DETECON AL-SAUDIA CO.

LTD
LDTN Project

Handbook
On
Fibre Optic Cable
Maintenance

Prepared
Colour Scheme
Reviewed
Checked
Approved

Fayyaz Ahmad Sheikh

Reinhold Mueller
Mohamed Barray
Juergen Fiebach
Johann Graf

SE Engineering Cable
Com Engineer Central
Course Developer
Manager Operation
Project Manager

May 10, 2005

May 11, 2005
May 16, 2005
May 16, 2005
May 16, 2005

Revised

Fayyaz Ahmad Sheikh

SE Engineering Cable

10 October 2007

Christian Menzel

Manager Operation

13 October 2007

Torsten Maass

Manager Engineering

16 October 2007

Juergen Fiebach

Project Manager

18 October 2007

Checked
Approved

Content:
1.

DEFINITION OF FIBRE OPTIC.......................................................................5

1.1 BASIC CONSTRUCTION OF OPTICAL FIBRE .........................................................5

1.2 CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF FIBRE OPTIC CABLE ........................................6
1.3 TYPES OF FIBRE OPTIC CABLES ..........................................................................7
2.

DEFINITIONS OF TERMS USED IN FIBRE OPTIC CABLE......................8

2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5

TERMINATIONS .....................................................................................................8
SPLICING .............................................................................................................10
TEST EQUIPMENT ...............................................................................................10
MEASUREMENTS .................................................................................................10
UNITS, POWER PREFIXES ...................................................................................11

3.

FIBRE OPTIC TOOL KIT AND ACCESSORIES.........................................12

3.1

LIST AND PICTURES OF TOOLS ..........................................................................12

4.

FIBRE OPTIC SPLICING ................................................................................15

4.1 MECHANICAL SPLICING:....................................................................................15

4.2 FUSION SPLICING: ..............................................................................................15
4.3 PREPARATION OF FIBRE OPTIC CABLE FOR SPLICING .....................................15
4.4 OPTICAL FIBRE SPLICING PROCESS ..................................................................15
5.

TESTING OF FIBRE OPTIC LINK ................................................................16

5.1 TOOLS AND TEST EQUIPMENT FOR THE JOB .....................................................16

5.2 MEASUREMENT OF OPTICAL POWER & LOSS...................................................16
5.2.1 MEASURING POWER ..........................................................................................16
5.2.2 TESTING LOSS ...................................................................................................16
5.2.3 REFERENCING OPTICAL LOSS TEST UNIT..........................................................17
5.2.4 FIBRE LOSS VARIABLES ....................................................................................20
5.2.5 CALCULATING LINK LOSS.................................................................................21
6.

OTDR TRACE ANALYSIS...............................................................................22

6.1 OTDR PARAMETERS..........................................................................................23

6.1.1 WAVELENGTH...................................................................................................23
6.1.2 INDEX OF REFRACTION .....................................................................................23
6.1.3 PULSE WIDTH OR DURATION ............................................................................23
6.1.4 RANGE OR DISTANCE ........................................................................................24
6.2 DEAD ZONE: .......................................................................................................24

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7.

CLEANING OF CONNECTORS .....................................................................25

7.1 INSPECTION AND CLEANING PROCEDURE .........................................................25

7.2 DRY CLEANING METHODS .................................................................................26
7.3 WET CLEANING METHODS ................................................................................27
8. SPECIFICATIONS AND PROCEDURES FOR CABLE INSTALLATION
& REPAIRS................................................................................................................28
8.1 CABLE DEPTH .....................................................................................................28
8.2 SPLICE POINTS....................................................................................................29
POINTS TO REMEMBER................................................................................31

9.

9.1 SAFETY FIRST!....................................................................................................31

9.2 ZERO TOLERANCE FOR DIRT .............................................................................31
9.3 TOOLS AND MATERIALS .....................................................................................32
9.4 DOCUMENTATION AND RECORD MAINTENANCE ..............................................32
10. CHECK LIST AND PROCEDURES FOR FINAL REPAIR /
RELOCATION OF FIBRE OPTIC CABLE ..........................................................33
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
10.6
10.7
10.8

CIVIL WORKS & PREPARATION IN THE FIELD .................................................33

ORGANIZING MDT/TC ....................................................................................33
LIST OF TOOL & TEST EQUIPMENT ..................................................................34
STAFF ARRANGEMENTS ...................................................................................34
EXECUTION OF TC/MDT................................................................................35
TEST REQUIRED ...............................................................................................36
PRIORITY OF SYSTEMS .....................................................................................36
EMERGENCY REPAIR PROCESS ........................................................................37

11. GUIDELINES FOR OPENING AND UPDATING OF THREATENING

TROUBLE TICKETS. ..............................................................................................38
11.1

UPDATES RELATED TO MONITORING OF ACTIVITIES BY THIRD PARTIES ON OR

NEAR TO THE CABLE:...................................................................................................38
11.2 UPDATES RELATED TO RELOCATION ACTIVITIES BY THIRD PARTIES:............42
11.3 UPDATES RELATED TO MDTS EXECUTED BY THIRD PARTIES FOR
RELOCATION PROJECTS. ............................................................................................44
12.

CABLE ROUTE MARKER POSTS...............................................................45

12.1 TYPES OF CABLE ROUTE MARKERS POSTS.....................................................45

12.2 INSTALLATION OF CABLE ROUTE MARKERS POSTS .......................................45
13.

RELOCATION OPTIONS ..............................................................................46

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14. GUIDELINES FOR 3RD PARTY MDT/TCS EXECUTED ON

EXISTING FIBER OPTIC CABLES ......................................................................48
15.

PHYSICAL CABLE LOCATION ..................................................................49

15.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................49

15.2 BASIC THEORY. ................................................................................................49
15.3 APPLYING THE SIGNAL.....................................................................................50
15.3.1 CONDUCTIVE / DIRECT CONNECTION METHOD ...............................................51
15.3.2 INDUCTIVE METHOD ........................................................................................52
15.3.3 INDUCTIVE CLAMP METHOD ...........................................................................53
15.4 TRACING OF CABLE..........................................................................................53
15.5 ADJUSTING THE GAIN ......................................................................................54
16.

COLOUR SCHEME.........................................................................................55

Figures:
Figure 1: Basic construction of optical fibre..................................................................5
Figure 2: Constructional Details of Fibre Optic Cable ..................................................6
Figure 3: Single Ended Loss ........................................................................................17
Figure 4:Double Ended Loss Measurement / FASTEST SETUP ..............................17
Figure 5: Loop Back Method.......................................................................................18
Figure 6: Side by Side Method ....................................................................................19
Figure 7: OTDR Trace Analysis ..................................................................................22
Figure 8: Cable Trench ................................................................................................28
Figure 9: Arrangement for splicing at site ...................................................................29
Figure 10: Arrangement of splice enclosures ..............................................................30
Figure 11: Arrangement of Buried Splice....................................................................30
Figure 12: Information for 1st update of Threatening Trouble Ticket .........................39
Figure 13: Working Area of Third Party .....................................................................40
Figure 14: Information for Trouble Ticket update during course of activity ..............41
Figure 15: Information for Trouble Ticket update during course of activity ..............41
Figure 16: Information for Final update of Threatening Trouble Ticket.....................42
Figure 17: Types of Cable Route Marker Posts...........................................................45
Figure 18: Marker Post Placement...............................................................................45
Figure 19: Relocation Option-1 ...................................................................................46
Figure 20: Relocation Option-2 ...................................................................................46
Figure 21: Cable Locator Direction Connection..........................................................51
Figure 22: Cable Locator Inductive Method................................................................52
Figure 23: Cable Locator Inductive Clamp Method ....................................................53

Tables:
Table 1: List of Tool Kit ..............................................................................................14
Table 2: Attenuation Criteria .......................................................................................21
Table 3: Depth of Buried Fibre Optic Cables ..............................................................28

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1. Definition of Fibre Optic

Fibre Optic is a thin strand of highly transparent glass or plastic that guide light. It is
used as a medium for carrying information from one point to another in the form of
light. A basic fibre optic link consists of a transmitting device, which generates the
light signal; an optical fibre cable, which carries the light; and a receiver, which
accepts the light signal transmitted. The fibre itself is passive and does not contain any
active properties

1.1 Basic Construction of Optical Fibre

Coating
Cladding

Coating
250m

Cladding Core
125m
8.3 ~ 9m

Core
Cross Sectional View of a Single Mode Fibre

Side View of a Single Mode Fibre

Figure 1: Basic construction of optical fibre

Core: The centre of the fibre through which the light is transmitted
Cladding: The outside optical layer of the fibre that traps the light in the core and
guides it along and even through curves
Buffer coating or primary coating: A hard plastic coating on the outside of the fibre
that protects the glass from moisture or physical damage.
Fibre optic cable functions as a "light guide," guiding the light introduced at one end
of the cable through to the other end. The core and cladding are manufactured
together as a single piece of silica glass. The core regions refractive index is greater
than the cladding layer. The glass does not have a hole in the core, but is completely
solid throughout. The light is "guided" down through the core. The cladding traps the
light in the core using an optical technique called "total internal reflection. The third
section of an optical fibre is the outer protective coating called the "primary buffer
coating". This coating is typically an ultraviolet (UV) light-cured acrylate applied
during the manufacturing process to provide physical and environmental protection
for the fibre. During the installation process, this coating is stripped away from the
cladding to allow proper termination to an optical transmission system.

