AKADEMIA MEDYCZNA W GDASKU

Anna Kuciejczyk

English for
Physiotherapists 1
materiay do nauki jzyka angielskiego
dla studentw zjoterapii

GDASK 2007

Recenzent
mgr Hanna adkowska

Wydano za zgod
Senackiej Komisji Wydawnictw
Akademii Medycznej w Gdasku

Copyright by Medical University of Gdask

ISBN 978-83-60253-31-1

Wydawca: Akademia Medyczna w Gdasku

Zlec. KW/313/07

CONTENTS

THE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF GDASK (MAIN FACTS) ..................................... 5

STUDYING PHYSIOTHERAPY ABROAD................................................................ 9
MODERN HOSPITALS............................................................................................ 12
PHYSIOTHERAPY AND ITS MAIN BRANCHES ................................................. 15
IN A SURGERY...................................................................................................... 18
PHYSIOTHERAPY- RELATED PROFESSIONS..................................................... 23
PARTS OF THE BODY, BODY CAVITIES ............................................................... 27
MUSCLES ................................................................................................................ 36
THE PHYSIOTHERAPIST AND HIS PATIENT ........................................................ 58
INSTRUCTING A PATIENT...................................................................................... 63
THE LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM HISTORY TAKING ................................................ 66
FIRST AID ............................................................................................................... 69
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY FOR OR AGAINST? .......................................................... 73
BALNEOTHERAPY .................................................................................................. 77
KINESITHERAPY..................................................................................................... 81
HYDROTHERAPY.................................................................................................... 85
MANUAL THERAPY................................................................................................. 89
MASSAGE................................................................................................................ 93
ELECTROTHERAPY................................................................................................ 97
APPLYING FOR A JOB OF A PHYSIOTHERAPIST ........................................ 102
APPENDIX PHYSIOTHERAPY EQUIPMENT..................................................... 106
APPENDIX HYDROTHERAPY EQUIPMENT ..................................................... 111

THE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF GDASK (MAIN FACTS)

EXERCISE 1: Read the text and answer the questions below. Refer to the wordlist if you have problems with vocabulary.
The Medical University of Gdask is one of the leading Polish medical centres with
over 60 years of academic experience (founded in 1945) and great potential for development. It is now one of the largest medical universities on the southern coast of
the Baltic Sea and is one of the most modern institutions of this kind in Poland. The
University continues a several-centuries-long tradition of the natural and medical sciences of Gdask Gymnasium (Gymnasium Gedanense, set up in 1558).
Today the Medical University of Gdask provides education to over 3400 students
(full-time, extramural, Ph.D.) in four Faculties: the Faculty of Medicine ( Department
of Medicine, Division of Dentistry, English Division), the Faculty of Pharmacy ( Department of Pharmacy, Division of Laboratory Medicine), the Faculty of Health Sciences (Division of Nursing, Departments of: Public Health - Electroradiology, Physiotherapy, Emergency Medicine), and the Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology. The
length of studies at the Medical University of Gdask varies from six years for students of medicine and five years for those of biotechnology or pharmacy to three
years for students of Bachelors Degree courses.
The basic teaching at the Medical University of Gdask is carried out by over 900
academic teachers, over 120 of them being professors. Academic buildings are located in the region of Dbinki Street (Faculty of Medicine), and in Hallera Street
(Faculty of Pharmacy). Teaching and research are mainly based on co-operation with
3 State Teaching Hospitals affiliated to the University.
Among the University buildings, the one erected in 1975 and housing the Basic Sciences Departments (Collegium Biomedicum) is noteworthy for its three lecture halls
and twelve organizational units, that are well-equipped with modern instruments for
teaching and research.
The biggest Teaching Hospital (No 1 - Academic Clinical Centre) is situated in the
region of Dbinki Street and Smoluchowskiego Street in several buildings that originally housed a town hospital, and later the School of Practical Medicine. At present,
Teaching Hospital No 1 has 27 clinics.
Today, the Medical University of Gdask includes 32 clinics, each clinic not only being involved in teaching activities for undergraduate and graduate students, specialist
professional training of young physicians, but also providing highly specialised diagnostic and therapeutic services for the citizens of Gdask and neighbouring towns. In
fact, the whole population of the country's central northern region benefits from the
University services, which include, for example, open heart surgery (over 1000 operations per year) and bone marrow and kidney transplantation. At the same time the
Medical University of Gdask conducts scientific research in clinical disciplines and
biomedical sciences. The results are presented in several hundred research papers
published yearly in professional journals. Every year our academic teachers participate in hundreds of international congresses and conferences.
The authorities of the Medical University of Gdask are: the Rector, Vice-Rector in
charge of research, Vice-Rector in charge of didactics, Vice-Rector in charge of clinical affairs, Deans and Vice-Deans of specific faculties.
Wordlist:
5

intercollegiate midzyuczelniany
kidney - nerka
lecture hall sala wykadowa
noteworthy warty uwagi
nursing pielgniarstwo
participate uczestniczy
Ph.D. student doktorant
physician lekarz
research badania (naukowe)
scientific naukowy
set up zaoy, otwiera (np. szko)
surgery chirurgia
teaching hospital szpital kliniczny
transplantation przeszczep
vary rni si

affiliate przynalee
bachelors degree licencjat
benefit korzy, korzysta
bone marrow szpik kostny
conduct przeprowadza
found utworzy
dean dziekan
departament tu: kierunek
division oddzia
emergency medicine ratownictwo medyczne
erect wznosi
extramural student student zaoczny
faculty wydzia
full-time student student dzienny
graduate students absolwenci kontynuujcy nauk

1. How far does the tradition of medical sciences in Gdask go back into the
past?
2. Whats the basic academic structure of the University?
3. How long do the students usually study there?
4. What is Collegium Biomedicum known for?
5. What is the role of Teaching Hospitals?
6. In what way does the population of Gdask region benefit from the University?
7. In what way do the academic teachers develop professionally?
EXERCISE 2: In pairs or small groups, answer and discuss the following questions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Why did you choose this kind of studies?

Why did you decide to study at this university?
What is you first year here going to be like?
What do you expect from the University and teachers as a freshman?
Are you disappointed in any way after the first few days at the University?
In what way is the University different form your secondary school?
In what ways and in what cases would you contact directly the University Authorities?
8. What does it mean for you to be a good / bad student? (give 5 good and 5 bad
qualities)
9. What potential problems may appear on your way while studying here? Think
about time organization, a lot of studying, access to some books, roommates,
lack of free time, etc.
10. Is there a good way to avoid these problems?
11. Are exams a good or a bad method of checking knowledge?

EXERCISE 3: Useful academic vocabulary. Study the words below.

a dormitory, a students house
a semester break
a years supervisor
Rectors Office
Deans Office
Deans leave
Rules and Regulations
University Senate
Faculty Council

Foreign Languages Department

Head of .
entrance exam
a repeat, a retake
exam session
repeat exam session
a lecture
a class
a seminar
clinical practice
an elective, elective classes, facultative classes

a Chair
a Clinic
a Department
a Laboratory
(full) professor
associate professor
assistant professor
Ph. D.
assistant
senior lecturer
lecturer
M.A. / M.Sc.
B.A. / B.Sc.

duty hours, consulting hours

a credit
a students book, index book
a timetable
a syllabus
a curriculum
an academic year
a semester, a term

EXERCISE 4: Complete the sentences below with the correct words connected
with education. Sometimes the first letters are given to help you.
1. Music, English and Chemistry are different sorts of s. .
2. The person in charge of a school is called the h.. .
3. The academic year begins in October and is divided into two .
4. Most secondary schools in Poland are c - girls and boys study
together.
5. If you want to know which day or time you have a particular lesson, you can always look at the .
6. The is everything that is taught in a school, while the
is a plan of what is taught in a particular subject.
7. In Britain education is c.. from 5 to 16 years of age.
8. .. schools and universities are maintained by the government.
9. When students g. from a university, they receive their
d.. .
10 During session students t.. or s. exams on various subjects.
11. An u is someone who is still at university studying for their first
degree, whereas someone who has completed their first degree is called a
g. .

12. A .. is a person with the highest academic position at a university.

13. A university teacher is commonly called a .. .
14. is a prepared talk to number of students.
References:
www.amg.gda.pl

STUDYING PHYSIOTHERAPY ABROAD

EXERCISE 1: Read the text about studying physiotherapy in Ireland and answer the questions below. Refer to the wordlist in case you have vocabulary
problems.
B.Sc. in Physiotherapy
The University of Limerick, Ireland offers a four-year Bachelor of Science in Physiotherapy. The programme has been designed in recognition of the need to prepare
future physiotherapists with the competencies to offer an effective and efficient service for both patients and health care providers. When appropriate, physiotherapy
students undertake shared learning with other students within the University to receive specialist knowledge, and increase their awareness and understanding of the
roles of other professionals who may be involved in delivering health care. Learning
through the use of case studies helps students to develop problem solving skills and
encourages the integration of information from other
subjects to create a biopsychosocial model of patient care. The course offers over
1000 hours of clinical practice in different environments and with different groups of
patients.
Students are encouraged to develop academically and professionally by adoption of
independent learning strategies and responsibility for their own learning.
On completion of the studies, the graduate physiotherapist will be able to:
Assess patients, select, perform and evaluate management programmes.
Communicate effectively with patients, the public and professional colleagues.
Critically evaluate research findings and put results in practice.
Engage in self-directed learning that promotes professional development.
Entrance Requirements
CAO Entry (candidates send their applications to the Central Applications Office)
A minimum requirement is for applicants to hold at the time of enrolment at least
Grade C in two A Level* subjects and Grade D in four Ordinary or A Level subjects
(including Mathematics, Irish or another language, and English) in the Irish Leaving
Certificate (or an approved equivalent). Entry is on a competitive basis for 30 places
so the actual entry level will generally be much more higher than the minimum.
EU and non-EU entry requirements
Applications from outside of Ireland are welcome through the CAO system. Applicants should offer equivalent subjects and grades.
Programme Content & Structure
Year 1
Basic biomedical sciences form the major component of the first year. The subjects
studied are: Human anatomy and physiology; Physics; IT; Psychology and sociology;
Physiotherapy clinical skills.
Year 2
The assessment, evaluation and management of disability provide the focus for this
year of the programme. Physiotherapy modules therefore predominate, as the student is introduced to the management of respiratory and neurological problems.

Clinical biomechanics, Psychology, Human anatomy, and Physiology are also studied.
Year 3
This year encourages students to integrate physiotherapy theory with practice at a
higher level and reflect on their clinical practice experience. Research methodology is
studied in preparation for the final year research project.
Year 4
Students summarise the course in the form of a final year research project, there are
also seminars on aspects of Impairment and Disability, and reflection on clinical practice.
Postgraduate Diploma / MSc in Clinical Therapies (Physiotherapy)
The programme is offered on a part-time or full-time basis over a maximum of 5
years. Students must successfully complete 6 subjects to get a Postgraduate Diploma in Clinical Therapies. Successful completion of a thesis is required to get a
degree of a Masters in Clinical Therapies. A minimum of 1 and maximum of 3 subjects can be studied in one semester. Normally, applicants should have a minimum of
one years post-qualification experience.
_____________________
*A Levels Advanced Levels. Higher-level exams taken mostly by people around the age of 18 who
wish to go on to higher education.

Wordlist:
applicant - kandydat
application podanie (na uniwersytet)
approved zatwierdzony
assess ocenia
awareness- wiadomo
case study studium przypadku
(chorobowego)
competencies kompetencje
competitive basis w oparciu o zasady
konkurencji
content tre
disability niezdolno, kalectwo
effective skuteczny
efficient wydajny
encourage zachca
engage zaangaowa si
enrolment wpisanie na list
evaluate ocenia

health care provider osoba oferujca

opiek zdrowotn
impairment upoledzenie
learning strategy strategia uczenia si
management postpowanie z chorym,
prowadzenie chorego
patent care opieka nad pacjentem
predominate przewaa
recognition rozpoznanie
requirements wymagania
research project projekt badawczy
respiratory oddechowy
shared learning wsplne uczenie si
skills umiejtnoci
solve rozwiza
thesis praca dyplomowa (magisterska)
undertake podejmowa si czego

1. What degree do students get after the 4-year course?

2. Do physiotherapy students have classes with students of other departments?
3. Are physiotherapy students taught how to communicate with patients?
4. Is there an entrance exam for candidates?
5. How many places does the University offer each year for the students of Physiotherapy?
6. When do students start their clinical practical training sessions?
10

7. What is the minimum time for obtaining the degree of M.Sc. in Clinical Therapies?
EXERCISE 2: Work in pairs or small groups. Think of any similarities and differences between the courses in physiotherapy at the University of Limerick
and the Medical University of Gdask.
EXERCISE 3: Present Simple vs. Present Continuous Tense. Put the verbs in
brackets in the correct tense.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

How much these tablets (cost)?

They (own) a big clinic in Paris.
When you (fly) to the conference?
The conference (begin) tomorrow.
I cant lend you the book, I (learn) French.
You can take mine, I (not, use) it. Actually, I (not, usually, use) it.
The number of patients in this hospital (grow) steadily.
I (think) they (come) to the lecture today.
Professor Benge (forget) things as the years go by.

EXERCISE 4: Present Simple vs. Present Continuous Tense. Explain in English

the differences between the sentences below.
1. This cake tastes delicious.
They are tasting the cake and its delicious.
2. He is stupid.
He is being stupid.
3. He always borrows money from me.
He is always borrowing money from me.
4. I am giving a talk on Friday.
I give a talk on Friday.
I give talks on Fridays.
5. I think studying physiotherapy is a good idea.
I am thinking of becoming a physiotherapist.
References:
www.ul.ie

11

MODERN HOSPITALS
Exercise 1: Discuss the following points in pairs and then with the rest of the
group.

What are the functions of hospitals? What services do they provide?

What problems do hospitals face nowadays? Why do people complain about
them?
Is there any way to cope with these problems?

Exercise 2: Read the text below and answer the questions.

