST
ALONG
AMONG
AROUND

9. AT

11. BEHIND
12. BELOW
13. BENEATH
14. BESIDE
15. BESIDES
16. BETWEEN
17. BEYOND

DESPITE
20. DOWN
21. DURING
22. FOR
23. FROM
24. IN
25. INTO
26. LIKE

18. BY

27. NEAR

CONJUNCTION
CONCORD/AGREEMENT
LINKING VERB
AUXILIARY VERB
COMPOUND SENTENCE
COMPLEX SENTENCE
COMPOUND COMPLEX SENTENCE

29. OFF
30. ON
31. OUT
32. OVER
33. SINCE
34. THROUGH
35. THROUGH
OUT
36. TILL

38. TOWARD(S)
39. UNDER
40. UNTIL
41. UP
42. UPON
43. WITH
44. WITHIN
45. WITHOUT