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1.2 Constructional Details of Fibre Optic Cable

Steel sheath for

Grounding

Outer Sheath
(Jacket)

Thread and Paper

Dielectric Strength
Element (Kevlar)

Optical fibres

Gel Filled
Buffer Tubes

Central Strength
Member

Gel-Filled Buffer Tube

Optical Fibres
Central Strength Member
Dielectric Strength
Element (Kevlar)
Thread & Paper
Steel for Grounding
Outer Sheath (Jacket)
Double Layer for Direct
Buried & Single Layer
for Duct Cable
Water Blocking Material
(Jelly)
Rip Cord

Figure 2: Constructional Details of Fibre Optic Cable

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1.3 Types of Fibre Optic Cables

There are two types of fibre optic cable commonly used:
1. Multi Mode Cables: Over the years a variety of core sizes have been produced
but these days there are only two main sizes for Multimode fibres. These cables
are most widely used in data networks. The numbers 50/125 & 62.5/125 represent
the diameters of the fibre core and cladding; these are measured in microns, which
are millionths of a metre
2. Single Mode Cables: Single Mode cable has a core diameter of 8.3 to 10 microns.
It is the most commonly used cable in Telecommunication for transmission
systems. The numbers 8.3/125 represent the diameters of the fibre core and
cladding
Note: Both multimode and single mode fibres have an outside diameter of 125
microns - about 5 thousandths of an inch - just slightly larger than a human hair.

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2. Definitions of Terms used in Fibre Optic Cable

2.1 Terminations
Patch panels

Connector

Ferrule

Provides a centralized location for patching fibres,

testing, monitoring and restoring cables.
A non-permanent device for connecting two fibres
or fibres to equipment where they are expected to
be disconnected occasionally for testing or
rerouting. It also provides protection to both fibres.
A tube, which holds a fibre for alignment, usually
part of a connector

SC connector : SC Stands for Single Coupling. It is a Square shaped snap-in

connector that latches with a simple push-pull. The SC connector has the advantage
(over ST) of being duplexed into a single connector clip with both transmit/receive
fibres

SC/UPC SM connector, Pre-Dome 125um ferrule

SC/APC SM connector Pre-Angle Cone 125um

ferrule

FC Connector: The FC stands for "Face Contact" The anti-rotation key prevents
fibre end face damage and rotational sensitivity and the floating ferrule prevents
shock and vibration.

FC/UPC SM connector , Pre-Dome 125um ferrule

FC/APC SM Connector Pre-Angled 125um ferrule

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ST Connector : ST Stands for Straight Tip. The ST connector is spring-loaded

bayonet mount and have a long cylindrical ferrule to hold the fibre

ST/UPC SM Connector Pre-Dome 125um ferrule

LC Connector : LC stands for Latched Connector and its interconnect is based

upon the RJ-45 telephone interface. The LC Connector uses Zirconium ceramic
ferrules in a free-floating and pull proof design.

LC SM Simplex connector, with 125 ferrule

LC SM Duplex connector , with 125 ferrule

LC SM Duplex connector, with 125 ferrule

MU Connector : The MU stands for Miniature Unit fibre-optic connector, which

features compact size, high packaging density, and high performance and a simple
push-pull design. The MU connector ferrules are half the size of the standard FC, SC
connectors and are excellent for high-density installations.
MU SM Connector Compact - Miniature BodyStable, reliable,

PC Connector
FPC Connector
APC Connector
SPC Connector
UPC Connector

Physical Contact Connector

Flat Physical Contact Connector
Angled Physical Contact Connector
Super Physical Contact Connector
Ultra Physical Contact Connector

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2.2 Splicing
Splice enclosures

Splice panels
Mechanical Splice
Fusion Splice
Fusion Splicer

For long cable runs outside, the point where cables

are spliced sealed up and buried in the ground, put
in a vault of some kind or hung off a pole.
Connect individual fibres from cables to pigtails
A splice where the fibres are aligned by mechanical
means
A splice created by fusing two fibres together
An instrument that splices fibres by fusing them,
typically by electrical arc

2.3 Test Equipment

Optical Power Meter
Laser Source
Optical Loss Test Set
(OLTS)
Reference Test Cables
Mating Adapter
Optical Microscope

An instrument that measures optical power from the

end of a fibre
An instrument that uses a laser or LED to send an
optical signal into fibre for testing loss of the fibre
A measurement instrument for optical loss that
includes both a power meter and laser source
Short, single fibre cables with connectors on both
ends, used to test unknown cables.
Also called couplers, allow two cables with
connectors to mate.
Used to inspect the end surface of a connector for
dirt.

2.4 Measurements
Attenuation
Bandwidth

Chromatic Dispersion

Decibels (dB)
dBm
Nanometer (nm)
Optical Loss

Optical Power

The reduction in optical power as it passes along a

fibre, usually expressed in decibels (dB).
The range of signal frequencies or bit rate within
which a fibre optic link or network will operate.
A property of optical fibre due to which different
wavelengths travel at different speeds and arrive at
different times, resulting in spreading of a pulse in
an optical wave guide.
A unit of measurement for optical power, which
indicates relative power. A -10 dB means a
reduction in power by 10 times.
Absolute Power, Optical power referenced to 1
milliwatt
A unit of measure used to measure the wavelength
of light (meaning one-billionth of a meter)
The amount of optical power lost during
transmission of through fibre, splices, couplers, etc.
expressed in dB.
It is measured in "dBm", or decibels referenced to
one milliwatt of power. While loss is a relative
reading, optical power is an absolute measurement,

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Back Reflection

Power Budget
Polarization Mode
Dispersion
Refractive Index

Scattering

Wavelength

referenced to standards. Absolute power is

measured to test transmitters or receivers and
relative power to test loss.
Light reflected from the cleaved or polished end of
a fibre caused by the difference of refractive indices
of air and glass.
The total amount of power lost in the link. Often
used in terms of the maximum amount of loss that
can be tolerated by a given link.
The spreading of a pulse in an optical wave guide
by virtue of different light paths lengths is called
Modal dispersion.
A measure of the speed of light in a material, a
property of optical materials that relates to the
velocity of light in the material
The change of direction of light after striking small
particles that causes loss in optical fibres and is
used to make measurements by an OTDR
A term for the colour of light, usually expressed in
nanometres (nm) or microns (m). Fibre is mostly
used in the infrared region where the light is
invisible to the human eye.

2.5 Units, Power Prefixes

Prefix

Symbol

tera
giga
mega
kilo
hecto
deka
deci
centi
milli
micro
nano
pico

T
G
M
k
h
da
d
c
m

Factor

1012
109
106
103
102
101
10-1
10-2
10-3
10-6
10-9
10-12

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3. Fibre Optic Tool Kit and Accessories

Toolkit provides the cable technician with a collection of essential tools required for
the installation, maintenance and termination of Fibre Optic Cables. The essential
tools listed below includes everything required to perform rapid emergency repairs to
damaged fibre optic cables as well as to perform permanent repairs of fibre optic
cables.

