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Brel & Kjr Sound & Vibration Measurement A/S.
Copyright Brel & Kjr. All Rights Reserved.
Introduction
Contents
Sources of Machine Vibration
Principles of Order Analysis
Various Methods of Order Analysis
Order Analysis.
Additional tools
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Signal enhancement
Merits of Machines
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4
and emission
of noise
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3
. causing
vibration in all
parts of the
machine
From measurement of
vibration on the
outside of the machine
we can get
information about what
happens inside the
machine
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Input
Forces
System
Response
(Mobility)
+
Frequency
Forces caused by
Imbalance
Shock
Friction
Acoustic
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891875
Vibration
=
Frequency
Structural
Parameters:
Mass
Stiffness
Damping
Frequency
Vibration
Parameters:
Acceleration
Velocity
Displacement
Vibration
level
12th
Order
Frequency, Hz
(Frequency, Hz)
Misalignment
the
shaft
vibration
at
Vibrations
NOISE,
at of
50
i.e.,
or vibrations
60
Hzcauses
(incl.
caused
harmonics)
thof
st due
Vibration
Vibration
Vibration
Harmonics
Extra high
at
(suborders
amplified
the
level
of
rotational
speed
of
by
6
at
structural
42-48%
harmonic/order
main
frequency
shaft
of
resonances
RPM)
(1
caused
order)
caused
by
to
inof
lower
harmonics
orders
causedby
Vibration
byother
electromagnetic
machines
caused by
or=worn
forces
ambience
gear
or electric
bythe
oil main
film
imperfect
the
whirl
shaft,
machine
misalignment
orfan
caused
whip
with
structure
in 6
journal
blades
unbalance
bearing
e.g.,noise
windpicked
excitation
up from
or acoustic
power
excitation
(rotational
frequency
by
1, 2,cables
3,)
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Order
(Frequency, Hz)
Vibration
Machine
T
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Speed
= RPM
= 1/T
Sound
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Storage of Slices
+ Tags
(Method 2)
#
#
Time
Spectra
FFT, Order,
1/n Octave, etc...
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Slices
Order, Frequency band
Overall L,A,B,C levels
#
#
#
#
#
#
Tags
#
#
Overall
level
1800 Speed
[RPM]
1400
1000
Frequency [Hz]
1800 Speed
1600 [RPM]
1400
1200
1000
Vibration 10
level
5
[m/s2]
0
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Frequency [Hz]
10
1st order
[m/s2]
5
0
10
6th order
5
0
Speed [RPM]
Speed [RPM]
Vibration level
10
[m/s2]
1800 Speed
[RPM]
1400
5
0
1000
Frequency [Hz]
[m/s2]
10
Structural
Resonance
5
0
Speed [RPM]
These slices can be viewed during the measurement or extracted from the
stored spectral information after the measurement as post-processed slices.
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0
5k
4k
3k
2k
40
80
120
160
200
[Hz]
240
280
320
360
Crossing orders
Very fast RPM change (high slew rate)
Gear shift
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400
[RPM] (Speed Tacho 1)
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A
B
FFT
Analyzer
FFT
Spectra
Use:
RPM tagging
Extraction of
order slices
Tacho
Signals
Tachometer
Order
and
Frequency
Slices
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0
5k
4k
3k
2k
40
80
120
[m/s]
160
200
[Hz]
240
280
320
360
400
[RPM] (Speed Tacho 1)
4
3.6
3.2
2.8
2.4
2
1.6
1.2
800m
400m
0
1.2k
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1.6k
2k
2.4k
2.8k
3.2k
3.6k
[RPM] (Nominal Values)
4k
4.4k
4.8k
5.2k
Limitation:
Smearing of higher orders
Only for lower, well separated orders over a
limited RPM range and relatively slow run-up.
