CH3 Pile Foundations

JABATAN KEJURUTERAAN INFRASTRUKTUR DAN GEOMATIK
FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM DAN ALAM SEKITAR

3.0
PILE FOUNDATION
3.1
Types of piles and their structural characteristics

1. Steel piles, Figure 3.1
Consist of pipe piles or rolled steel H-section piles
The allowable structural capacity of steel piles :
Qall As f s
Where :
As cross-sectional area of steel

fs allowable stress of steel
Use of additional thickness and epoxy coating are used

to avoid corrosion, and typical condition of splicing
(sambat) when needed is shown in Figure 3.1.
Figure 3.1 Steel Piles

2. Concrete piles
Two categories of concrete piles are (a) precast and (b)
cast-in-situ
Precast piles, Figure 3.2:
-
prepared with ordinary reinforcement

in the shape of square or octagonal
Figure 3.2 Precast piles with ordinary reinforcement

Cast-in-situ or cast-in-place, Figure 3.3 :
made by driving a steel casing with mandrel into the
-
ground
upon reaching the desired depth, mandrel is pulled out and
the casing remain
with or without pedestal
uncased piles :
- casing is driven to the desired depth, and filled with
fresh concrete later gradually withdrawn
- with or without pedestal
allowable loads :
cased pile : Qall As f s Ac f c
uncased pile : Qall Ac f c
where :
As cross sectional area of steel
Ac - cross sectional area of concrete
fs allowable stress of steel
fc - allowable stress of concrete
Figure 3.3 Cast in place concrete piles

2

3. Timber piles
Three classifications are :
o
o
o
Class A : to carry heavy loads; min butt dia. =

14in (356mm)
Class B : to carry medium loads; min butt dia. =
12-13in (305-330mm)
Class C : used as temporary works but
permanently for submerged structure; min butt
dia. = 12in (305mm)
Splicing can be done by means of pipe sleeves or metal

straps or bolts, Figure 3.4
The allowable load-carrying capacity :
Qall A p f w
Where :
Ap average cross-sectional area of the
pile
fw allowable stress for the timber
Figure 3.4 Splicing of timber piles (a) use of pipe sleeves (b)
use of metal straps and bolts
4. Composite piles
Upper and lower portions of composite piles are made
of different material

They may in the form of : steel-cast-in-place concrete or

timber-concrete piles
5. Pile in term of their function support capacity, Figure
3.5:
(a) Bearing pile, (b) friction pile, (c) piles under uplift,
(d) piles under lateral loads, (e) batter piles under lateral
loads
Figure 3.5
Requirements and conditions for pile foundations,
Figure 3.6 :

Figure 3.6 Conditions for use of pile foundations

- transmit load to the stronger underlying bedrock, 3.6(a)
- gradually transmitting the load to the surrounding soil
by means of frictional resistance at the soil-pile
interface, 3.6(b)
- subjected to horizontal load while supporting the
vertical load transmitted by superstructure, 3.6(c)
- built extended into hard stratum under collapsible soil
(loess) to avoid the zone of moisture change that lead
to swell and shrink, 3.6(d)
- to resist uplifting forces for basement mats under water
table, 3.6(e)
- to resist scouring at the bridge abutments and piers
that can lead to possible loss of bearing capacity of soil
underneath, 3.6(f)
3.2
Estimating Pile Length, Figure 3.7

Figure 3.7 (a) and (b) Point Bearing Piles; and (c) Friction
Piles
Length of pile estimation depending upon the mode of

load transfer to the soil ; namely :
o
Point Bearing Piles
- the ultimate capacity of the piles depends entirely on

the bearing capacity of the hard stratum
- hence the length, L of the pile is fairly well established
- the ultimate pile load is then; Qu Q p Qs (Figure 3.7a)
where :
Qp load carried at the pile point
Qs load carried by skin friction developed at the side
of the
pile
- piles can be extended into hard stratum with
(Figure 3.7b)
o
Qu Q p
Friction Piles
- if no hard stratum presence, piles are driven through

softer soil to specified depths
- resistance to vertical loading, is provided mainly by the
skin friction; (in clayey soil is called adhesion)
- the ultimate load is given by : Qu Qs
o
Compaction Piles
- piles are driven in granular soil to achieve proper

compaction of soil close to ground surface

- the length depends on :relative density before and after

compaction as well as required depth of compaction
3.3
Installation of Piles, Figure 3.8
Figure 3.8 Pile driving equipment

Four method used in piles driving are ; drop hammer,

single acting air or steam hammer, double-acting and
differential air or steam hammer, and diesel hammer
- drop hammer, Figure 3.8a

o raised by a winch, and allowed to drop at a certain
height H
o slow rate of hammer blows
- single acting air or steam hammer, Figure 3.8b
o ram is raised by air or steam pressure and then
drops by
gravity
- double-acting and differential air or steam hammer,
Figure 3.8c
o ram is raised and pushed downward by air or
steam pressure
- diesel hammer, Figure 3.8d
o consist of ram, an anvil block and a fuel-injection
system
o ram is raised, fuel is injected near the anvil, ram is
released, drops and compresses air-fuel mixture
and ignites it
o this causes; pile to be pushed downward and ram
raised
Vibratory pile driver, Figure 3.8e; consists of counterrotating weights that produces centrifugal force that
cancel each other but sinusoidal dynamic vertical force
produced pushes the pile downward
Pile Load Transfer Mechanism
3.4
Frictional resistance, f(z) with depth is given by :

f z
Q z
p z

Where :
Q z
- increase in pile load

P perimeter of pile
z increase in depth
Nature of variation of pile load is as given by Figure 3.9

and Woo and Juang(1970) has obtained actual variation
of load transfer by a bored concrete pile in Taiwan as in
Figure 3.10
Figure 3.9 Load transfer

mechanism for piles
Figure 3.10 Load transfer

curves for a concrete
bored pile, Woo and
Juang (1975)
Equations for Estimating Pile Capacity
3.5
Ultimate load-carrying capacity of pile, Q u is :

Qu Q p Qs
Where :
Qp load-carrying capacity of the pile point
Qs frictional resistance

Point bearing capacity, Qp is :
Q p A p q p A p cN c* q' N q*
Where :
Ap cross sectional area of pile tip
c cohesion of the soil supporting the pile tip
qp - unit point cohesion
q =L effective vertical stress at the level of the
pile tip
N
*
c
L- pile length
, N - the bearing capacity factors
*
q
Frictional resistance, Qs is :
Qs pLf
Where :
p perimeter of the pile section
L incremental pile length where, p and f is
constant
f unit friction resistance at any depth z
There are many other methods for estimating Q p and Qs

Meyerhofs Method Estimation of Qp
3.6
The value of unit point resistance qp remains constant

beyond the critical embedment ratio, (Lb/D)cr, Figure
3.11
10

Figure 3.11 Nature of variation of unit point resistance in a

homogeneous sand
Figure 3.12 is the relationship of (Lb/D)cr and (degree)

where at = 45, (Lb/D)cr = 25
For piles in sand, c=0; but Qp should not exceed Apql,
Q p A p q p A p q ' N q*
and
Q p A p q ' N q* A p q l
The limiting point resistance is :

SI unit
: ql kN / m 2 50 N q* tan ;
or English
q kip / ft N
ql lb / ft 2 1000 N q* tan
2
*
q
tan
Where : soil friction angle in the bearing stratum
11

Figure 3.12 Nature of variation of unit
point resistance in sand
Figure 3.13 Variation of the

*
maximum values of N q with
Using SPT method (Meyerhof, 1976):

q p kN / m 2 40 N L / D 400 N
where N - average SPT number at 10D above and 4D
below the pile point.
For piles in clay, with saturated and undrained

conditions (=0)
Q p N c* cu A p 9cu A p
Where : cu undrained cohesion (undrained shear

strength) of the soil below the pile tip
Vesics Method Estimation of Qp
3.7
Vesic (1977) proposed value of Qp as :
Q p A p q p A p cN c* o' N *
Where :
1 2K o
q'
3
o' - mean normal ground effective stress =
Ko earth pressure coefficient = 1 sin

N , N * - bearing capacity factors (see Table D.6 of Das
textbook)
*
c
Janbus Method Estimation of Qp
3.8
NOT to be covered
Janbu (1976) proposed value of Qp as :
Q p A p cN c* q ' N q*
Where :
N c* , N q*
- bearing capacity factors, Figure 9.14
12

Figure 3.14 (a)Meyerhofs and (b) Janbus bearing capacity

factors
Coyle and Castellos Method (Estimation of Q p in Sand)
NOT TO BE COVERED
3.9
Coyle and Castello (1981) proposed value of Qp as :

Q p q ' N q* A p
Where :
q effective vertical stress at the pile tip
N q* - bearing capacity factor, Figure 3.15
13

Figure 3.15 Variation of N q* with L/D, unit frictional resistance

and K value for piles in sand (Coyle and Castello, 1981)
3.10
Frictional Resistance, Qs in Sand

Frictional resistance is, Qs pLf
Factors to be kept in mind while estimating unit
frictional, f
the nature of pile installation
unit skin friction increases with depth
at similar depth, bored or jetted piles has a lower
unit
skin friction compared to driven piles
Approximation of f : (Figure 3.15)

For z = 0 to L : f K v' tan
For z = L to L : f f z L '
Where :
K effective earth coefficient
14

v' - effective vertical stress at specified depth
- soil-pile friction angle
L = 15d
3.11
Read text for values of K, fav and Qs between 1976 and