The modern hospital is defined as a complex institution providing health care to sick
or injured people. Hospitals can be divided into types according to their function or
services they offer, and according to their economic status. Thus, there are general
hospitals, which deal with a wide variety of diseases and conditions including various
wards for patients of different age groups and complaints, such as: medical, surgical,
pediatric, ophthalmic, gynecological, orthopedic, etc. Specialist hospitals are concerned with a specific type of patients (childrens hospital, geriatric hospital, maternity
hospital) or certain types of diseases (psychiatric hospital, infectious diseases hospital). On the other hand, there are public hospitals, which are maintained by the government and which provide free services to people, whereas private hospitals are run
by individual persons or a company and the patients have to pay for hospitalization,
laboratory tests and any treatment procedures. Public hospitals are sometimes attached to medical universities, then they provide clinical practice for students and
training for postgraduates, are involved in scientific research carried out by a university. Modern hospitals have various rooms or departments designed for specific purposes. Here are some examples:
The Out-Patient Department is a place where patients are treated without
staying in hospital. It provides diagnostic and therapeutic services such as: Xray, lab tests or physiotherapy.
The Emergency Department is where accident victims, injured people are
taken (by an ambulance) and treated at first.
The Intensive Care Unit (ICU) or Intensive Therapy Unit (ITU) is where seriously ill patients are constantly monitored e.g. after heart attack or serious operations.
The Dispensary is where the drugs are stored and issued to patients or medical workers.
The Operating Theatre is a place where surgeons carry out operations.
Wards are rooms or sets of rooms in a hospital, with beds for patients.
The Blood Bank is a place where blood is stored.
The Laboratory is where blood and urine tests are made and scientists can do
research.
The Recovery Room is where a patient who has had an operation is kept until
he/she can be moved into an ordinary ward.
Medical Records is where the information about patients (charts) is stored.
The X-ray Department is where X-ray pictures are made.
Mortuary is where dead bodies are kept until they are removed for burial.
12

Wordlist:
accident victim ofiara wypadku
attach przyczy complain (about)
narzeka
blood bank bank krwi
burial pochwek
chart karta (pacjenta)
define okrela, opisywa
dispensary apteka szpitalna
emergency departament pogotowie
ratunkowe
general hospital szpital oglny
geriatric geriatryczny
hernia przepuklina
infectious diseases hospital szpital
chorb zakanych
injection zastrzyk
injured ranny
intensive care unit oddzia intensywnej
terapii
issue wydawa
maintain utrzymywa
maternity hospital szpital pooniczy
medical records archiwum
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

medical ward oddzia wewntrzny

mortuary kostnica
variety rnorodno
ward oddzia szpitalny
surgical ward oddzia chirurgiczny
operating theatre sala operacyjna
ophtalmic okulistyczny
orthopedic ortopedyczny
out-patient departament przychodnia
przyszpitalna
pediatric dziecicy
pneumonia zapalenie puc
procedure zabieg
recovery room sala pooperacyjna
sample prbka
specialist hospital szpital specjalistyczny
store przechowywa
surgeon chirurg
tissue tkanka
treatment leczenie
urine mocz

What are general hospitals?

What or who do specialist hospitals deal with?
What is the difference between public and private hospitals?
Where can the blood for transfusion be found?
Where are patients after operations taken?
Where are blood tests made?
Who is taken to ICU?
Where can patients charts be found?

Exercise 3: Where should these patients go or be taken?

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

A six-year-old boy with a broken leg.

An elderly woman with schizophrenia.
A 27-year-old woman expecting her baby soon.
A young man in a serious condition after a chest operation.
A 84-year-old person with acute pneumonia.
A person with symptoms of an infection.
A retired teacher with hernia.
A young woman who wants to do chest X-ray.

13

Exercise 4: Match the descriptions with the members of para-medical staff

working in a hospital.
physiotherapists
ambulance people
dieticians
midwives

nurses
radiographer
laboratory technicians

. - they care for and support pregnant women, their partners and
new babies, before, during and after the birth.
. they treat people by means of massage, electrotherapy, corrective exercises.
. - they are experts on food and health, able to explain scientific information in a way that everyone can understand.
. person specially trained to operate a machine to take X- ray photographs.
. - they work in hospital pathology laboratories, which are concerned
with analysing samples of body tissue and fluids taken from patients.
. - they are part of the crew dealing with emergency calls.
They give patients urgent care and take them quickly to hospital.
. - they work in hospitals helping sick and injured adults get
back to health. Their tasks include i.e. assisting doctors while physical examinations, giving drugs, injections.
Exercise 5: Translate into English.
1. Chopiec po wypadku zosta przewieziony do pogotowia ratunkowego.
2. Siostro, prosz przynie kart pana Kelley z archiwum.
3. Szpitale zwizane z uczelniami medycznymi to szpitale kliniczne.
4. Pacjent ley w sali pooperacyjnej i jest w cikim stanie.
5. Fizjoterapeuci s personelem paramedycznym i pomagaj pacjentom odzyska sprawno fizyczn.
Exercise 6: Put the verbs in brackets in Present Perfect or Present Perfect Continuous.
1. Susan (fail) anatomy exam three times, but she .
(study)for the last week and I think she might be a bit better at it now.
2. Tom is convinced the book must be somewhere in this room, but we
..(search) for two hours and (not / see) any sign of it.
3. The Faculty Council .. (consider) my application for permission
to buy laboratory equipment for three months. They just .. (give)
two of my friends permission to buy one so I hope they .. (decide)
to let me have it too.
4. What you ..(do)? I (look) for you for ages.
I (prepare) a new lecture for my students.
5. I wonder if anything (happen) to Chris. I (wait) for him
for an hour.
References:
English for Medical Students and Doctors 1, Ewa Donesch-Jeo, WPL, Krakw, 2000
English Practice for Medical Students, Anna Kuciejczyk, AMG, 2005

14

PHYSIOTHERAPY AND ITS MAIN BRANCHES

Exercise 1: Discuss in pairs or small groups.
What does physiotherapy deal with?
How long have you been interested in psychotherapy and why are you interested in it?
Is physiotherapy a common method of treatment? What other ways of treatment can you think of?
Exercise 2: Read the text and answer the questions below.
Physiotherapy is a medical specialty concerned with preventing and treating musculoskeletal disorders. It uses physical approaches to promote, maintain and restore
physical, psychological and social well-being. This profession is dedicated to: 1) restoring strength and functions after a disease or injury, 2) improving and maintaining
functional independence and physical performance, 3) correcting deformities, 4) preventing and managing pain, physical impairments, disabilities, 5) promoting fitness
and health. Physiotherapy is an established, respected and evidence-based profession, which uses scientifically proven techniques to help many conditions affecting
your body, such as: arthritis, back and neck pain, sports injuries, neurological conditions such as stroke, or age related conditions. It uses a variety of treatment methods
as i.e. strenghtening and therapeutic exercise programmes, heat treatment, massage, infrared lamps, electric stimulation. The main branches of physiotherapy are:
Balneotherapy deals with treatment of diseases by batching in hot water or
water containing certain chemicals. It is used i.e. to relieve discomfort and joint
stiffness, improve blood flow.
Hydrotherapy promotes the treatment with water; patients are put in hot
baths or encouraged to swim. Various techniques are used for relaxation, to
stimulate digestion, circulation, the immune system, and to relieve pain.
Kinesitherapy therapy involving active or passive movement of parts of the
body in order to strengthen and stabilize joints. Kinesitherapy is used i.e. in
back and limb disorders, prevention of locomotor system disorders.
Manual therapy these are methods of hand techniques, such as mobilization
or manipulation of joints and soft tissue. These methods are used to relieve
pain, swelling, increase muscle and joint functional mobility.
Massage deals with treatment of muscular conditions by means of rubbing,
stroking or pressing a patients body with hands. Usually it is used to relax
tight and tense muscles, improve circulation, and reduce stress.
Wordlist:
approach podejcie
arthritis zapalenie staww
balneothrapy balneoterapia
blood flow przepyw, krenie krwi
branch dziedzina
circulation krenie
deformity znieksztacenie

performance tu: wykonywanie

czynnoci
promote propagowa
relieve pain uniey bl
restore przywraca
rub pociera
soft tissue tkanka mikka

15

specialty specjalno
stiffness sztywno
stroke (n.) udar
stroke (v.) gaska
swelling opuchlizna
tense napity
tight ciasny
well-being dobry stan

digestion trawienie
disorder zaburzenie
established ustanowiony
evidence-based oparty na dowodach
infrared lamps lampy podczerwone
limb koczyna
locomotor system ukad ruchu
mobilization uruchomienie
musculoskeletal miniowo-szkieletowy
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

What is physiotherapy?
What is the aim of physiotherapy in the case of people after injuries?
What conditions are most often treated with physiotherapeutical methods?
Which branch of physiotherapy uses swimming as a treatment method?
Which branch of physiotherapy deals with hand techniques?
What is kinesitherapy?
Is physiotherapy based on research or is this rather an alternative medicine
branch?
8. Is physiotherapy in any way connected with sport?
9. Find adjectives describing physiotherapy in the text.
Exercise 3: Complete the sentences below with the correct words from the text.
1. Cardiology is a medical . dealing with study of the heart and its
diseases.
2. This course of exercises is supposed to . your physical abilities.
3. Ive got splitting headache, I must take some analgesics to pain.
4. Physiotherapy, surgery, and pharmacotherapy are different kinds of
.. .
5. Doctors and lawyers are among the most respected .
6. The structure at a junction of bones enabling movement is called a
. .
7. Certain prophylactic methods are to diseases.
Exercise 4: Translate into English.
1. Celem fizjoterapii jest usunicie procesw chorobowych, zapobieganie postpowi choroby, usuwane dolegliwoci i przywracanie sprawnoci.
2. Jedn z form terapii manualnej s np. niektre rodzaje masau.
3. Hydroterapia jest czsto skutecznym rodkiem na zagodzenie blu.
4. Pacjenci najczciej traktuj masa wycznie jako sposb na relaks.
5. Jednym z zada fizjoterapii jest przywrcenie sprawnoci ruchowej u osb po
wypadkach.
6. Fizjoterapia stosuje skuteczne metody leczenia urazw sportowych.
Exercise 5: Work in pairs. Give English definitions of the terms below.

16

repeat exam session

Bachelors Degree

maternity hospital

teaching hospital

general hospital

out-patient department

lecture

musculoskeletal system

surgical ward
lecturer

nurse

entrance exam
duty hours

References:
Collin, P. H., Sownik Medyczny, Peter Collin Publishing Ltd, London, 2000
www.physiotherapy.ca

17

IN A SURGERY

Exercise 1: Read the text and answer the questions below.

The physiotherapists office or surgery should cater for such services as: assessment, treatment, prevention, advice, education, and thus it should contain the following rooms, or be spacious enough to hold the following: the reception, the waiting
area, the consulting treatment area. The reception is where the secretary answers
the patients phones and makes appointments. This can also be the place for storing
patients cards. The patients wait for their turn in the waiting room or area. The consulting room is where the physiotherapist takes the patients history, examines, gives
advice and educates patients; the treatment area is where a specialist assessment
and treatment service is offered - patients get treatment/exercise programmes, undergo personal rehabilitation with the use of latest specialized equipment.
The equipment designed for examination and treatment includes for example:
The examination/treatment couch, which can be wooden or electrical (the
latter offers variable height, is divided into two or three sections and is suitable for all treatments, including manipulation. Both ends elevate so that the
back or legs can be raised without turning the patient. One end also lowers
for some postural drainage & manipulation techniques and more comfortable sitting);
The tilt table (manual or electrical) contains wide straps to hold the patient
from horizontal to standing position, utility tray and gripping handles for ADL
activities;
Suspension frame and a coach for suspension activities equipped with
ropes, slings, hooks and straps;
Mattress protects body during exercises, ideal for aerobic and light exercises.
Equipment used for shoulder, arm and hand exercises include:
Shoulder wheel (smoothly revolving wheel, with resistance mechanisms, attached to wall at a desired height);
Shoulder elbow cycle - A versatile exerciser that provides an upper body
workout while seated in a comfortable position. The balanced front flywheel
provides a smooth, fluid motion. The padded, adjustable removable forehead rest minimizes neck and shoulder strain;
Axial shoulder exerciser - for shoulder & supination-pronation exercises.
Used in the same way as a conventional shoulder wheel & wrist machine;
Shoulder ladder or wall mounting for progressive range of shoulder motion;
Rowing machine, wall bars, hand exercise table, rotary wrist machine, grip
exerciser, exercise board, pulley set, medical balls.
Equipment used for leg, knee ad foot exercises include:
Static exercise bicycle;
Ped-o-cycle - For reactivation and mobilization of the joints and for
strengthening the leg muscles. Suitable for patients unable to sit on a regular exercise bicycle;

18

Quadriceps exercise table - designed for effective administration of progressive resistance exercise to the knee joints muscle groups;
Foot exerciser, heel exerciser, ankle exerciser;
Parallel walking bars, exercise staircase for improving walking abilities;
Traction sets and tables.
Additional equipment includes:
Rahabilitation aids: walkers, rollators, walking sticks, wheelchairs, crutches;
Electrotherapy sets (for example muscle stimulator unit);
Various charts and models (muscular system, spine, joints, nervous system);
Bandages, tapes and straps;
Cushions, pillows, collars, braces for support and body stabilization.
Wordlist:
abduction - odwodzenie
adjustable regulowany, z regulacj
ankle kostka, staw skokowy
appointment umwione spotkanie
assessment - ocena
axial osiowy
base - podstawa
board blat, powierzchnia
braces - szelki
cater for dostarcza, zaspokaja potrzeby
collar - konierz
crutch kula
cushion poduszka
durability trwao, wytrzymao
elevate - unosi
examination couch leanka
exerciser przyrzd do wicze
exercise staircase - schody rehabilitacyjne
forehead rest oparcie na czoo
gripping handles uchwyty, rczki do
chwytania
handrail - porcz
heel - pita
hook hak
joint staw
matting - mata
mattress materac
motion ruch
mount montowa, oprawia
non-slip antypolizgowy
padded wycielony, obity (materiaem)
parallel rwnolege
pillow poduszka pod gow

postural drainage drena uoeniowy

progressive - postpowy
pronation nawracanie
pulley - wycig
range - zakres
resistance - opr
revolve obraca si
rollator chodzik na kkach
rope lina
rotary - obrotowy
rowing machine trenaer wiolarski
sleek byszczcy, poyskliwy
sling - ptla
spacious przestronny
spine - krgosup
strain uszkodzenie powysikowe
strap pasek, przylepiec
supination odwrcenie
surface - powierzchnia
surgery gabinet
suspension frame rama do wicze w
podwieszeniu
taper for zwa si
tilt table st przechyowy, pionizacyjny
traction trakcja, wycig
undergo podda kogo czemu
(zabiegowi)
utility tray tacka na przybory
variable height zmienna wysoko
versalite - wszechstronny
wall bars drabinka cienna
walker - chodzik
walking bars porcze do nauki
chodzenia
walking stick laska do podpierania si
wheelchair wzek inwalidzki
19

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

What is the surgery of a physiotherapist composed of?

What is the consulting area for?
What is a couch used for?
What is used for shoulder exercises or rehabilitation?
What is used for ensuring patients stabilization while they are walking?
What helps patients to strengthen their leg muscles?
What is wall mounting used for?

Exercise 2: Discuss the following points in pairs or small groups.

Have you ever been to a psychotherapists surgery? Was it similar or different

comparing to the description from Exercise 1? What did it contain?
In what way was it similar to and different from a typical doctors surgery?
What is the cost of equipping a physiotherapists surgery nowadays? Which
things are the most expensive and necessary? Where would you buy them?

Exercise 3: Translate this product description into Polish.

