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\info {\title A push pull amplifier is an amplifier which has an output stage th
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52 \cf8 \nosupersub0 \caps0 A push pull amplifier is an amplifier which has an o
utput stage that can drive a current in either direction through through the loa
d. The output stage of a typical push pull amplifier consists of of two identica
l BJTs or MOSFETs one sourcing current through the load while the other one sink
ing the current from the load. Push pull amplifiers are superior over single end
ed amplifiers (using a single transistor at the output for driving the load) in
terms of distortion and performance. A single ended amplifier, how well it may b
e designed will surely introduce some distortion due to the non linearity of its
dynamic transfer characteristics. Push pull amplifiers are commonly used in sit
uations where low distortion, high efficiency and high output power are required
. The basic operation of a push pull amplifier is as follows: The signal to be a
mplified is first split into two identical signals 180\uc1 \u176 ? out of phase.
Generally this splitting is done using an input coupling transformer. The input
coupling transformer is so\uc1 \u160 ?arranged\uc1 \u160 ?that one signal in ap
plied to the input of one transistor and the other signal is applied to the inpu
t of the other transistor. Advantages of push pull amplifier are low distortion,
absence of magnetic saturation in the coupling transformer core, and cancellati
on of power supply ripples which results in the absence of hum while the disadva
ntages are \uc1 \u160 ?the need of two identical transistors and the \uc1 \u160
?requirement of bulky and costly coupling transformers.}{\b0 \i0 \fs21 \kerning0
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\langfenp2052 {\b0 \i0 \fs21 \kerning0 \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \expnd0
\expndtw0 \chcbpat20 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 \cf8 \nosup
ersub0 \caps0 A push pull amplifier can be made in Class A, Class B, Class AB or
Class C configurations. The circuit diagram of a typical Class A push pull ampl
ifier is shown above. Q1 and Q2 are two identical transistor and their emitter t
erminals are connected together. R1 and R2 are meant for biasing the transistors
. Collector terminals of the two transistor are connected to \uc1 \u160 ?the res
pective ends of the primary of the \uc1 \u160 ?output transformer T2. Power supp
ly is connected between the center tap of the T2 primary and the emitter junctio
n of the Q1 and Q2. Base terminal of each transistor is connected to the respect
ive ends of the secondary of the input coupling transformer T1. Input signal is
applied to the primary of T1 and output load RL is connected across the secondar
y of T2.Quiescent current of Q2 and Q1 flows in opposite directions through the
corresponding halves of the primary of T2 and as a result there will be \uc1 \u1
60 ?no magnetic saturation. From the figure you can see the phase splited signal
s being applied to the base of each transistors. When Q1 is driven positive usin
g the first half of its \uc1 \u160 ?input signal, the collector current of Q1 in
creases. At the same time Q2 is driven negative using the first half of its inpu
t signal and so \uc1 \u160 ?the collector current of Q2 decreases. From the figu
re you can understand that the collector currents of Q1 and Q2 ie; I1 and I2 flo
ws in the same direction trough the corresponding halves of the T2 primary. As a
result an amplified version of the original input signal \uc1 \u160 ?is induced
in the T2 secondary. It is clear that the current through the T2 secondary is t
he difference between the two collector currents. Harmonics will be much less in
the output due to cancellation and this is results in low distortion.}{\b0 \i0
\fs21 \kerning0 \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \expnd0 \expndtw0 \lang1033 \lan
gnp1033 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 \cf8 \caps0 \par }\pard \plain \s3 \qj \fi0 \l
i0 \ri0 \sb0 \sa105 \sbauto0 \saauto0 \sl23 \slmult0 \widctlpar \keep0 \keepn0 \
noline0 \aspalpha \aspnum \faroman \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \cbpat20 \itap0 \b1
\fs27 \kerning0 \loch \af2 \hich \af2 \dbch \af2 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe20
52 \langfenp2052 {\b1 \i0 \fs31 \kerning0 \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \expnd
0 \expndtw0 \chcbpat20 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 \cf15 \no
supersub0 \caps0 Class B push pull amplifier.}{\b1 \i0 \fs31 \kerning0 \dbch \af
4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \expnd0 \expndtw0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe2052 \lang
