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ABB Group
September 17, 2013 | Slide 2
ABB Group
September 17, 2013 | Slide 3
Presenter
Joe Xavier
ABB Group
Learning objectives
ABB Group
September 17, 2013 | Slide 5
Introduction
ABB Group
September 17, 2013 | Slide 6
Introduction
ABB Group
September 17, 2013 | Slide 7
Introduction
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pedia/commons/f/f1/3phasermf-noadd-60f-airopt.gif
ABB Group
September 17, 2013 | Slide 8
Introduction
ABB Group
September 17, 2013 | Slide 9
Introduction
ABB Group
September 17, 2013 | Slide 10
Synchronous motors
Induction Motors
Stator (Armature)
Rotor
ABB Group
September 17, 2013 | Slide 11
Synchronous Motors
Stator (Armature)
Rotor
ABB Group
September 17, 2013 | Slide 12
DC excitation
Synchronous Motors
ABB Group
September 17, 2013 | Slide 13
Damper windings
ABB Group
September 17, 2013 | Slide 14
ABB Group
September 17, 2013 | Slide 15
ABB Group
September 17, 2013 | Slide 16
ABB Group
September 17, 2013 | Slide 17
Induction Motors
1.-Windings
2.-Slip Rings
3.-Brushes
Wound Rotor
ABB Group
September 17, 2013 | Slide 18
Rs and Xs are
Stator
resistance and
Reactance
Rt and Xt are
equivalent
source
resistance and
Reactance
Rm represent
losses due to
eddy current
and hysteresis
Xm is the
magnetizing
reactance
Rr and Xr are
rotor
resistance and
reactance
ABB Group
September 17, 2013 | Slide 19
Rr1
(1-s)
Rr1
= Rr1 +
s
s
IR2 x
Rr1
(1-s)
Rr1
= IR2 x Rr1 + IR2
s
s
Induction Motors
STARTING CHARACTERISTIC
Induction motors, at rest, appear just like a short circuited transformer and if
connected to the full supply voltage, draw a very high current known as the
Locked Rotor Current. They also produce torque which is known as the Locked
Rotor Torque.
ABB Group
September 17, 2013 | Slide 20
Induction Motors
STARTING CHARACTERISTIC
The starting current of a motor with a fixed voltage will drop very slowly as the
motor accelerates and will only begin to fall significantly when the motor has
reached at least 80% of the full speed.
ABB Group
September 17, 2013 | Slide 21
Glossary
Synchronous Speed:
Rated Speed:
Starting Current:
Speed at which motor runs when fully loaded and supplied rated
nameplate voltage
Slip:
Starting Time:
ABB Group
September 17, 2013 | Slide 22
Glossary
Starting Torque:
Pull Up Torque:
Breakdown Torque:
The rated motor torque capability during start at rated voltage and
frequency
The maximum torque that a motor will develop with rated voltage at
rated frequency, where an abrupt drop in speed will not occur
Stall Time:
ABB Group
September 17, 2013 | Slide 23
Frequency of starting
ABB Group
September 17, 2013 | Slide 24
Motor Nameplate
ABB Group
September 17, 2013 | Slide 25
1. Type designation
3. Duty
5. Insulation class
Motor
Nameplate
Service Factor
The service factor helps in estimating horsepower needs and actual running
horsepower requirements. It also allows for cooler winding temperatures at
rated load, protects against intermittent heat rises, and helps to offset low or
unbalanced line voltages.
ABB Group
September 17, 2013 | Slide 26
Motor
Nameplate
Locked-Rotor Letter
ABB Group
September 17, 2013 | Slide 27
Motor
Nameplate
ABB Group
September 17, 2013 | Slide 28
ILR =
kVA/HP x HP x 1000
3 x V
ILR =
ILR =
2141 A
ILR =
2141 A
338 A
6.33
Ground faults
Thermal damage
ABB Group
September 17, 2013 | Slide 29
Locked rotor
Abnormal conditions
Unbalanced operation
Motor Protection
Bearings
Lubricant issues
Grade,
contaminants, availability
Mechanical
Excessive
ABB
ABB Group
Group
September 17,
17, 2013
2013 || Slide
Slide 30
30
September
Vibration
Motor Protection
Failure Statistics
Motor failure rate is conservatively
estimated as 3-5% per year
In Mining, Pulp and Paper
industry, motor failure rate can
be as high as 12%.
Motor failures divided in 3 groups:
Electrical (33%)
Mechanical (31%)
Environmental, Maintenance,
& Other (36%)
Motor failure cost contributors:
Repair or Replacement
Removal and Installation
Loss of Production
ABB
ABB Group
Group
September 17,
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31
September
Thermal Protection
ABB Group
September 17, 2013 | Slide 32
ABB Group
September 17, 2013 | Slide 33
Light load
low current
small heat
development
Rated
rated current
nominal heat
development
Overload
high current
Electrical
energy
Mech.