1982
Frictional Resistance, Qs in Clay
Three method of estimating Qs in Clay :
1. Method :
- proposed by Vijayvergia and Focht (1972)
- assumption : displacement of soil caused by pile driving
results in a passive lateral pressure at any depth
- average unit skin resistance as :
'
f av v 2cu
Where :
v' - mean effective vertical stress for entire embedment
length,
A1 A2 A3 ......
L
cu mean undrained shear strength (=0)

- refer to Figure 3.16b
- total frictional resistance is :
Qs pLf av
15

Figure 3.16a Critical embedment ratio and bearing

capacity factors for various soil friction angles, (Meyerhof,
1976).
Figure 3.16b Variation of with pile embedment length and

its application, (McCleland 1974).
16

2. Method :
- unit skin resistance in clayey soil is : f cu
- empirical adhesion factor, Figure 3.17
Figure 3.17 Variation of with undrained cohesion of clay

3.
Qs fpL cu pL
Method :
- assumption : excess pore water pressure in normally

consolidated clay for driven pile shall dissipates
gradually
- thus unit frictional resistance for the pile is :
f v'
Where :
v' - vertical effective stress = z
K tan R
17

R drained friction angle of remolded clay

K earth pressure coefficient
Where : K 1 sin R for normally consolidated clays
K 1 sin R OCR for overly consolidated
clays
Qs fpL
Point Bearing Capacity of Piles Resting on Rock
3.12
Goodman (1980) has approximate the ultimate unit

point resistance in rock as :
q p q u N 1
Where :
N tan 2 45 / 2
qu unconfined compression strength of rock

- drained angle of friction
After taking care of scale effect, qu ( design )
q u (lab )
5
Table 3.1 is the typical value of qu(lab) for rocks and Table
3.2 the value of angle of friction respectively
Table 3.1 Typical unconfined compressive strength of rocks

qu
Rock type
Sandstone
Limestone
Shale
Granite
Marble
lb/in
10,000 20,000
15,000 30,000
5,000 10,000
20,000 30,000
8,500 10,000
MN/m2
70 140
105 210
35 70
140 210
60 70
Table 3.2 Typical Values of angle of friction, , of rocks

Rock type
Sandtone
Limestone
Shale
Granite
Marble
Angle of friction,
27 45
30 40
10 20
40 50
25 - 30
18

Hence, with FS = 3, the allowable point bearing

capacity, Qp is :
Q p ( all )
u ( design )
1 A p
FS
Table 3.3 Typical pre-stressed concrete pile in use
Table 3.4 : Bearing capacity factors for deep foundations, N*c

and N*, Vesics, 1977.
19

20

Table 3.5 Janbus bearing capacity factors
Example 3.1
21

Given : A square 305 mm x 305 mm concrete pile and 12 m

long.
Fully embedded in homogeneus sand layer, d = 16.8
kN/m3 , c=0 and avg=35. The average SPT value near
pile tip is 16.
Find : a. Qp using Meyerhofs, Vesics, Janbus and SPT
method.
b. Qs using
Qs
pLf
and
f K v' tan ..( for..z 0 L' )

f f z L ' ...( for...z L' L)
if
K=1.3
and 0.8 .
c. Estimate the load-carrying capacity of pile, Q all if
FS=4.
d. Qall using Coyle and Costellos method
Solution :
a. Meyerhofs :
Because it is a homogeneous soil, Lb=L. For =35,
(Lb/D)cr =(L/D)cr 10 (Figure 3-16a). So for this pile, Lb/D =
39.34 > (Lb/D)cr. Hence, from the same figure N q* 120
Q p A p q p A p q ' N q* 0.0929 201.6 120 2247.4kN
ql kN / m 2 50 N q* tan 50120 tan 35 4201.25kN / m 2
Q p A p ql 0.0929 4201 390.3kN A p q ' N q*
Qp = 390 kN
Vesics : use I rr 90 ; with =35;
N * 79.5
1 21 sin
Q p A p o' N * A p
q ' N *
1 21 sin 35
0.0929
201.6 79.5 923kN
3
so :
Janbus : with c=0; use
' 90;..and .. 35;..N q* 41.3 by int erpolation
Q p A p q' N q* 0.0929m 2 201.6kN / m 2 41.3 773.5kN
SPT method :
q p kN / m 2 40 N L / D 400 N
22

Q p A p q p 0.0929m 2 4016 39.34 2339kN
Q p A p 400 N 0.0929m 2 400 16 595kN
Limiting value =
For design purpose :
Qp
595kN 773.5kN 390kN

586kN
3
b. from sub-topic 3.10 from the note :

L' 15 D 15 0.305m 4.58m
For z = 0 : v' 0; f K v' tan 0
For z = L to L :
v' L' 16.8kN / m 3 4.58m 76.94kN / m 2
f K v' tan 1.3 76.94 tan 0.8 35 53.2kN / m 2
Thus :
f z 0 f z 4.58 m
pL' f z 20 ft p L L'
2
Qs
0 53.2kN / m 2
2
4 0.305m 4.58m 53.2kN / m 2 4 0.305m 12 4.58m
149 482 631kN
c. thus load carrying capacity of pile, Qu = Qp(avg) + Qs

Q p ( avg ) 586kN and Qs 631kN ;.....Qall
Qult 586 631
304.25kN
FS
4
d. Coyle and Castellos

Qult Q p Qs q ' N q* A p K v' tan 0.8 pL;....and ...
For =35 and L/D=39.3;

Thus :
N q* 40
L
12
39.3
D 0.305
K1.0
Qult Q p Qs q ' N q* A p K v' tan 0.8 pL
201.6kN / m 2 40 0.0929m 2
1.0 16.8 12 tan 0.8 35 4 0.30512
749 1569 2318kN
And Qall
Qult 2318
579.6kN
FS
4
Example 3.2
23

Given : A driven pile in

clay as in Figure E9.2.
The pipe pile has
outside diameter of
406mm and wall
thickness of 6.35mm.
Find :
a. Net point bearing capacity.
b. Skin resistance using , and method if R =30;
the top 10m is normally consolidated clay and the
bottom clay layer has OCR=2.
c. Net allowable pile capacity, Qall if FS=4.
Solution :
a. Cross section of pile,
Ap
2
2
D 0.406 0.1295m 2
4
4
Q p A p q p A p N c* cu ( 2 ) 0.1295 9 100 116 .55kN
b. Skin resistance, Qs :
( method) :
Qs fpL cu pL
From Figure vs cu : cu(1)=30kN/m2 =1.0; cu(2)=100

=0.5
Thus :
Qs fpL cu pL 1cu (1) 0.406 10 2 cu ( 2 ) 0.406 20
1 30 0.406 10 0.5100 0.406 20 1658.2kN
'
( method) : where f av v 2cu ( av )
cu ( avg )
cu (1) 10 cu ( 2) 20
30
3010 100 20
76.7 kN / m 2
30
Use the plotted Figure E9.2b, for v vs depth;

'
A1 A2 A3 225 552.38 4577
178.48kN / m 2
L
30
From Figure vs L; =0.14 for L=30m; so
24

f av v' 2cu ( av ) 0.14178.48 2 76.7 46.46kN / m 2
Hence;
Qs pLf av 0.406 30 46.46 1777.8kN
( method) : where R =30;
f v' ; K tan R ; K 1 sin R
K 1 sin R OCR
For z=0-5m :
0 90
2
13.0kN / m
2
f av (1) 1 sin R tan R v' ( av ) 1 sin 30 tan 30
For z=5-10m :
90 130.95
2
31.9kN / m
2
f av ( 2 ) 1 sin R tan R v' ( av ) 1 sin 30 tan 30
For z=10m-30m , OCR=2:
130.95 326.75
2
93.43kN / m
2
f av (3) 1 sin R tan R OCR v' ( av ) (1 sin 30) tan 30 2
so
Qs p f av (1) 5 f av ( 2) 5 f av (3) 20 0.406 13 5 31.9 5 93.43 20 2669.7 kN
c. So use and method which produced almost similar

results,
Qs
1658.1 1777.8
1718kN
2
Qult Q p Qs 116 .46 1718 1834.46kN ;....hence...Qall
Qult 1834.46
458.6kN
FS
4
Example 3.3
Given : An H-pile (size HP 310 x 1.226), length of
embedment = 26m, driven through soft clay and rest on
sandstone, qu(lab) for sandstone = 76 MN/m2, =28, FS=5.
Find : The allowable point bearing capacity, Q p(all)
Solution : Since
Q p ( all )
q p Ap
FS
q p qu N 1 ; N tan 2 45 / 2
qu N 1 A p
76 10 3 kN / m 2

FS
qu (lab )

and qu ( design )
q u (lab )
5
2
tan 45 2 1 Ap

FS

28
2
3
2
tan 45 2 1 15.9 10 m

182kN
5
25

EXAMPLE OF FINAL EXAMINATION QUESTION

Q4 The most common function of piles is to transfer a load that cannot be adequately
supported at shallow depths to a depth where adequate support becomes available.
Hence, the piles can also be categorized based on its function/ support capacity.
(a)
Briefly describe with relevant sketches the five (5) functions / support
capacity of piles.
(5 marks)
(b)
Reinforced concrete piles 18 m long, of square section and width 400 mm

are driven through 8 m of loose fill with unit weight of 13 kN/m 3 to
penetrate 10 m into an underlying firm to stiff saturated clay. The
groundwater table is found at a depth of 2 m below ground
surface.
(i)
Determine the ultimate bearing capacity, Qult, of pile by the given

formula,
if the undrained shear strength of the clay increases linearly with
depth from 65 kN/m2 at the top of the clay to 100 kN/m 2 at a depth of 10 m
below the surface of the clay.
Assuming that the unit weight of stiff saturated clay is 17 kN/m3
throughout the layer and the frictional capacity of the loose fill is
negligible.
(10 marks)
(ii)
group is
sketches.
Assuming that it is necessary to provide a number of such piles to carry

the total foundation load, explain the bearing capacity of the pile
estimated? Discuss your answer with the help of relevant
(5 marks)
26

