Additional

Mathematics
Form 4
Topic: 7

DECISIVE
(Version 2007)
by

NgKL
(M.Ed.,B.Sc.Hons.,Dip.Ed.,Dip.Edu.Mgt.&Lship,Cert.NPQH.)

7.1 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

IMPORTANT POINTS:
Ungroup Data
(in a Frequency Table)

Group Data

Data sets which are not

grouped into classes.

Data sets which are not

grouped into classes but
are presented in
Frequency Table.

Data sets which are

grouped into classes and
presented in Frequency
Table.

Example:

Example:

Example:

Ungroup Data

The masses of six pupils

in kilogram:
50, 52, 55, 60, 55, 59.

Number
of Books
Read
0
1
2
3
4

Number
of
Students
5
6
8
4
2

Number
of Books
Read
01
2-3
4-5
6-7
8-9

Number
of
Students
11
12
15
8
7

Mode = The value

which is repeated the
most number of times
in a set of data.

Mode = The value of

data which has the
highest frequency.

Modal Class = The class

with highest frequency.
Mode is obtained from
the highest bar of a
histogram with the
procedure as shown
below.
Modal class
frequency

mode

Ungroup Data
_

Mean, x =

x
N

= sum of all the

values of data.
N = number of values
of data.
Median, m = the value
in the middle position of
a set of data after the
data are arranged in
ascending order.

Ungroup Data
(in a Frequency Table)
_

Mean, x =

fx
f

Group Data
_

Mean, x =

fx
f

x = value of data
f = frequency

x = class mid-point
f = frequency

Median, m = the value

in the middle position of
a set of data after the
data are arranged in
ascending order.

Median, m

= Lm +

N
F

2
c
fm

Lm = lower boundary of
the median class.
N = sum of frequency.
F = cumulative
frequency of the
class before the
median class.
3

fm = frequency of the
median class.
c = size of the median
class.
Effects of uniform changes in a set of data on the mode, mean and median:
1. When a constant number k is added or subtracted to each data in a set, then
* the new mode = original mode k
* the new mean = original mean k
* the new median = original median k
2. When a constant number k is multiplied to each data in a set, then
* the new mode = k x original mode.
* the new mean = k x original mean.
* the new median = k x original median.
When two sets of data, i.e. set X and set Y are combined, then
Combined mean =

xy
Nx Ny

Exercise 7.1
1.

Find the mode, mean and median of the following sets of data.
(a) 9, 5, 3, 3, 7, 13, 9

(b) 2, 8, 11, 9, 6, 5, 12, 11

(c) 3, 4, 11, 3, 10, 11, 2, 3, 7

2.

Find the mode, mean and median of the following sets of data.
(a
)

(b)

(c)

Pocket money (RM)

25

30

35

40

45

50

Number of Students

No. of
absentees

No. of
classes

No. of
goals

No. of
players

12

10

7
5

(d)

Score

No. of
pupils

12

11

15

10

20

21

3. Determine the modal class, hence the mode for each set of group data below.
(a)

(b)

Height /
cm

No. of
pupils

141 145

146 150

151 155

16

156 160

161 165

Marks

No.. of
pupils

20 29

30 39

40 49

Modal class =

Mode = .

Modal class =

(c)

4.
(a)

50 59

10

60 69

70 79

Mass /
kg

Mode = .

Modal class =

No. of
pupils

30 39

40 49

50 59

12

60 69

15

70 79

10

Mode = .
Find the mean of each grouped data of the following.
Height /
cm

No. of
pupils

141 145

146 150

151 155

16

156 160

161 165

(b)

(c)

Marks

Number of
pupils

20 -29

30 39

40 49

50 59

10

60 - 69

70 - 79

Mass /
kg

No. of
pupils

30 39

40 49

10

50 59

60 69

15

70 - 79

10

(d) The table below shows the duration of telephone calls received in an office
on a certain day for 40 calls. Determine the mean of the duration of calls.
8

Duration
of Calls /
min

5.