Motor energy
Heat
Cooling air etc.
t
I
1 e
K
I FLC
Load
t
ABB Group
September 17, 2013 | Slide 34
K
t
I
IFLC
= constant
= time
= time constant
= highest phase current
= Full Load Current
Load
t
ABB Group
September 17, 2013 | Slide 35
High load
Low load
Time
Small
Big
Time
ABB Group
September 17, 2013 | Slide 36
Motor Protection
Thermal Overload Protection
% Thermal capacity
100
80
60
Thermal level
For e.g. at Startup
Thermal level
For e.g. at Standstill
ABB
ABB Group
Group
September 17,
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2013 || Slide
Slide 37
37
September
Motor Protection
Thermal Overload Protection
% Thermal capacity
100
80
60
Thermal level
For e.g. at Startup
ABB
ABB Group
Group
September 17,
17, 2013
2013 || Slide
Slide 38
38
September
Thermal level
For e.g. at Standstill
Overload
Stalling
Failure to start
Motor Protection
Thermal Overload Protection
Rule of thumb developed from tests and experience indicate that the life
of an insulation system is approximately,
halved for each 10 C incremental increase of winding temperature
ABB Group
September 17, 2013 | Slide 39
Motor Protection
Thermal Overload Protection
49M
48
ABB Group
September 17, 2013 | Slide 41
thermal limit
Apply protection
characteristics that will:
Emergency start:
ABB
ABB Group
Group
September 17,
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2013 || Slide
Slide 42
42
September
When a motor is started, it draws a current well in excess of the motor's full load
rating throughout the period it takes for the motor to run up to the rated speed.
The motor starting current decreases as the motor speed increases and the value of
current remains close to the rotor locked value for most of the acceleration period.
ABB
ABB Group
Group
September 17,
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2013 || Slide
Slide 43
43
September
Locked
supply voltage
Open
When a motor stator winding is energized with the rotor stationary, the
motor performs like a transformer with resistance-loaded secondary
winding.
During starting, the skin effect due to slip frequency operation causes
the rotor resistance to exhibit a high locked-rotor value, which decreases
to a low running value at rated slip speed.
ABB Group
September 17, 2013 | Slide 44
Locked
Using a typical locked-rotor current of six times the rated current and a
locked-rotor resistance of three times the normal running value:
I2R ~ 623, or 108 times that at normal current.
I2R defines the heating effect and I2t defines the thermal capability.
ABB Group
September 17, 2013 | Slide 45
Frequent
ABB Group
September 17, 2013 | Slide 47
Frequent
Induction motors and synchronous motors are usually designed for the
starting conditions indicated in NEMA MG1-1998, Articles 12.50, 20.43, and
21.43. These standards provide for two starts in succession coasting to
rest between starts with the motor initially at ambient temperatureand for
one start when the motor is at a temperature not exceeding its rated load
operating temperature.
Thermal
Capacity
100%
Cold Start
X
Consumption of a
single start-up
Heating
Cooling
ABB Group
September 17, 2013 | Slide 48
time
Frequent
Induction motors and synchronous motors are usually designed for the
starting conditions indicated in NEMA MG1-1998, Articles 12.50, 20.43, and
21.43. These standards provide for two starts in succession coasting to
rest between starts with the motor initially at ambient temperatureand for
one start when the motor is at a temperature not exceeding its rated load
operating temperature.
Hot Start
100%
Margin
Consumption of
a single start-up
Heating
inh
Cooling
ABB Group
September 17, 2013 | Slide 49
time
Motor Protection
Loss of Load Supervision
ABB
ABB Group
Group
September 17,
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Slide 50
50
September
Motor Protection
Negative-Sequence Overcurrent Protection
Unbalance load
Unsymmetrical voltage
If the nature of the unbalance is an open circuit in any phase, the combination
of positive and negative sequence currents produces phase currents of
approximately 1.7 times the previous load in each healthy phase
ABB
ABB Group
Group
September 17,
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2013 || Slide
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51
September
Motor Protection
Negative-Sequence Overcurrent Protection
Z2 ~ 1/ILR pu
ILR
Assume
From
Negative
ABB
ABB Group
Group
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52
September
Current Imbalance
Derates Thermal Capacity
ABB
ABB Group
Group
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53
September
ABB Group
September 17, 2013 | Slide 54
RTD Applications
ABB Group
September 17, 2013 | Slide 55
Applications
Ambient temperature
Bearings
RTD Applications
ABB Group
September 17, 2013 | Slide 56
Motor Protection
Phase Reversal
ABB
ABB Group
Group
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57
September
Motor Protection
Short Circuit Protection
ABB Group
September 17, 2013 | Slide 58
Motor Protection
Short Circuit Protection
If for a motor, the motor kVA rating is less than half of the supply
transformer kVA rating, over current relays may be relied upon.
ABB Group
September 17, 2013 | Slide 59
Differential Protection
ABB Group
September 17, 2013 | Slide 60
ABB Group
September 17, 2013 | Slide 62
VM
Protected by
Motor start
supervision
ABB Group
September 17, 2013 | Slide 63
ABB Group
September 17, 2013 | Slide 64
Typical Setting
Overvoltage Protection
ABB Group
September 17, 2013 | Slide 65
Transient overvoltages can be dangerous for motors surge arresters are used to accomplish this type of
protection
Abnormal Frequency
ABB Group
September 17, 2013 | Slide 66
ABB Group
September 17, 2013 | Slide 67
ABB Group
September 17, 2013 | Slide 68
www.abb.com/relion
ABB Group
September 17, 2013 | Slide 69