Parallel Bars
Versatile Parallel Bars have been designed to suit any Patient needs.
They can be used in departments which deal with patients of all age
groups. The bars have two handrails. The upper ones are for adult use
and they have a height adjustment. The lower handrails are for children
and they are fixed at a height of 19 in (48cm).The handrails are made of
high quality metal giving it a sleek look with long life and durability.
The bars are mounted on a polished hardwood base with non-slip matting, giving patient secure footing and ease of movement. The ends of
this board are tapered for better access from the wheelchair, removable
abduction board has been provided, and can be used
when required.

Exercise 4: Match the words from the columns below to make correct expressions.
waiting
make
specialist
examination
comfortable
shoulder
rowing
walking
tilt
forehead

assessment
position
rest
machine
table
appointments
area
couch
strain
abilities
20

Exercise 5: Complete the text below with the correct words from the box.
Physiotherapy Department
Our hospital's Physiotherapy Department has the . to treat people who
have to be admitted due to an injury or an operation which leaves someone with a
need of this professional help. Physiotherapy Department is without
being referred by a Doctor, even if you are not this hospitals patient.
Our Physiotherapists are highly trained and . in this chosen field such
that in discussion with someone suffering from a problem, they can ..
the problem and decide what . to give. Timely and appropriate physiotherapy treatment can .. further problems and get your back to your
normal activities such as sports and work more quickly than just rest.
Most people think physiotherapy consists only of ... Nothing could be
further from the truth but machines can also be used to help to stimulate nerves or
use sound waves to heal tissues and to stimulate .. flow far below the
surface of the skin.
Indeed, two patients treatments are rarely the same, the beauty of physiotherapy and
reason that a physiotherapist is so highly trained, that's why the Physiotherapy Department is best . and has full time staff. We believe that the service
provided has few equals but we have advantage of dealing everyday with wide
. of illnesses and injuries.
equipped
skilled

available
treatment

prevent
variety

blood
massage

ability
diagnose

Exercise 6: Put the verbs in brackets in the correct present tense.

1. ____________ (you/hear) the news? Anna and Tom are engaged!
Thats not new; I _____________ (know) it for ages.
2. I __________ (lose) my key and I ___________ (try) to wake my wife up by
throwing stones at her window. You __________ (throw) stones at the wrong
window. You live next door.
3. ____________ (you/hear) the wind? It __________ (blow) very strongly tonight.
4. Stop! ____________ (you/not see) the notice? I ____________ (see) it but I
cant read it because I __________ (not wear) my glasses. What
____________(it/say)? It ___________ (say): These premises are patrolled
by guard dogs.
5. What ___________ (he/do) to his car now? I __________ (think) he
________ (polish) it.
6. She ____________ (farm) only for two years, but shes doing very well.
7. I ___________(clean) my car. Doesnt it look nice?
8. Why ___________ (you/smoke) a cigar, Mrs Pitt? You ___________ (not
smoke) cigars as a rule.
9. What _______________ (the word catastrophe/mean)? It __________
(mean) disaster.
10. I ___________(think) it is a pity you dont take more exercise. You
__________ (get) fat.

21

11. Someone ___________(take) my books. I ______________ (look) for them

for ages, but I _____________ (not find) them yet.
12. I ____________ (pump) up three tires. Would you like to do the fourth?
13. I ____________(save ) up because I ____________ (go) abroad in July.
14. The students _____________ (work) very well all this term.
References:
A Practical English Grammar Exercises, A.J. Thomson, A.V. Martinet Oxford University Press, 1994
www.indiamedico.com
www.materkenya.com

22

PHYSIOTHERAPY- RELATED PROFESSIONS

Exercise 1: Read the text and answer the questions below.

Apart from physiotherapists, there are other professions concerned with helping people with their physical disabilities, taking care of their physical well being and relieving
their suffering by means of natural methods and rehabilitation rather than surgical
treatment. Here are few examples of such professionals:
Occupational therapists (OTs) help people of all ages who have physical, mental
health or social problems (resulting from birth, an accident, an operation, illness,
etc.) to adapt to any aspect of their life with more independence, confidence and control. OTs assess patients abilities to perform activities and design treatment programmes to increase their capability to deal with difficulties. Generally, the interventions supported by OTs may cover e.g. everyday activities, such as washing, preparing and eating meals, shopping or transport; the use of equipment to help with daily
living or getting around inside and outside the home. In most cases the patients are:
people suffering from a physical condition (stroke or heart disease); people recovering from operations; physically and mentally disabled people.
Osteopaths / chiropractors are concerned with the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of mechanical disorders of the musculoskeletal system, and the effect of
these disorders on the functioning of the nervous system and general health. They
work with their hands and use a range of techniques to treat conditions like back
pain, migraine, sports injuries, repetitive strain injury, and asthma.
The underlying philosophy is that the body has a natural tendency to heal itself but
this can be disrupted by abnormalities in the skeleton, soft tissue, or the relationship
between them. The profession takes a holistic approach to the needs of patients,
considering their physical, psychological and social factors. An osteopath investigates a patient's symptoms, assesses him/her on a mechanical, functional and postural basis. Manual methods of treatment (gentle stretching, mobilising techniques)
are combined with lifestyle and dietary recommendations, such as advice on posture,
eating, exercise and relaxation.
Reflexologists are concerned with treating patients disorders by applying specific
pressure to reflex areas found in the feet and sometimes the hands. According to
them, every part of the body is reflected in a precise area (or reflex point) on the feet
and hands. It is believed that illness, or injury can result in granules accumulated
around these reflex points, which then block vital energy pathways. Treatment aims
to break down these deposits in order to free the body's natural energy flow, to open
blocked nerve pathways and to improve the blood supply in order to get rid of toxins.
Reflexology helps to treat such conditions as: migraine, hormonal imbalances, circulatory problems, digestive problems, back problems, insomnia and stress-related disorders.

23

Wordlist:
accumulate gromadzi si
adapt (to) przystosowa si
approach podejcie, stosunek do czego
blister pcherz (np. po oparzeniu)
bruise - siniak
capability zdolno
coach - trener
chiropractor - krgarz
confidence pewno
deposits zogi
dietary dotyczcy diety
disrupt - zakca
energy flow - przepyw energii
get rid of pozby si
granules - ziarnistoci
heal uleczy, zagoi si
holistic holistyczny (biorcy pod uwag
aspekt fizyczny i psychiczny)
hormonal imbalance zaburzenie hormonalne

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

implement wprowadzi w ycie

insomnia - bezsenno
mentalny disabled upoledzony umysowo
nutrition - odywianie
occupational therapist terapeuta zajciowy
osteopath osteopata
pathway szlak, droga
precise dokadny, precyzyjny
recommendation - zalecenie
recover (from) powraca do zdrowia
reflexologist specjalista refleksologii
repetitive - nawracajcy
reflex areas / points refleksy, punkty
result from wynika z
stretch - naciga
stroke udar
underlying bdcy podstaw (czego)

In what situations do OTs help their patients?

Who usually needs the help of OTs?
What disorders do osteopaths / chiropractors deal with?
What treatment methods do they usually use?
What is a holistic approach?
What is the idea of reflexology based on?
What conditions do reflexologists treat?

Exercise 2: Discussion. Talk about the following points in pairs.

Which profession from the text seems to be most interesting for you? Why?
Which one seems to be the most difficult? Why?
What does one need to become a chiropractor, an occupational therapist, and
a reflexologist (education, personal qualities, etc.)?
Do you know any other jobs related to physiotherapy? What / who do these
people deal with?

24

Exercise 3: Complete the text with the correct words. You have got Polish
equivalents in brackets.
A sports therapist helps injured athletes .. (powrci) to full functionality.
The injuries being treated will vary (w zalenoci) on the sport being
played. Clients may include .(zawodowych) and amateur sportspeople,
and people who keep fit (dla przyjemnoci). A sports therapist can examine, assess, (leczy) and rehabilitate injuries. When he / she works
with a sports team or club, typical work activities may include: conducting an assessment of the players / athletes' (gotowoci); offering massage and
generally preparing players / athletes physically and mentally; .
(udzielanie) first aid; examining and assessing injuries and dealing with
. (mniejszymi) and major traumas, e.g. cuts, bruises and blisters; referring the injured athletes to relevant practitioners in the sport / medical profession;
(udzielanie rad) players / athletes on diet and nutrition; working with
coaches / fitness advisers to implement injury prevention programmes; designing
(rehabilitacyjne) programmes.
Exercise 4: Match the words from the columns to make correct expressions.
They have all appeared in the text.
dietary

flow

sports

treatment

energy

approach

hormonal

disorders

natural

disabled

mentally

injuries

mechanical

recommendations

surgical

imbalance

holistic

tendency

Exercise 5: Translate the sentences into English.

1. Praca jako asystent fizjoterapeuty moe by bardzo pomocna w zdobyciu odpowiedniego dowiadczenia.
2. Osteopaci lecz dolegliwoci przy uyciu rnych technik dostosowanych do
potrzeb pacjenta.
3. Pacjenci po operacjach lub dugotrwaym leczeniu szpitalnym musz czsto
korzysta z pomocy terapeutw zajciowych.
4. W przypadku wielu dolegliwoci stosuje si leczenie oparte na metodach
manualnych.

25

REVISION EXERCISES
Exercise 1: Work in pairs and follow the tasks below.

Describe the academic structure of the Medical University of Gdask (Faculties, Departments, etc);
Give examples of the University authorities with their names, if possible;
State the differences and similarities between the types of lessons you get at
the university (classes, lectures, seminars, laboratories);
Explain such terms as: clinical practice, exam session, facultative classes,
Deans Office;
State the difference between general and specialist hospitals;
Explain such terms as: out-patient department, laboratory, recovery room, dispensary, ward;
Give examples of 6 people (professions) working in a hospital;
Give examples of main branches of physiotherapy and describe the differences between them;
Describe the physiotherapists surgery, give examples of the most common
equipment you can find there.

Exercise 2: Finish the sentences on your own.

1. The Medical University of Gdask provides .
2. The Rector is in charge of . .
3. The number of years spent at the university depends on .. .
4. Private hospitals are often better .
5. The medical personnel includes . .
6. Physiotherapists provide help . .
7. An examination couch is used .. .
8. Various types of equipment are used .. .
9. Kinezytherapy uses .
10. Members of the hospital para-medical staff are e.g. .
References:
www.prospects.ac.uk/cms/ShowPage/Home_page/p!eLaXi

26

PARTS OF THE BODY, BODY CAVITIES

Exercise 1: Read the text and answer the questions below.

The smallest structural units of the human body are cells. When they perform similar
functions they become tissues, which, in turn combine to form organs and systems.
The human body is divided into the following parts: the head, the neck, the trunk, upper and lower limbs. Anterior part of the head, the face, is composed of the following
elements: the eyes (protected by the eyelids and eyelashes), the nose, the forehead,
the cheeks, the mouth (bounded by upper and lower lips), and the chin.
The neck joins the head with the trunk, the largest part of the human body. It is divided into two parts cavities, separated by a muscle (diaphragm): the thorax (chest)
and the abdomen.
Limbs are composed of segments and joints. The upper limb contains: the arm, the
forearm and the hand. The joints of the upper limb are: the shoulder joint, the elbow,
and the wrist. The lower limb contains: the thigh, the leg, and the foot. The joints are:
the hip joint, the knee, and the ankle.
There are three main cavities (spaces inside the body containing organs) within the
human body. These are the cranial cavity, the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic
cavity.
The cranial cavity is situated in the head, contains the brain and is surrounded by the
skull.
The thoracic cavity is located below the neck and above the diaphragm. It is bounded
by the spine and the ribs with the sternum. The cavity contains the heart, the lungs,
and the oesophagus.
The biggest cavity abdominopelvic lies below the diaphragm and can be divided
into two smaller cavities: the abdominal cavity proper and the pelvic cavity. The first
one contains the main organs of digestion (e.g. stomach, small and large intestines),
the liver, the pancreas, and the spleen. The pelvic cavity, located inferiorly, is
bounded by bones. It contains the urinary bladder, the lower part of the large intestine, the rectum and, in females, the reproductive organs.
Wordlist:
abdomen brzuch
abdominopelvic
brzuszno-miedniczny
appendix wyrostek
armpit pacha
bottom poladek
bronchi oskrzela
calf ydka
cavity jama
cheek policzek
chest klatka piersiowa
chin broda
cranial czaszkowy
diaphragm przepona
digestom trawienie

elbow okie
eyelashes rzsy
eyelid powieka
forearm- przedrami
forehead czoo
groin pachwina
heel pita
intestine jelito
kidney nerka
knee kolano
leg podudzie
limb koczyna
lip warga
liver wtroba
nipple brodawka sutkowa
27

oesophagus przeyk
pancreas trzustka
pericardium - osierdzie
pituitary gland gruczo przysadkowy
pleura opucna
rectum odbyt
reproductive organs
organy rozrodcze
ribs ebra
shin gole
shoulder bark
skull czaszka

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

spleen ledziona
sternum mostek
stomach odek
thigh udo
thumb kciuk
toe palec u nogi
trachea tchawica
trunk tuw, korpus
urinary bladder pcherz moczowy
venae cavae yy gwne
waist talia
wrist nadgarstek

What are the main parts of the human body?

What are the parts of the face?
What are the segments of the upper and lower limbs?
What are the joints of the upper and lower limbs?
What are body cavities?
What are the main cavities in the human body?
What is the cranial cavity bounded by?
What are the contents of the thoracic cavity?
What are the contents of the abdominopelvic cavity?

Exercise 2: Write the correct numbers next to the words below. Mark with x
the parts which are not marked on the diagram.

28

forehead ____
cheek
____
thigh
____
head
____
elbow
____
throat
____
breast
____
groin
____
jaw
____

chest
palm
thumb
ankle
neck
finger
foot
calf
nose

____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____

toe
____
ear
____
abdomen ____
hip
____
waist
____
shoulder ____
wrist
____
bottom ____
heel
____

knee
back
mouth
eyelid
chin
arm
armpit
forearm

Exercise 3: Complete the names of the indicated parts of the head.

1. _ _ _ _
2. _ _ _ e _ _ _ _
3. _ _ _ b _ _ _
4. _ _ _ _ _ s _
5. _ _ e _ _ _
6. _ _ _ e _

7. _ _ _ t _ _ _
8. _ _ u _ _
9. _ _ _
10. _ h _ _
11. _ a _
12. _ _ c _
13. _ _ _

Exercise 4: Choose the correct answer.

1. The calf is part of the .
a) leg
b) arm
c)eye
d) ear
2. The shin is part of the .
a) arm
b) leg
c) head
d) breast
3. The nipple is part of the .
a) hand
b) foot
c) ear
d) breast
4. The heel is part of the .
a) hand
b) foot
c) eye
d) ear
5. The thumb is part of the .
a) hand
b) foot
c) ear
d) breast
6. This man must be terribly strong! Look at his !
a) skin
b) limbs
c) muscles d) nerves
7. His shoes were so old that his were sticking out of them.
a) fingers
b) thumbs c) tips
d) toes
29

____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____

Exercise 5: Read the clues and find the correct places for the answers in the
crossword.

