Building Materials

BM01
Lecture 1

Ing Alena Vimmrov,

Ing.
Vimmrov Ph.D.
Ph D
A 329

Department of Materials Engineering and

Chemistry
htt //t
f
t
http://tpm.fsv.cvut.cz
E-mail:
E
il vimmrova@fsv.cvut.cz
i
@f
t
mail
Consultation hours : after e
e-mail
agreement

B ildi
M t i l
Building
Materials

I f
Information
i
about
b
123BM01

123BM01
2h + 2h/ week

http://tpm.fsv.cvut.cz/student
p p

Lectures
Thursday
10.00 11.50
A338

Seminars
Thursday
12.00 13.50
A 338 + laboratories

Accesible from:
http //
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http://www.fsv.cvut.cz/

Literature

Building material?

Lectures
Somayaji, S.: Civil engineering materials.
Prentice Hall, 2001, ISBN 013083906X,
9780130839060
Illston, J.M. - Domone,P.L.J.: Construction
materials Their nature and behaviour
materials.
behaviour.
Spon Press, London and New York,
2010,ISBN
,
0-203-92757-5(e-book),
(
),
0415465168, 978-0-415-46516-8
Marotta, T.W. et al.: Basic Construction
M t i l Prentice
Materials.
P ti Hall,
H ll 2011
2011, ISBN
ISBN-10:
10
0135129699, ISBN-13: 9780135129692

Building Material

Classification of the materials

according the chemical composition

any material which is used for a

construction purpose
(Wiki di )
(Wikipedia)
each material, firmly joined with the
b ilding
building

organic (carbon as the basic element: timber

plastics asphalt
plastics,
asphalt, bitumen
bitumen, plastics etc.)
etc )
inorganic (silicaceous materials (silica),
calcareous materials (calcium compounds),
compounds)
argillaceous materials (e.g. clay), metals (elements
- iron, copper,
pp and alloys)
y )

according occurrence:
timber, some metals
naturally occurring - stones,
stones timber
manufactured materials - plastics, concrete,
mortars

Material composition of BM

Classification of the materials

according
di their
th i use:
basic building materials (blocks) stones, bricks
binding
bi di materials
t i l - cementt (silicaceous),
( ili
)
lime (calcareous), clay (argillaceous),
bit
((organic)
i )
bitumen
finishing materials - paint, varnish,
distemper
i
l ti materials
t i l - rock
k wool,
l glass
l
insulating
wool, expanded clays, asphalt etc.

Which material ?

Stone and aggregates

Timber, wood-based materials
Ceramics and glass
Lime-based materials
Calcium sulphate-based materials
Cementitous materials
materials, concrete
Metals
Bitumenous materials
Plastics
Other materials

Materials selection
Step
p 1: Material specifications
p
- definition
of the desired parameters

knowledge of the properties

Step 2: Comparison and evaluation of
available materials

knowledge of
alternatives

right choice

Materials selection

Selection of the material

th
the d
designer,
i
th
the b
builder
ild and
d th
the user
must all understand construction
materials to produce the finished facility
and to use it to best advantage

1 A
1.
Analysis
l i off th
the problem
bl
( f
(performance
required, useful life required,
allowable cost, maintenance
expense)
2. Comparison of available materials or
products
of step 1
p
oducts with
t the
t e criteria
c te a o
3. Design or selection of type of material,
size shape
size,
shape, finish
finish, method of
preserving, method of fastening in
place

each material used must perform its

function well over a sufficiently long
time and both original cost and
time,
maintenance expense must be
reasonable

Materials selection

Legal requirements
in EU:
U
REGULATION (EU) No 305/2011 OF THE
EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE
COUNCIL of 9 March 2011 laying down
harmonised conditions for the marketing
of construction products and repealing
Council Directive 89/106/EEC (CPR)

defines 7 essential functional

q
on the constructions
requirements

CPR 305/2011

Essential functional
requirements

The materials and products must satisfy the

following essential requirements:
Mechanical Resistance and Stability
y in case of fire
Safety
Hygiene, health and the environment
Safety in use
Protection against noise
Energy economy and heat retention
Sustainable use of natural resources
for an economically reasonable working life

