Protein Quick study notes

How does genetic information flow from genes?

Genetics information is stored in the DNA
Genes contain the instructions to make specific proteins.
Nucleic acids bridge the gap between protein synthesis and the genetic material.
Proteins are synthesized from the genetic code contained in the DNA through
transcription and translation
RNA contains ribose sugar, and the nitrogenous base is thymine

Transcription and Translation

Translation and transcription are coupled in prokaryotic cells.
Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus to separate transcription and translation,
therefore when genetic material is transcribed, is immediately translated
In a Eukaryotic cell, transcription happens in the nucleus while translation happens in
the cytoplasm.
Translation and transcription are separated in Eukaryotic cells.
The transcription happens in the nucleus and a pre-mRNA is produced.
The pre-mRNA is processed to produce a mature mRNA.
The mature mRNA exits the nucleus and translated in the cytoplasm.
Transcription of the genetic code produces a mRNA
mRNA goes to the site of translation i.e ribosome
Transcription, Eukaryotic cells occurs in the nucleus.
Translation occurs in the cytoplasm.
why are proteins translation not done immediately after transcription?
To protect DNA by the use of RNA. This enables more copies of proteins to be made.
STRUCTURE OF PROTEINS
Primary Proteins
This are the first level of protein structures.
The primary structure of proteins refers to the linear sequence of the amino acids in its
polypeptide.
Linear structures are not found naturally found in nature because proteins undergo the
folding process as they are produced.
Proteins are made up of polypeptide chains.

Polypeptide chains are amino acids that are joined together using peptide bonds.
learn more at http://akademics.net/biology/Protein.html
Secondary Proteins
This is the next level of proteins, once the linear sequences fold into their regular
repeating patterns.
The two common examples of secondary proteins are Alpha Helices and Beta pleated
sheets.
Secondary proteins are held together by hydrogen bonds
Alpha-helix
They are tightly coiled, rod-like polypeptide chains.
The structure is stabilized by hydrogen bonding between the amino hydrogen group
and the carbonyl group.
Beta-Pleated sheets
They have a different structure from the alpha helix.
They are held together by hydrogen bonds.
Tertiary structures
This is the next level of protein folding.
In this structure, covalent bonds between cysteine groups, van der wal forces between
nonpolar R groups, and non-covalent dipole-dipole forces between polar groups are
common
Quaternary structures
This are the structures formed when two or more polypeptide chains come together to
form proteins.
what joins up amino acids - peptide bonds
What are the repeating units in proteins know as - amino acids
Enzymes are - proteins
A dipeptide has 2 amino acids and - 1 peptide bond
What atoms make up proteins - C,H,N,O
what are the building blocks of proteins - amino acids
What are the functional groups do amino acids have - Amino and Carboxyl
how does amino acids differ from each other - they have different R groups
what process is used to make polypeptides - dehydration synthesis
what other molecule is produced during the synthesis of polypeptides - water
the bond that link amino acids to each other is known as - peptide bond

what chemical element is found in proteins that is not found in fats or carbohydrates
- Nitrogen