Down
The upper part of the leg.
We taste with this.
We see with these.
This covers the body.
We kiss with these.
Attached to the shoulder.
Under the chest.

Across
We chew with these.
Where the legs bend.
We hear with these.
We walk on these.
Used for picking things up.
We smell with this.
The baby sucked his ___.

Exercise 6: Match the cavities with their contents.

Cavity

Contents

Spinal cavity

Urinary bladder, sex organs,

part of the large intestine,
appendix, and rectum
One lung in each

Cranial cavity
Thoracic cavity
Pelvic cavity

Stomach, liver, spleen, pancreas, most of the small and

large intestines, kidneys
Heart

Abdominal cavity

Spinal cord

Pleural cavities

Brain and pituitary gland

30

Pericardial cavity

Trachea, oesophagus, bronchi, ends of the venae

cavae, beginning of the aorta

Exercise 7: Label the diagram.

Exercise 8: Translate into English.

1. Tuw skada si z dwch jam oddzielonych przepon: jamy klatki piersiowej i
jamy brzusznej.
2. Podstawowa funkcja czaszki to ochrona mzgu, najwaniejszej czci ukadu
nerwowego.
3. Staw barkowy czy rami z barkiem.
4. Jama klatki piersiowej jest ograniczona z przodu mostkiem, z boku ebrami a
z tyu krgosupem.
5. Nie mog zgi nogi, plecw, ani podnie niczego z podogi, czuj bl w okolicy krgosupa.
6. Najwaniejsze organy zwizane z trawieniem znajduj si w jamie brzusznej.
References:
English for Medical Students and Doctors 1, Ewa Donesch-Jeo, WPL, Krakw, 2000
English Practice for Medical Students, Anna Kuciejczyk, AMG, 2005

31

THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM

Exercise 1: Discuss the following points in pairs.

What is the function of the musculoskeletal system?

Have you ever broken a bone or do you know anyone who did? When and
where did it happen? What was the treatment like? Did you / this person need
any rehabilitation?
Have you ever had muscle pain? What was it caused by?
Can problems with bones and muscles be somehow connected with: peoples
age, time of the year, lifestyle, job?

Exercise 2: Read the text below and answer the questions.

The musculoskeletal system consists of the skeletal system (made up of: bones;
joints - union of two or more bones, classified into immovable, slightly movable,
freely movable; ligaments fibrous tissue attaching bone to bone; cartilages - protective gel-like substance lining the joints and intervertebral discs) and the skeletal muscle system (skeletal muscles - attached to bones responsible for skeletal movements,
controlled by the peripheral portion of the nervous system, these muscles are under
conscious, or voluntary, control; tendons connective tissue attaching muscle to
bone). These two systems work together to provide basic functions that are essential
to life, including: protection of the brain and internal organs, supporting upright posture, blood cell formation (red bone marrow), storage of fat and minerals, movement.
The average human adult skeleton consists of 206 bones, attached to the muscles
by tendons. Babies are born with 270 soft bones - about 64 more than an adult.
These will fuse together by the age of twenty or twenty-five into the 206 hard, permanent bones. The skeleton has two main parts: the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton.
The axial skeleton includes 80 bones and consists of the skull (cranium and the facial
portion), the ribs and the sternum (breastbone) - comprising the thoracic cage, protecting the heart and lungs and the spine (vertebral column). The spine is made up of
33 irregularly shaped bones, vertebrae, and is divided into: seven cervical vertebrae,
twelve thoracic, five lumbar, five sacral fused together forming the sacrum, and four
or five terminal bones fused together to form the coccyx.
The appendicular skeleton, consisting of 126 bones, includes the bones of upper
and lower limbs and two limb girdles (the shoulders and pelvis). The bones of the
upper limb include: the shoulder girdle (made up of the clavicle and the scapula), the
humerus in the arm, the ulna and the radius in the forearm, eight carpals in each
wrist, five metacarpals in each palm, three phalanges in each finger, and two phalanges in each thumb. The bones of the lower limb include: the pelvic girdle, which is
composed of two hip bones, the femur in the thigh, the patella, the tibia and fibula in
the leg, seven tarsals in the ankle, five metatarsals in the middle of each foot, two
phalanges in each big toe, and three phalanges in each other toe.
Bones are usually classified into: long bones (for example: humerus, ulna, femur
they provide support and allow us to create movement); short bones (for example:

32

carpals and tarsals they allow movement, provide elasticity, flexibility, and shock
absorption); flat bones (ribs, sternum and scapula - they protect and provide attachment sites for muscles) irregular bones (skull, pelvis, vertebrae they support
weight, protect the spinal cord, contribute to movement and provide sites for muscle
attachment); sesamoid bones (for example patella it alters the angle of insertion of
the muscle).
Wordlist:
alter zmieni
angle kt
ankle staw skokowy
appendicular odnoszcy si do koczyn
attach przyczepia
attachment przyczep
average przecitny
axial osiowy
carpals koci nadgarstka
cartilage chrzstka
clavicle obojczyk
coccyx ko guziczna
connective tissue tkanka czna
conscious wiadomy
contribute to przyczynia si
cranium mzgoczaszka
facial portion twarzoczaszka
femur ko udowa
fibrous wknisty
fibula ko strzakowa
flexibility elastyczno
forearm przedrami
fuse zrasta si, czy si
girdle obrcz
hip biodro
humerus ko ramieniowa
immovable nieruchome
insertion wprowadzenie
interwertabral disc krek midzykrgowy
leg noga, podudzie
ligament wizado
line wyciela
lumbar ldwiowy
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

lung puco
metacarpals koci rdrcza
metatarsals koci rdstopia
patella rzepka
pelvic miedniczy
pelvis miednica
peripheral obwodowy
permanent stay
phalanges paliczki
portion cz
posture postawa
radius ko promieniowa
rib ebro
sacral krzyowy
scapula opatka
sesamoid trzeszczkowaty
shoulder bark
skull czaszka
spinal cord rdze krgowy
spine krgosup
sternum mostek
storage magazynowanie
tarsals koci stpu
tendon cigno
thigh udo
thoracic piersiowy
thumb kciuk
tibia ko piszczelowa
toe palec u nogi
ulna ko okciowa
upright wyprostowany
vertebrae krgi
voluntary dobrowolny
wrist nadgarstek

What is the musculoskeletal system composed of?

What are cartilages?
What information does the text provide about skeletal muscles?
What are the functions of the musculoskeletal system?
What does the axial skeleton consist of?
What is the spine composed of?

33

7. What are the bones of the upper limb?

8. How many tarsals are in each ankle?
9. What are the main types of bones?
Exercise 3: Finish the sentences.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

The skull is .. and its function is to . .

The human skeleton consists . .
The limb girdles attach .. to .. .
The thorax or the rib cage includes .
The humerus is . .
Babies have .. which is .
The skeletal system and the skeletal muscle system .. .
The forearm . .
The sacrum is .. .

Exercise 4: Complete the following sentences.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

My brother feels a sharp pain in his . and he cannot bend down.

Last winter I broke my and I had it in plaster for five weeks.
An elderly man slipped, fell and sprained his .. .
Chris fell from the stairs yesterday and broke three of his .. .
I had to carry heavy boxes and now my is painful and swollen.
When he plays volleyball he feels pain in his and cannot straighten
his . .

Exercise 5: Translate into English.

1. Szkielet osiowy wraz ze szkieletem koczyn oraz miniami szkieletowymi
tworz ukad miniowo-szkieletowy czowieka.
2. Ko udowa jest najdusz i najmocniejsz koci w szkielecie ludzkim.
3. Funkcj klatki piersiowej, zoonej z mostka i dwunastu par eber, jest
ochrona serca, puc oraz innych organw.
4. W kadym palcu rki s trzy paliczki.
5. Krgi szyjne wspieraj gow oraz umoliwiaj jej ruch.
Exercise 6: Present tenses. Put the verbs in brackets in the correct form.
15. The streets are all wet. It _____________ (rain).
16. Im sorry, but he isnt here. He __________ (go) to the bank.
17. Joan ___________ (still/do) her homework.
18. She ___________ (wear) the same dress at every party.
19. I __________ (be) to Italy for several times.
20. We ___________ (wait) on the platform since 3:00 a.m.
21. ____________ (you/enjoy) your English lesson today?
22. This soup ____________(taste) incredible.
23. She generally ___________ (come) on time, but not today.
24. I ___________ (not/learn) anything new for two weeks.
25. What _________ (you/do)? Im a nurse.

34

26. Im sorry, I cant go with you. I _________(go) to the dentist tonight.

27. I really believe that he __________ (smoke) too much recently.
28. Whenever she __________ (get) home, she ___________ (take off) her
shoes first.
29. She ___________(already/ buy) the tickets for the concert.
30. Its the first time I ___________ (be) to Mexico.
References:
A Practical English Grammar Exercises, A.J. Thomson, A.V. Martinet, Oxford
University Press, 1994
English for Medical Students and Doctors 1, Ewa Donesch-Jeo, WPL, Krakw,
2000
www.answers.com
www.webschoolsolutions.com

35

MUSCLES

Exercise 1: Read the text and decide whether the sentences below are true or
false.
The human body contains more than 600 individual muscles, which together account
for about 40 percent of a person's weight. They are attached to the skeleton, which
provides the pulling power for us to move around. The predominant function of muscles is contractibility, that is, providing movement for the body. Nearly all movement
in the body is the result of muscle contraction. Other functions of muscles in the body
are e.g. posture, joint stability, and heat production. The muscular system consist of
three different types of muscle tissues: skeletal (striated), cardiac, and smooth. Each
of these different tissues has the ability to contract, which then allows body movements and functions.
Skeletal muscles. This muscle tissue is named for its location - attached to bones.
They are responsible for skeletal movements and controlled by the peripheral portion
of the central nervous system. Thus, these muscles are under conscious, or voluntary, control. They have stripe-like markings, or striations. The skeletal muscles tissue is composed of long muscle fibers. Each of them is a cell which contains several
nuclei.
Skeletal muscles vary considerably in size, shape, and arrangement of fibers. They
range from extremely tiny strands such as the stapedius of the middle ear to large
masses such as the muscles of the thigh. Some skeletal muscles are broad in shape
and some narrow.
Smooth muscle. Much of our internal organs is made up of smooth muscles. They
are found in the urinary bladder, gallbladder, arteries, and veins. Also the digestive
tract is made up of smooth muscle as well. The non-striated (smooth) muscle cell is
spindle-shaped and has one central nucleus. Smooth muscles contract slowly and
rhythmically, they are controlled by the nervous system and hormones. We cannot
consciously control them and that is why they are called involuntary muscles.
Cardiac muscle. The cardiac muscle is the muscle of the brain itself. This is the tissue that makes up the wall of the heart called the mydocardium. Also like the skeletal
muscles, the cardiac muscle is striated and has a central nucleus, like smooth muscles. It is under the control of the autonomic nervous system. The contraction of cardiac muscle is involuntary, strong, and rhythmical.
Wordlist:
account for stanowi
arteries ttnice
biceps brachii (biceps of the arm) misie dwugowy ramienia
biceps femoris (biceps of the thigh)
misie dwugowy uda
conscious wiadomy
contractibility kurczliwo
deltoid muscle misie naramienny
gallbladder pcherzyk ciowy

gluteus maximus misie poladkowy

wielki
heat ciepo
involuntary mimowolny, bezwiedny
latissimus dorsi misie najszerszy
grzbietu
obliquus externus abdominis (external
oblique) misie skony zewntrzny
brzucha
pectoralis major (greater pectoralis mus36

peripheral obwodowy
rectus abdominis misie prosty
brzucha
smooth gadki
spindle-shaped wrzecionowate
splenius of the neck - minie karkowe
stapedius misie strzemiczkowy
strand wkno, acuch
striated poprzecznie prkowany
striations - prki

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

cle) misie piersiowy wikszy

tendo calcanaeus (Achilles tendon)
cigno Achillesa
thenar muscle minie kbu kciuka
trapezius misie czworoboczny
triceps brachii (triceps of the arm) misie trjgowy ramienia
urinary bladder pcherz moczowy
veins yy
voluntary dobrowolny

Muscles constitute over half of the body weight.

Muscles are the only structures in the body responsible for movement.
There are three types of muscle tissue.
Skeletal muscles are under our voluntary control.
All of the skeletal muscles are the same.
Internal organs, such as the bladder, contain striated muscles.
Smooth muscles have multi-nucleated cells.
Cardiac muscle resembles both skeletal and smooth muscles.

Exercise 2: Finish the sentences using the information from the passage.
1. Human body contains .
2. The skeletal muscles are controlled by.
3. Skeletal movements are..
4. The digestive organs are . ..
5. There may be different . .in the skeletal muscles.
6. The smooth muscle contractions are .
7. The cardiac muscle resembles and .because
Exercise 3: Match the words in columns A and B to make correct phrases.
A
middle
heat
muscle
joint
body
tiny
spindle
central
internal
urinary

B
organs
fibers
movements
shaped
nucleus
production
ear
bladder
stability
strands

37

Exercise 4: Label the diagram with the names of the muscles from the box.

splenius of the neck

biceps femoris (biceps of the thigh)
rectus abdominis
latissimus dorsi
deltoid muscle
obliquus externus abdominis (external oblique)
thenar muscle
trapezius
gluteus maximus
tendo calcanaeus (Achilles tendon)
triceps brachii (triceps of the arm)
pectoralis major (greater pectoralis muscle)
biceps brachii (biceps of the arm)

Exercise 5: Ask about the underlined parts of the sentences below.

1. My back hurts me a lot.
2. I cant bend my leg easily.
3. The doctor prescribed some analgesics to relieve the pain.
4. Im writing a letter to my friend Luis.
5. Bettys going to arrange a meeting with her boss tomorrow.
6. Physiotherapists usually work in public hospitals.
7. He missed two treatment sessions due to serious family-related reasons.
8. Mike may become a well-known specialist when he finishes this research.
9. She is talking to professor Bennet at the moment.
10. David works for a big pharmaceutical company.
11. We are going to attend a conference next week.
12. Tom has just sent us the test results.

38

Exercise 6: Translate into English.

1. Minie w organizmie czowieka speniaj pi podstawowych funkcji: odpowiadaj
za ruch, kontroluj przepyw pynw ciaa, reguluj ilo pynw ciaa w organizmie,
odpowiadaj za postaw, zajmuj si produkcj ciepa.
2. Minie szkieletowe zbudowane s z uoonych w pczki wkien miniowych.
Wkna te maj wrzecionowaty ksztat i zawieraj du ilo jder komrkowych.
3. Ze wzgldu na budow i speniane funkcje w organizmie wyrniamy trzy gwne
typy mini: misie gadki, misie poprzecznie prkowany i misie sercowy.
4. Misie gadki dziaa niezalenie od woli i wiadomoci czowieka, jest zdolny do
cigego lecz bardzo powolnego kurczenia si. Jest elementem budowy np. naczy,
cian przewodu pokarmowego, cian pcherza moczowego.