fenp2052 \cf15 \caps0 \par }\pard \plain \s16 \qj \fi0 \li0 \ri0 \sb0 \sa315 \sb
auto0 \saauto0 \sl315 \slmult0 \widctlpar \keep0 \keepn0 \noline0 \aspalpha \asp
num \faroman \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \cbpat20 \itap0 \fs24 \kerning0 \lang1033
\langnp1033 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 {\b0 \i0 \fs21 \kerning0 \dbch \af4 \hich
\af4 \loch \f4 \expnd0 \expndtw0 \chcbpat20 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe2052 \l
angfenp2052 \cf8 \nosupersub0 \caps0 The Class B push pull amplifier is almost s
imilar to the Class A push pull amplifier and the only difference is that there
is no biasing resistors for a Class B push pull amplifier. This means that the t

wo transistors are biased at the cut off point.The Class B configuration can pro
vide better power output and has higher efficiency(up to 78.5%). Since the trans
istor are biased at the cutoff point, they consumes no power during idle conditi
on and this adds to the efficiency. The advantages of Class B push pull amplifie
rs are, ability to work in limited power supply conditions (due to the higher ef
ficiency), absence of even harmonics in the output, simple circuitry when compar
ed to the Class A configuration etc. The disadvantages are higher percentage of
harmonic distortion when compared to the Class A, cancellation of power supply r
ipples is not as efficient as in Class A push pull amplifier and which results i
n the need of a well regulated power supply.The circuit diagram of a classic Cla
ss B push pull amplifier is shown in the diagram below.}{\b0 \i0 \fs21 \kerning0
\dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \expnd0 \expndtw0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe
2052 \langfenp2052 \cf8 \caps0 \par }\pard \plain \ql \fi0 \li0 \ri0 \sb0 \sa0 \
sbauto0 \saauto0 \sl315 \slmult0 \widctlpar \keep0 \keepn0 \noline0 \aspalpha \a
spnum \faroman \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \cbpat20 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \dbch \a
f2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\field \fldedit {\*\fldinst {\b0 \i0 \fs21 \kerning0 \
dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \af4 \expnd0 \expndtw0 \chcbpat20 \lang1033 \langnp10
33 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 \cf14 \ulnone0 \nosupersub0 \caps0 }{\b0 \i0 \fs21
\kerning0 \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \expnd0 \expndtw0 \chcbpat20 \lang1033
\langnp1033 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 \cf14 \ulnone0 \nosupersub0 \caps0 HYPER
LINK "http://www.circuitstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/class-b-push-pullamplifier.png" }}{\fldrslt {\b0 \i0 \fs21 \kerning0 \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch
\af4 \expnd0 \expndtw0 \chcbpat20 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe2052 \langfenp205
2 \cf14 \ulnone0 \nosupersub0 \caps0 }{\field {\*\fldinst {\b0 \i0 \fs21 \kernin
g2 \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \af4 \expnd0 \expndtw0 \chcbpat20 \cf14 \ulnone0
\nosupersub0 \caps0 }{\cs15 \b0 \i0 \fs21 \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \expnd
0 \expndtw0 \chcbpat20 \cf14 \ulnone0 \nosupersub0 \caps0 INCLUDEPICTURE \'5cd "
http://www.circuitstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/class-b-push-pull-amplif
ier.png" \'5c* MERGEFORMATINET }}{\fldrslt {\b0 \i0 \fs21 \kerning2 \dbch \af4 \
hich \af4 \loch \af4 \expnd0 \expndtw0 \chcbpat20 \cf14 \ulnone0 \nosupersub0 \c
aps0 }{\cs15 \b0 \i0 \fs21 \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \af4 \expnd0 \expndtw0 \c
hcbpat20 \cf14 \ulnone0 \nosupersub0 \caps0 {\*\shppict {\pict {\*\picprop \shpl
id0 {\sp {\sn shapeType}{\sv 75}}{\sp {\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn fFlipV}{\sv
0}}{\sp {\sn fLockAgainstGrouping}{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn fLockText}{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn
fLockVerticies}{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn fLockAspectRatio}{\sv 1}}{\sp {\sn fLockRotatio
n}{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn pibName}{\sv class b push pull amplifier}}{\sp {\sn f3DOK}{\
sv 0}}{\sp {\sn fShadowOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp {\sn fFilled}{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn fLine}{\sv
0}}{\sp {\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 1}}}}}}}}{\b0 \i0 \fs21 \kerning2 \dbch \af4 \h
ich \af4 \loch \af4 \expnd0 \expndtw0 \chcbpat20 \cf14 \ulnone0 \nosupersub0 \ca
ps0 }}}{\b0 \i0 \fs21 \kerning0 \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \af4 \expnd0 \expndt