3.1 List and Pictures of Tools

S. No.

Description

RXS Cleaver

3M 2501 Fiberlok
Assembly Tool

Cable Cutter

Side Cutter Pliers

(Small)

Side Cutter Pliers

Pliers

Fibre Cable Jacket

Slitter (Longitudinal)

Picture

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Fibre Cable Jacket

Slitter (Round)

Kevlar Electrician
Scissor

10

Buffer Tube Stripper

11

Buffer Tube Stripper

Pliers type

12

Fibre Stripper Pliers

Type

13

No-Nik Stripper

14

Tweezers

15

Cleaning Tape

16

Utility Knife

17

Measuring Tape 3

18

Screw Drivers Set

Philips & Flat

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19

Adjustable Wrench 4"

20

Number Markers

21

Compressed Air Jet

Cleaner

22

Nylon Cable Ties

(Assorted)

23

Permanent Marker

24

Alcohol Swabs

25

Electrician's Tape

26

Flash Light

27

Kimwipes

Table 1: List of Tool Kit

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4. Fibre Optic Splicing

There are two methods of fibre optic splicing, fusion splicing & mechanical splicing.
Mechanical splicing is usually carried out for emergency restorations whereas fusion
splicing is done for permanent repairs of damaged cable or to connect the reels of
cable during installation

4.1 Mechanical Splicing:

Mechanical splices are simply alignment devices; designed to hold
the two fibres ends in a precisely aligned position thus enabling
light to pass from one fibre into the other. (Typical loss: 0.3 dB)

4.2 Fusion Splicing:

Fusion splicing is the joining and fusing of two fibres by placing them between two
electrodes, and discharging an electric arc over the fibres. This splice technique is nonreflective. Fusion splicing machine is used to precisely align the two fibre ends then
the glass ends are "fused" together using electric arc. This produces a continuous
connection between the fibres enabling lower loss and less back reflection than
mechanical splicing because the resulting fusion splice points are almost seamless.
(Typical loss: 0.1 dB)

4.3 Preparation of Fibre Optic Cable for Splicing

1

Removal of outer jacket: Remove the fibre optic cable's protective jackets and
buffers to allow access to the optical fibre. Make sure the cutting members are not
damaging the buffer tubes.

Cutting of Kevlar: The Kevlar can be trimmed using scissors or Kevlar cutters.

Cleaning of Buffer Tubes: Clean the jelly on buffer tubes with isopropyl wipes.

Fixing of cable in the enclosure: The cable should be fixed in the enclosure
according to the recommendations of the manufacturer of the splice enclosure.

Stripping of Buffer Tubes: The buffer tubes, like the outer jackets, can be
removed by stripping tools. Care must be taken to avoid kink or damage to
internal coated fibres.

4.4 Optical Fibre Splicing Process

1. Stripping : Once the coated fibre is exposed, Use fibre stripper to strip fibre to
appropriate length. Take care not to damage the fibres in the process.
2. Cleaning: After the coating is removed, clean the fibre with specially designed
isopropyl alcohol wipes so that the fibre squeaks.
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3. Cleaving: A good cleave is the key to obtaining a good splice. Use cleaver to cut
the fibre. After cleaving do not touch or clean the fibre.
4. Splicing: The fibre is now ready to be spliced mechanically or Fusion. Insert the
fibre carefully in the mechanical splice or in the fusion splicer for splicing. While
inserting in the mechanical splice make sure that fibre is inserted directly in the
groove and do not touch any other surface. Fusion splicer will automatically align
and fuse the fibre.
5. Protection: In case of fusion splicing cover the splice with heat shrink sleeve and
place it in the heater, for mechanical splice carefully close the mechanical splice.
6. Organizing: Organize the fibre in the enclosure properly Make sure that
organising do not cause Micro-bending.

5. Testing of Fibre Optic Link

Cables need to be tested for Continuity, End-to-End Loss and any other potential
problems. For long outside plant cables with intermediate splices, all individual
splices need to be verified with an OTDR, since that's the only way to make sure that
each one is good. Within the network testing for power is necessary as power is the
measurement that tells whether the system is operating properly.

5.1 Tools and Test Equipment for the job

1.
2.
3.
4.

Source and power meter, optical loss test

Reference test cables
Cleaning materials - lint free cleaning wipes and pure alcohol
OTDR and launch cable for outside plant jobs

5.2 Measurement of Optical Power & Loss

There is a difference between the power coupled into a component like a cable or a
connector and the power that is transmitted through it. This difference is what we call
optical loss and defines the performance of a cable, connector, splice, etc.
5.2.1 Measuring power
Power in a fibre optic system is like voltage in an electrical circuit. To measure
power, attach the meter to the cable that has the output you want to measure. Turn on
the transmitter/source and note the power the meter measures.
5.2.2

Testing Loss

Following two methods are used to measure loss. Optical Loss Test Sets contains a
light source and power meter in the same unit. For both methods two units of loss test
sets (one at each end of the fibre under test) are required.
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1. Single Ended Loss (Laser Source and Power Meter)

This test is initiated from one end and result is displayed at far end unit.
Test
Patch Cord

Test
Patch Cord

Source /
FasTesT
Port

Detector
Port

Fiber Optic Link

under Test

Detector
Port

Optical
Loss
Test Set

Source /
FasTesT
Port

Optical
Loss
Test Set

Figure 3: Single Ended Loss

Transmitter

Receiver

Measurement SETUP

2. Double Ended Loss (FasTest Method)

In this test Laser source is initiated from one end and the results are displayed at both
ends simultaneously.
Both test method measure the loss of two ODF connectors (one on each end), the loss
of cable and splices in between. Most commonly FASTTEST set-up method is used
for loss testing.
Test
Patch Cord

Test
Patch Cord

Source /
FasTesT
Port

Detector
Port

_______________________________

Optical
Loss
Test Set

Detector
Port

Fiber Optic Link

under Test

Source /
FasTesT
Port

Optical
Loss
Test Set
Receiver

Transmitter

Figure 4:Double Ended Loss Measurement / FASTEST SETUP

5.2.3

Referencing Optical Loss Test Unit

Prior to perform loss test measurement, a reference measurement must be stored in

both units. The reference measurement includes the loss caused by the test set-up
components including test Patch cords. The unit will store a reference reading of
power level at the end of test Patch cord. This reference measurement is subtracted
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from the overall loss so the final loss result represents the loss of system under test
alone.
There are two referencing methods in practice for Loss test sets and both results in
accurate loss measurement:
Loop-back Method with only one test jumper
Side-by-Side Method with two test patch cords and a mating adapter
1. Loop back Method
Detector Port,
Disconnect this end and connect
to ODF of FO link under Test
once the reference is set

Source / FasTesT Port

Not to be disrupted once
the reference is set.

Optical
Loss
Test Set

Figure 5: Loop Back Method

The main advantage of the loop back referencing method is that there is no need to
bring both units at same location. This is performed by connecting a single test patch
cord from the units Source Port (FASTTEST Port) to Detector Port.
1. After performing the loop-back reference, simply disconnect the test patch cord
from the Detector Port and connect it to the ODF of Fibre link Under Test.
2. It is very important not to disconnect it from the source port (FASTTEST Port)
because the amount of light coupled or injected into the test patch cord varies
from one connection to another.
3. If the test patch cord is disconnected from the source port, it is required to repeat
the references.
4. The loop-back test is performed individually on each of the two units.
5. An important advantage of the loop-back method is that it automatically takes into
account the loss of the test patch cord and Mating adapters, allowing a true
measurement of the fibre itself.

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2. Side-by-Side Method
To perform the side-by-side reference procedure, two test patch cords are connected
via a Mating adapter and then connect the test patch cord ends to the Source Port
(FASTTEST Port) of both units.

Source / FastTesT Port

Not to be disrupted once
the reference is set

Mating Adapter
Disconnect here to connect to
ODF of FO link Under Test

Detector Port /
Power Meter Port

Optical
Loss
Test Set

Optical
Loss
Test Set

Transmitter

Receiver

Figure 6: Side by Side Method

1. When using the side-by-side reference method, both units must be brought to a
common site to take the appropriate references.
2. Once the side-by-side reference is performed, disconnect the test jumpers at the
Mating Adopter and connect both test jumpers to the ODF of Fibre Link Under
Test.
3.