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Order
Analyzer
Use:
Tracking
reference
RPM tagging
Extraction of
order slices
Tacho
Signal
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Tachometer
Spectra
Order
Slices
Time
fs = 2,56 fmax
Samples analyzed
fmax
Time
Frequency
Example: fs = 8 ffundamental
Samples analyzed
Revolutions
(periods)
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810110/1
Orders
Rotational
Speed
RPM
3000
f = 150 Hz
2400
f = 100 Hz
1800
f = 50 Hz
1200
600
1
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880491
10
Order No
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Tacho Gearing
Ratio
Factor
1:2
A
N pulses / rev
Probe
Probe
A
B
Speed A
Factor = N, ex: 32 or 64ppr
Ratio =
Speed B
23
=
17
Ateeth
Bteeth
Order Analysis
Advantage:
Accurate identification of higher orders, no smearing
Analysis of high orders over a wide RPM range
Analysis of close orders
On-line analysis
Fast runup can be handled with accurate Tacho (ex:60ppr)
Limitation:
Depends on a reliable and accurate Tachometer
No frequency slices
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Time: When ?
Time: When ?
Referenced to
the clock
[sec]
Referenced to
the revolution of the shaft
[Rev]
Frequency spectrum:
How often?
[per second]
Order spectrum:
How often?
[per revolution]
Signal
Spectrum
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Frequency Analysis
Time [sec]
Revolutions [Rev]
Frequency [Hz]
[per sec]
Harmonics [Order]
[per revolution]
Rev (Vibration X)
W orking : Input : Input : Sync Avg Order Analyzer
On the left:
8
6
-2
-4
-6
[m/s]
-8
0
5
[Revolution]
Time(Vibration X) - Input
Working : Input : Input : FFT Analyzer
On the right:
-2
-4
-6
0
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10m
20m
30m
40m
50m
60m
[s]
70m
80m
90m
100m
110m
120m
Without tracking
With tracking
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Disadvantages:
Disadvantages:
Smearing of components
High no. of FFT lines if wide RPM
and frequency range is required
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VoldKalman
Filter
RPM
profile
extraction
3. order
1. order
Order
Levels
1. order
9. order
3. order
10. order
RPM profiles
raw and curvefitted RPM
two hinge points
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Removal or attenuation of
orders in run up/down
measurements
Total signal
9th order
removed
or attenuated
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Limitation:
Off-line analysis
More time consuming
* For a detailed description see Sound and Vibration, April 1999, p. 34 - 44:
Characteristics of the Vold-Kalman Order Tracking Filter
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Autotracking
Functionality in PULSE LabShop and Reflex
Order tracking without direct access to the rotating parts of the machine
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Brel & Kjr Sound & Vibration Measurement A/S.
Copyright Brel & Kjr. All Rights Reserved.
Introduction
Rotating Machinery
Knowing the RPM of the rotating parts is
important for analysis and diagnostics
Order Analysis
Benefits of Autotracking
Indirect measurements
Accelerometers, Microphones
Order Analysis
Tacho signal not available or difficult to get
Applications
Drivetrain, Turbocharger, Turbine, Engine
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01
p 0n 0n 1, 0n 2 , 0n 3 ,, 0n N , d , I
03
5 cylinder engine
7.5
Expected harmonics:
2.5, 5, 7.5 etc.
Pretest
Inspection
5
2.5
Experimental data
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09
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Autotracking Benefits
State-of-the-art solution
Based on Bayesian statistical methods using measured data
harmonic structure and tracking profile
Ease-of-use
No time-consuming and difficult mounting (compact engines)
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19
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Signal Enhancement
Spectrum Enhancement
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Signal Enhancement
Signal enhancement or Synchronous time domain averaging
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Application Example
Contaminating
Background Vibration
Accelerometer
Vibrating
Machine
Machine
Vibration
Tacho
Probe
Vibration
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Time
Time
Time
Time
Time
Average
FFT
FFT
FFT
Time
Average
FFT
Traditional Spectrum
Averaging
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FFT
Signal Enhancement
1
N
Averages to zero
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a1( t )
a1( t )
a2 ( t )
a2 ( t )
.
.
.
.
.
.
1
N
a j ( t )
Extracts waveform
a j ( t )
[dB/1.00 in/sec]
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
-80
16
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18
20
22
24
26
28
[Order]
30
32
34
36
38
40
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Brel & Kjr Sound & Vibration Measurement A/S.
Copyright Brel & Kjr. All Rights Reserved.
Questions?
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