ANSWER
Q4
The most common function of piles is to transfer a load that cannot be adequately
supported at shallow depths to a depth where adequate support becomes available.
Hence, the piles can also be categorized based on its function/ support capacity.
(a)
Briefly describe with a relevant sketch what are the five (5) function/
support capacity of piles.
(5 marks)
(a) Bearing pile, (b) friction pile, (c) piles under uplift,
(d) piles under lateral loads, (e) batter piles under lateral loads
(b)
A reinforced concrete piles 18 m long, of square section and width 400

mm is driven through 8 m of loose fill with unit weight of 13 kN/m 3 to
penetrate 10 m into the underlying firm to stiff saturated clay. The
groundwater table is found at a depth of 2 m below ground surface.
27

(i)
Determine the ultimate bearing capacity, Qult of pile by the given

formula, if the undrained shear strength of the clay increases
linearly with depth from 65 kN/m2 at the top of the clay to 100
kN/m2 at a depth of 10 m below the surface of the clay.
Assuming that the unit weight of firm to stiff saturated clay is 17
kN/m3 throughout the layer and the frictional capacity of the loose
fill is negligible.
Given that:qtip = cu Nc (Based on Meyerhofs equation); f s ( avg ) v ' 2cu

(10 marks)
Answer:To determine Qp:qtip = cu Nc = 100 kN/m2 x 9 = 900 kN/m2
Ap = 0.4 x 0.4 = 0.16 m2
Qp = Apqtip = 0.16 x 900 = 144 kN
[1M]
[1M]
[0.5M]
To determine Qs:( 45.14 117 .04)(10)

2
v'
81.09kN / m 2
10
Elevation (m)
0
2
8
18
[1M]
Effective Vertical Pressure (kN/m2)

0
26
45.14
117.04
[1M]
(65 100)(10)
2
cu
82.5kN / m 2
10
Based on Figure 1, = 0.185
f s ( avg ) v ' 2cu
[1M]
[1M]
= (0.185)[81.09+2(82.5)]
= 45.53kN/m2
[1M]
28

As = 4 x 0.4 x 10 = 16 m2
[0.5 M]
Qs = As. fs = 16 x 45.53 = 728.48 kN
[1M]
Qult = Qs + Qp = 728.48 + 144

= 872.48 kN
[1M]
(ii)
Assuming that it is necessary to provide a number of such piles to

carry the total foundation load, how could the bearing capacity of
the pile group be estimated? Discuss your answer with a relevant
sketch.
(5 marks)
Answer:For most practical purposes, the ultimate load of pile group, (QvG)ult, can be estimated
based on the smaller value of the following two values:(a) Group Action block failure (Figure A) of pile group by
breaking into the ground along an imaginary perimeter and bearing
at the base. The ultimate capacity for the group failure can be
estimated from the following relationship:(QvG)ult = x n x (Qv)ult
[2M]
(b) Individual Action (Figure B) if there is no group action
(when the center to center spacing, s, is large enough, >1), in that
case, the piles will behave as individual piles. The total load of the
group can be taken as n times the load of the single pile, in which
(QvG)ult = n x (Qv)ult = (Qv)ult
[2M]
29

Figure : (A) Individual action, (B) Group action

[2 x 0.5M = 1M
3.13
Pile Load Test

Pile load test arrangement by means of hydraulic jack is
shown in Figure 3.18a
Step loads are applied to the pile, so that a small
amount of settlement is allowed to occur
Settlement from field test is recorded as in Figure 3.18b
Net settlement calculation for any load Q :
- When Q = Q1 :
Net settlement,
s net (1) s t (1) s e (1)
30

- When Q = Q2 :
Net settlement,
s net ( 2 ) s t ( 2 ) s e ( 2 )
Where :
snet net settlement
se elastic settlement of the pile itself
st total settlement
The values of Q then plotted against se produces

diagram in Figure 3.18c
Figure 3.18 (a) Test arrangement (b) load vs total settlement

(c) load vs net settlement
3.14
Failure criteria of a pile
The ultimate failure load for a pile is defined as the load

when the pile plunges or the settlements occur rapidly
under sustained load and the amount of settlement
exceed the acceptable soil-pile system
Or
Besides it, many engineers define the failure load at the
point of intersection of the initial tangent to the loadsettlement curve and the tangent to or the extension of
the final portion of the curve.
Arbitrary settlement limits that the pile is considered to
have failed when the pile head has moved 10 percent
31

of the pile end diameter or the gross settlement of 1.5

in. (38 mm) and net settlement of 0.75 in. (19 mm)
occurs under two times the design load. (JKR standard)
However, all of these definitions for defining failure are

judgemental.
3.15
Pile Driving Formulas

Due to varying soil profiles layers a point bearing pile
cannot always satisfied the capability of penetrating the
dense soil to a predetermined depth; therefore several
equations have been developed by many to calculate
the ultimate capacity of pile during driving.
According to Engineering News Record (ENR), Q u is :
Qu
WR h
S C
Where :
WR weight of the ram
h height of fall of the ram
S penetration of pile per hammer blow (from last few
driving blows)
C a constant
(for drop hammers : C = 1 in. ; S and h are in
inches)
(for steam hammers : C = 0.1 in. ; S and h are in
inches)
FS = 6
For single and double-acting hammers WRh is replaced
by EHE
Thus :
Qu
EH E
S C
Example 3.4
A precast concrete pile 12 in. x 12 in. in cross section is
driven by a hammer. Given :
Maximum rated hammer energy = 30 kip-ft
Hammer efficiency = 0.8
32

Weight of ram = 7.5 kip

Pile length = 80 ft
Coefficient of restitution = 0.4
Weight of pile cap = 550 lb
Ep = 3 x 106 kip/in2
Number of blows for last 1 in. of penetration = 8
Estimate the allowable pile capacity by the
a. Modified ENR formula (use FS=6)
b. Danish formula (use FS = 4)
c. Gates formula (use FS = 3)
Solution :
a.
Weight of pile + cap =
12
12
12 12 80 150lb / ft 3 550 12.55kip
and WR h 30kip ft
2
EWR h WR n W p 0.8 30 12kip in 7.5 0.4 2 12.55
Qu
607kip
1
S C WR W p
7.5 12.55
8 0.1
Qall
b.
Qu 607
101kip
FS
6
EH E
Qu
EH E L
S
2 Ap E p
Use Ep = 3 x 106 lb/in2

EH E L
2 Ap E p
And
Qu
3 10 6
212 12
kip / in 2
1000
0.566in.
0.8 30 12 417kip
Qall
c.
0.8 30 12 80 12
1
8
0.566
417
104kip
4
Qu a EH E b log S 27 0.8 30 1 log 18 252kip

Qall
252
84kip
3
33

3.16
Hileys Formula for estimating single RC pile

capacity.
The Hileys formula gives the simplest method of calculating

the final setting or the ultimate load of a pile while driving
depending upon the given parameter.
It is usually written as :
s
And
BWH h WH Pe 2
C
2 FS WL
WH P
C Cc C p Cq
where :
s
C
WH
h
P
P1
P2
WL
FS
e
Cc
Cp,
Cq,
Note :
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
- Set value /1 blow (mm/blow)

- Temporary compression of pile & soil (mm)
- Weight of hammer (kN)
- Drop of hammer (mm)
- Total load (P1 + P2) (kN)
- Weight of pile (kN)
- Weight of driving assembly (kN)
- Pile working load (kN)
- Factor of safety
- Coefficient of restitution
- Temporary compression coefficient due to pile
head and cap (mm), Table 3.3
- Temporary compression coefficient due to pile
length (mm), Table 3.3
- Temporary compression coefficient due to ground
or quake (mm), Table 3.3
This formula was developed by Hiley (1925). The

formula assumes the energy of the falling hammer
during pile driving is proportional resisted by the
pile. This method is widely considered to be one of
the better formulas that intended to be applied to
cohesionless, well-drained soils or rock.
Weight of the hammer shall be about 0.5 to 2.0
times of the total pile weight.
The term mass and weight are interchangeably
The term Cp and Cq are shown in Figure 3.19 after
a pile set measurement of pile are made.
34