Much like the loop back reference, it is very important not to disconnect the test
jumper from the source port as the amount of light coupled or injected into the test
patch cord will vary from one connection to another. If the test patch cord is
disconnected from the source port (FASTTEST Port), it is required to repeat the
reference

Note: Before measuring optical loss with an automated OLTS, referencing is a

crucial procedure that should be performed before every test session.
Performing FasTesT:
The purpose of a FasTesT is to test the fibre according to set parameters with
minimum intervention by the persons involved in test. Although the FasTesT is
performed with two units, one at each end of the fibre, it is initiated from only one
unit and the result will be displayed at both units
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5.2.4

Fibre Loss Variables

i. Attenuation
All fibre has losses from absorption and back reflection of the light caused by
impurities in the glass. Attenuation is a function of wavelength and needs to be
specified or measured at the wavelength in use.
ii. Modal Dispersion
The higher the data rate, the shorter the distance the signal can travel before modal
dispersion creates an inability to accurately detect the signal (i.e. a "1" from a
"0").
iii. Chromatic Dispersion
Another dispersion effect, which causes pulse spreading, and limits distance is
chromatic dispersion, where the broader spectrum of light can result in varying
travel times for different parts of a light pulse.
iv. Splices
Although small and often insignificant, there is no perfect loss-less splice. Many
errors in loss calculations are made due to a failure to include splices. Average
splice loss is usually less than 0.1 dB.
v. Connectors
Like splices, there is no perfect loss-less connector. It is important to note that
even the highest quality connectors can get dirty. Dirt and dust can completely
obscure a fibre light wave and create huge losses. A 0.5 dB loss per connector is
commonly the worst-case scenario assuming a cleaned and polished connector is
used. There will always be a minimum of two connectors per fibre segment, so
remember to multiply connector loss by two.
vi. Safety Buffer
It is common to add a loss as a design margin. Allowing 2 - 3 dB of loss can take
fibre aging, poor splices, maintenance margin, temperature and humidity, etc.,
into account and ensures a solid system.

NOTE: To determine minimum/maximum losses and

maximum distances you need to identify all of the above
variables. Failure to identify even one of these variables
can create potential problems
Terminology

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5.2.5

Calculating Link Loss

Losses occur at many points in a fibre optic system. We have to ensure that the light
source launches enough power into the fibre to provide enough power at the receiver.
The receiver has limited sensitivity.
Transmitter output - Receiver input = Losses + Margin (All calculations are done in
dB)
For single mode fibre cable with two most commonly used wavelengths 1310 nm
and 1550 nmThe attenuation measurement will vary depending upon which
wavelength is in use. Attenuation is measured in dB and is quoted as attenuation in
dB/km.
Under mentioned is the most commonly used method to determine the maximum
signal loss across a piece of pre-existing fibre (Link Loss)
Optical
Fibre Type
Single Mode

Loss/Km
in dB
1310nm
1550nm
0.35
0.23

Loss
Connector

Splice
In dB

0.50

0.09

Table 2: Attenuation Criteria

The measured value of attenuation of a FO link should not exceed the sum of
allowable attenuation of each component.
These components are:
The Fibre Optic cable
The FO connectors
The Splices

Link Loss (dB) =

Cable Loss + Connector Loss + Splice Loss + (Safety Margin)

Cable Loss

= Cable length (Km) x Attenuation Coefficient (db/Km)

Connector Loss

= Number of Connector Pairs x Connector Loss (dB)

Splice Loss

= Number of Splices x Splice Loss (dB)

(Safety Margin /
Maintenance Margin ) = 2 ~ 3 dB depending upon the length of link

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6. OTDR Trace Analysis

Dead
Zone

Dynamic Range
In-Put EndFace Reflection

dB

Reflective Event
(Connector, Mechanical Splice, crack)

End-to-End Loss

Out Put End-Face

Reflection

Non-Reflective Event
(Fusion Splice, Bend)

Non-Reflective Event
(Macro Bend)

Noise
0M

Distance (M)

Launch
Level

Reflective
Event Loss
Dead Zone
Reflective Event
Dead Zone

NonReflective
Event Loss

Non-Reflective
Event Loss
caused by
Macro-Bending

Figure 7: OTDR Trace Analysis

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6.1 OTDR Parameters

There are four main settings that the technician must set correctly on the OTDR
before testing. Those are Wavelength, Index Of Refraction, Pulse Width and Distance
6.1.1

Wavelength

The behaviour of an Optical system is directly related to the wavelength of

transmission. Not only Optical fibre will exhibit different loss characteristics at
different Wavelengths, but splice loss value also differ at different wavelengths. In
general fibre should be tested with both wavelengths i.e. 1310 and 1550nm for single
mode fibres. If testing is only to be performed at one wavelength it should be done
with 1550nm considering the following points.
1550nm will see longer distances down the fibre due to the lower attenuation as
compared t0 1310nm
1550nm is more sensitive to losses incurred by bending during installation and
organising of fibres in the splice enclosures after splicing
6.1.2

Index Of Refraction

The index of refraction sets the OTDR to the proper speed of light for a particular
fibre link being tested.
Changing the IOR value will change the distances to events on the OTDR trace,
and also the overall length of the fibre.
The IOR of a particular fibre is usually provided by the manufacturer
6.1.3

Pulse Width or Duration

This is another setting that must be selected to receive the clearest information from
the OTDR trace. The length of time that the OTDR's laser is turned on is called the
"pulse width". As the OTDR turns the laser on and off, the duration of the laser being
on results in a pulse of a certain length.
Shorter pulse widths provide better traces of events that are close together, as the
shorter pulse widths will have shorter dead zones after reflective events.
However, short pulse widths will result in a noisy, hard to interpret trace for long
distance fibre link, as the OTDR process weaker returned signals.
Long pulse widths means more light energy is injected in the fibre. The more light
injected means the more light is reflected back from the fibre to OTDR. It causes
longer dead zones, and reduces resolution of events that are close to each other.
Long Pulse width is therefore used to see long-distance down a cable.

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 The General Rule to set Pulse width is:

Short Fibre Link = Short Pulse Width
Long Fibre Link = Long Pulse Width
Shorter pulse widths can be used on longer fibre links to give greater detail to
events close to the OTDR and for fault analysis.
6.1.4

Range or Distance

The range on an OTDR is the maximum distance that OTDR will acquire data
samples. This parameter is generally set at twice the distance of the end of the fibre

Note: Neglecting to set any of these parameters

properly can result in wrong reporting by the OTDR
6.2 Dead Zone:
The OTDR is designed to detect the back scattering level all along the fibre link. It
measures the back-scattered signals, which are much smaller than the signal sent to
the fibre. When there is a strong reflection then the power received at the OTDR is
much higher than the backscattered power, which saturates the OTDR. OTDR
requires time to recover from the saturated condition. During this time OTDR cannot
detect the backscattered signal accurately. The length of fibre, which is not fully
characterized during the recovery period, is termed as dead zone.
This affect is similar to the one when we are driving a car at night and that another
cars headlight dazzles our vision momentarily.
The dead zone depends on the pulse width, the reflectance, the loss and the location

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7. Cleaning of Connectors
CAUTION:Lasers used in telecommunication systems are powerful enough to burn contaminants
into the fibre end face. Always ensure the laser is turned off while performing the
cleaning procedure.
Warnings: Do not look into a fibre while the system laser is on.
Do not connect a fiberscope while the system laser is on.
Do not use alcohol or other wet cleaner without a way to ensure that all
residues are removed.
Do not touch the end face of the fibre connector.
Install dust caps on unplugged connectors
Store unused dust caps in a container to prevent dust on the caps from being
transferred to the fibre end.
Do not re-use swabs or cleaning tissues.
Proper cleaning of connectors is very important. The core diameter of a single-mode
fibre is only about 9um. This generally means you cannot see streaks or scratches on
the surface.
There are three critical steps to ensure high quality optical connections.
1. Inspection
2. Cleaning
3. Re-inspection

7.1 Inspection and Cleaning Procedure

The following are general steps that should be performed for cleaning fibre optic
patch cord connectors.
1. Inspect the fibre end with a fiberscope.
2. If the fibre end is contaminated, clean using a dry cleaning method.
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3. Inspect the connector again using the fiberscope.

4. If the fibre end is still contaminated, attempt the dry cleaning method
again.
5. Inspect the connector again using the fiberscope.
6. If the connector is still contaminated, clean using a wet cleaning
method immediately followed by a dry cleaning method to remove all
residues.
7. Inspect the connector again using the fiberscope.
8. Repeat this process until the end face is clean.
9. If the fibre end cleaning is unsuccessful, the contamination may be due
to scratching, improper polishing, or other damage. If possible, this
fibre should not be used.

7.2 Dry Cleaning Methods

For dry cleaning method, use Cletop cleaner.
1. Move the thumb lever to expose the cleaning cloth. Each time the lever
is pressed, a clean section of cloth is exposed.
2. Holding the fibre end perpendicular to the cleaning cloth, twist 90
degrees and then drag down across the exposed cleaning cloth applying
a small amount of pressure.
(View diagram on Cletop)

3. Do not re-use the same section of cleaning cloth once a fibre end has
been cleaned. To expose a new section of cleaning cloth, release the
thumb lever, then actuate the lever again.
4. Inspect with fiberscope.