(a)

No. of
Calls

12

34

56

78

10

9 10

For each of the following sets of data, without drawing an ogive, calculate
the median of the set of data.
Height /
cm

Number of
pupils

141 145

146 150

151 155

16

156 160

161 165

(b)

(c)

Marks

No. of
pupils

20 29

30 39

40 49

50 59

10

60 69

70 - 799

Mass /
kg

Number of
pupils

30 39

40 49

10

50 59

60 69

14

70 - 79

10

(d) The table below shows the duration of telephone calls received in an office
on a certain day for 40 calls. Without drawing an ogive, determine the
median of the duration of calls.
10

Duration
of Calls /
min

Number
of Calls

23

45

12

67

10

89

10 11

7.2 OGIVE

An ogive is a statistical graph which is drawn of cumulative

frequency of a set of grouped data against its frequency class of
upper boundary.
An ogive can be used to estimate the median, m, first quartile, Q1
and third quartile, Q3 of the grouped data.
Cumulative frequency, F

3N
4
N
2

N = Sum of frequency
Q1 = First quartile
m = Median

N
4

Q3 = Third quartile
Upper boundary
Q1m Q3

11

To draw an ogive, a Cumulative Frequency & Upper Boundary table

has to be built.
A class with zero frequency and its upper boundary also need to be
created.
Example:
Mass / kg

1.

Cumulative
Upper
frequency, F
boundary
0
29.5
8
39.5
18
49.5
26
59.5
40
69.5
50
79.5
its cumulative frequency against upper

Frequency, f

20 29
0
30 39
8
40 49
10
50 59
8
60 69
14
70 79
10
graph is then plotted with
boundary to give an ogive.

Exercise 7.2
The table below shows the duration of telephone calls received in an office
on a certain day for 40 calls. Draw an ogive, hence determine the median,
m, first quartile, Q1, and third quartile, Q3 of the duration of calls.
Duration of
Calls / min

Number
of Calls

23

45

12

67

10

89

10 11

12

2.

The table below shows marks scored by 30 pupils in a test. Draw an ogive,
hence determine the median, m, first quartile, Q 1, and third quartile, Q3 of
the test.
Marks

Number of
pupils

20 29

30 39

40 49

50 59

10

60 69

70 79

13

6.

(a) The mode, mean and median of a set of numbers are 6, 8.5 and 7.8
respectively. Determine the new mode, mean and median if each of the
numbers in the set is;
(i) added by 3 and then divided by 2.
(ii) subtracted by 5 and then multiplied by 4.

(b) The mode, mean and median of a set of data are 32.5, 30 and 31.5
respectively. Find the new mode, mean and median if each value in the
data is;
(i) added by 3 and then multiplied by .,
(ii) subtracted by 1.2.

14

(c) A set of data with 6 numbers has a mean of 21. When a new number is
added to the set, the mean becomes 20. Find the value of the number
added.

7.3

MEASURE OF DISPERSION

Ungroup Data

Ungroup Data
(in a Frequency Table)

Group Data

Range = largest value of

data smallest
value of data.

Range = largest value of

data smallest
value of data.

Range = midpoint of the

highest class
midpoint of the
lowest class.

Inter quartile range

= Q3 - Q1

Inter quartile range

= Q3 - Q1

Inter quartile range

= Q3 - Q1

Variance,

Variance,

Variance,
2 =

_ 2

- x

=
2

where;

= sum of square of
the values of
data.

N = number of
values of data.

fx
f
2

_ 2

=
2

where;
f = frequency.

where;
f = frequency.

x = value of data.

x = class midpoint.

= mean

_ 2

= mean

= mean

Standard deviation,
=

fx
f
2

x x2
2

Standard deviation,

fx x 2
f
2

Standard deviation,

fx 2 x_2
f
15

Effects of uniform changes in a set of data on the range, inter quartile

range, variance and standard deviation.
1. When a constant number k is added or subtracted to each data in a set, then
* the new range, interquartile range, variance and standard deviation =
original range range, interquartile range, variance and standard deviation
respectively.
2. When a constant number k is multiplied to each data in a set, then
* the new range = k x original range.
* the new interquartile range = k x original interquartile range..
* the new variance = k2 x original varaince.
* the new standard deviation = k x original standard deviation.
When two sets of data, i.e. set X and set Y are combined, then;

Combined standard deviation =

2
x y
N x Ny

xy

N N
y
x

Exercise 7.3(a)
1.