References:
http://library.thinkquest.org/10348/find/content/muscular.html
http://training.seer.cancer.gov/module_anatomy/unit1_1_body_structure.html
http://www.brianmac.demon.co.uk/muscle.htm
Sownik obrazkowy angielsko-polski, Duden Oxford, Wiedza Powszechna, Warszawa1998

39

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

Exercise 1: Read the text below and answer the questions.

The nervous system coordinates the activity of the muscles, monitors the organs
activity, initiates body actions and receives information about the external environment. Prominent participants in a nervous system include nerves, which play roles in
such coordination. All parts of the nervous system are made of nervous tissue.
The basic structural unit of the nervous system is the neuron and its function is
transmission of impulses. Each neuron is composed of the cell body (with cytoplasm
and a nucleus), dendrites (branched projections conducting impulses to the cell
body), and an axon (long, single projection conducting impulses away from the cell
body). Each nerve can be described as a bundle of axons of many neurons.
The nervous system is divided into three main parts: the central nervous system, the
peripheral nervous system, and the autonomic nervous system.
The central nervous system consists of the brain and the spinal cord. The brain is
located in the cranial cavity and is surrounded by the skull. There are three main
parts of the brain: the cerebrum, the cerebellum and the brain stem. The cerebrum is
divided into two hemispheres by the longitudinal fissure. The outer portion of the
cerebrum, called the gray matter, is composed of cell bodies. The inner portion, the
white matter, is composed of myelinated nerve fibres. The brain is the site of reason
and intelligence, which include such components as cognition, perception, attention,
memory and emotion. The brain is also responsible for control of posture and movement. Moreover, it can perform a variety of functions automatically, without the need
for conscious awareness, such as coordination of senses, walking, and body functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, fluid balance, and body temperature.
The peripheral nervous system contains only nerves and connects the brain and spinal cord (CNS) to the rest of the body. It includes e.g. the nerves that branch off the
brain (12 pairs of cerebral nerves) and the spinal cord (31 pairs of spinal nerves).
The autonomic nervous system controls the involuntary actions of internal organs. It
controls muscles in the heart, the smooth muscles in internal organs such as the intestine, bladder, and uterus. The autonomic system has two subsystems. The sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system work in opposition to
each other. For example: when you are scared the sympathetic system causes your
heart to beat faster; the parasympathetic system slows it down.
There are various types of diseases affecting the nervous system: infectious (meningitis), congenital (hydrocephalus), traumatic (injuries), degenerative (multiple sclerosis). The symptom of disorders connected with the nervous system are for example:
acute headaches, paresis, hemiparesis, speech and visual disturbances, vomiting,
drowsiness, dizziness.
Wordlist:
afferent - doprowadzajcy
brain stem pie mzgu
branch off rozgazia si
branched rozgaziony

bundle wizka
cerebellum mdek
cerebrum mzg
cognition poznawanie
40

degenerative zwyrodnieniowy
dizziness zawroty gowy
drowsiness ospao
efferent - odprowadzajcy
gather zbiera, gromadzi
gray matter istota szara
hemiparesis niedowad poowiczny
hemisphere pkula
hydrocephalus wodogowie
hypothalamus - podwzgrze
longitudinal fissure szczelina poduna
medulla (oblongata) rdze przeduon

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

meninges opony mzgowe

meningitis zapalenie opon mzgowych
multiple sclerosis stwardnienie
rozsiane
myelinated mielinowe
overlap nakada si na siebie
paresis niedowad
peripheral obwodowy
pituitary - przysadka
pons most (mzgu)
projection wypustka
thalamus wzgrze wzrokowe
white matter istota biaa

What are the functions of the nervous system?

What is the structure of a neuron?
What are the main parts of the nervous system?
Where are the grey and white matters located? What are they built up of?
What does the peripheral nervous system include?
How do the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems work?
What types of diseases affect the nervous system? What are the most common symptoms?

Exercise 2: Discuss.
What is a depression? Why is it so common nowadays? What are the symptoms of depression and the ways of treatment?
Does anything like a winter depression exist? Have you ever experienced
anything like this? Does your mood change together with seasons?
What / who makes you irritated / nervous? In which situations are you likely to
lose your temper?
What are the best ways for you to relax? In what ways do you calm yourself
down?
What would you do if your patient was very nervous? Could you think of any
effective ways of managing nervous patients?
Exercise 3: Complete the passage with the correct phrases from the box.
under conscious control
external conditions
sensory nerves
central nervous system
single system
respond with hormones
information gatherer
opposing actions
electrical impulses
endocrine system
physically separate
appropriate responses
Functions of the Nervous System
The nervous system is the body's 1)_____________, storage center
and control system. Its overall function is to collect information about
the 2)_____________ in relation to the body's internal state, to ana41

lyze this information, and to initiate 3)_____________ to satisfy certain needs. The most powerful of these needs is survival. The nerves
do not form one 4)_____________ , but several which are interrelated. Some of these are 5)________________ , others are different
in function only. The brain and spinal cord make up the
6)______________. The peripheral nervous system is responsible
for the body functions which are not 7)_______________ - like the
heartbeat or the digestive system. The smooth operation of the peripheral nervous system is achieved by dividing it into sympathetic
and parasympathetic systems. These are 8)_______________ and
check on each other to provide a balance. The nervous system uses
9)________________ , which travel along the length of the cells
(neurons).
The
cell
processes
information
from
the
10)_______________ and initiates an action within milliseconds.
These impulses can travel at up to 250 miles per hour, while other
systems such as the 11)_______________ may take many hours
to12)________________ .
Exercise 4: Label the diagrams using the words from the box.
peripheral nerves midbrain
lumbar spinal nerves
brain
pituitary
thalamus
pons
medulla
spinal cord x2
thoracic spinal nerves
cerebral hemisphere
cranial nerves
sacral spinal nerves
hypothalamus
cerebellum cervical spinal nerves

42

Exercise 5: Decide whether the sentences are true or false? Correct the false
statements.
A. The nervous system is the major controlling, regulatory, and communicating system in the body. It is the centre of all mental activity including thought, learning, and
memory.
B. The various activities of the nervous system can be grouped together as three
general, overlapping functions: sensory, integrative, and motor.
C. Neurons are the nerve cells that transmit blood.
D. The three components of a neuron are a cell body one or more processes called
axons, and a single process called a dendrite.
E. The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord.
F. The efferent part of the peripheral nervous system carries impulses to the CNS;
the afferent part carries impulses away from the CNS.
G. There are two layers of meninges around the brain and spinal cord.
H. The spinal cord functions as a conduction pathway and as a reflex centre. Sensory impulses travel to the brain on ascending tracts in the cord. Motor impulses
travel on descending tracts.
Exercise 6: Past simple vs. past continuous. Put the verbs in brackets in the
correct form.
1. He . (sit) on the bank fishing when he .. (see) a
mans hat floating down the river. It .. (seem) strangely familiar.
2. Everyone .. (read) quietly when suddenly the door .
(burst) open and a complete stranger (rush) in.
3. They (build) that new school when I .. (be) here
last year. They havent finished it yet.
4. When Betty. (say) that she .. (come) to see me the
next day, I .. (wonder) what present she would bring. She always brings something nice with.
5. I . (pick) up the receiver and .. (dial) the number.
Surprisingly, I (find) myself listening to some conversation.
Two women . (talk) about a visit at a physiotherapists.
6. While I . (wonder) whether to buy the bag or not, someone
else (come) and . (buy) it.
7. I (look) through the classroom window. An English lesson
. (go) on. The teacher . (write) new words on
the board.
8. She (promise) not to tell Peter anything but five minutes later I
(see) her talking with him and from the expression on his
face I am sure she (tell) him about it.

References:
English for Medical Students and Doctors 1, Ewa Donesch-Jeo, WPL, Krakw,
2000
English Practice for Medical Students, Anna Kuciejczyk, AMG, 2005

43

A Practical English Grammar, A.J. Thompson, A.V. Martinet, Oxford, 1994

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervous_system
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookNERV.html#Peripheral
%20Nervous%20System

44

HOW DOES THE SPINE WORK?

Exercise 1: Discuss the following points in pairs.

Have you ever had any problems with your spine, or do you know anyone who
had? What were these problems caused by?
Which jobs predispose to spinal problems? Why?
What should / shouldnt people do in the case of spinal problems?
Why do so many school children have spinal deformities diagnosed? How can
such a situation be improved?

Exercise 2: Read the text and answer the questions below.

In simple terms, your spine is nothing more than a group of bones (vertebrae) in a
line up the center of your back. All spinal regions (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral,
coccygeal) work together to provide support and stability for much of the weight of
the upper body. Each bone has a passage that forms a tunnel for the spinal cord,
protecting it as it extends downward from the brain. But the spine is more than just a
protective tube. While the spine provides protection and support, it also allows people
to bend, twist, rotate, and otherwise move their upper body in every direction. The
bones themselves do not actually bend or twist; the flexibility of the spine comes from
structures between the bones called facet joints and intervertebral disks. Intervertebral disks are situated between the bones of the spine, creating a space for nerves
branching out from the spinal cord to other areas of the body. The disks are made of
tough rings of fibrous elastic material called cartilage. When healthy, they take up
much of the shock that walking, running, jumping, and even sitting can place on the
spine. Every time you bend, extend, or twist, there is a change of pressure in the
fluid-filled area of the disk. In moderate amounts, this change of pressure is actually
good for the disks. In the long term, however, excessive forward bending movements
can damage the rings that hold the fluid in place. Facet joints are places where vertebrae rub directly against each other. Located on the extensions of bone off the
back side of the vertebrae, these surfaces come in contact with those of the vertebrae directly above and below. Their purpose is to safely guide and restrict the
movement of the spinal bones.
The bones of the spine would not be able to move or even hold themselves upright
without the muscles and ligaments that surround them. Attached to all the bones and
disks in the spine are long, cordlike structures called ligaments. Not as hard as bone
but not as soft as muscle, these bands of connective tissue come in almost every
size.
The ligaments have several important functions. They provide support for the spine
from the head down to the tip of the tailbone, holding disks and bones and muscles in
their proper places. Their main function is to hold the bones together, allowing bending, twisting, and other movements to occur within safe ranges. Because ligaments
are elastic have the ability to stretch a little but not too much, they are perfectly
suited for this task. The ligaments also play a major role in posture. When they maintain their normal length and flexibility, they support the bones of the spine, keeping
them in good positions. With poor postural habits, however, the ligaments on one

45

side of your spine can be overstretched. Over time, probably months or years, the
result is poor posture. Poor posture, in turn, can cause the ligaments to ache. Indeed,
back or neck pain that cannot be attributed to a specific accident or injury is often a
sign that poor posture is taking a toll on the ligaments. The ligaments, when sprained
or torn, take a long time to heal because of their poor blood supply.
Muscles are cordlike structures that are even more elastic than ligaments. Like ligaments, muscles can stretch; unlike the ligaments, muscles also have the ability to
contract, or shorten. How do muscles work? Basically, when you want to move, your
brain sends a message through the nerves to the correct muscle. When the message
gets to the muscle, chemicals inside the muscle cause the muscle to shorten. Because the muscle is attached to the bone, this shortening pulls on the bone. If the
strength of this shortening is strong enough, the bone, and therefore the body,
moves.
Your spine and the related structures benefit from movements that place acceptable
levels of stress on them. Proper exercises can thicken, stretch, and build the endurance of your back. On the other hand, problems appear when people have overdone
or overused their back and this has fatigued or injured certain spinal tissues.
Word list:
absorbtion - wchanianie
ache bl, bole
attribute (to) przypisywa co
band prek (w tkance miniowej)
bend (v.) pochyla si, zgina si
branch - (v.) rozgazia si
breakdown rozkad, rozbicie
connective tissue tkanka czna
contract (v.) kurczy si
cord - sznur
delivery - pord
downward ku doowi
drainage - drena
endurance - wytrzymao
excessive - nadmierne
extend (v.) rozciga si
extension wyrostek
facet joints = articular facet
powierzchnia stawowa na wyrostku stawowym krgu
fatigue zmczenie, zmczy
fertilization - zapodnienie
fibrous wknisty
flexibility gitko, elastyczno

1.
2.
3.
4.

foetus - pd
intervertebral disc krek midzykrgowy
moderate umiarkowany
ovum (pl. ova) jajo, jajeczko
poor posture nieprawidowa postawa
range - zakres
receptacle - naczynie
restrict (v.) ogranicza
rotate (v.) obraca si
rub (v.) pociera
secretion - wydzielanie
semen - nasienie
spinal cord rdze krgowy
stress - nacisk
stretch (v.) rozciga si
sustain - podtrzymywa
tailbone ko ogonowa
to take a toll (on) odbija si le na
czym
thicken (v.) pogrubi
torn - zerwane
twist (v.) krci si wokoo

Why can the spine be called a protective tube?

What are the flexible structures of the spine?
What is the function of the intervertebral disks?
What can excessive forward bending movements result in?

46

5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

What are facet joints responsible for?

What are the functions of ligaments?
Why is the process of healing ligaments so long?
In what way are muscles different from ligaments?
List all the structures responsible for movement of the spine.

Exercise 3: Choose the correct terms from the text and write next to the definitions below.
.. tissue which forms the main part of bones, ligaments and tendons.
.. to pull out, to make longer.
.. thick tissue which lines the joints and forms part of the structure
of an organ.
.. the small triangular bone located at the base of the spinal column. Also called the coccyx.
.. way of standing or sitting.
.. the main part of the central nervous system.
.. the ability to suffer pain with strength and patience.
.. part of the CNS running in the vertebral canal of the spine.
Exercise 4: Translate into English.
1. Praca biurowa, poczona z brakiem codziennej aktywnoci fizycznej moe
mie negatywny wpyw na krgosup.
2. Pozycja siedzca moe nie wydawa si mczca, ale znacznie zwiksza
cinienie wywierane na krgi ldwiowe.
3. Wedug lekarzy ortopedw konieczne jest wykonywanie chocia 15 minut
dziennie wicze, ktre angauj minie brzucha i krgosupa.
4. Pisanie godzinami na komputerze moe powodowa bl w czci szyjnej i
piersiowej
Exercise 5: Match the words from columns A and B to make correct expressions that have appeared in the text.
spinal
elastic
blood
postural
neck
facet
excessive
poor
moderate

supply
posture
amounts
pain
movements
material
region
joints
habits

47

REVISION EXERCISES

Exercise 1: Work in pairs and follow the tasks below.

List the main parts of the human body.