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7.3 Wet Cleaning Methods

If the dry cleaning method does not adequately clean the connector, using isopropyl
alcohol swabs. Remember that isopropyl alcohol is not very quick drying and leaves
residue.
1. Holding the fibre connector perpendicular to the swab, twist and wipe the end
face several times.
2. Repeat the twist and clean with CLETOP cleaner as explained above.
3. Inspect the end face.

Note: Do Not Forget to clean the connector

with cleaning tape after cleaning it with
isopropyl alcohol swab.
L

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8. Specifications and procedures for Cable Installation &

Repairs
8.1 Cable Depth
The depth at which buried cable can be placed will vary with local conditions i.e.
Type of soil and Terrain. However fibre optic cable must be buried at a minimum
depth of 80 cm.
Location
Soft Soil
Hard Soil / Rock Soil
Road Way crossing

Depth
80 ~ 130 cm
Minimum 80 cm
Minimum 110 cm

Table 3: Depth of Buried Fibre Optic Cables

Under mentioned diagram shows the typical layout of Direct Buried cable.

Back
filling

Back filling

40 ~90 cm

80 ~130 Cm
Warning
Tape

Soft Sand

Soft Sand

20 cm

Soft Sand

20 cm

Fibre Optic
Cable

Soft Sand

Side View of Trench

Front View

Legend
Back filling
Soft Sand
Undisturbed
Earth
Figure 8: Cable Trench

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In certain installation areas, for example, rights-of-way with limited access (public
highways, private property boundaries, water ways, Culverts and under the bridges,
cable must be buried in a duct and if such constructions are done after the installation
of cable, Fibre Optic cable must be protected in the affected area with PVC pipe, iron
barring and concrete.
Cable must be protected at all locations such as unimproved roads, streets and alleys
that may later be paved or asphalted.
CAUTION:
Depths less than those specified may expose the cable to erosion or excavation
damage
In conditions where these depths are not feasible or permitted lesser depth is
permissible provided additional protection in the form of concrete casements or
sub duct is provided.

8.2 Splice Points

Splice point locations must be chosen carefully to have easy access for future
maintenance. Splicing must always be done in the car and in order to reach splicing
vehicle, ensure a minimum of 10 ~ 15meters of extra cable on both cable ends at each
splice point.
At Hand Holes and Man Holes place the cable slack vertically (in line with the
cable route)
In the case of a buried splice point, coil and bury the slack horizontally as shown
in the Figure below

Splicing Van
10~15M slack

80~120 cm

Warning Tape
20 Cm

Splice Pit
2 x 2 Meter

Figure 9: Arrangement for splicing at site

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Hand Hole

Buried Splice Point

Man Hole

Figure 10: Arrangement of splice enclosures

Back
filling

20 ~70 cm

80 ~130 Cm
Warning
Tape

Soft
Sand

Tiles

20cm

Direct Buried
Splice

Buried Joint
Top View

20cm

Soft Sand

20 cm

Min 2Meter

Front View
Figure 11: Arrangement of Buried Splice

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9. Points To Remember
9.1 Safety First!
Small scraps of glass i.e. cleaved-off ends of the fibres being terminated or spliced is
very dangerous! They are extremely sharp and are basically glass needles that will
easily penetrate flesh then break off and become nearly impossible to remove. Once in
the body it will likely become infected. If they get into the eyes, they are very hard to
flush out. Don't even think about what happens if you eat one. Always follow these
rules when working with fibre.

& Find and dispose-off all cut fibre fragments immediately after cutting.
& Dispose-off all scraps properly
& Handle cut fibre fragments with tweezers only
& Do not drop them on the floor where they will stick in carpets or shoes and be
carried elsewhere.

& It is your responsibility to ensure that no fibre fragments escape and injure
someone. If you lose a fibre fragment you must look until you find it.

& Fibre fragments can stick to the cover of the cleaver.

Move slowly when

opening the cover. Always look on the inside of the cover if you dont see
your fragment on the shelf of the cleaver.

& If you cant find your fragment, get more light on the subject and work area.
& Do not move the cleaver until the fragment has been found.
& Use a magnifying glass if you need to but FIND THAT FRAGMENT.
& Do not eat or drink anywhere near the work area.
& The light in Transmission system is infrared and you can't see it therefore
always be careful with your eyes.

& When using a fibre optic microscope. NEVER look into a fibre unless you
personally confirm no light is present. Use a power meter to check it.

9.2 Zero Tolerance for Dirt

With fibre optics, our tolerance to dirt is near zero. Airborne particles are about the
size of the core of SM fibre- they absorb lots of light and may scratch connectors if
not removed! Dirt on connectors is the biggest cause of scratches on polished
connectors and high loss measurements!

& Try to work in a clean area.

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& Always keep dust caps on connectors & patch panels when not in use. Keep
them covered to keep them clean.

& Use lint free pads and isopropyl alcohol to clean the connectors.
& After cleaning with isopropyl alcohol swab do not forget to clean it with the
Cleaning Tape

9.3 Tools and Materials

& Make sure to have the proper tools for the job.
& Confirm that all tools are in good shape before you head out for the job. This
includes all the cable tools and test equipment.

& Make sure that your test cables are good? Without that, good terminations are
tested as bad every time.

& Make sure that your test equipment is fully charged and you have spare battery
backup.

9.4

Documentation and Record Maintenance

It is very hard to troubleshoot cables when you don't know how long they are, where
is the route or how they were tested originally! So keep good records. It is
recommended that the following records be maintained and kept current always:

& Schematic drawings to include "as-built" information for street maps records
& Splice loss data
& End-to-end optical loss measurements
& End-to-end OTDR traces

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10. Check List and Procedures for Final Repair / Relocation

of Fibre Optic Cable
10.1 Civil works & Preparation in the field
1.

Opening of TC with TNOC for the excavation on the existing cable.

2.

Execution of Civil works. (Under supervision of MC cable technicians)

3.

Laying/Pulling of By Pass/New Cable

4.

Installation of enclosures and testing of New/Bypass cable. (Secure new splice

enclosures with plastic foil (bag) to avoid water or sand intake)

5.

Marking of cutting point for existing cable, keeping in mind the maintenance
loop of 15 meter each side.

6.

Assure site accessibility and secure work site with safety signs. (i.e. traffic signs,
road cones, warning tape)

7.

OTDR testing of Dark Fibre Measurement prior to MDT

10.2 Organizing MDT/TC

1.

Fibre utilization Form must be filled correctly for both sites of the section
involved

2.

All working and spare fibres at both sites (ODFs) must be clearly identified
and labelled.

3.

Splicing Machines and Test Equipment must be checked prior to MDT.

4.

MC Supervisor is responsible to arrange a meeting with all scheduled staff, to

determine tasks and procedures to be followed during MDT

5.

MDT request

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10.3 List of tool & Test equipment

Item in red are mandatory for emergency and final splicing (Item 1 to 13 in the list)
1.

Fibre Phone sets (2X2)

2.

Satellite Phone

3.

OTDR

4.

Cable locator (fault locating only)

5.

Testing Patch Cords

6.

Power Meter (Max Tester)

7.

Laptop (for SDH Technician)

8.

Mobile Generators

9.

Emergency Lights for night work.

10.

Floppy Disk for recording of OTDR test results.

11.

Power extension cords

12.

Mechanical Splices (to connect fibre phones)

13.

Fibre Optic Cleaning and Preparation Tools (Please refer to toolkit details on
page 12)

14.

Splicing Machines

15.

Enclosures (already preinstalled during site / cable preparation)

16.

Splice protection (Heat shrink) sleeves

17.

Hot air gun

18.

Splicing Cars

10.4 Staff Arrangements

1. Each cable splicing team will comprise of two-cable technicians and two
labourers.
2. Two teams will work simultaneously at both splicing points.
3. For coordination and disconnection/reconnection of Fibres at ODF, SDH
technician must be available at both terminal sites of the section involved.
4. At least at one terminal site SDH technician must have Laptop for local login and
testing in case of any problem /outage or loss of association at TNOC.