w0 \chcbpat20 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 \cf14 \ulnone0 \no
supersub0 \caps0 }{\b0 \i0 \fs21 \kerning2 \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \expn
d0 \expndtw0 \cf8 \caps0 \par }\pard \plain \s16 \ql \li0 \ri0 \sb0 \sa315 \sbau
to0 \saauto0 \sl23 \slmult0 \widctlpar \keep0 \keepn0 \noline0 \aspalpha \aspnum
\faroman \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs24 \kerning0 \lang1033 \langnp1033
\langfe2052 \langfenp2052 {\b0 \i1 \fs21 \kerning0 \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \
f4 \expnd0 \expndtw0 \chcbpat20 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052
\cf9 \nosupersub0 \caps0 Class B push pull amplifier}{\i1 \fs21 \kerning0 \lang1
033 \langnp1033 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 \cf9 \par }\pard \plain \s16 \qj \fi0
\li0 \ri0 \sb0 \sa315 \sbauto0 \saauto0 \sl315 \slmult0 \widctlpar \keep0 \keepn
0 \noline0 \aspalpha \aspnum \faroman \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \cbpat20 \itap0 \
fs24 \kerning0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 {\b0 \i0 \fs21 \k
erning0 \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \expnd0 \expndtw0 \chcbpat20 \lang1033 \
langnp1033 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 \cf8 \nosupersub0 \caps0 \uc1 \u160 ?The ci
rcuit arrangement of the Class B push pull amplifier is similar to the Class A p
ush pull amplifier except for the absence of the biasing resistors. T1 is the in
put coupling capacitor and the input signal is applied to its primary. Q1 and Q2
are two identical transistors and their emitter terminals are connected togethe
r. Center tap of the input coupling transformer and the negative end of the volt
age source is connected to the junction point of the emitter terminals. Positive

end of the voltage source is connected to the center tap of the output coupling
transformer. Collector terminals of each transistor are connected to the respec
tive ends of the primary of the output coupling \uc1 \u160 ?transformer T2. Load
RL is connected across the secondary of T2.}{\b0 \i0 \fs21 \kerning0 \dbch \af4
\hich \af4 \loch \f4 \expnd0 \expndtw0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe2052 \langf
enp2052 \cf8 \caps0 \par }\pard \plain \s16 \qj \fi0 \li0 \ri0 \sb0 \sa315 \sbau
to0 \saauto0 \sl315 \slmult0 \widctlpar \keep0 \keepn0 \noline0 \aspalpha \aspnu
m \faroman \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \cbpat20 \itap0 \fs24 \kerning0 \lang1033 \l
angnp1033 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 {\b0 \i0 \fs21 \kerning0 \dbch \af4 \hich \a
f4 \loch \f4 \expnd0 \expndtw0 \chcbpat20 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe2052 \lan
gfenp2052 \cf8 \nosupersub0 \caps0 The input signal is converted into two simila
r but phase opposite signals by the input transformer T1. One out of these two s
ignals is applied to the base of the upper transistor while the other one is app
lied to the base of the other transistor. You can understand this from the circu
it diagram. When transistor Q1 is driven to the positive side using the positive
half of its input signal, the reverse happens in the transistor Q2. That means
when the collector current of Q1 is going in the increasing direction, the colle
ctor current of \uc1 \u160 ?Q2 goes in the decreasing direction. Anyway the curr
ent flow through the respective halves of the primary of the T2 will be in same
direction. Have a look at the figure for better understanding. This current flow
through the T2 primary results in a wave form induced across its secondary. The
wave form induced across the secondary is similar to the original input signal
but amplified in terms of \uc1 \u160 ?magnitude.}{\b0 \i0 \fs21 \kerning0 \dbch
\af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \expnd0 \expndtw0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe2052 \l
angfenp2052 \cf8 \caps0 \par }\pard \plain \s4 \qj \fi0 \li0 \ri0 \sb0 \sa225 \s
bauto0 \saauto0 \sl23 \slmult0 \widctlpar \keep0 \keepn0 \noline0 \aspalpha \asp
num \faroman \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \cbpat20 \itap0 \b1 \fs24 \kerning0 \loch
\af2 \hich \af2 \dbch \af2 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 {\b1
\i0 \fs24 \kerning0 \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \expnd0 \expndtw0 \chcbpat20
\lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 \cf15 \nosupersub0 \caps0 Cross
over distortion.}{\b1 \i0 \fs24 \kerning0 \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \expn
d0 \expndtw0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 \cf15 \caps0 \par }
\pard \plain \s16 \qj \fi0 \li0 \ri0 \sb0 \sa315 \sbauto0 \saauto0 \sl315 \slmul
t0 \widctlpar \keep0 \keepn0 \noline0 \aspalpha \aspnum \faroman \adjustright \l