Find the range and inter quartile range of each set of the following data.

(a) 46, 35, 41, 40, 32, 38, 44, 40

(b) 17, 4, 6, 10, 12, 12

(c ) 22, 20, 25, 19, 24

(b) 3, 12, 8, 4, 10, 6, 7

16

2.

(a
)

(b)

Find the range and inter quartile range of each set of the following data.

Score

No. of
pupils

12

20

18

11

No. of
book

No. of
pupils

10

14

20

26

18

12

17

(c)

(d)

3.

Mass /
kg

No. of
pupils

50

51

52

10

53

20

54

55

No. of
children

No. of
family

The table below shows the incomes of 40 workers in a factory.

Income /
RM

No. of
workers

301 400

401 500

501 600

12

601 700

701 800

6
18

(a) Find the range of incomes of the workers.

(b) Calculate the first quartile, Q1,, the third quartile, Q3 and the inter
quartile range.

(c) Draw an ogive, hence determine the first quartile, Q1,,third quartile, Q3
and the inter quartile range from the ogive.

19

4.

The table below shows the number of chicken sold over a period of 60 days.
No. of
chickens

No.
of days

11 15

11

16 20

16

21 25

19

26 30

31 - 35

6
20

(a) Find the range of incomes of the workers.

(b) Calculate the first quartile, Q1,, the third quartile, Q3 and the inter
quartile range.

(c) Draw an ogive, hence determine the first quartile, Q1,,third quartile, Q3
and the inter quartile range from the ogive.

21

Exercise 7.3(b):
1.

Find the mean, variance and standard deviation of each set of the
following data.
(a) 9, 5, 3, 3, 7, 13, 9

22

(b) 2, 8, 11, 9, 6, 5, 12, 11

(c) 3, 4, 11, 3, 10, 11, 2, 3, 7

2.

Find the mean, variance and standard deviation of each of the following
data.

23

(a
)

(b)

Score

No. of
pupils

12

20

18

11

No. of
book

No. of
pupils

10

14

20

26

18

12

24

(c)

(d)

Mass /
kg

No. of
pupils

50

51

52

10

53

20

54

55

No.
of
children

No. of
family

Exercise 7.3(c):

25

1.

The table below shows the duration of telephone calls received in an office
on a certain day for 40 calls. Find the mean, variance and standard
deviation of the duration of calls.
Duration of
Calls / min
23

Number
of Calls
9

45

12

67

10

89

10 11

26

2.

The table below shows marks scored by 30 pupils in a test. Find the mean,
variance and standard deviation of the test.
Marks

Number of
pupils

20 29

30 39

40 49

50 59

10

60 - 69

70 - 79

27

3.

The table below shows the lengths of 60 mature long beans in a field study.
Find the mean, variance and standard deviation of the lengths of the beans.

10 14

Number
of Beans
8

15 19

15

20 24

19

25 29

13

30 34

Length / cm

28

Exercise 7.3(d)
1.

The range and the variance of a set of data are 12 and 13 respectively. Each
value in the set of data is multiplied by 3 and then subtracted by 5. Find
(a) the new range,
(b) the new variance

2.

A set of data has a range of 30, an inter quartile range of 5 and a standard
deviation of 8. Each value in the set of the data is divided by 4 and then
added by 3. Find
(a) the new range,
(b) the new inter quartile range,
(c) the new standard deviation.

3.

Determine the range, the inter quartile range and the variance of the set of
data, 3, 5, 6, 8 11, 13. What will be the range, the inter quartile range and
the variance when values of the data is changed to the following
(a) 4, 6, 7, 9, 12, 14.
(b) 9, 15, 18, 24, 33, 39.
(c) 1.5, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0, 5.5, 6.5.
(d) 2.5, 4.5, 5.5, 7.5, 11.5, 13.5

29

Exercise 7.4: Problem Solving I

1.