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10.5 Execution OF TC/MDT

1. MDT / TC approval from TNOC.
2. Contact and inform to TNOC regarding TC/MDT 15 minutes prior to start of
MDT/TC.
3. Contact TNOC at start time of MDT and get OK/ Go Ahead from TNOC.
4. Keep TNOC on line; disconnect working fibres from ODF one by one at one site
only.
5. Reconfirmation from TNOC regarding stability of systems.
6. In case of any unexpected outage reconnect fibre in coordination with TNOC and
ask for TNOCs advice as well as inform to Senior Engineer LDN HQ according
to escalation procedure.
7. If all systems are stable according to TNOCs information, disconnect working
fibres from ODF of second site of section involved.
8. Cut cable and start preparation of cable ends.
9. Installation of fibre phone and testing with SDH technician on terminal site.
10. Splicing of fibres according to the priority (Most important system first)
11. Testing & recording of results for fibres immediately after splicing and before
reconnecting the systems. (Max Tester and OTDR testing)
12. Reconnection of fibres one by one at ODF of both terminal sites immediately after
splicing and testing. (Do Not Forget to clean pigtails/connectors according to
the cleaning procedure before reconnection at ODF)
13. Reconfirmation with TNOC if the systems are restored to normal.
14. In case of any problem retesting of the fibre and reconnection according to
TNOCs advice and Fibre Utilization Plan.
15. After completion of splicing for all fibres, reconfirmation from TNOC regarding
stability of all working systems.
16. Fibres must be organized carefully in splice enclosure to avoid Macro-Bends.
17. Closing of splice enclosures and securing the cable with splice enclosure with heat
shrink sleeve.
18. Inform TNOC when splice enclosures are closed permanently.
19. Preparation of cable maintenance loop and storage of splice enclosure.
20. In case of direct buried cable, backfill 30cm with soft sand and place tiles above
the splice.
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21. In case of Manholes, secue the splice on the brackets in the Manhole.
22. Installation of Marker Posts.
23. Update the drawing and submit updated drawing and test results to LDN HQ.

10.6 Test Required

1. OTDR testing from both terminal sites of the section involved immediately after
splicing.
2. Section loss test with MaxTester (Optical Loss Test Set) immediately after
splicing.

10.7 Priority of Systems

Priority of system changes according to the situation. Unprotected systems are always
on Top Priority. Under normal circumstances following sequence of System Priority
must be followed.
1. Unprotected System
2. DWDM Systems
3. High Capacity SDH Systems
4. Line Sections

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10.8 Emergency Repair Process

1. At all times satellite phone must be dispatched with cable team in order to avoid
communication problem during restoration activities in the areas without GSM
coverage.
2. During the process of mechanical splicing, SDH technicians must be available at
both sites of the section involved.
3. Care must be taken in opening and closing of ODF trays to avoid damage or
macro-bending of pigtails and patch cords.
4. SDH technician must have power meter at one site and OTDR on the other site in
order to perform continuity test.
5. After mechanical splicing of each fibre, OTDR test must be performed to check
the quality of the mechanical splice.
6. Prior to connect fibres with the system, test with laser source and power meter
must be conducted in order to ensure the correct sequence and continuity of fibres
at both sites.
7. After above-mentioned tests, fibres must be connected to the system.
8. If the system is not restored, troubleshooting must be done according to the
following steps.
a) First of all direction of failure must be identified.
b) Faulty fibre No must be identified.
c) OTDR test must be performed to check the quality of mechanical
splice.
d) If the quality of mechanical splice is good and trace shows continuity
through mechanical splice point then continuity test with laser source
and power meter must be performed in order to confirm the continuity
of fibre and correct sequence at ODFs of both sites.
e) Both ODFs must be checked carefully for micro-bending of ODF
pigtails or patch cords.

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11. Guidelines for opening and updating of Threatening

Trouble Tickets.
_____________________________________________________________________
This document explains the procedure to track the movement of third parties
along the cable route during the course of activity. This includes the third parties
and Detasad OP group working for relocations of cable.

11.1 Updates related to monitoring of activities by Third Parties on

or near to the cable:
1. Cable Patrol technicians must issue a verbal warning to the third parties
working within a distance to 10-50 meters from the cable route in order to
make them aware about presence of cable in the vicinity.
2. They must be given the contact number of MC Supervisor with advice to
contact MC supervisor in case they want to work on near to the cable.
3. A written warning letter must be issued to the companies working on or near
to the cable (i.e. within 10 meters) of the cable route. Cable patrol must advise
them to contact MC for physical location of the cable within their area of
work.
4. Third parties found working within 5meters of the cable route must be advised
to stop the work immediately and contact MC supervisor for the process of
physical cable location to avoid cable damages.
5. In such cases cable patrol must immediately inform MC Supervisor regarding
name of the third party, their contact person name and contact number as well
as exact location of their work.
6. SV MC must send the cable technician to assess the situation and to get more
information for further action.
7. Once the warning letter is issued physical location of the cable must be carried
out by the cable technician and a request for opening a threatening trouble
ticket must be send to LDN HQ.
8. The warning letter is valid for a maximum of three months time and if the
work of the third party is not completed within three months new warning
letter must be issued and trouble ticket must be updated accordingly.
9. Physical cable location is also valid for a maximum period of three months
and it must be redone if the work of third party is not completed within three
months.

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Once the trouble ticket is opened and referred to the MC, MC must regularly update
the trouble ticket regarding on going activities of the third party until the work of third
party is completed.
Following guidelines for updating the threatening trouble ticket must be
followed.
1. First update must include the following:
1.1. Name of third party
1.2. Contact Number of third party
1.3. Nature of work
1.4. Date of warning letter
1.5. Date of physical cable location
1.6. Exact location of third parties work with reference to land marks and
kilometers readings from the FON sites.
a. Distance from Site-A
b. Distance from Site-B
c. Length of working area
d. Between Marker Post No. XXX & Marker Post No. YYY
e. XXX-meters from MP-XXX and YYY-meters from MP-YYY
(Please see Fig-12 below for reference)

Working area of third Party

Distance from
nearest Marker Post XXX

Distance from
nearest Marker Post YYY
Marker Post No. YYY

Marker Post No.XXX

Site A

Site B
KM from site B

KM from site A
Length of working area
on or along the cable route.

Figure 12: Information for 1st update of Threatening Trouble Ticket

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2. Cable technician / Cable Patrol Technician must visit the sites of third parties
work regularly (at least every alternate day / every day for critical sites) and
progress of wok must be reflected in the threatening trouble ticket clearly with
reference land marks and kilometers readings. Remarks usually seen in the trouble
ticket work in progress is not enough.
3. All updates following the first update must reflect the progress of third party work
with reference to the start location. Always nearest Marker Post Numbers on left
and right side of the working area must be mentioned as reference.
Examples:
i.

Company started work at xxx-meters from MP-xxx. The working area

is aaa-meters/Km wide along the cable route. (Refer Fig-13 Below).

LEGEND:
Total working area of third party

Current working area

of third party
Working area of third party where work
completed but not yet completely backfilled
Working area of third party where work
completed and area completely backfilled

Working area of third Party

Distance from
nearest Marker Post XXX
Marker Post No.XXX

Distance from
nearest Marker Post YYY
Marker Post No. YYY

Site A

Site B
KM from site B

KM from site A
Length of working area
on or along the cable route.

2nd reference:- Distance from MP-YYY

Direction site-B

1st reference: - Distance from MP-XXX

Direction Site-A
Figure 13: Working Area of Third Party
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ii.

Company has completed work at xxx-meters from MP-xxx. The area is

backfilled / not yet backfilled and currently they are working xxxmeters from nearest MP-xxx direction site-A & YYY-meters from
nearest MP-YYY direction site-B. The working area is aaa-meters/Km
wide along the cable route. (Refer Fig-14&15 below). These updates
with references must be done continuously until the work of the third
party is completed in the section.

1st Reference for current working area

of third party (i.e. XXX-meters from MP-XXX direction Site-A)

Reference for completely

backfilled area
(i.e. xxx-meters from nearest MPxxx)

2nd Reference for current working area of third party

(i.e. YYY-Meters from MP-YYY direction site-B)

Figure 14: Information for Trouble Ticket update during course of activity

Reference for completely

backfilled area

1st Reference for current

working area of third party

2nd Reference for current

working area of third party
Reference for working area of third party
where work is completed but area not
yet completely backfilled
Figure 15: Information for Trouble Ticket update during course of activity

4. Updating of trouble ticket must also include the statement regarding status of
Marker Posts if these are damaged, broken, removed or missing during the activity
of third party. Affected Marker Post must be clearly identified in the update with
Marker Post No. and section (i.e. Site A and Site B).