in0 \rin0 \cbpat20 \itap0 \fs24 \kerning0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe2052 \lan
gfenp2052 {\b0 \i0 \fs21 \kerning0 \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \expnd0 \expn
dtw0 \chcbpat20 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 \cf8 \nosupersub
0 \caps0 Cross over distortion is a type of distortion commonly seen in Class B
amplifier configurations. As we said earlier ,the transistor are biased at cut o
ff point in the Class B amplifier. We all know a Silicon transistor requires \uc
1 \u160 ?0.7V and a Germanium diode requires 0.2V of voltage across its base emi
tter junction before entering in to conducting mode and this base emitter voltag
e is called cut in voltage. \uc1 \u160 ?Germanium diodes are out of scope in amp
lifiers and we can talk about a Class B push pull amplifier based on Silicon tra
nsistors. Since the transistors are biased to cut off, the voltage across their
base emitter junction remains zero during the zero input condition. The only sou
rce for the transistors to get the necessary cut in voltage is the input signal
itself \uc1 \u160 ?and the required cut in voltage will be looted from the input
signal itself. As a result \uc1 \u160 ?portions of the input wave form that are
below 0.7V (cut in voltage) will be cancelled and so the corresponding portions
will be absent in the output wave form too. Have a look at the figure below for
better understanding.}{\b0 \i0 \fs21 \kerning0 \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4
\expnd0 \expndtw0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 \cf8 \caps0 \p
ar }\pard \plain \s4 \qj \fi0 \li0 \ri0 \sb0 \sa225 \sbauto0 \saauto0 \sl23 \slm
ult0 \widctlpar \keep0 \keepn0 \noline0 \aspalpha \aspnum \faroman \adjustright
\lin0 \rin0 \cbpat20 \itap0 \b1 \fs24 \kerning0 \loch \af2 \hich \af2 \dbch \af2
\lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 {\b1 \i0 \fs24 \kerning0 \dbch
\af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \expnd0 \expndtw0 \chcbpat20 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \la
ngfe2052 \langfenp2052 \cf15 \nosupersub0 \caps0 Class AB push pull amplifier.}{
\b1 \i0 \fs24 \kerning0 \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \expnd0 \expndtw0 \lang1

033 \langnp1033 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 \cf15 \caps0 \par }\pard \plain \s16 \
qj \fi0 \li0 \ri0 \sb0 \sa315 \sbauto0 \saauto0 \sl315 \slmult0 \widctlpar \keep
0 \keepn0 \noline0 \aspalpha \aspnum \faroman \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \cbpat20
\itap0 \fs24 \kerning0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 {\b0 \i0
\fs21 \kerning0 \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \expnd0 \expndtw0 \chcbpat20 \la
ng1033 \langnp1033 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 \cf8 \nosupersub0 \caps0 Class AB i
s another type of push pull amplifier which is almost similar to that of a Class
A push pull amplifier and the only difference is that the value of biasing resi
stors R1 and R2 are so selected that the transistors are biased just at the cut
in voltage (0.7V). This reduces the time for which both transistors are simultan
eously OFF (the time for which input signal \uc1 \u160 ?is between (-0.7V and +0
.7V) and so the cross over distortion gets reduced. Of the above said classes Cl
ass A has least distortion, then Class AB and \uc1 \u160 ?then Class B. Any way
Class AB configuration has reduced efficiency and wastes a reasonable amount of
power during \uc1 \u160 ?zero input condition. Class B has the highest efficienc
y (78.5%), then Class B (between 78.5 to 50%)\uc1 \u160 ?and then Class A (50%)
.}{\b0 \i0 \fs21 \kerning0 \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \expnd0 \expndtw0 \la
ng1033 \langnp1033 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 \cf8 \caps0 \par }\pard \plain \s16
\qj \fi0 \li0 \ri0 \sb0 \sa315 \sbauto0 \saauto0 \sl315 \slmult0 \widctlpar \ke
ep0 \keepn0 \noline0 \aspalpha \aspnum \faroman \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \cbpat2
0 \itap0 \fs24 \kerning0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 {\b0 \i
0 \fs21 \kerning0 \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \expnd0 \expndtw0 \chcbpat20 \
lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 \cf8 \nosupersub0 \caps0 \uc1 \u1
60 ?}{\b0 \i0 \fs21 \kerning0 \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \expnd0 \expndtw0
\lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 \cf8 \caps0 \par }\pard \plain \
ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0
\itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs21 \kerning2 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \par }}