Figure 3.19 : Example graph of pile set

Table 3.6 : Values of Cc, Cp and Cq
Form of
compression
Pile head
and cap, Cc
Pile length,
Cp
Quake, Cq
Material
Head of timber
pile
Short dolly in
helmet or
driving cap
3 in/76.2mm
packing under
helmet or
driving cap
1 in/25.4mm
pad only on
head of
reinforced
concrete pile
Timber pile
(E=1,500,000
lb/in2) or
(E=10,342,500
kPa)
Pre-cast pile
(E=2,000,000
lb/in2) or
(E=13,790,000
kPa)
Steel pile for
cast in place
(E=30,000,000
lb/in2) or
(E=206,850,000
kPa)
Ground
surrounding pile
and under pile
Easy
driving
(inch)
Medium
driving
(inch)
Hard
driving
(inch)
Very hard
driving
(inch)
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.07
0.15
0.22
0.30
0.03
0.05
0.07
0.10
0.004L
0.008L
0.012L
0.016L
0.003L
0.006L
0.009L
0.012
0.003L
0.006L
0.009L
0.012
0.05
0.10
0.20
0.15
0.25
0.05
0.15
35

point
Note :
Length, L measure in feet
1 feet = 0.3048 m
1 inch = 25.4 mm
Table 3.7 : Coefficient of restitution, e.
Description
Coefficient of restitution, e
Piles driven with double acting hammer

-
Steel piles without driving cap

Reinforced concrete pile without helmet but with
packing on top of pile
Reinforced concrete piles with short dolly in helmet
and packing
Timber pile
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.4
Piles driven with single acting and drop hammer

-
Reinforced concrete piles without helmet but with

packing on top of piles
Steel piles or steel tube of cast in place piles fitted
with driving cap and short dolly covered by steel plate
Reinforced concrete piles with helmet and packing,
dolly in good condition
Timber pile in good condition
Timber pile in poor condition
0.4
0.32
0.25
0.25
0.00
Example 3.5
Using Hileys formula calculate the final set of a 200mm X 200mm RC pile.
The pile driven with single acting and drop hammer with medium driving. The
type of pile is the reinforced concrete pile with helmet and packing, dolly in
good condition.
Other data and parameters are :
Pile working load,
Mass of hammer,
Factor of safety, FS
Pile length, L
Mass driving assembly,
Drop of hammer,
Hammer efficiency,
= 275 kN
= 25 kN
= 2.0
= 18 m
= 2.0 kN
= 400 mm
= 85%
36

Density of concrete,
= 24 kN/m 3
Solution :
Mass of pile, P1
= Concrete density X Area X Length of pile

= 24 X (0.2 X 0.2) X 18
= 17.28 kN
Total load, P
= P1 + P2
= 17.28 + 2.0
= 19.28 kN
Value of e
= 0.25 (Table 3.7)
BWH h
0.85 25 400 15.454mm
FS W L
2.0 275
WH Pe 2 25 19.28 0.25 2
0.592
WH P
25 19.28
Value of C
Cc
Cp
Cq
:
= 0.15in X 25.4 = 3.81 mm
= 0.006(59ft) = 0.354in X 25.4 = 8.99 mm
= 0.10in X 25.4 = 2.54 mm
C = Cc + Cp + Cq = 3.81 + 8.99 + 2.54 = 15.34 mm

s
BWH h
W Pe 2
C
H
2
FS W L
WH P
15.34
15.454 0.592
2
s 1.48mm / blow
Using s
or S 14.8mm / 10blow ( Final Set )
Example 3.6
Given :
37

A 200mm x 200mm RC square pile. The pile driven with

single-acting and drop hammer with hard driving. The type
of pile is reinforced concrete pile with helmet and packing,
dolly in good condition.
Mass of hammer, Wn
=25kN
Factor of safety, FS
=2.0
Pile length, l
=24m
Mass Driving assembly,P2 =3.0 kN
Drop hammer, h
=500mm
Hammer efficiency, B
=85%
Set value, S
=19mm/10 blow (Figure 3.20)
Figure 3.20
Required :Ultimate load of pile
Solution :
Mass of pile, P1
= Concrete densityxAreaxlength
= 24x(0.2x0.2)x24=23.04kN
Total load, P2 =
Value of e
=
Cp + C q
=
Cc
=
Temporary
compression, C=
Set value, s
P1 + P2 = 23.04 + 3=26.04kN
0.25 (Table 3.7)
20mm (Figure 3.20)
0.22inx25.4=5.59mm
5.59 + 20 = 25.59mm
= 19mm/10 blow =1.9mm/blow
38

BWH h
0.85 25 500
1
1
FS s C c C p C q
2.0 1.9 25.59
2
2
2
2
WH Pe
25 26.04 0.25
0.5217
WH P
25 26.04
361.52kN
By using Hileys equation :

WL
BW H h
1
FS s C p C q C c
2
WH Pe 2
361.52 0.5217 188.6kN
WH P
Therefore, the pile working load must be less than 188.6kN

3.17
Settlement of Piles, Vesics (1969)

Settlement of a pile under vertical working load, Q w is :
s s1 s 2 s3
Where :
s total pile settlement
s1 elastic settlement of pile
s2 settlement caused by the load at the pile tip
s3 settlement caused by the load transmitted along
pile shaft
Formulae :
- elastic settlement, s1 :
s1
wp
Qws L
Ap E p
Where :
Qwp load carried at the pile point under working
condition
Qws load carried by frictional resistance under work
load
Ap area of pile cross section
L length of pile
Ep modulus of elasticity of the pile material
39

- nature of unit skin friction (=0.5 or 0.67), Figure
3.21
Figure 3.21 Various types of unit friction resistance along pile

shaft
- load at pile point, s2 :
s2
q wp D
Es
1 I
2
s
wp
Where :
D width or diameter of pile
qwp point load per unit area = Qwp/Ap
Es modulus of elasticity of soil at or below the pile
point
s Poissons ratio of soil
Iwp influence factor = 0.85
Or
s2
Qwp C p
Dq p
Where :
qp ultimate point resistance of the pile
Cp an empirical coefficient, Table 3.8
Table 3.8 Typical Values of Cp
Soil type
Sand (dense to loose)
Clay (stiff to soft)
Silt (dense to loose)
Driven Pile
0.02-0.04
0.02-0.03
0.03-0.05
Bored Pile
0.09-0.18
0.03-0.06
0.09-0.12
40

- load carried by pile shaft, s3 :

Q D
s 3 ws
1 s2 I ws
pL E s
Where :
p perimeter of the pile
L embedded length of pile
Iws influence factor =
2 0.35
L
D
Or
s3
Qws C s
Lq p
and Cs (a constant) =
0.93 0.16
L / D Cp
Cp from Table 3.8

Example 3.7
Given : A pre-stressed concrete pile 21m long, being driven
into sand. Working load, Qw = 502 kN. The pile is octagonal
in shape with D = 356 mm, see Figure E9.4. Skin resistance,
Qs carries 350 kN, and Qp carries the rest. Use Ep = 21 x 106
kN/m2, Es = 25 x 103 kN/m2, s = 0.35 and = 0.62.
Find : The settlement of the pile.
Solution :
From Table D3; for D=356mm, Ap=1045cm2, p=1.168mm
and Qws=350 kN; so Qwp=502-350=152 kN
Due to material :
s1
wp
Qws L
Ap E p
152 0.62 350 21
0.1045m 2 21 10 6
q wp
0.00353m 3.35mm
Qwp
Ap
Due to point load :

s2
q wp D
Es
1 I
2
s
wp
152 0.356
1 0.35 2 0.85 0.0155m 15.5mm
3
0.1045 25 10
Due to skin :
41

With
And
I ws 2 0.35
L
21
2 0.35
4.69
D
0.356
Q D
350 0.356
s3 ws
1 s2 I ws
1 0.35 2 4.69
3
1.168 21 25 10
pL E s
0.00084mm 0.84mm
Therefore the total settlement is :
s s1 s 2 s 3 3.35 15.5 0.84 19.69mm
3.18
Pullout Resistance of Piles

The gross ultimate resistance of a pile subjected to
uplifting force, Figure 3.22 is :
Tug Tun W
Where :
Tug gross uplift capacity
Tun net uplift capacity
W effective weight of pile
Figure 3.22 Uplift capacity of piles

a. In Clay
42

Das and Seeley (1982), estimated Tun as

:
Tun Lp ' cu
Where :
L length of the pile
p perimeter of pile section
- adhesion coefficient at soil-pile interface
cu undrained cohesion of clay
Values of ' :
for cast-in-situ: (for bore pile)

' 0.9 0.00625cu for cu 80 kN/m2
' 0.4 for cu > 80kN/m2
for pipe piles :
' 0.715 0.0191cu
for cu 27 kN/m2
' 0.2 for cu > 27 kN/m2
b. In Sand
Das and Seeley (1975), estimated Tun as :
Tun
f p dz with fu varies by
L
f u K u v' tan
for (zLcr)
such as in Figure 3.23a
Steps in finding Tun in dry soil;

find relative density and use Fig 3.23c to find Lcr
if L Lcr then :
Tun
1
pL2 K u tan
2
with values Ku and from Figure
3.23b&c
-
if L > Lcr then :

43

Tun 12 pL2cr K u tan pLcr K u tan L Lcr with values Ku and

from Figure 3.23b&c
Where :
Ku uplift coefficient
v' - effective vertical stress at a depth z
- soil-pile friction
Thus with FS=2 to 3, allowable uplift capacity Tu(all)

is :
Tu ( all )
Tug
FS
Figure 3.23 (a) Variation of fu (b) Ku (c) Variation of /,