List the main body cavities and their contents.
What are the elements of the axial skeleton?
What are the bones of the upper and lower limbs?
Describe 3 types of muscles.
What are the structures responsible for spinal movement?

Exercise 2: Group the medical terms according to the category they are connected with.
dendrites
lungs
gluteus maximus
thigh
brain
stomach
oxygenation
forearm
vertebrae
cerebellum
oesophagus
bronchi
skeletal muscles
intestines
toes
larynx
striated muscles
longitudinal fissure
clavicle
spinal cord
pelvic girdle
metatarsals
stimulus
meninges
wrist appendix
calf respiration nephron
ribs biceps femoris
alveoli
groin
femur
shoulder
axon
sternum

Respiratory System

Muscles

Nervous System

Digestive System

Skeletal System

Parts of the body

48

Exercise 3: Write the names of systems (digestive, respiratory, circulatory, reproductive, skeletal, muscular, lymphatic, endocrine, nervous, urinary)next to
their definitions.
Name

Function
is the internal support and flexible framework for movement
of the body and for the production of blood cells.
body movement and the production of heat.
the regulation of all body activities as well as memory and
learning.
body immunity, absorption of fats and the drainage of tissue fluid.
the transport of life-sustaining materials to body cells and
the removal of metabolic wastes from cells.
the breakdown and absorption of food materials and elimination of the wastes.
the gaseous exchange between the atmosphere and
blood.
the filtration of blood; the maintenance of volume and
chemical composition of the blood and the elimination of
waste fluids.
the secretion of hormones for chemical regulation.
the function of the male system is the production of sperm
and the transfer of semen to the female system: the functions of the female system are: the production of ova; receptacle for sperm; being the site of fertilization of ovum,
implantation and development of embryo and foetus.; delivery of foetus.

References:
English Practice for Medical Students, Anna Kuciejczyk, AMG, 2005
Sownik Medycyny Collin, P.H., Peter Collin Publishing & Wydawnictwo Wilga, Warszawa 2001.
www.health.howstuffworks.com

49

WHAT MAKES A GOOD PHYSIOTHERAPIST?

Exercise 1: Read the text below and answer the questions.

Physiotherapists treat a range of physical problems resulting from illness, injury, disability or ageing. These problems are treated with manual therapy, movement, exercise and the application of technological equipment, e.g. ultrasound. Physiotherapists
treat people of all ages and assist the rehabilitation process by developing and restoring the function of the body, enabling patients to improve their mobility. They also
offer advice on how to prevent further physical damage. When preparing a treatment
programme, physiotherapists must take into consideration any psychological, cultural
or social factors that may influence the patient's role in actively helping themselves.
First of all, a modern physiotherapist has to be well-educated, that is professionally
prepared to provide specialist care. The personal qualities needed for this profession
are tolerance, patience and compassion, one will also need to be level-headed, practical and have a genuine interest in helping people. They should present strong interpersonal skills (in order to be able to educate patients about their physical therapy
treatments), be understanding, and have the ability to motivate and encourage people. They should be in good health and demonstrate good physical stamina. To assess, diagnose, plan and treat, they should have strong analytical and problem solving skills and be very organized. Good verbal and written communication skills are
essential in building up a rapport with patients and maintaining communication with
their relatives or carers as well as occupational therapists, GPs, health visitors, district nurses and social workers. Thus, teamwork abilities are crucial. Physiotherapists
should have a positive outlook and enjoy a challenge.
Physiotherapists work within a broad range of practice settings from community
health centres, to hospitals, schools and private practice or multidisciplinary clinics.
They practice in nursing homes, individual homes, sports medicine clinics and within
certain companies. Physiotherapists also have a role within the government and
health planning agencies. Physiotherapists are increasingly participating in research,
conducting studies on specific conditions and injuries as well as the effectiveness of
physiotherapy. This may result in the development and application of new techniques
and technologies as well as assessing existing products.
In addition to the more technical aspects of the work, typical work activities also include:
writing patient case notes and reports;
collecting patient statistics;
educating and advising patients and their carers about how to prevent and/or
improve conditions;
keeping up to date with new technologies available for treating patients;
being in contact with other health care personnel to supply and receive relevant information about the background and progress of patients, as well as to
refer patients who require other specific medical attention.
Physical therapists are expected to continue their professional development by participating in continuing education courses, workshops, taking part in professional
seminars, conferences, reading professional journals, etc. In fact, for example in the
USA, a number of States require continuing education as a condition of maintaining
licensure.
50

Wordlist:
ageing starzenie si
application - stosowanie
challenge - wyzwanie
carer - opiekun
compassion wspczucie
continuing education ksztacenie
ustawiczne
crucial - kluczowy
district nurse pielgniarka rejonowa
enable - umoliwia
genuine prawdziwy
GP = general practitioner lekarz
oglny, rodzinny
keep up to date by na bierzco
level-headed zorientowany na osignicie odpowiedniego poziomu
licensure posiadanie licencji,
uprawnie
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

mobility - ruchomo
multidisciplinary zwizany z wieloma
specjalnociami medycznymi
occupational therapist terapeuta zajciowy
participate bra udzia
practice setting miejsce wykonywania
praktyki zawodowej
rapport dobra relacja
refer skierowa (pacjenta)
relatives - krewni
relevant - odpowiednie
restore przywrci
stamina wytrzymao
take into consideration wzi pod
uwag
workshops - warsztaty

Who and what do physiotherapists treat?

What is important while working out a treatment plan?
List the psychological qualities important for a physiotherapist?
Does any physical aspects matter for a physiotherapist?
What skills should a physiotherapist possess?
Why are communication skills important?
Where do modern physiotherapists work?
What additional activities do physiotherapists do at work?
How can physiotherapists develop professionally?

Exercise 2: Discuss the following points in pairs or small groups.

On the basis of the text and your own experience, describe an ideal physiotherapist. Think about: personal qualities, education, relation with patients,
professional development, etc.
Do you think you will be a good physiotherapist? Why (not)? Which qualities
do you possess and which do you lack?
Which aspect(s) of this profession seems the most difficult for you and why?

Exercise 3: Character and personality. Complete the sentences below with the
correct words from the box.
bossy
lazy
assertive
sociable
impatient
sensible
argumentative
ambitious
optimistic

51

1. He gets very annoyed if he has to wait for anything. He doesnt like waiting. Hes
very . .
2. David doesnt like working, he prefers doing nothing. Hes just .
3. She loves meeting people and going to parties. Shes a .. person.
4. She has practical, not dreamy in approach to life shes . .
5. Chris frequently disagrees with what other people say he is quite
.
6. Dona is . she finds it quite easy to tell her boss if she feels he had
treated her badly.
7. He is very .. he enjoys telling other people what to do.
8. For Mike it is very important to succeed in his professional career, he is very
.
9. He always has good hopes for the future, he thinks everything will be fine hes
.
Which of these qualities seem to be important for a physiotherapist? Why?
Which of them should not a physiotherapist possess?
Exercise 4: Translate into English.
1. Zdolno rozwizywania problemw jest wana podczas oceny, diagnozy i leczenia pacjentw.
2. Do dodatkowych obowizkw fizjoterapeuty naley instruowanie pacjentw i
opiekujcych si nimi osb co do leczenia i poprawy stanu zdrowia.
3. Zdolno do motywowania i zachcania pacjentw do uczestnictwa w terapii jest
szczeglnie wana w pracy z dziemi i osobami starszymi.
4. Fizjoterapeuci powinni stale podnosi swoje kwalifikacje poprzez np. uczestnictwo w kursach, konferencjach i sympozjach.
Exercise 5: Past Simple vs. Past Perfect Simple / Continuous. Put the verbs in the
correct form.
1. It .(be) 8 p.m. Tom . (be) tired because he ..(work)
hard all day. He (be) also hungry because he (not/ have)
anything to eat since breakfast.
2. I .. (think) the train . (leave) at 12.55, and I (be)
very disappointed when I .. (arrive) at 12.50 and (learn)
that it just . (leave). Later I .. (find) that I .. (use)
an old timetable.
3. He (keep) looking at her, wondering where he .(see) her
before.
4. He . (give) me back the book, . (thank) me for lending it to
him and . (say) that he .. (enjoy) it very much; but I
(know) that he (not / read) it because most of the pages
(be) still uncut.
5. A woman (come) in with a baby and . (say) it just ..
(swallow) a ring.

52

References:
A Practical English Grammar ExercisesA.J. Thomson, A.V. Martinet, Oxford University Press, 1994
www.bls.gov/oco/ocos080.htm
www.physiotherapy.ca

53

TAKING THE HISTORY - AT THE DOCTORS

Exercise 1: Discuss the following points in pairs on the basis of your own experience.

When do people visit doctors? How often do you go to a doctor?

What makes a good relationship between a doctor and his/ her patients?
Why is this relationship not always perfect?
What does a typical visit at a doctors surgery look like? What are the stages
of a visit?

Exercise 2: Read the text below and answer the questions.

People expect doctors to treat their diseases and relieve their suffering. Doctors
should deal with patients on both physiological and psychological level. Physiological
level covers such aspects as: taking patients history, examining a patient, making a
diagnosis, indicating proper treatment (pharmacological or surgical). Psychological
level is connected with treating each patient individually, considering and understanding his/ her problems, and taking into consideration a lot of related facts: emotional,
historical, environmental, etc. Doctors personal relationship with their patients is as
important as their professional knowledge.
When patients come to a surgery the doctor takes their history first the doctor asks
questions about patients present and past complaints, their duration and location,
diseases in childhood, operations, diseases present in the family, living and working
conditions, lifestyle, etc. Next step is the physical examination. It consists of four
stages: inspection (observation for changes on the skin, general appearance), palpation (taking the patients pulse, checking if the internal organs are not enlarged), percussion (tapping the chest to check if the vibrations are felt they suggest the lack of
lung disease), and auscultation (performed with a stethoscope it is used to reveal
the character of cardiac and respiratory sounds).
After the physical examination the doctor makes a diagnosis, recommends proper
treatment, prescribes drugs and explains the patient how to take them. Patient can
be asked to come for a control visit after some time. When the doctor is not sure
what is wrong with the patient, or he / she wants to confirm the initial diagnosis, the
patient may be referred to a specialist or sent to specialist tests. They can be clinical
(X-ray pictures, endoscopic examinations, ultrasonography, computer tomography,
etc.) or laboratory (blood, urine, stool tests).
Wordlist:
aggravate - pogorszy
appearance wygld zewntrzny
appointment umwiona wizyta
auscultation osuchiwanie
cardiac sercowy
chest klatka piersiowa
complaint dolegliwo

confirm potwierdzi
duration czas trwania
enlarged powikszony
environmental rodowiskowy
factor czynnik
frequency czstotliwo

54

imaging tests testy (diagnostyka) obrazowe

indicate wskaza
initial diagnosis diagnoza wstpna
inspection obserwacja
knowledge wiedza
lack (of) - brak czego
location lokalizacja
long-term - dugotrway
lump - guzek
palpation badanie palpacyjne
percussion opukiwanie
physical examination badanie fizykalne

prescribe przepisa (leki)

respiratory oddechowy
reveal ujawni
severity - ciko (o przebiegu choroby)
shortness of breath pytki oddech
stool stolec, ka
strip to (sbs) waist rozebra si do
pasa
taking history przeprowadzanie wywiadu z pacjentem
tapping ostukiwanie
timing tu: pora wystpowania
sytmptomw

1. What does the physiological aspect of dealing with patients include?

2. What is important from the psychological point of view?
3. What do doctors do while taking a patients history?
4. What is the physical examination composed of?
5. What is the patient observed for?
6. What can be checked by palpation?
7. What can percussion reveal?
8. What is used in auscultation?
9. What do doctors do when they are not sure what is wrong with a patient?
10. What types of additional examinations are usually recommended?

Exercise 3: Complete the dialogue with the correct words.

Patient: Good morning.
Doctor: Come in, Mr Smith. What seems to be the problem today?
Patient: I have been 1) . very unwell. Actually, I'm really worried; I can feel a
lump in my neck.
D: But Mr Smith, you've just had a 2). tomography and it was completely
clear.
P: Well maybe, but that's not my only 3), I'm still suffering from shortness
of breath and chest pains.
D: When do these usually 4)?
P: When I come back from my daily run.
D: That sounds quite 5) after physical exercise. You had an appointment
with the cardiologist last week and according to his notes you have no problems with
your 6).. at all.
P: Well maybe he missed something, I also get pains in my stomach, usually
7).. eating.
D: But Mr Smith, you had an endoscopic examination and it was completely
8)... How would you describe your diet?
P: I like a lot of spicy food.
D: Well maybe you should cut down on it and your stomach will feel better.
55

P: I think you should check me just in case.

D: Okay, I'll examine you. Could you strip to your waist, please.
A few moments later
D: That seems fine. Mr Smith, I really can't see 9).. wrong with you.
P: Well, I've been having a lot of health problems.
D: Yes, but you have seen a cardiologist, an oncologist and a neurologist and no one
has 10).. anything wrong.
P: But I have been feeling unwell, I am sure there is something wrong with me.
D: Mr Smith, I think your 11). may be psychological. I would like to refer
you to a psychiatrist and maybe we can find out exactly what is wrong with you.
P: Well if you think it will help.

Exercise 4: You are going to interview a patient about headache. First, prepare
questions. Then, act out dialogues in pairs.
Questions:
1. Location

2. Severity
...
3. Duration
...
4. Frequency
...
5. Context (while driving, etc) ..
6. Timing (a.m. or p.m.)

7. Aggravating factors
...
8. Relieving factors

Exercise 5: A role-play. Work in pairs and act out a dialogue. Change roles.
A:
You are a doctor. Take the patients history ask several questions about symptoms,
their duration, location, frequency. If necessary, ask about patients family history and
lifestyle. Recommend proper treatment or refer the patient to a specialist / specialist
tests. Remember, be friendly and professional.
B:
You are a patient. You are a young person and you have a frontal headache. Its
been bothering you for two months and its getting more and more intense. Youve
tried some drugs but without any long-term effect. You need help.
Exercise 6: Match the specialists with the definitions.
oncologist
surgeon
psychiatrist
dermatologist
allergist
radiologist

heart specialist
deals with skin diseases
brain specialist
relieves allergies
deals with cancer
specializes in imaging tests, such as X-ray

56

cardiologist
neurologist

makes operations
specializes in mental health

References:
English for Medical Students and Doctors 1, Ewa Donesch-Jeo, WPL, Krakw,
2000
English Practice for Medical Students, Anna Kuciejczyk, AMG, 2005
www.pulsmedycyny.com.pl/index/archiwum/6774,medical,english,lesson.html

57

THE PHYSIOTHERAPIST AND HIS PATIENT

Exercise 1: Discuss the following points in pairs.

In what way is a visit at the physiotherapists different from a visit in a doctors

surgery? Think about: a place, patients problems, questions asked, examination, etc.
What does physical examination done by a physiotherapist look like?
What problems may appear while examining a patient? Think about: pain,
fear, lack of understanding, etc.
Is it easy to instruct a patient to do exercises? How should it be done?