Given the mode and the mean of the following set of data, 9, p, 14, q, 33, q
are 33 and 20 respectively. Determine the values of p and q.

2.

The median of the set data 4, 5, 6, 8, k, 9, is 7. Determine the value of k.

3.

A set of data has seven numbers. Its mean is 9. If a number p is added to the
set, the new mean is 12. What is the possible value of p?

30

4.

A set of data x1, x2, x3, x4, x5 has a mean of 10 and a variance of 4. A value of
x 6 is added to the set of data, the mean remains unchanged. Determine
(a) the value of x6,
(b) the variance of the new set of data.

5.

A set of data consists of 6 numbers. The sum of the numbers is 39 and the
sum of the squares is 271.
(a) Find the mean and variance of the set of data.
(b) If a number 5 is taken out from the set of data, find the new mean and
standard deviation of the new data.

6.

The mean and variance of two sets of data are as following;

Set X: x1, x2, x3, x4, x5, x6, x7; mean = 11, variance =16.
Set Y: y1, y2, y3, y4, y5; mean =12, variance = 9.
Find the mean and the variance when the two set of data are combined into
one.

31

SPM Papers (2003 2007)

1.

The diagram below is a histogram which represents the distribution of the

marks obtained by 40 pupils in a test.
Number of Pupils
14
12
10
8
6
4
2

0
0.5
(a)
(b)

10.5

20.5

30.5

40.5

50.5

Marks

Without using an ogive, calculate the median mark.

[3 marks]
Calculate the standard deviation of the distribution.
[4 marks]
(SPM 2005/SectionA/Paper 2)

32

2.

A set of data consists of 10 numbers. The sum of the numbers is 150 and the
sum of the squares of the numbers is 2472.
(a) Find the mean and variance of the 10 numbers.
[3 marks]
(b) Another number is added to the set of data and the mean is increased by
1. Find
(i) the value of this number,
(ii) the standard deviation of the set of 11 numbers.
[4 marks]
(SPM 2004/SectionA/Paper 2)

33

3.

A set of examination marks x1, x2, x3, x4, x5, x6 has a mean of 5 and a
standard deviation of 1.5.
(a) Find
(i) the sum of the marks, x,
(ii) the sum of the squares of the marks, x2.
[3 marks]
(b) Each mark is multiplied by 2 then 3 is added to it. Find, for the new set
of marks,
(i) the mean,
(ii) the variance.
[4 marks]
(SPM 2003/Section A/Paper 2)

34

4.

The positive integers consists of 2, 5 and m. The variance for this set of
integers is 14. Find the value of m.
[4 marks]
(SPM 2006/Paper 1)

5.

A set of data consists of five numbers. The sum of the numbers is 60 and the
sum of the squares of the numbers is 800.
Find, for the five numbers
(a) the mean,
(b) the standard deviation.
[3 marks]
(SPM2007/Paper 1)

35

6.

Table 1 shows the cumulative frequency distribution for the scores of 32

students in a competition.
Score

< 10

< 20

< 30

< 40

< 50

10

20

28

32

30 39

40 49

Number of students

Table 1
(a) Based on Table 1, copy and complete Table 2.
Score

09

10 19

20 29

Number of students
Table 2
(b) Without drawing an ogive, find the interquartile range of the
distribution.
[5 marks]
(SPM2007/Section A/Paper 2)

7.

Table 1 shows the frequency distribution of the scores of a group of pupils

in a game.
Score
10 19
20 29
30 39
40 49
50 59
60 69

Number of pupils
1
2
8
12
k
1

(a) It is given that the median score of the distribution is 42.

Calculate the value of k.

[3 marks]
36

(b) Use the graph paper provided by the invigilator to answer this
question.
Using a scale of 2 cm to 10 cm scores on the horizontal axis and 2 cm
to 2 pupils on the vertical axis, draw a histogram to represent the
frequency distribution of the scores.
Find the mode score.
[4 marks]
(c) What is the mode score if the score of each pupil is increased by 5?
[1 mark]
(SPM2006/Section A/Paper 2)

37