(L/D)cr with relative density of sand Dr
Example 3.8
44

Given : A 50 ft long concrete pile embedded in a saturated

clay cu=850 lb/ft2. 12 in x 12 in. in cross section. Use FS=4.
Find : Allowable pullout capacity, Tun(all)
Solution : with cu =850 lb/ft2 40.73 kN/m2
' 0.9 0.00625cu 0.9 0.00625 40.73 0.645
50 4 1 0.645 850
109.7kip
1000
109.7 109.7
27.4kip
FS
4
Tun Lp ' cu
And
Tun ( all )
Example 3.9
Given : A precast concrete pile, with cross section = 350mm
x 350mm. Length of pile as 15m. Assume : sand=15.8 kN/m3,
sand=35, Dr=70%.
Find : Pullout capacity if FS=4.
Solution : From Figure 3.23; for =35 and Dr=70%
L
14.5;..Lcr 14.5 0.35m 5.08m

cr
1;.. 1 35 35;.......K u 2
Hence : for L (15m) > Lcr (5.08m)

Tun
1
2
1
2
pL2cr K u tan pLcr K u tan L Lcr
0.35 4 15.8 5.08 2 2 tan 35 0.35 415.8 5.08 215 5.08 tan 35
1961kN
Tu ( all )
3.19
Tug
FS
1961
490kN
4
Group piles efficiency
45

Converse Labarre method of estimating pile-group

efficiency developed by Jumikis, 1971 using the
following equation :
Eg 1
n 1 m m 1 n
90mn
Where :
Eg pile-group efficiency
tan-1(d/s), (deg)
n number of piles in row
m number of rows of piles
d diameter of piles
s spacing of piles, center to center, same unit as
pile
diameter.
Example 3.10
Given :
A pile group consists of 12 friction piles in cohesive soil,
Figure 3.24. Each pies diameter is 300mm and center-tocenter spacing is 1 m. By means of a load test, the ultimate
load of a single pile was found to be 450 kN. Take SF as 2.0.
Required :
Design capacity of the pile group, using the ConverseLabarre equation.
4 1 3 3 1 4 0.710
1
18.4 ; E g 1 18.4
90 3 4
3
tan 1
Allowable bearing capacity of a single

pile=450kN/2=225kN
Design capacity of the pile group = 0.710(12)
(225kN)=1917kN.
46

Figure 3.24
Another method of estimating efficiency of pile group

as quoted by Das (2007) as follows :
A pile cap is normally constructed over group piles;
either in contact or well above the ground, Figure 3.25
a&b.
In practice, minimum center-to-center pile spacing, d =
2.5D, or 3-3.5D as in ordinary situations; where D diameter of piles
Thus, the efficiency of a group pile, is :
Qg (u )
Where :
Qg(u) ultimate load-bearing capacity of the group pile

Qu ultimate load-bearing capacity of each pile without
group
effect
If group as a block thus :

47

2 n1 n2 2 d 4d
pn1 n2
Figure 3.25 Pile groups
3.26 ultimate Capacity of Group

Piles in Saturated Clay
For most practical purposes, the ultimate load of pile

group, (QvG)ult, can be estimated based on the smaller
value of the following two values, Figure 3.27 (a) and
(b):-
(a) Group Action block failure (Figure A) of pile group

by
breaking into the ground along an imaginary perimeter
and bearing at the base. The ultimate capacity for the
group failure can be estimated from the following
relationship:(QvG)ult = x n x (Qv)ult
(b) Individual Action (Figure B) if there is no group
action
48

(when the center to center spacing, s, is large enough,

>1), in that case, the piles will behave as individual piles.
The total load of the group can be taken as n times the load
of the single pile, in which
(QvG)ult = n x (Qv)ult = (Qv)ult
Figure 3.27 : (A) Individual action, (B) Group action
Felds Method : in estimating group capacity of friction

piles, Qg(u)
Figure 3.28 Felds Method

Table 3.9 Arrangement of Felds Method
Pile
type
No. of Piles
No. of adjacent
piles
Reduction
factor for each
pile
Ultimate
capacity
Col.2 x Col.4
49

A
B
C
1
4
4
8
5
3
1-8/16 #
1-5/16
1-3/16
Note:
Therefore, efficiency,
16 # no. of arrow
Q g (u )
3.20
0.5Qu
2.75Qu
3.25Qu
6.5Qu=Qg(u)
6.5Qu
72%
9Qu
ULTIMATE CAPACITY OF GROUP PILES IN

SATURATED CLAY
Figure 3.29 shows a group of pile in saturated clay,
steps to find the ultimate load-bearing capacity Q g(u) are
:
Find Qu in pile group :
As individual
From :
Qu
Qs
pc
So
n1 n2 Q p Qs ; Q p A p 9cu ( p )
and
n1 n 2 9 A p cu ( p ) pcu L
(1)
As pile group (dimensions of LgxBgxL):
cu L 2 L g B g cu L
Point bearing capacity as :
With
A p q p A p cu ( p ) N c* L g B g c u ( p ) N c*
from Figure 3.29, thus :
N c*
L g B g cu ( p ) N c* 2 L g B g cu L
(2)
Where :
D
L g n1 1 d 2
and
D
B g n2 1 d 2
The lower value from (1) and (2) is Qg(u)
50

Figure 3.29 Ultimate group piles in clay
Figure 3.30 Variation of
N c*
with Lg/Bg and L/Bg
51

Example 3.11
Given : The section of 3 x 4 group pile in a layered
saturated clay is shown in Figure 3.31. The piles are
square in cross section (350mm x 350mm). The center-tocenter spacing d, of the piles is 1220mm.
Required : The allowable load-bearing capacity of the pile
group. Use FS=4.
5m
40 kN/m2
10 m
70 kN/m2
1.22 m
Figure 3.31 Group pile in clay soil

If pile act as single pile:
n1 n2 9 A p cu ( p ) pcu L
n1 n2 9 A p cu ( p ) 1 pcu (1) L1 2 pcu ( 2 ) L2
With cu(1)=40 kN/m2;1=0.86 and cu(2)=70 kN/m2;2=0.63

thus;
Ap=0.350x0.350=0.093m2, p=4x0.350=1.22m
n1 n 2 9 A p cu ( p ) 1 pcu (1) L1 2 pcu ( 2 ) L2
3 4 9 0.093 70 0.861.22 40 5 0.631.22 70 10

3 4 58.6 209.8 538.02 9677.04kN
If pile as a group :
D
L g n1 1 d 2
4 11.22 0.305 3.965m
2
D
B g n 2 1 d 2
3 11.22 0.305 2.745m
2
52

Lg
Bg
3.965
L
15
1.44;.....
5.46
2.745
Bg
2.745
From Figure 3.29:
N c* 8.6
(assuming : that at the end of curve at right hand stays horizontal)
Thus :
L g B g cu ( p ) N c* 2 L g B g cu L
3.965 2.745 70 8.6 2 3.965 2.745 40 5 70 10

6552 13.42 200 700 18630kN
Hence, Qu=9677 kN,
Q
3.21
all
9677 9677
2419kN
FS
4
Consolidation Settlement of group pile in clay by mean

of 2:1 distribution method.
o
o
o
o
o
o
L=depth of pile embedment

Qg total load of superstructure () weight of soil
excavated
Assume load Qg transmitted at depth of 2L/3 from
top of pile.
The load Qg spread out at 2 : 1 horizontal line
from this depth
Line a-a and bb are two 2:1 lines
Stress increased at the middle of each soil layer :
pi
Qg
z i L g z i
o
o
o
o
Lg and Bg the length and width of pile group

zi distance from z=0 to the middle of clay layer
For layer 2 : zi=L1/2; For layer 3 : zi=L1+L2/2
For layer 4 : zi=L1+L2+L3/2
Consolidation Settlement,
Where : e C c log
Hi=L3
e ( i )
si
Hi
1 e( i )
p 0 p
;
p0
Layer 2 : Hi=L1; Layer 3 : Hi=L2; Layer 4 :
Total consolidation settlement, s g s i
Figure 3.32
53

Example 3.12
A group of pile in clay is shown in Figure 3.33. Determine
the consolidation settlement of the pile groups. All clays
are normally consolidated.
Figure 3.33 Pile group in clay soil

Solution :
p (1)
p ( 2 )
p ( 3 )
B
B
B
Qg
z i L g z i
Qg
z i L g z i
Qg
z i Lg z i
2000
51.6kN / m 2
2.2 3.5 3.3 3.5
2000
14.52kN / m 2
2.2 9 3.3 9
2000
9.2kN / m 2
2.2 12 3.3 12
c (1)
1
0 (1)
(1)
and ;
With s1 1 e log
p 0 (1)
0 (1)
p 0(1) 2 16.2 12.518 9.81 134.8kN / m 2
54

s1
p0( 2)
1 e0 (1)
p0 (1) p (1)
log
0.3 7 log
134.8 51.6
0.1624m 162.4mm
134.8
p 0 (1)
1 0.82
2 16.2 1618 9.81 218.9 9.81 181.62kN / m 2
s 2
p 0 ( 3)
C c (1) H 1
C c ( 2) H 2
0.2 4 log
0.25 2 log
181.62 14.52
0.0157m 15.7mm
181.62
1 0.7
181.62 218.9 9.81 119 9.81 208.99kN / m 2
s 3
1 e0 ( 2 )
p 0( 2) p ( 2 )
log
C c ( 3) H 2
1 e 0 ( 3)
p0( 2)
p 0 ( 3 ) p ( 3 )
log
p 0 ( 3)
1 0.75
208.99 9.2
0.0054m 5.4mm
208.99
Therefore the total settlement :

sg = 162.4 + 15.7 + 5.4 = 183.5mm
3.22
Elastic settlement of pile group.