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5. If the damage to Marker Post during the activity is observed warning letter
regarding damage to marker Post must be issued to the third party and an update
regarding issuance of warning letter must be included in the update of the ticket
with date, time, Name of person to whom the warning letter is issued and contact
number.
6. Once the work of the third party is completed. Ticket must be updated with
closing remarks which must include the complete status of cable route within the
working area of third party. For example not backfilled properly, debris and
construction material not removed from the cable route, No of missing, broken,
tilted or removed Marker Posts etc. (Please see Fig-16: below for reference)

Debris & Construction Material

on the cable route left by third party

Broken

Down

Tilted

Missing
Area not backfilled properly

Figure 16: Information for Final update of Threatening Trouble Ticket

11.2 Updates related to relocation activities by third parties:

LDN cable is under our O&M responsibility and Relocation work done by third
parties as well as Detasad OP group on this cable is required to be monitored in order
to ensure that the work is executed according to the STC specifications. Deficiencies
if any are required to be identified and must be escalated to STC Transmission
Operation Riyadh immediately after the completion of work. If these deficiencies are
not reported to STC TO well in time, Detasad has to clear as well as bear the cost to
clear these deficiencies. In order to avoid this, relocation work on LDN cable must be
closely monitored in addition to above mentioned guidelines. In this regard a study
was made and a Hand Over / Take Over Procedure was developed and submitted to
STC Transmission Operation Riyadh. The objective of this process was to formally
Handover the cable section to third party working for the relocation and to takeover
after the process of relocation is completed. Once implemented, this process will help
to control the activities of third parties working for relocation of cables under our
maintenance responsibility. This process is yet with STC Transmission Operation
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Riyadh under study for implementation. Until this process is implemented under
mentioned guidelines must be followed to control the activities of these third parties
in order to avoid penalty discussion due to deficiencies as a result of these projects.
Under mentioned are the important points to be recorded in this regard.
1.

2.

During routine cable route patrolling cable technician must observe the
following during the process of cable relocation.

If the depth of trench is according to specification.

If cable is laid on the soft sand bed (i.e. 20 cm)

If cable is covered with soft sand (i.e. 20cm)

If the warning tape is laid.

Length of newly laid cable (i.e. Km reading at both ends of

new cable.

During MDT following observations must be made.

If both sites were manned by third party.

Fibers at ODF of both sites were disconnected by the third

party in coordination with TNOC prior to start MDT.

OTDR and Section Loss measurements were carried out for

working fibers prior to reconnection at ODF.

OTDR and Section loss measurements were carried out for dark
fibres.

3.

One day after the execution of MDT by the third party MC technician must
perform and record OTDR and Section Loss measurements for the
relocated section in order to verify the quality of work done by the third
party.

4.

In addition survey of the cable relocation area must be carried out to

confirm that the newly relocated area is backfilled properly and Marker
Posts from the old route are being removed and Marker Posts at the newly
relocated route are installed by the third party according to STC
specification.

All deficiencies found must be recorded and pictures must be taken for the
deficiencies if any and complete report of these deficiencies observed during the
whole process together with the OTDR and Section Loss measurements must be
sent to LDN HQ within three days of the completion of MDT for further
escalation to STC Transmission Operation Riyadh.
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11.3 Updates related to MDTs executed by third parties for

Relocation Projects.
After execution of MDT / TC by third parties for relocation of cable, MC
concerned must update the ticket correctly. At present these tickets always have
only one Remark (MDT Completed Successfully). This remark is not enough and
does not reflect the real picture of the scenario. There were several instances when
the systems were not restored after the MDT executed by third party and our
manpower was extensively involved to troubleshoot and restore the traffic.
Several times transmission equipment was damaged due to mishandling by third
party as well as due to their ignorant attitude towards guidelines related to
execution of MDT/TC issued by STC TO. Due the missing information in the
ticket the damage caused by third parties could not be reported to STC
Transmission Operation. Following guidelines must be followed therefore to
update the Trouble Ticket after completion of MDT by third party.
Trouble ticket must include clear remarks if third party ignored the guidelines,
such as:

Both terminal sites were not manned by the third party.

Fibers at ODF of both sites were not disconnected by the third party in
coordination with TNOC prior to start MDT.

Cable was cut without any coordination with TNOC.

OTDR and Section Loss measurements were not carried out for working
fibers prior to reconnection at ODF.

Damage / failure of any equipment due to mishandling and non

compliance of guidelines for execution of MDT.

Delay in restoration of systems due to the activities of third party.

Supervisor of the MC is prime in this regard, he must make sure that trouble ticket is
properly updated according to these guidelines reflecting all events during the MDT.

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12. Cable Route Marker Posts

12.1 Types of Cable Route Markers Posts
Normal Cable Route Marker

Cable Route Marker for Protection

Cable Route Marker for Diversion

Cable Route Marker for Splice Location

Figure 17: Types of Cable Route Marker Posts

12.2 Installation of Cable Route Markers Posts

Diagram below illustrate the guidelines for Marker Post installation.
Standard Distance
250 meters
Site A

Site B

Site A

Site B
Diversion

Site A

Site B
Protection

Splice Point

Site A

Site B
Relocated Area

Figure 18: Marker Post Placement

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13. Relocation Options

Figure 19: Relocation Option-1

Figure 20: Relocation Option-2

All MCs must strictly follow these guidelines. Region must ensure the
implementation through the under mentioned process.
1. Cable patrol Technician / Cable Technician must submit Daily Cable Route
Patrolling Report Form to the Supervisors with details of third parties working
on the cable as well as Marker Post status (i.e. tilted, broken, down and missing).
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2. Supervisor of the MC must ensure that these reports are reviewed on weekly basis
and a weekly status report is prepared.
3. Based on the weekly status report corrective action must be carried out on weekly
basis for the Marker Posts not related to Third party activities.
4. Warning letter to the third party must be issued regarding damage of marker posts.
5. A monthly status report must be sent to LDN HQ.

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14. Guidelines for 3rd Party MDT/TCs executed on existing

Fiber Optic Cables

1) MDT/TC Implementer (3rd Party) shall contact TNOC & NNCC at least 15
minutes prior to approve start time to notify that they are ready to implement
the MDT/TC activities as requested.
2) Confirm with TNOC for the go ahead during the approved start time.
3) MDT/TC Implementer (3rd Party) should keep TNOC on line as they
disconnect the fibers at ODF one by one on site A.
4) Ensure that the system is stable. In case of outage re-connect the fiber in
coordination with TNOC and wait for their advice.
5) Once confirmed by TNOC that the systems are stable, MDT/TC Implementer
(3rd Party) shall disconnect the fibers at ODF one by one on site B of the
section involved - in close coordination (online) with T-NOC.
6) After confirmation by TNOC, that there is no outage and the system is stable,
the MDT/TC Implementer (3rd Party) can start work on Fiber Optic Cable.
7) MDT/TC Implementer (3rd Party) should splice the fibers according to
priority.
8) After splicing, MDT/TC Implementer (3rd Party) shall conduct OTDR and
section loss test of the working fibers.
9) MDT/TC Implementer (3rd Party) shall reconnect the fibers one by one to its
original allocation on site A&B in close coordination (online) with T-NOC.
Pigtails/connectors must be cleaned (with cleaning cassette) before
reconnection at ODF. Reconfirm with TNOC if system is stable & working as
per the original allocation.
10) MDT/TC Implementer (3rd Party) should confirm from TNOC that all alarms
are clear on the route.
11) Once TNOC confirmed that there is no outage and/or alarm(s) on the route,
and MDT/TC Implementer (3rd Party) confirms that all the activities are
completed, TC / MDT can be declared as finished.
Exception:
Fibers on ODF should not be disconnected if the job is related
to open an existing splice and connect spare fibres to new cable.
Field Maintenance (DETASAD) must be on site to observe the disconnection of
fibers one by one at the ODF of site A & B by the MDT/TC Implementer (3rd
Party).

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15. Physical Cable Location

15.1 Introduction
Cable location is one of the most important aspects of the cable maintenance. It relates
to a technique for locating a buried cable, by comparing the radiation pattern of a
locating signal induced on the cable to an expected radiation pattern for such a signal.
Given that burial records may not always yield an accurate indication of the location
of an underground cable, we must physically locate cables in order to provide
warnings to excavating contractors.
In practice, a technician physically locates a buried cable using a cable locator and
cable locating works well when no other buried utilities are present in the area.
However, other buried utilities are often present in the same area as the cable and each
such utility will radiate the electromagnetic signal induced in the target line (i.e.
Cable). Consequently, a technician trying to locate a particular cable will some times
detect the signals at different locations, rather than the same location above the buried
cable. This may lead to wrong results. Therefore locating buried cables is a
responsible business. Accurate and precise information is required to be provided to
third parties as well as to maintenance teams. Wrong or incomplete information can
mislead the third party causing damage to cable during their activity as well as this
could mislead the teams during troubleshooting to find the exact location of damage.