CPR 305/2011

1. Mechanical Resistance and Stability

The construction works must be designed
and
db
built
ilt iin such
h a way th
thatt th
the lloadings
di
th
thatt
are liable to act on it during its constructions
and use will not lead to any of the following:
- collapse of the whole or part of the work
- major deformations to an inadmissible degree
- damage
other
parts
of the
or to
or
da age to
oo
e pa
so
e works
o so
o fittings
gs o
installed equipment as a
result of major deformation of
the load
load-bearing
bearing construction
- damage by an event to an
extent disproportionate to the
original cause

CPR 305/2011

3. Hygiene, health
and
d the
th environm
i
entt

2 Safety in case of fire

2.
The construction works must be designed
g
and built in such a way that in the event of an
outbreak of fire:
- the load-bearing capacity of the construction can be
assumed for a specific period of time,
- the generation and spread of fire and smoke within
the works are limited,
- the spread of fire to neighboring
construction works is limited,
- occupants can leave the works or be
rescued by other means,
- the
th safety
f t off rescue teams
t
is
i taken
t k
into consideration.

CPR 305/2011

The construction work must be designed and

b ilt iin such
built
h a way th
thatt it will
ill nott b
be a th
threatt
to the hygiene or health of the occupants or
neighbours in particular as a result of any of
neighbours,
the following:
- the

giving-off
giving off of toxic gas
gas,
- the presence of dangerous particles
or gases in the air,
- the emission of dangerous radiation,
- pollution or poisoning of the water or soil
soil,
- faulty elimination of waste water, smoke, solid or
liquid wastes,
- the presence of damp in parts of the works or on
surfaces within the works

CPR 305/2011

4. Safety in use
5 Protection
5.
P t ti against
i t noise
i
6. Energy economy and heat retention

The construction work must be designed and

b ilt in
built
i such
h a way that
th t
it does not present unacceptable risks of accidents
in service or in operation such as slipping,
slipping falling,
falling
collision, burns, electrocution, injury from explosion
noise perceived by the occupants or people nearby
is kept down to a level that will not threaten their
health and will allow them to sleep, rest and work in
satisfactory
satisfactor conditions
the amount of energy required in use shall be low,
having regard to the climatic conditions of the
location and the occupants.

CPR 305/2011

7 Sustainable use of natural

7.
resources
The construction works must be designed,
b ilt and
built
dd
demolished
li h d iin such
h a way th
thatt th
the
use of natural resources is sustainable and in
particular
ti l ensure th
the ffollowing:
ll i
Recyclability of the construction works, their
materials
t i l and
d parts
t after
ft demolition.
d
liti
Durability of the construction works.
Use
U off environmentally
i
t ll compatible
tibl raw and
d
secondary materials in the construction works.

CPR 305/2011

The CE marking
a passport to free circulation
circulation.
not a quality mark, merely a statement that
the product complies with the applicable
legislation
it
that
conforms
to an
i indicates
i di
h the
h product
d
f
harmonized European Standard (hEN) or an
E
T h i lA
European
Technical
Approvall (ETA)

Materials choice
1 experience (personal,
1.
(personal given)
2. technical data (published,
standardized)
3. physical and chemical studies
(relationship between structure and
properties) - materials engineering

1 Experience
1.

Obtained experience

Personal

Indirect experience

2. Technical data

33-22 BC
AD 1556

Technical standards
a publication that provides rules,
rules guidelines
or characteristics for activities or their
results for common and repeated use
results,
explicit set of requirements to be satisfied
b a material,
by
t i l product,
d t or service
i
may be developed by any of various kinds of
organizations international, regional,
national (e.g. International Organization for
Standardization (ISO), European Committee
for Standardization (CEN), British Standards
Institution (BSI) )

Types of standards

European
p
Standard EN
a standard that has been adopted by one of
the three recognized European
Standardisation Organisations (ESOs): CEN,
CENELEC or ETSI
produced by
y all interested p
parties through
g a
p
transparent, open and consensus based
process
p
the European Commission requests the ESOs
to develop and adopt European Standards, by
means of 'standardisation mandates'. Those
European Standards developed in response to
a mandate are called harmonised Standards

Terminological standard
EN 12670 Natural stone - Terminology

terminological
i l i l
for testing
for products
safety regulations
quality control

Scope:
This European Standard defines
the recommended terminology covering
scientific, and technical terms, test methods,
products, and the classification of Natural
Stones.