Vesic (1969) developed the simplest relation of :
Elastic settlement of group pile, s g (e )
Bg
D
Bg width of pile group

D width or diameter of each pile in the group
s = s1 + s2 + s3 total elastic settlement at working
load
Meyerhof (1976) developed elastic settlement of pile

group in sand and gravel.
Elastic settlement of group pile, s g ( e) in
2q B g I
N corr .
Where :
q=Qg/(LgBg) in ton/ft2
Lg and Bg length and width of pile group section (ft)
Ncor average of SPT no. at Bg below pile tip (within seat of
settlement)
Influence factor, I=1-L/8Bg 0.5

L length of pile embedment
Example 3.13 (Cumulative)
55

A reinforced concrete piles 18m long, of square section

(diameter) and width 300 mm is driven through 6 m of loose
fill with unit weight of 15 kN/m3 to penetrate 12 m into the
underlying firm to stiff saturated clay. The groundwater table
is found at a depth of 3 m below ground surface.
(i)
Determine the ultimate bearing capacity, Q ult of

pile by the given formula, if the undrained shear
strength of the clay increases linearly with depth
from 80 kN/m2 at the top of the clay to 120 kN/m 2
at a depth of 12 m below the surface of the clay.
Assuming that the unit weight of firm to stiff
saturated clay is 18 kN/m 3 throughout the layer
and the frictional capacity of the loose fill is
negligible.
Given that:qtip = cu Nc (Based on Meyerhofs equation);
f s ( avg ) v ' 2cu
(ii)
Evaluate Qa if using total FS=2.5
(iii) Evaluate Qa if using FS = 2 for skin and FS = 3 for

tip.
3m
3m
12m
56

To determine Qp:qtip = cu Nc = 120 kN/m2 x 9 = 1080 kN/m2

Ap = 0.3 x 0.3 = 0.09 m2
Qp = Apqtip = 0.09 x 1080 = 97.2 kN
To determine Qs:Depth(
m)
0
3
6
18
Effective Vertical Pressure

(kN/m2)
0
3x15=45
45 + 3(15-9.81) = 60.57
60.57 + 12(18-9.81) = 158.85
(60.57 158.85)(12)
2
v'
109.71kN / m 2
12
(80 120)(12)
2
cu
100kN / m 2
12
Based on Figure 1, = 0.185 for L=18m
f s ( avg ) v ' 2cu
= (0.185)[109.71+2(100)]
= 57.3 kN/m2
As = 4 x 0.3 x 12 = 14.4 m2
Qs = As. fs = 14.4 x 57.3 = 825.12 kN
Qult = Qs + Qp = 825.12 + 97.2 = 922.32 kN
(ii) Qa = 922.32/2.5 = 368.9kN
(iii) Qa = 825.12/2 + 97.2/3 = 444.96kN
3.23
Calculation of single, group pile capacity and

settlement from Prakash & Sharma - for sandy soil.
57

Table used for values of Nq and , Table 3.10.
Nq(driven
20
8
25
12
28
20
Table 3.10
30 32 34 36
25 35 45 60
38
80
12
40
Nq(drilled
17
22
30
40
12
0
60
42
16
0
80
45
23
0
11
5
Table used for values of Ks for various pile types in sand,

Table 3.11
Table 3.11
Pile type
Ks
Bored pile
0.5
Driven H pile
0.5 1.0
Driven displacement pile
1.0 2.0
For most design purpose =2/3 (Meyerhof, 1976)
Example 3.14
A closed-ended 12-in (300mm) diameter steel pipe is
driven into sand to a 30ft (9m) depth. The water is at
ground surface and sand has =36 and unit weight (sat)
is 125 lb/ft3 (19.8kN/m3). Estimate the pipe piles allowable
load.
Solution :
For circular pile
Nq=60, Table
1 ft
0.785 ft 2 , p 1 3.14 ft
: Ap
4
2
2
3.10; Ks=1.0, Table 3.11; 3 3 36 24
2
Using the formula of the ultimate capacity :
Qv ult
L L
Q p Q f A p v' N q pK s tan vl' L

L 0
Where :
58

LL
L 0
'
vl
L sub 20 B / 2 20 B sat 20 B L 20 B
This is with the assumption of : vl increases with depth

up to 20B. Below this depth, vl remains constant.
With sub or = 125 62.5 =62.5 lb/ft3, B=1ft, L=30ft.
LL
Then :
L0
'
vl
L sub 20 B / 2 20 B sub 20 B L 20 B
62.5 10 1 20 1 62.5 20 1 30 20 1 lb
12,500 12,500 25kips 111 .25kN
Thus :
Qv ult
L L

L 0
0.785 sub 20 B 60 3.141 tan 24 25 58.88 34.95 93.83kips
Therefore with FS=3:

(Qv)all=(Qv)ult/FS=93.83/3=31kips (137.95kN)
Example 3.15
For the pile described in example 3.14, estimate the pile
settlement. The pile has in. wall thickness and is closed
at the bottom.
Solution :
B=12 in. (outside diameter);
L=30x12=360 in.
(Qv)all=31,000 lb (from Example 3.14)
12 2 113in 2
4
Area of base
Pipe inside diameter

Area of steel section
12 ( 2 3 / 4) 10.5in.
12 2 10.5 2 / 4 144 0.184 ft 2 26.496in 2
1. Semiempirical method :
59

From the relation of : (from Example 3.14)

L L
Qv ult

L 0
0.785 sub 20 B 60 3.141 tan 24 25 58.88 34.95 93.83kips
And (Qv)all=(Qv)ult/FS=93.83/3=31kips
Assuming allowable loads are actual loads; then
Q pa Q p all 58.83 / 3 19.6kips;....
Q fa Q f
all
31 19.6 11.4......or....(34.95 / 3)kips...with..some..roundoff ..error ..
Due to material :
Ss
pa
s Q fa L
Ap E p
19.6 0.5 11.41000 360

26.496 30 10 6
25.3 36 10 4
0.011in
26.496 3 10 7
Vesic (1977) recommends s = 0.5 for uniform or

parabolic
skin friction distribution along pile shaft.
Ep = 30x106 psi for steel Ep = 21 x 106 kN/m2 for
concrete
Due to point :
Sp
C p Q pa
Bq p
0.03 19.6 113

0.094in
12 58.88
Cp=0.03 (Table 9.3); qp=Qp/Ap=58.88/113

0.93 0.16
Cs
Due to skin :
S ps
C s Q fa
Df qp
Df
B
.C p 0.93 0.16
0.05411.4113
360 58.88
360
0.03 0.054
12
0.0033in
Using
St=Ss+Sp+Sps=0.011+0.094+0.0033=0.108in(2.7mm)
2. Empirical method :
Using :
St
Q L
B
12
31 360 1000
va
0.12 0.014
100 A p E p 100 26.496 30 10 6
0.134in.(3.35mm)
60

Example 3.16
Using data of example 3.14, find the allowable bearing
capacity based on standard penetration data as given in
Figure 3.34.
Figure 3.34
Solution :
(b) Average N value near pile tip, Navg(tip)=(10+12+14)/3=12
(c) Point bearing, Qp
v' 125 62.5lb / ft 3 30 ft 1875lb / ft 2 0.938ton / ft 2 (tsf )
1 ton = 2000 lb
Correction for depth of N values,
C N 0.77 log 10 20 / 0.938 1.02
Therefore ;
And 0.4 N D f
N C N N 1.02 12 12
A p / B 0.4 12 30 0.785 / 1 113tons
4 N A p 4 12 0.785 37.7tons
The lower of these values is Qp=37.7 tons
For driven piles :
Q p 0.4 N / B D f A p 4 N A p
(Meyerhof,1976)
(d)
Shaft friction, Qf
Q f f s p D f ;.. f s* N / 50 1tsf
Average N value along pile shaft,
(Meyerhof,1976)
Navg(shaft)= (4+6+6+8+10)/5=6.8
Use v for average depth of L/2=30/2=15ft so
v= 0.938/2=0.469tsf
C N 0.77 log 10 20 / 0.469 1.25 Therefore ;
N C N N 1.25 6.8 8.5 ; f s N / 50 8.5 / 50 0.17tsf ( 1tsf )
61

(e)
So Q f f s p L 0.17 1 30 16tons
Allowable bearing capacity, Qall :
Qv ult Q p Q f 37.7 16 53.7tons
Qv all
Qv ult / FS 53.7 / 3 17.9tons 35.8say...36kips..(156kN )
Pile group sample calculations
Settlement of pile group and check on design :
b / B
1.
Vesics Method (1977) : S G
2.
Meyerhofs Method (1976) (if SPT N values

available) :
S
St
2 pI b
N
where :
QG all
p
Df
0.5
.....and ......I 1
bb
8b
Example 3.16
62

Using data from Example 3.14, calculate the pile group

bearing capacity if the piles are placed 4ft center to center
and joined at the top by a square pile cap supported by
nine piles. Estimate pile group settlement.
Figure
3.35
Solution :
(a) bearing capacity
B=1ft; s=4ft; b 4 4 1 9 ft , ; b=10ft; n=9
Qv ult 93.83kips for a single pile (from empirical method Ex
3.15)
QvG ult
n Qv ult 9 93.83kips 844.47 kips
QvG all
9 93.83
281kips(1250kN ),...with...FS 3.0
3
(b) settlement
B=1ft; b 4 4 1 9 ft , (square arrangement); n=9 piles;
(Qg)all=281kips; zone of influence, b =9ft below the group
base;
Navg=(12+14+14)/313; for single pile st=0.134in.(EX.3.14)
1. Vesics (1977): S G S t b / B 0.134 9 / 1
2. Meyerhofs (1976): (N values)
QG all
ft
bb
Df
1
8b
281
3.47 kips / ft 2 1.74tons / ft 2
99
30
1
0.58 0.5
8 9