15.2 Basic Theory.

A Cable locator does not locate buried cables! It detects a magnetic field around the
cable created by an alternating current (AC) flowing along the cable sheath. This
magnetic field forms a cylindrical shape around the cable and is known as the signal.
Alternating current creates the detectable magnetic field or signal because it is not
only field but also an oscillating frequency which makes the location possible.
Cable locator generally consist of two parts
1. A transmitter
2. A receiver
The transmitter puts an electrical signal onto the cable or pipe being traced, while the
receiver picks up that signal, allowing the locator operator to trace the signals path
and follow the cable being located.
The electromagnetic field created by the transmitter can usually be set to a specific
frequency. Frequency choices can range from less than 1 kilohertz to about 480 kHz.
With this range of frequencies, it is important to keep one thing in mind
Always start out at the lowest frequency, and if that frequency works, dont change it.
The reason is that lower frequencies seem to stay on the target line (i.e. cable under
location) and does not induce to the adjacent lines.

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15.3 Applying the Signal

There are three methods of applying signal with a transmitter:
1. Conductive / Direct Connection method
2. Inductive method
3. Inductive Clamp method
With any method of applying signal, frequency choice is important to get the "most"
signal on the cable. Any signal applied to an insulated, buried cable leaks off to
ground; as it gets farther away from the transmitter, the signal gets weaker and finally
disappears.
How fast it leaks off is determined by:
1. Cable diameter.
2. Wet or dry soil conditions.
3. Signal frequency.
Since we do not have any control over the first two conditions, the Transmitter offers
more than one frequency choice:
1. Low (<1 kHz): These frequencies usually provide the most accurate locate in
congested areas (the lower the frequency, the better). They are best for tracing
over long distances and do not couple easily to other buried conductors. These
frequencies are too low to be used with Inductive clamp or inductive methods
and so the conductive method should be used with these frequencies.
2. Medium (1 kHz - 30 kHz): Medium frequencies are the most useful generalpurpose signals. They allow the use of the Inductive clamp method. Although
they will couple to other nearby cables, medium frequencies do not do so as
strongly as high frequency. Medium frequencies travel less far than low
frequencies but farther than the high frequencies. They are best when the
Inductive clamp method is used (when the conductive method cannot be used)
and the tracing distance is one mile or less. These frequencies may not be
high enough to induce a strong signal on small diameter lines like telecom
cables.
3. High (30 kHz - 100 kHz): High frequencies attenuate over shorter distances
than low or medium frequencies. They travel well on small diameter
conductors (CATV and Telecom). High frequencies will couple strongly to
other nearby conductors. They work best with inductive clamp and induction
methods. If the receive signal is weak at the beginning of the trace, try a
higher frequency.
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4. Very High (100 kHz and higher): These frequencies attenuate rapidly with
distance and so are intended for shorter runs. They couple strongly to other
nearby conductors and will couple across non-conductive gaps such as cable
breaks. They work best with Inductive clamp and induction methods. Very
high frequencies are best for sweeping a large area to locate all buried cables
and pipes.
The three most common methods of sending signals are direct connect, general
induction, and inductive coupling. In the inductive coupling method, the cable must
be grounded to form a complete circuit path.
15.3.1 Conductive / Direct Connection method
Connecting a signal directly to the cable is the most accurate method of cable
locating. The direct-connect method allows to physically attach transmitter to the
cable to be located by gaining access to the shield that surrounds the cable. That
means to connect it at a terminal site or cabinet by gaining access to the cable shield
which is usually grounded at this point.
Disconnect the shield from frame or rack ground point and connect one end of the
transmitter to the shield and other end to the ground bar so that the transmitter is
connected in series between the cable shield and ground bar. Do not disconnect the
far-end shield from ground bar since this supplies a far end ground.
When tracing a cable over a long distance, the signal strength decreases gradually as
the receiver moves along the cable. Missing splice point ground connection causes an
abrupt or distinct drop in signal. Therefore missing ground connection at splice points
ground connection can severely limit the tracing distance.

Figure 21: Cable Locator Direction Connection

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15.3.2 Inductive method

If it is impossible to directly attach the transmitter to the cable, then the induction
method may be the logical choice. Here, the transmitter is placed on the ground
directly over the cable with transmitter arrow parallel to the cable to be located. This
is the simplest way to put signal on a buried cable. However, you have to have some
idea where the conductor is buried. When the Transmitter is turned on, a signal
current is induced into any parallel conductor within range. It is therefore important to
place the unit directly over the target cable. The effectiveness of this method
decreases rapidly if you place the Transmitter even 5 or 10 feet to either side of the
path. In congested situations where other services such as gas or water pipes,
Electrical cables are all buried nearby, it is not advisable to use the inductive method
because the signal will be applied to all nearby conductors causing confusion during
the trace.
The strength of the induced signal depends on three things:
The Transmitter frequency,
How well the conductor is grounded,
How deep the conductor is buried.
When using the inductive method, the high frequencies (82 kHz or 455 kHz) should
be used. Both of these frequencies will couple to the nearest conductors. Keep in mind
that 455 kHz will definitely put signal on conductors other than the one you are
tracing.
The Receiver can pick up signals from the Transmitter through the air from 40 feet
away, even if no cable exists in between.
The cable must be well grounded at both ends to produce a good locate. In all
methods, the better the ground to the conductor, the stronger the signal.

Figure 22: Cable Locator Inductive Method

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15.3.3 Inductive Clamp method

Another way to put signal on a cable is the Inductive clamp method. Although
inductive coupling doesnt let the user directly connect to the cable, it provides a
higher level of confidence than does general induction. The Inductive clamp puts
signal selectively on a cable by clamping around it. This eliminates the need to
disconnect the cable. The Inductive clamp puts signal on a cable between grounds, so
where you place it is important.
Insert the plug into the transmitter jack BEFORE TURNING THE POWER ON, open
the jaws of the clamp and place it so that it completely encircles the desired cable.
Make sure the clamp can fully closed.

Figure 23: Cable Locator Inductive Clamp Method

15.4 Tracing of Cable

To get the most accurate results when tracing a cable, signal should be isolated to the
individual cable. This means using either the Conductive or the Inductive clamp
methods of applying signal. If access to cable is not possible, then use the induction
method.
Trace the cable at a slow walk while moving the Receiver in a side-to-side motion.
Periodically mark the path. As tracing proceeds, remember that the most powerful
signal is near the Transmitter. As the Receiver gets farther away from the Transmitter
the signal strength drops off. It will be necessary to readjust the gain periodically to be
sure there is adequate signal for the Receiver to operate.
There are two modes for detection. One is called Peak mode and the other is called
Null Mode. In Peak Mode the Receiver will exhibit a peak response at the top of
target cable. The pitch of the sound from the Receiver's speaker increases to a
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maximum as the receiver crosses the cable. It diminishes as the receiver moves away
from the cable path. The numeric strength indicator also increases to a maximum.
Consequently in Null mode the receiver will diminish at the top of the cable. It will
exhibit increased response as it moves away from the cable path. On the display of the
receiver arrows are indicating the cable path as described below.
Right Arrow: Move Receiver to the right to get closer to cable
path.
Left Arrow: Move Receiver to the left to get closer to cable
path.

Both Arrows and Bar: Receiver is directly over the target.

This is also accompanied by a beeping sound.
When all three arrow elements are OFF, the signal strength is not adequate to make a
directional determination. Keep searching based on the signal strength indication (you
may need to increase the gain) and the audio feedback, until one of the arrows comes
ON.

15.5 Adjusting the Gain

The Receiver gain setting determines the sensitivity to a signal. It is an important
adjustment. Too little gain and the signal may be lost - too much gain and accuracy is
lost or worse the wrong conductor is traced. The receiver has the ability to operate in
manual or automatic gain control modes (AGC). Always adjust the Receiver gain only
when you are over the target cable. As you trace cables away from the transmitter, the
signal becomes weaker and it may be necessary to manually adjust the gain.
Always operate at the minimum gain that shows a clear "peak" over the target. It is
not important what the signal strength number is at the peak, as long as it clearly
decreases on each side of the target. It is NOT necessary to operate with a signal
strength close to 100%, the signal is saturating the amplifiers and the gain should be
reduced. For best results keep between 20 and 80. It is recommended to always start
from 50% gain selection.

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16. Colour scheme

Colour

Fibre No.

BLUE

ORANGE

GREEN

BROWN

SLATE

WHITE

RED

BLACK

YELLOW

PURPLE

10

ROSE

11

AQUA

12

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