The structure of spectrometer

and optical components

In-Sung Kang

Electromagnetic radiation

How to separate the beam 1

1. Using refraction optics (ex. Prism)

Refraction?
Snells law

= refractive index of incident medium

= refractive index of refractive medium
= angle of incidence
= angle of refraction

Refraction is a function of
wavelength

How to separate the beam 2

Using diffraction optics

Transmission grating

Reflection grating

Diffraction?

Various orders of diffracted light

Over-lab of several orders of

dispersed light

Reflection gratings

Blazed ruled grating

Holographic grating

Blazed holographic grating

Grating equation
Transmission grating

Reflection grating

Dispersion
Angular Dispersion -- > Higher grating density, higher angular dispersion

Linear Dispersion Higher grating density, lower linear dispersion

Resolving power (resolution)

of grating

N W is the total number of grooves in the grating

Higher grating density, higher grating resolution
If grating width is fixed, groove density and diffraction order are
related to the grating resolution

Grating efficiency curve

(UV-Vis region)

Grating efficiency curve

(NIR & MIR Region)

Grating polarization

Reflection grating type (I)

Plane grating / Concave grating(Spherical)

Reflection grating type (II)

Aberration corrected concave grating (Flat field grating)

Internal structure of spectrometer

following the grating type (I)
Transmission grating
EX) Raman spectrometer

Internal structure of spectrometer

following the grating type (II)
Plane reflection grating

Internal structure of spectrometer

following the grating type (II)
Concave reflection grating (Flat field grating- Low stray light)

Internal structure of spectrometer

following the grating type (II)
Monochromators
(Czerny-turner geometry)

Choice of a Grating

Optical Components to build a

spectrometer(I)
Spectral resolution is related to the entrance slit

Optical Components to build a

spectrometer (I)
Precision air slits
Entrance slit width
should be similar to
the width of image
pixels of CCD or PDA

Optical Components to build a

spectrometer (II)
Diode Array Detector
(Linear Image Sensor)
(NMOS type )

Optical Components to build a

spectrometer (II)

Optical Components to build a

spectrometer (II)
InGaAs detector for
NIR region

Optical Components to build a

spectrometer (III)
Spherical Mirrors

Common Specifications
Diameter
Metallic Coating Range
Clear Aperture
Surface Irregularity
Surface Quality

1/2", 1", 2", and 75 mm

250 - 450 nm; Ravg > 90%
>90% of Diameter
/4 @ 633 nm
40-20 Scratch-Dig

Diameter Tolerance

+0.0/-0.2 mm

Thickness Tolerance

0.2 mm

Substrate
Backside Surface
Damage Threshold (Pulse)
Damage Threshold (CW)

N-BK7
Fine Ground and Engraved with Part Number
(Not Polished)
0.3 J/cm2
(355 nm, 10 ns, 10 Hz, 0.381 mm)
300 W/cm at 1.064 m, 0.044 mm
500 W/cm at 10.6 m, 0.339 mm

Optical Components to build a

spectrometer (III)
Reflectivity by surface coating

Optical Components to build a

spectrometer (III)
Aberration by spherical mirror

Optical Components to build a

spectrometer (IV)
Spherical Lenses (Plano Convex)

Optical Components to build a

spectrometer (IV)
Spherical Lenses (Double Convex, Biconvex)

Optical Components to build a

spectrometer (IV)
Spherical Lenses (Concave)

Optical Components to build a

spectrometer (IV)
Aberration of spherical lenses

Optical Components to build a

spectrometer (IV)
Aberration of spherical lenses

Optical Components to build a

spectrometer (V)
Light sources (Flash xenon lamp)

Optical Components to build a

spectrometer (V)
Light sources (CW xenon lamp)

Optical Components to build a

spectrometer (V)
Light sources (D2 Lamp)

Optical Components to build a

spectrometer (V)
Light sources (Broad band W Lamp)

Optical Components to build a

spectrometer (V)
Light sources (LED)

Optical Components to build a

spectrometer (V)
Optical Filters (Long pass filter, Color glass filter)
EX) To remove second order

Optical Components to build a

spectrometer (V)
Optical Filters (Band Pass, Interference filter, Laser line filter)
EX) To excite the fluorophore by specific wave

Optical Components to build a

spectrometer (V)
Optical Filters (Notch filter)
EX) To remove the light of EX wave
in Raman or Fluorescence

Optical Components to build a

spectrometer (V)
Optical Filters (Short pass filter)
EX) To remove the light of EX wave
in Raman or Fluorescence

Optical Components to build a

spectrometer (V)
Dichroic Mirror
EX) To remove the light of EX wave and transmit the light of EM wave

Optical Fiber

Typical optical structure of

spectrometers (Diode array UV-Vis)

Typical optical structure of

spectrometers
(Double beam scanning UV-Vis)

Optical Components to build a

spectrometer (VI)
Light absorbing paint

Optical Components to build a

spectrometer
How to handle the optics
1) Put on optical gloves
2) Put on optical glasses when aligning the high intensity light
(Laser, Xenon lamp, etc.)
3) Put on the mask not to damage the optics by your spit
4) Do not touch the surface of reflection optics (Mirrors, Gratings)
5) Use the soft tissue to clean the lenses and optical color glass
filter
6) Do not touch the surface of the coated filter (Band pass filter,
Dichroic Mirror)
7) Maintain the optics in low humidity room (Optical cabinet)
8) Do not see the light directly and do not see high intensity
diffracted light (laser or high power xenon lamp) from grating

See you next time