0.40in
where Df is pile length = 30
63

So :
S
2 pI b
2 3.47 0.58 9
0.93in
13
N
sg ( e ) in
2q Bg I
N corr .
2 3.47
s g ( e ) in
2q Bg I
N corr .
Example 3.17
Given :
A 236-kip(1050kN) of vessel (water tank) is to be
supported on a pile foundation in an area where soil
investigations indicated soil profile Fig 3.36.
Required :Design a pile foundation so that the maximum
allowable settlement for the group does not exceed
allowable settlement, Sa=0.6in (15mm).
Figure 3.36 Soil profile and soil properties used : N-SPT

value;
v' effective...vertical..stress ;... 36.. for..sand ;.. clay 110lb / ft 3 ;..
sand 125lb / ft 3 ;.... ' sand 125 62.5 62.5lb / ft 3
Solution :
64

1.
2.
-
Soil profile as in Figure 3.36

Pile dimensions and allowable bearing capacity
top 4 ft consist of top soil and soft clay this layer has
no contribution to the side frictional resistance.
Increasing in N values except at 24ft due to gravel
neglected
Try 34ft(10.3m) long with 30ft(9.1m) penetration into
sand and 12-in(305mm) diameter steel-driven frictional
pile
This pile has 0.75in thickness and is closed at the
bottom
Static analysis by utilizing soil strength :
Qv ult
LL
A p v' N q pK s tan vl' L and A p / 41 2 0.785 ft 2

L 0
Nq=60 for =36 from Table 9.5; perimeter,

p=B=3.14ft
Ks=1.0 from Table 9.6; =2/3=2/3(36)=24
Thus :
lb
Q p Q f 0.785 ft 2 1690 2 60
ft
2
440 1690lb / ft
3.14 ft 1 tan 24
20 ft 1690 10
2
Qv ult
79.6 43.7 123.3kip

Q
Qv all v ult 123.3 41.1kips( say 41kips )or (182.5kN )
FS
3
- Empirical analysis by utilizing standard penetration test

(SPT) :
Point bearing, Qp:
Navg near pile tip
= (8+12+14+14)/4=12
v near pile tip
= 440+(1252
62.5)30=2315lb/ft =1.15t/ft2
Correction for depth of N values, C N 0.77 log10 20 / 1.15 1.0
Therefore ; N C N 1.0 12 12
And Q 0.4 N / B D A 4 N A
Q 0.4 N D A / B 0.4 12 30 0.785 / 1 113tons > than
N
65

4 N A p 4 12 0.785 37.7tons
Therefore use Qp=38 tons = 76kips

Shaft friction, Qf:
Navg along shaft = (4+6+6+8+12)/5=7.2 say 7
And f s N / 50 1tsf
f s N / 50 7 / 50 0.14tsf 1tsf ; Q f f s pL 0.14 3.14 30 13.2ton
Therefore :
Qv ult
Q p Q f (38 13.2)tons 102.4kips
Qv all
Qv ult
FS
Q
Q
102.4
34kips..(151.3kN )
3
all
all
2kip
38ton
/ 3 25.3kips
1ton
13.2 2 / 3 8.8kips
will ..be..used ..in.. predicting ..settlement
3.
Number of piles and their arrangements

The number of piles required to support
236kip vessel load :
n
Qva
236
6.9
Qv all 34
Try a group of 9 piles (Figure 3.37);

Piles at 4ft center-to-center
A 10ft x 10ft pile cap is required
Assume pile cap = 3ft thick
Pile cap width, b = 10ft
Outer periphery, b b 1 10 1 9 ft
(see Figure 9.34)
Figure 3.37
Pile cap weight = (3 x 10 x 10)ft3 x 0.15kip/ft3 = 45 kips
Total weight
= 236 + 45 = 281 kips
Load per pile = 281/9 = 31kips<34kips
OK
66

Pile group capa.

OK
4.
= 34 x 9 = 306kips>281kips
Settlement of single pile

Semiempirical Method
St=Ss+Sp+Sps
Where :
Ss
s Q fa L
pa
A E
p
Ss
Sp
and
pa
C p Q pa
Ep
B q
p actual
f
s Q fa L
Q
Q
actual
25.3 31 / 34 23kips Q pa
8.8 31 / 34 8kips Q fa
Ep=30 x 106psi; s= =0.5
23 0.5 8 30 12 1000

2
2
6
12 10.5 30 10
4
0.012in
; Ap=26.5 in2
and Cp=0.03; Qpa=23kips; B=12in; Ap=113.09
in2
Ap
qp =Qp/Ap=76/113.09=0.672kip/in2;
2
/ 4 12 113 .09in 2
Sp
C p Q pa
0.03 23kips
B q 12in 0.672kip / in 0.086in

2
S ps
C s Q fa
Df qp
and Qfa=8kips; Df=30x12in; qp=0.672kips/in2
Df
30 12
C s 0.93 0.16
C p 0.93 0.16
0.03 0.054
B
12
S ps
C s Q fa
Df qp
0.054 8kips
30 12in 0.672kip / in 2
0.0018in ;
Ap=113.09 in2
Therefore :
St=Ss+Sp+Sps=0.012in+0.086in+0.0018in=0.0998in
Say 0.1in (2.5mm)
Empirical Method
67

St
Qva L
B
12in 31kips 360in 1000lb / kip
100 A p E p 100
26.5in 2 30 10 6 lb / in 2
0.12 0.014 0.134in..(3.35mm)
From the two results consider the larger : settlement for

single pile St=0.134 in.
5.
Settlement of pile groups in cohesionless soils

With B=1ft; b 9 ft ; n=9 piles; within zone of influence of
9 ft; Navg=(12+14+14)/313; group load, Qg=281kips;
Total settlement of single pile; St=0.134 in;
By Vesics :
SG St
b / B 0.134in
9 ft / 1 ft 0.402..say..0.4in(10mm)
By Meyerhofs (SPT) method :

QG
281
3.47kips / ft 2 1.74tons / ft 2
9 9
bb
30
I 1 D f / 8b 1
0.58
8 9
I
0.58
SG 2 p b
2 1.74 9
0.5in(13mm)
N
13
Where :
The larger is SG=0.5in(13mm) < allowable settlement,

Sa=0.6in
Therefore OK..
3.24
Distribution of load in pile groups
The load on any particular pile within a group may be

computed by using the elastic equation :
Qm
Where :
Qm
Q
pile
n
M x, M y
M yx
Mxy
Q
2
n x
y2
axial load on any pile m

total vertical load acting at the centroid of the
group
- number of piles
- moment with respect to x and y axis respectively
68

x, y
- distance from pile to y and x axes respectively
Example 3.18
Given : A pile cap consists of 9 pile as in Figure 3.38. A
column load of 2250 kN acts vertically on point A.
Required : Load on pile 1,6 and 8.
Figure 3.38
Solution :
M yx
Mxy
Q
2
n x
y2
Qm
Q=2250kN; n=9
x 61m 6m
y 61m 6m
M x 2250kN 0.4 900kN .m
2
M y 2250kN 0.25 562.5kN .m
Load on pile no. 1:

Q1
2250 562.5kN .m 1m 900kN .m 1m
306.25kN
9
6m 2
6m 2
Load on pile no. 6:

69

Q6
2250 562.5kN .m 1m 900kN .m 0
343.75kN
9
6m 2
6m 2
Load on pile no. 8:

Q6
2250 562.5kN .m 0 900kN .m 1m
100kN
9
6m 2
6m 2
Figure 3.39
Example 3.19
70

Given : A pile cap with five piles. The pile cap is subjected to
a 900 kN vertical load and a moment with respect to the y
axis of 190 kN.m, Figure 3.39.
Required : Shear and bending moment on section a-a due to
the pile reacting under the pile cap.
Solution :
Q=1000kN; n=5;
x 41m
2
Q2 Q4
4m
M y 190kN .m ; M x 0kN .m ;
1000 190kN .m 1m 0kN .m y
247.5kN
5
4m 2
y2
Shear at a-a
: (247.5kN)(2) = 495kN
Moment at a-a : (2)(247.5kN)(1m-0.3m) = 173 kN.m
(Draw free body diagram of the pile cap and take summation
of shear and moment at section a-a)
Example 3.20
Given :
A pile group consists of four friction piles in cohesive soil,
Figure 3.40. Each piles diameter is 300 mm and center-tocenter spacing is 0.75m.
Required :
(a)
(b)
(c)
Block capacity of the pile group. Use safety factor

of 3.
Allowable group capacity based on individual pile
failure. Use a factor of safety of 2, along with the
Converse-Labarre equation for the pile-group
efficiency.
Design capacity of the pile group.
71

Figure 3.40
Solution :
(a)
Block capacity: Since c-to-c spacing = 0.75 and <

0.90m; Coyle and Sulaiman, 1970 suggested :
Q g 2 D W L f 1.3 c N c W L
D=10.5m
W=0.75+0.15+0.15=1.05m
L=0.75+0.15+0.15=1.05m
f=c
qu=200 kN/m2; c=200/2=100kN/m2; =0.56 (Figure 3.17)
f=0.56x100=56kN/m2
72