Product standard
EN 771
771- 4:
4 Specification
S
ifi i ffor masonry
units - Part 4: Autoclaved aerated
concrete masonry units

Scope:
This European Standard specifies the
characteristics and performance
requirements of autoclaved aerated
concrete (AAC) masonry units

SN 1213

1947

Testing standard
EN 196
196-1
1 Methods
M h d off testing
i cement Part 1: Determination of strength
g

Scope:
This document describes the
method for the determination
of the compressive and, optionally,
the flexural strength of cement mortar.

EN 196-3
196 3

2005

3 Materials engineering
3.
all of the useful properties of a material are
related to its structure (at all levels - which
atoms are present
present, how the atoms are
joined, and how groups of atoms are
g throughout
g
)
arranged
the material).
this structure and the resulting properties,
are controlled by the processing of the
t i l
material.
understanding the relationships between
properties structure
properties,
structure, processing and
performance makes the Materials Engineer
the master of the engineering
g
g universe.

Material Engineering
structure
material
characterization
properties
p p

processing
f
performance

Composition of Building
Materials

Structure
&
Properties

Practicallyy each real substance is a mixture,,

which consists from components
Component is constituted by the atoms or
molecules (= element or compound)
Properties of the materials depends on the
type, amount and mutual interaction of the
components

Chemical purity

Substance
chemical individual
element

compound

mixture
heterogenous

homogenous
gaseous
mixture

liquid
solution

solid
solution

the degree to which a substance is

undiluted or unmixed with extraneous
material, typically expressed as a
percentage (%)
for technical uses the purity 90 % is
usually sufficient
highest purity Si - 99,9999999 %

Grades of Chemicals
Chemistry
Grade

Alternative
Name for
Grade

Reagent

pur. spec
purris
ACS

Laboratory

Technical

p.a.
purr.
lab

tech.
Industrial

Purity

State (phase) of materials

Uses

Highest purity
available

Works for all scientific and

manufacturing
g needs
Often required for
experiments involving living
biological matter

Relatively high
purity, but may
contain small
amounts of
impurities

Sufficiently pure for most

science fair projects
Not suitable for use in food
or medicine of any kind

Contains
impurities

Used for commercial or

industrial purposes
Can still be used for many
science fair projects
Not suitable for use in food
or medicine of any kind

gaseous
q
liquid
solid

Gases

Liquids

lowest density ( cca 1000x lower than density of

solids and liquids)

lower density than solids

large
g distance between molecules

molecules are close,

close but movable

ideal gas law

able to flow (irreversible deformation)

P.V = n . R . T
where n is the amount of substance of g
gas [[mol]]
R is the ideal gas constant (8.314 JK1mol1)
T is an absolute temperature [Kelvin]

mostly
y miscible
non-elastic

Air density 1 kg/m3

Solids
the particles (ions, atoms or molecules)
are closely packed together
the forces between p
particles are strong
g
the particles cannot move freely but can
only
y vibrate
a solid has a stable, definite shape, and
a definite volume
change their shape only by force
(breaking,
(breaking cutting)
isotropic
anisotropic (orthotropic)

Isotropy
uniformity in all orientation
from the Greek iso (equal) and tropos
(direction)
having identical values of a property
i all
in
ll directions
di ti

Isotropic materials

metals
concrete
t
aerated concrete (AAC)
(
)
polystyrene (EPS)
i
ceramic
ubbe
rubber

Anisotropy
the property of being directionally
dependent
a difference
diff
i a material's
in
i l' properties,
i
g different axes
when measured along
most materials exhibit anisotropic behavior
(e g wood
(e.g.
wood's
s strength and hardness will be
different for the same sample if measured in
differing orientation)

if the different materials properties are

i orthogonal
in
th
l directions
di ti
- orthotropy
th t

Anisotropic materials

wood
wood-based
wood
based materials
perforated brick
bones
some composites (laminates)

Structure
microstructure
c ost uctu e

macrostrukture
ac ost u tu e

Structure of solids

Crystal materials
the atoms are p
packed in regular,
g
repeating,
p
g
three-dimensional form
most energy favorable

crystal materials
amorphous mat.
heterogeneous mat.