Exercise 2: Read the text and mark the sentences below True or False. Correct
the false ones. Refer to the wordlist at the end of the unit.
The basic task of a physiotherapist is to relieve a patients pain and restore his/her
normal movement and function patterns. Patients come to a physiotherapist with various problems, such as e.g. injuries. They can only be successfully treated when the
cause of the problem is fully investigated and corrected, that is when a detailed history
is taken. Interpersonal communication skills are vital because a physiotherapist has to
ask various questions concerning the location, duration, onset, character, severity, timing, exacerbating and relieving factors, radiation, but also patients lifestyle, job, other
disorders, etc. It is very important to gather as much information as possible at this
stage since it helps later in examining, diagnosing and preparing an adequate treatment plan. History taking is followed by a physical examination in which a complete
posture, gait, and biomechanical assessment must be made. This is usually carried out
by simple exercises that patients have to do. Physiotherapist instructs a patient in a
clear way, using simple language and nice tone of voice. This helps the patient to relax
and develops the feeling of trust towards the specialist.
Wordlist:
adequate - odpowiedni
backache bl plecw
bend - zgi
bottom poladki
complaint dolegliwo
exacerbate nasila si
extension exercises- wiczenia rozcigajce
firm - sztywny
gait chd
gather - zgromadzi
investigate bada
knee - kolano
lean pochyli si
lift unie
thigh udo
tummy brzuch

numerous liczny
onset pocztek
pattern wzr, model
radiation promieniowanie (o blu)
raise unosi
restore przywraca
roll over przekrci si
severity ciko (o przebiegu
choroby)
slide lizga si
sore bolcy, bolesny
spot miejsce, punkt
stick out wystawa
staighten - wyprostowa
task zadanie
vital - wany

58

1. A physiotherapist frequently deals with patients functional disabilities.

2. A successful treatment is not connected to the stage of history taking in any
way.
3. While history taking a physiotherapist should ask numerous questions.
4. Physiotherapist is not interested in a patients lifestyle.
5. Communication skills only help while history taking.
6. A physiotherapist should collect as much information about the complaint as
possible.
7. A physical examination should be careful and complete.
8. Patient does not have to do anything while physical examination.
9. Patients always trust specialists.

Exercise 3: Role play. Work in pairs. Change roles.

A
You are a physiotherapist. Ask several questions about the patients complaint (location, duration, onset, frequency, timing, character, etc.).
B
You are a patient. You have a backache. Answer the physiotherapists questions in a
detailed way.
Exercise 4: Physical examination. Read the dialogue and put the drawings in
the correct order.

Ph(ysiotherapist): Would you take off your top things, please. Now I just
want to see you standing. Keep your hands by your side, please. I
can see your hip is sticking out a little bit, isnt it?

59

Pa(tient): Yes, well, I cant straighten up easily.

Ph: Could you bend down as far as you can with your knees straight and
stop when youve had enough.
Pa: Oh, thats the limit.
Ph: Ok, stand up again, please. Now I would like you to lean backwards.
Thank you, thats enough. Now stand up straight again. Now, first of
all, I would like you to slide your right hand down the right side of
your thigh. See how far you can go. Thats fine. Now do the same
thing on the opposite side. Fine. Now come back to standing straight,
please. Keep the feet together just as they are. Keep your knees firm.
Now try and turn both shoulders round to the right, please.
Pa: Oh, thats hurts.
Ph: Now, try the same thing to the left side. Thats fine. Would you like to
get onto the couch and lie face down, please. Im just going to find
out where the sore spot is.

Exercise 5: Complete the gaps with the correct words from the box with the
help of the drawings below.

feel
raise

press
lift
straighten

lie

bend
bend

roll

Ph: Would you get onto the couch and 1) on your back, please.
Now, Im going to take your left leg and see how far we can 2).. it.
Keep the knee straight. Does it hurt you?
Pa: Yes, just a little.
Ph: Now lets see what happens if I 3).. your toes back.
Pa: Oh, thats worse.
Ph: Im going to 4).. your knee. How does it feel?
Pa: A little better.
Ph: Now lets se what happens when we 5).. your leg again.
Pa: Thats sore.
Ph: Im just going to 6) behind your knee.
Pa: Oh, that hurts a lot, here in my back.
Ph: Right. Now would you 7) over on your tummy? Bend your right
knee. How does that 8).?
Pa: It hurts.
Ph: Now Im going to 9).. your thigh off the couch.
Pa: Oh, that really hurts!

60

Exercise 6: Match the drawings below to the correct descriptions of spinal extension exercises.

1. Lie down on your tummy, place your hands on your back and lift one leg without bending your knee.
2. Keeping the same position, place your hands on your back and lift your chest
up off the floor, and then bring it down slowly.
3. Keep your hands at your sides and lie on your tummy, lift your right leg and
left arm at the same time and then bring them down. Do the same with your
right leg and arm.
4. Keep your hands on your back and lift your chest and legs up together and
then bring them down slowly.

61

5. Lie on your back with your hands on your sides and bend your knees keeping
your feet on the floor. Lift your bottom and bring it down slowly.
Exercise 7:
a) Choose 3 drawings form the handout and try to describe them as if you were instructing your patient.
b) Work in pairs. Give 3 simple instructions to your partner.
Exercise 8: Past tenses. Put the verbs in brackets in the correct form.
a) While I (try) .to get my car started, a passing car (stop)..................
and the driver (offer).................. to help me.
b) The police (pay).................. no attention to Clare's complaint because she
(phone).................. them so many times before.
c) Mary (not wear).................. her glasses at the time, so she (not notice)
.................. what kind of car the man (drive)...................
d) Nick (lie).................. down on the grass for a while, next to some tourists
who (feed).................. the ducks.
e) Tony (admit).................. that he (hit).................. the other car, but said that
he (not damage).................. it.
f) Sorry, I (not listen)............... to you then. I (think)............... about something else.
g) Helen (feel).................. very tired, and while she (finish).................. her
studying, she (fall).................. asleep.
h) The police (get).................. to Clare's house as fast as they could, but the
burglars (disappear)...................
i) I (phone).................. you last night but you (not answer)................... What
(you do).................. ?
j) We (not go).................. out yesterday because it (rain)...................
References:
English in Medicine. A course in communication skills, E. Glendinning, B. Holmstrom, CUP, 2000
FC Language Practice, Michael Vince, Macmillan, London, 2001

62

INSTRUCTING A PATIENT

Exercise 1: Below there is a list of tips concerning instructing patients. In pairs

discuss where to put them under DO or DONT? Be ready to justify your decisions.
1. Remember about your patient do not use jargon and complex
explanations.
2. Dont bother to give any explanations. You don't have time for this, right?
3. Take phone calls during sessions there is nothing wrong with this, you
can easily come back to the exercises.
4. Be calm and speak clearly, use simple words this will also make patients
more relaxed and trusting.
5. Eye contact and posture are important. They will tell the patient you're interested into their problems and listening to what they are saying.
6. Be self-confident. Never change your decisions concerning the treatment
type and the exercises you recommended. This will make patients trust
you.
7. Pretend to listen its not worth since you are sure already what the problem is and there is nothing more you want to know.
8. Slow down speaking fast obviously makes the patient feel like they're being rushed out. Try to pay attention to your tone.
9. Let your patient take in the information, and ask 'Do you understand?' Get
the patient to repeat instructions back to you to make sure they've got it.
10. Never let your patients see you are stressed - frustrations get the best of
all of us, but try not to let your patients see it. Remember, they're probably
stressed too.
11. Take a lot of notes - surprising as this may be, note taking can make patients nervous. Who cares?
12. Demonstrate the exercises when patients have problems with following
your instructions.
13. Note down some key words concerning patents chief complaint, condition.
14. Dont repeat the instruction youve just said. This will motivate patients to
be more concentrated and careful next time.
15. Be nice and friendly. It is easier to work together in a good atmosphere.
Your patients will be more relaxed and open.
DO

DONT

63

Exercise 2: Polite requests. Correct the mistakes in the sentences below.

1. Please tell me if you would feel any discomfort.
2. Do you like to just take off your shirt, please?
3. Could you moving your arms outwards in line with your body to 90 degrees?
4. Do you think you would lie on your left side, please?
5. Id like you walk slowly along that wall.
6. Lets having a look at your back!
7. Would you mind wait outside for a few moments?
8. Is it possibly for you to stand on one leg for 20 seconds?
9. I wondering if you could show me your right shoulder?
10. Please, try to raise you knee while I pressing the thigh.
Exercise 3: Match the instructions to their Polish equivalents.
1. Please flex your neck so that your chin touches your chest.
2. Please try to touch your toes while I hold your pelvis with my hands.
3. Please keep your right leg straight but relaxed and I will try to raise it as far as I
can.
4. Bend sideways, please, sliding your hand down the outer side of your leg.
5. Keeping your right arm straight, lift it up into the air several times.
6. Please lean backwards.
7. Lie flat on your back and flex your right hip and knee to 90 degrees.
8. Now rotate your leg away from the midline and then towards the midline.
9. Please tilt your head sideways, first to the right and then to the left.
10. Please put your arm behind your back and try to reach up to the base of your
neck.
11. Place your palms together in a position of prayer and elevate your elbows.
12. Now move your arms across the front of your body.
13. Please curl your fingers up into full flexion.
14. Please try to move your foot upwards while I press against it.
Prosz obraca nog na zewntrz i do rodka.
Prosz zoy donie jak do modlitwy i unie oba okcie.
Prosz pochyli si do tyu.
Prosz wyprostowa i rozluni praw nog, bd si stara maksymalnie ja podnie.
Prosz sign rk do tyu i stara si dotkn palcami podstawy karku.
Prosz teraz porusza poprzecznie ramionami przed sob.
Prosz podnosi do gry wyprostowane prawe rami.
Prosz zgi kark tak, aby dotkn podbrdkiem klatki piersiowej.
Prosz pooy si na plecach i zgi praw nog w biodrze i kolnie pod ktem 90
stopni.
Prosz przechyla gow na boki, najpierw w prawo, a potem w lewo.
Prosz sprbowa podnie stop do gry, podczas gdy ja bd j pcha do dou.
Prosz sprbowa dotkn palcw stp, podczas gdy ja przytrzymam Pana/i miednic.
Prosz zgi maksymalnie palce.
Prosz wykonywa skony na boki zsuwajc rk wzdu uda w d.

64

Exercise 4: Complete the instructions below with the correct words from the
box.
foot
against

push
index
forwards
reflexes
neck

fingers
heels

sole
keeping

Now extend your 1) so that the back of your head touches your back.
2) your legs straight move the right leg outwards as far as you can.
Now raise your arms 3).. and then backwards.
Separate your 4) and then move them together.
Please push forcefully 5).. the wall.
Touch you nose with the tip of your 6). finger and then touch my finger.
I shall now test your 7). with this tendon hammer.
Now lie down again with your 8). resting on the couch; try to move your
9). upwards while I press against it.
Please turn the 10) of your foot inwards and then outwards.
Please shrug your shoulders while I 12) down on them.
Exercise 5: Work in pairs. Give your partner 6 instructions and make sure
he/she follows them correctly. Repeat the instructions if necessary.
Exercise 6: Translate into English.
1. Prosz pokrci gow w koo, najpierw w prawo, a potem w lewo.
2. Prosz skrci tuw w lewo, a ja bd przytrzymywa Pana/ni miednic.
3. Majc nogi wyprostowane, prosz odcign praw nog jak najdalej na zewntrz.
4. Prosz pooy si na brzuchu na kozetce. Prosz podnosi do gry wyprostowan praw nog.
5. Prosz zgi i wyprostowa okie.
6. Prosz porusza stop w gr i w d.
7. Prosz dotkn czubka gowy najpierw praw a potem lew doni.
8. Prosz wyprostowa kolano i nie pozwoli mi go zgi.
References:
English in medical practice. Jzyk angielski w medycynie, J.P. Murray, J. Radomski, W. Szyszkowski, PZWL 2006
English Practice for Medical Students, Anna Kuciejczyk, AMG, 2005
Test Your Professional English Medical, Alison Pohl, Penquin, Harlow, 2002

65

THE LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM HISTORY TAKING

Exercise 1: Discuss in pairs.

What does taking a patients history mean? When is it carried out?

What questions do physiotherapists ask in order to get information about the
complaints? Give examples.
Can you think of questions connected directly to the locomotor system?
What should the physiotherapist do when:
a patient does not seem to understand the question,
does not know how to answer the question,
is so stressed and shy that its difficult to talk with him?

Exercise 2: Below there are questions concerning patients locomotor system

and abilities. Complete the questions with the correct words.
weakness
pains
affected

sensation
swelling
bones
worse
cope
diseases
ligaments
stiffness

wash
cook
relieved

1. Do you suffer from any in your bones, joints or muscles?

2. Have you noticed any or .... of your joints?
3. Which joint is mostly .?
4. Is the pain .. by rest or by activity?
5. Does the pain get .. as the day goes on?
6. Do you ..suffer from any backache?
7. Can you at home by yourself?
8. Can you manage to . yourself?
9. Can you manage to . upstairs?
10. Can you manage to . a meal?
11. Have you broken any in the past?
12. Have you sprained or torn your ankle or knee .. before?
13. Has anyone in your family ever suffered from bones or joints ?
14. Have you ever felt a tingling .. in your feet?
15. Have you ever noticed any muscle ? Is it regular? When
does it occur?
Exercise 3: Work in pairs and act a role-play.
A: You are a physiotherapist. Ask your patient 10 questions concerning his/her locomotor system. Ask about performing everyday activities, the severity of symptoms,
etc.
B: You are a patient. The physiotherapist is going to interview you with lots of questions concerning your locomotor system. Give detailed answers (not just Yes / No)
Change roles.
Exercise 4: Write questions for these answers.

66

1..?
No, Ive never felt anything like this.
2. ?
Yes, my grandmother suffered from osteopenia.
3. ?
No, I wasnt. This is my first visit for the last two years.
4. ?
It happens from time to time and the I cannot do anything.
5..?
I am rather weak and tired all the time.
6..?
I definitely feel better when I rest for an hour or two.
7. ?
Both legs are much better since you gave me these painkillers.
8. ....?
I started when I lifted a heavy box with my brothers things.
9. .?
For a couple of months now.
10.?
On the left side of my calf, somewhere here.
Exercise 5: Translate into English.
1. Czy czuje Pan od czasu do czasu mrowienie w lewym barku?
2. Czy jest Pan w stanie doj do toalety?
3. Czy ostatnio zauway Pan obrzk staww w lewej nodze?
4. Czy jest Pan w stanie normalnie si porusza?
5. Czy zauway pan jakie trudnoci podczas chodzenia?
6. Czy zeszej zimy wystpiy u Pana podobne objawy?
7. Czy podobne ble odczuwa Pan rwnie w nocy?
8. Czy problemom chodzeniem towarzysz jakie inne dolegliwoci?
9. Czy codzienne czynnoci sprawiaj Panu wicej problemw ni zwykle?
10. Czy bl wystpuje w jednym miejscu, czy promieniuje w kierunku koczyn
dolnych?
Exercise 6: You have a patient suffering from some locomotor system problems. Youve been treating this patient for a couple of weeks but you feel you
need some consultation with another specialist. Write a letter to professor Harris, a well-known physiotherapist, describe the case of your patient and ask for
advice concerning further treatment.
Exercise 7: Change the words in bold to complete the sentences below.
1.
2.
3.
4.