Nc=5.14 (from Table 2.3 for shallow rectangular footing

for
=0- Vesic, 1973)
Q g 2 D W L f 1.3 c N c W L
210.51.05 1.05 56 1.3 100kN / m 2 5.14 1.051.05

2469.6 736.7 3206kN
Allowable block capacity

(b)
3206
1069kN
3
based on individual pile
Qult Qs Qtip
Qs f Asurface 56 0.3m 10.5m 56 9.9 554kN

0 .3 2
Qtip cN * c Atip 100kN / m 2 9
64kN
4
618
Thus Qult 554 64 618kN ; Qall
309kN
2
With :
n=2, m=2, =tan-1(1/2.5)=21.8
Eg 1
n 1 m m 1 n 1 21.8 2 1 2 2 1 2 0.758
90mn
90 2 2
Qall for group (based on individual pile) :

Q g ( all ) 309kN 4 0.758 937 kN
(c)
3.25
Design capacity of group is the smaller of two =

937kN (even using FS=2)
Conventional rigid method

73

Example 3.21
The allowable bearing capacity of vertical pile ( length 12 m and 30 cm in diameter )
against vertical load = 120 kN, against horizontal load = 30 kN dan 65 kN against pull
out load, Figure 3.41.
That pile group will retain vertical load V = 1500 kN, horizontal load H = 300 kN and
momen = 150 kNm at the centroid of the pile group. Design the proper pile lay out to
retain those of external load. For stability control, use this formula (conventional rigid
method):
Sn
V [ M Ve x ]e x [ M Ve y ]e y
2
n
e
x
ey 2
take 1.0 m
Answer
Number of piles = 1500 / 120 ~ 12 ; 300 / 30 ~ 10 ; 150 / 65 ~ 3
Efficiency take 0.7, so number of pile = 12/0.7 = 16 piles
2 d = 2 x 0.3 = 0.6 m ( minimum length for pile to edge of pile cap )
take 0.6 m
3 d = 3 x 0.3 = 0.9 m ( minimum length for centre to centre of pile )
Answer
4.2 m
Try this lay out :
yy
c
1
ey
xx
4.2 m
2
3
4
ex
Figure 3.41
74

Check stability to obtain how much the external load imposed to each piles, then each
piles should be compared to allowable bearing capacity.
ex1a = ex2a =ex3a =ex4a = ex1d = ex2d = ex3d = ex4d =1.5 m
ex1a2 = 2.25
ex1b = ex2b =ex3b =ex4b =ex1c =ex2c =ex3c =ex4c = 0.5 m
ex1b2 = 0.25
ex2 = 8x2.25 + 8 x 0.25 = 18 + 2 = 20
ey1a = ey1b =ey1c =ey1d = ey4a = ey4b = ey4c = ey4d =1.5 m
ey1a2 = 2.25
ey2a = ey2b =ey2c =ey2d =ey3a =ey3b =ey3c =ey3d = 0.5 m
ey2a2 = 0.25
ey2 = 20
Mx only and V positioned at the centroid, formula is simplified to
Sn
V [ M ]e x
n ex 2
Q1a = 1500 / 16 150 x 1.5 / 20 = 93.75 11.25 = 82.5 kN < 120 OK

Q1d = 93.75 + 11.25 = 105 kN < 120 OK
Check all the piles !
75

3.26
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF PILE UNDER LATERAL

STATIC LOADS (CASE FROM PRAKASH AND
SHARMA)
BRINCH HANSENS METHOD

The ultimate soil reaction at any depth is given by equation
(6.3),
Pxu vx K q cK c
For cohesionless soil, equation becomes:

Pxu vx K q
Where;
vx is the effective vertical overburden pressure at depth x
and coefficient K q and Kc is determined from Figure 3.42.
The procedure for calculating ultimate lateral resistance
consists of the following steps:
1. Divide the soil profile into a number of layers.
2. Determine vx and Kq and Kc for each layer and then
calculate Pxu for each layer and plot it with depth.
3. Assume a point of rotation at depth xr below ground and
take the moment about the point of application of lateral
load Qu (Figure 6.2).
4. If this moment is small or near zero, then xr is the right
value. If not, repeat steps (1) through (3) until the moment is
near zero.
5. Once xr (the depth of the point of rotation) is known, take
moment about the point (center) of rotation and calculate
Qu.
This method is illustrated in Example 3.22.
76
Figure 3.42 Coefficients Kq and Kc (Brinch Hansen, 1961)

Figure 3.42 Coefficients Kq and Kc (Brinch Hansen,

1961)
EXAMPLE 3.22
A 20 - ft (6.0m) long 20 - in. (500mm) - diameter concrete
pile is instated into sand that has = 30' and = 120 lb/ft3
(I920kg/m3). The modulus of elasticity of concrete is 5 x 10 5
kips/ft2 (24 x 106 kN/m2). The pile is 15 ft (4.5 m) into the
ground and 5 ft (1.5 m) above ground. The water table is
near ground surface. Calculate the ultimate and the
allowable lateral resistance by Brinch Hansens method.
77

0.6
SOLUTION
(a) Divide the soil profile in five equal layers, 3 ft long each
(Figure 6.8).
(b) Determine vx
vx = x = (120 62.5) x = 0.0575 x kips/ft2
1000
Where x is measured downwards from the ground level.
For each of the five soil layers, calculations for vx and pxu are
carried out as
78

shown in Table 6.1. pxu is plotted with depth in Figure 6.8.

The values for pxu at the middle of each layer are shown by a
solid dot.
(c) Assume the point of rotation at 9.0 ft below ground level
and take moment about the point of application of
lateral load, Qu. Each layer is 3 ft thick, which
Gives:
M = 0.6 x 3 x 6.5 + 2 x 3 x 9.5 + 3.8 x 3 x 12.5 5.9 x 3
x 15.5 - 8 x 3 x 18.5
= 11.7 + 57 + 142.50 - 274.35 - 444 = 211.2 - 71 8.35
= - 507.2 kip-ft/ft width
Where : (0.6 - from center point) x (3 thickness of each
layer) x (6.5 distance from center to Qu)
(d) This is not near zero; therefore, carry out a second trial
by assuming a point of rotation at 12ft below ground. Then,
using the above numbers,
79

M = 11.7 + 57 + 142.50 + 274.35 - 444 = 41.6 kip

ft/ft
The remainder is now a small number and is closer to zero.
Therefore, the point of rotation xr can be taken at 12 ft below
ground.
(e) Take the moment about the center of rotation to
determine Qu:
Qu(5 + 12) = 0.6 x 3 x 10.5 + 2 x 3 x 7.5 + 3.8 x 3 x 4.5 +
5.9 x 3 x
1.5 8 x 3 x 1.5
= 18.9 + 45 + 51.3 + 26.55-36 = 105.8
Qult = 105.8/17 = 6.2 kips/ft width
Qult = 6.2 x B = 6.2 x 1.67 =10.4 kips
(where B = 20 in. = 1.67 ft)
Qall = 10.4/2.5 = 4.2 kips using a factor of safety 2.5
80

CH3 Pile Foundations

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JABATAN KEJURUTERAAN INFRASTRUKTUR DAN GEOMATIK

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM DAN ALAM SEKITAR

Types of piles and their structural characteristics

As cross-sectional area of steel

Use of additional thickness and epoxy coating are used

Figure 3.1 Steel Piles

prepared with ordinary reinforcement

JABATAN KEJURUTERAAN INFRASTRUKTUR DAN GEOMATIK

in the shape of square or octagonal

Figure 3.2 Precast piles with ordinary reinforcement

Figure 3.3 Cast in place concrete piles

JABATAN KEJURUTERAAN INFRASTRUKTUR DAN GEOMATIK

Class A : to carry heavy loads; min butt dia. =

Splicing can be done by means of pipe sleeves or metal

Ap average cross-sectional area of the

JABATAN KEJURUTERAAN INFRASTRUKTUR DAN GEOMATIK

They may in the form of : steel-cast-in-place concrete or

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Figure 3.6 Conditions for use of pile foundations

Estimating Pile Length, Figure 3.7

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Length of pile estimation depending upon the mode of

Point Bearing Piles

- the ultimate capacity of the piles depends entirely on

- if no hard stratum presence, piles are driven through

- piles are driven in granular soil to achieve proper

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- the length depends on :relative density before and after

Installation of Piles, Figure 3.8

Figure 3.8 Pile driving equipment

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Four method used in piles driving are ; drop hammer,

- drop hammer, Figure 3.8a

Frictional resistance, f(z) with depth is given by :

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- increase in pile load

Nature of variation of pile load is as given by Figure 3.9

Figure 3.9 Load transfer

Figure 3.10 Load transfer

Equations for Estimating Pile Capacity

Ultimate load-carrying capacity of pile, Q u is :

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Point bearing capacity, Qp is :

There are many other methods for estimating Q p and Qs

The value of unit point resistance qp remains constant

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Figure 3.11 Nature of variation of unit point resistance in a

Figure 3.12 is the relationship of (Lb/D)cr and (degree)

The limiting point resistance is :

Where : soil friction angle in the bearing stratum

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Figure 3.13 Variation of the

Using SPT method (Meyerhof, 1976):

For piles in clay, with saturated and undrained

Where : cu undrained cohesion (undrained shear

Vesics Method Estimation of Qp

Vesic (1977) proposed value of Qp as :

o' - mean normal ground effective stress =

Ko earth pressure coefficient = 1 sin

Janbus Method Estimation of Qp

Janbu (1976) proposed value of Qp as :

- bearing capacity factors, Figure 9.14