- porous
- granular
- composites
p

Imperfections and impurities

in p
practice it is impossible
p
for a p
perfect and
uniform atomic structure to be formed throughout
the material
there will always be a number of imperfections

Amorphous materials
a solid
lid th
thatt llacks
k th
the llong-range order
d
characteristic of a crystal
glass, asphalt, wax, resins

Amorphous materials
can crystallize in the course of time
some substances can have amorphous
and crystalline structure (allotropes)

Heterogeneous materials
having more than one phase
depends on the scale of examination
mostly
y anisotropic
p behavior ((can be
statistically isotropic)

crystal
y
SiO2 (quartz)

porous materials,
materials,
materials granular materials
composites

amorphous
SiO2 (glass)

Porous materials
closed pores

open pores

Granular materials
a co
conglomeration
go e a o o
of d
discrete
sc e e so
solid,
d,
macroscopic particles characterized by
a loss of energy whenever the particles
interact

solid phase + voids

loose

Composites
engineered or naturally occurring materials
made from two or more constituent
materials
with
significantly
different
properties
ti
which
hi h remain
i
separate
t
and
d
distinct at the macroscopic or microscopic
scale within the finished structure.
structure
The
constituents act together synergically.
Synergy the interaction of two or more
agents or forces so that their combined
effect
ff t is
i greater
t than
th the
th sum off their
th i
individual effects.

Natural and man-made composites

Reinforced materials
Reinforcement
+
A binding substance

Reinforcement
particles (filled plastics,
concrete)
fibers (carbon, glass,
metal,
t l natural)
t l)

=
bars (reinforced concrete)
flat layers (laminates,
plywood)
l
d)

Material Testing
for exact knowledge of the
material properties it is necessar
necessary
to test it

Principles of material
testing
defined conditions and methods of
testing (according technical standard)

Material testing

acco
according
d g test
testing
g sta
standards
da ds
on appropriate sample

Test sample
representative
t ti (typical
( i l example)
l )

the test should emulate the real

situation

average (in the middle of properties)

the load of the material is often

extreme (to provide some warranty)

sufficiently large (for all tests,

tests for
repeating of the tests, for auxiliary
tests)

to characterize material sufficiently

several different tests

Representative sample
Contains all important structural features

Sample size
Can b
C
be diff
differentt ffor diff
differentt
materials:
Steel 10-3 mm
Wood tenth of mm
Concrete min. 100 mm

Amount of tests
One measuring = no measuring
mostly given by standard
usuallyy 3 - 6 measurements
statistical evaluation (to minimize
measurementt errors))

Sampling
depends on structure of the
material
Solid materials:

Sampling according the

random number table

Liquid sampling

200 bricks,
bricks chose 5 for testing

100,197, 49, 82, 153

Sampling of granular materials

Sampler
p splitter
p

Rotary
y sample
p
divider

Quartering

Sampling plan
a
d t il d
detailed
outline
tli
off
which
hi h
measurements will be taken at what
ti
times,
on which
hi h material,
t i l in
i what
h t
manner, and by whom
designed in such a way that the
resulting
data
will
contain
a
representative
sample
of
the
parameters of interest and allow for all
questions, as stated in the goals, to be
answered

Accuracy and precision

Accuracy - the validity of measuring
procedure, the quality of measuring device
and the care at measuring
g
digits
g or
Precision - the number of significant
decimal places
Even if the person making a measurement is as
accurate as humanlyy p
possible,, limitations imposed
p
by the measuring instrument and the conditions
under which the measurement is being made, dictate
th t the
that
th result
lt should
h ld nott imply
i l greater
t precision
i i than
th
circumstances warrant.

Measurement error
No meas
measurement
rement is
absolutely accurate
Errors
systematic (device, staff, method)
random (minimize by repeating of
measurements)
gross (measurement process is subject
occasionallyy to large
g inaccuracies

Laboratory conditions
composition, temperature, pressure
Building materials :
under standard conditions
- air humidity
- temperature
- pressure
Normal laboratory condition:
C 5 C
C
temperature: 20 C
relative air humidity: 55 80 %
normal pressure

Sample storage and

documentation
sample curing
unmistakable labelling
record keeping