Drug is a problem causing great concern. addict

She is very enthusiastic, but no well-. . qualification
His collection of old medical books is extremely value
taking private patients is a . business.
profit

67

5. Can you tell me if the disease is .?

infect
6. He has written an . review of a article.
extend
7. Certain allergens stimulate the mechanism. defense
8. My ankle is really , I cant walk easily!
swell
9. A patient has dropped a walking stick.
accident
10. He specializes in disorders.
develop
11. The exercises he suggested were unfortunately . effect
12. Unfortunately your illness is .
cure
Exercise 8: Past tenses. Complete the sentences below using the correct past
forms of the verbs.
Last year, Ruby and Steve 1) decided (decide) to buy a new house. They
2). (save up) for ages, and by the end of June they 3)..
(put by) enough for the deposit on a house. They 4). (live) in a tiny
flat at the time and Ruby 5). (insist) that they 6)..
(want) a house somewhere near the town they 7).. (work) in. They
8)(search) for only a week when they found exactly what they
9)(look for) a nice house in a peaceful surrounding. Unfortunately, the owner 10).(ask) much more than they
11). (be able) to pay, and when they 12)..
(look) more closely at the rooms, they 13) (see) that whoever
14). (live) there before, 15) ... (make) an absolute
mess of the walls and floors. Still, Ruby 16). (like) the house and
the location so much that somehow she 17).. (manage) to convince
Steve that, despite the price, it 18) (be) the perfect house for
them.

References:
English in medical practice. Jzyk angielski w medycynie, J.P. Murray, J. Radomski, W. Szyszkowski, PZWL 2006
Intermediate Language Practice, Michael Vince, Macmillan, London, 2001

68

FIRST AID
"According to the recent research, over half of those killed in road accidents die before they reach hospital. And well over a third of those could have been saved by first
aid at the scene."
Exercise 1: Discuss in pairs / small groups.
1. Where do accidents happen most often?
2. What are the most common causes of accidents?
3. Why do so many people die in accidents?
4. Are the witnesses usually willing to help? Why (not)?
5. What / who can cause problems in a situation you want to help an accident victim?
6. Have you ever been a witness to an accident? What happened?
7. Do you know what to do in case of some emergency situations? Are you familiar
with any first-aid procedures? Give examples.
8. Think of possible ways how to teach more people first-aid procedures.
Exercise 2: Read the text and answer the questions below. If necessary refer to
the wordlist.
First Aid in Medical Emergencies
Medical problems do not always develop slowly. Sometimes there are emergencies.
An emergency is a situation that requires immediate care to prevent greater harm to
the patient. However, it is not always possible to get professional medical help right
away, so it is important for everyone to be familiar with first-aid procedures. First aid
is emergency treatment given before a physician can arrive. Its main task is to save
life. Fortunately, most first-aid procedures are not complicated and can be performed
by someone with a minimum of training. In emergency cases, a doctor should be
called as well as an ambulance, if necessary. The doctor should be informed what
treatment was administered and when it was started and completed. This information
will be important to the medical personnel who treat the patient later.
General Rules at the site of an accident:
1. Keep cool. The only way to help effectively is to learn beforehand what to do
and how to do it.
2. Send at once for a doctor in all except the minor accidents.
3. Prevent panic, and keep the crowd at a distance. The patient needs fresh air to
breathe, and space around him.
4. Loosen the clothing, especially around the neck or anything else that may interfere with breathing.
5. Keep the patient flat on his back if the accident is at all serious, with the head
slightly down if his face is pale and he is faint, or slightly raised if his face is
flushed and he is breathing heavily.
6. If there is vomiting, turn the head to one side, so that the mouth can drain.
7. Remove clothing if necessary, gently and in such a manner as to give the patient the least amount of suffering. Move any injured part as little as possible.
69

8. Transportation. Send for the ambulance, or make an improvised emergency

stretcher.
When the patient shows some signs of shock, is unconscious, has a serious fracture
of some bone or bones, has a serious injury to any part of the body, or is bleeding
excessively, he must be carried lying flat.
A condition that accompanies many emergencies is shock. When in shock, the bodily tissues are not receiving an adequate supply of oxygen-containing blood. In consequence, severe disturbances of all functions of the organism and especially acute
circulatory failure in the form of collapse may follow. It is caused by violent injury, particularly burns, fractures or heavy bleeding, or by strong emotions. Every injury is accompanied by some degree of shock and so should be treated promptly. Shock may
be immediate or delayed, slight or severe, even fatal. The symptoms are: paleness,
hands and nose cold and clammy (skin is cold), the pulse is weak, the breathing is
shallow, faintness or unconsciousness. The patient may or may not be unconscious.
The symptoms vary in intensity depending on patient and injury. The victim should be
made to lie flat with the feet raised. External bleeding should be controlled, and the
victim should be kept warm and comfortable until help arrives. Stimulants can only be
given after the patient has recovered sufficiently to swallow, and when there is no
serious bleeding. If internal haemorrhage is suspected, or presence of head injuries,
no stimulants are allowed. (Stimulants are i.e. strong, hot, black coffee with sugar or
strong, hot tea, or other warm drinks) Never try to give a stimulant to an unconscious
person!
Wordlist:
accident victim ofiara wypadku
acute circulatory failure ostra niewydolno krenia
beforehand wczeniej
blankiet koc
breathe oddycha
burn oparzenie
casualty ofiara (wypadku)
clammy wilgotny
collapse zapa
delayed opniony
disturbance zakcenie
drain udroni, oprni
effectively skutecznie
emergency nagy wypadek, sytuacja
excessive - nadmierny
faint omdlay, omdle
(be) familiar with zna co
first aid procedures zasady udzielania
pierwszej pomocy
flat paski, na leco
flushed rozpalony
fracture zamanie
greaseproof paper papier kuchenny
natuszczony z jednej strony

haemorrhage krwotok
immediate nagy, natychmiastowy
interfere zakca
kitchen film folia kuchenna
minor mniejszy, mniej powany
oxygen tlen
pad wacik
pale blady
pinch - uszczypn
prevent zapobiec
promptly szybko
require wymaga
shallow pytki
stimulants rodki pobudzajce
stretcher nosze
sufficiently - wystarczajco
supply zaopatrzenie (np. w krew)
swallow przeyka
throat gardo
triangular trjktny
tourniquet opaska uciskowa
unconscious nieprzytomny
vomit wymiotowa

70

1. What is the main purpose of emergency treatment?

2. Do you need long training to give first aid?
3. Should a doctor always be sent for?
4. Why should the people who observe the accident be kept at a distance?
5. When should a victim be transported in a flat position?
6. What can shock result from?
7. What are the types of shock?
8. What are the symptoms of shock?
9. Can stimulants be given to any patient when in shock?
Exercise 3: Discuss the questions in pairs and choose the correct answer in
the quiz below.
1. The best way to stop a bleeding cut is to:
a) Hold a thick pad to it
b) Put a tourniquet on the cut
triangular bandage

c) Apply a

2. Which of these makes a good substitute for a bandage on a burn?

a) Kitchen film
b) Greaseproof paper
c) Kitchen paper towel
3. Whats the recommended way of checking a casualtys circulation?
a) Look for eye movement b) Take casualty's pulse c) Pinch casualtys ear
4. What might you suggest a heart attack victim should take?
a) Nothing at all
b) A cup of hot, sweet tea
c) An aspirin
5. Anaphylaxis is:
a) A severe allergic reaction

b) Not breathing

c) Loss of memory

6. How quickly after he stops breathing is a casualty in danger of brain damage?

a) 1 minute
b) 4 minutes
c) 15 minutes
7. A person who has swallowed poison should first be treated by:
a) Making the casualty vomit
b) Giving the casualty a drink
c) Calling an ambulance
8. Treating an elderly person with hypothermia, you should
a) Wrap her in a blanket b) Put her in a warm bath c) Sit her by the fire
9. The "recovery position":
a) Makes the casualty feel more comfortable
b) Makes it easier to perform rescue breathing
c) Keeps the tongue from blocking the throat
10. Which one of the following is true:
a) Butter on a burn will help to heal it?
b) Breathing into a paper bag will help the victim of a panic attack?
c) A poisoning casualty should be encouraged to vomit?

71

Exercise 4: Past tenses. Choose the most suitable answer.

a) I suddenly remembered that I forgot/had forgotten my passport.
b) While Jake watched/was watching her favourite television programme, there was
a power-cut.
c) David used to live/would live in the house at the end of the street.
d) Who was driving/drove the car at the time of the accident?
e) By the time Sheila got back Parker went/had gone.
f) Mike ate/had eaten Thai food before, so he knew what to order.
g) I did/was doing some shopping yesterday, when I saw a friend of yours.
h) I used to like/was liking sweets much more than I do now.
i) What exactly were you doing/did you do when I came into your office yesterday?
j) Ben missed the party because no-one was telling/had told her about it.
k) Margaret would/used to be a doctor.
References:
FC Language Practice, Michael Vince, Macmillan, London, 2001
www.bbc.co.uk/apps/ifl/health/gigaquiz?path=firstaid_quick&infile=firstaid_quick
www.healthy.net/scr/MainLinks.asp?Id=170

72

PHYSICAL ACTIVITY FOR OR AGAINST?

Exercise 1: Discuss the following points in pairs.

Does physical activity have a good or bad effect on human body? Why (not)?
Is physical activity good for everyone?
Can you think of any health problems caused by physical activity?
Are you an active person? How much physical activity do you have every day?
Are you happy with your current lifestyle? Would you like to change it? How?

Exercise 2: Read the text and decide whether the statements below are TRUE
or FALSE. Correct the FALSE statements.
Regular physical activity, fitness, and exercise are extremely important for health and
well being of people of all ages. They have beneficial effects on most (if not all) organ
systems, and consequently they help to prevent a broad range of health problems
and diseases. People of all ages, both male and female, take substantial health
benefits from physical activity. There are various types of exercises with different levels of intensity: some improve flexibility, some build muscular strength and some increase endurance. All of them bring lots of benefits, such as: reducing the risk of developing heart diseases (coronary artery disease), obesity, diabetes, stroke, high
blood pressure, colon and breast cancer, helping to build and maintain healthy
bones, joints, and muscles, helping to maintain a healthy weight, reducing feelings of
depression and anxiety, improving mood, and promoting psychological well-being.
Weight-bearing physical activity is essential for normal skeletal development during
childhood and adolescence and for achieving and maintaining peak bone mass in
young adults. Muscle-strengthening exercises appear to protect against falling and
fractures among the elderly (probably by increasing muscle strength and balance),
and may protect against the rapid decline in bone mass among post-menopausal
women. In addition, such exercises may be beneficial for many people with arthritis.
Besides, regular physical activity can help to improve the lives of young people beyond its effects on physical health. Studies have found that participation in physical
activity increases adolescents self-esteem, reduces anxiety and stress and thus has
significantly favourable effects on their academic achievements.
Despite these well-known benefits of physical activity, most adults and many children
lead a relatively sedentary lifestyle and are not active enough to achieve these health
benefits. A sedentary lifestyle is defined as engaging in no leisure-time physical activity (exercises, sports, physically active hobbies) in a two-week period. However, being physically active helps to avoid the costs related to sedentary lifestyle: health
care costs for preventive, diagnostic, and treatment services related to chronic conditions mentioned above, and the costs associated with the value of lost salary by people unable to work because of illness and disability. Since regular physical activity
helps prevent disease and promote health, it may actually decrease health care
costs.
Because physical inactivity is a risk factor for many diseases and conditions, making
physical activity an integral part of daily life is crucial. Physical activities need not be

73

strenuous to be beneficial. People of all ages benefit from moderate physical activity,
such as 30 minutes of walking five or more times a week. But don't overdo it. Too
much exercise can give you sore muscles and increase the risk of injury.
Wordlist:
achieve osign, dokona
achievement osignicie, dokonanie
adolescence okres dojrzewania
anxiety niepokj
arthritis - artretyzm
beneficial korzystny
bone mass masa kostna
breast pier
cardiovascular sercowo-naczyniowy
colon okrnica
consequently w konsekwencji
coronary artery ttnica wiecowa
decline spadek
diabetes cukrzyca
favourable korzystny, pozytywny
flexibility elastyczno, gitko
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

fracture zamanie
moderate - umiarkowany
mood nastrj
mortality - miertelno
peak szczyt, szczytowy
risk factor czynnik ryzyka
regardless bez wzgldu na
sedentary siedzcy
self-esteem poczucie wasnej godnoci
significantly - znacznie
strenuous mozolny, wytony
substantial znaczny
weight-bearing obcieniowe (wiczenia)

Only the skeletal system benefits from physical exercises.

Physical activity is good for everyone, regardless their age.
Physical activity increases the risk of heart diseases.
Physical activity has no good effect on peoples mental health.
Elderly people should never engage in muscle-strengthening exercises.
Regular physical activity is not connected with academic performance.
Sedentary lifestyle is common only among adults.
Sedentary lifestyle helps to save money since you avoid e.g. sports injuries.
Physical exercises need not be very hard to be effective.

Exercise 3: Complete the following phrases from the text.

1. .. effects
2. .. effects
3. .. conditions
4. muscle
.
5. breast
.
6. .. part
7. sore
..
8. academic ..
9. strength
10. . weight

74

Exercise 4: Work in small groups. Prepare a set of tips (about 10) for young
people university students who want to be active and healthy. Think about
the following categories: exercises (frequency, intensity, time, type, etc.), diet,
leisure activities, bad habits (cigarette smoking, drinking alcohol), etc.
1. ..
2. ..
3. ..
4. ..
5. ..
6. ..
7. ..
8. ..
9. ..
10. ..
Exercise 5: Complete the sentences below with the correct words from the text.
The first letters have been given.
1. Physical inactivity is a major r. factor for heart disease and
stroke and is linked to cardiovascular mortality.
2. Some forms of continuous activities involve using the large m. in
your arms or legs. These are called e or aerobic exercises.
3. Even m.-intensity activities, when performed daily, can have
some long-term health benefits.
4. Start exercising slowly, and gradually increase the i... Trying too
hard at first can lead to i.
5. Approximately one-third of persons age 65 or older lead a s..
lifestyle. Older women are generally less physically a than
older men.
6. Participation in physical activity and sports can p social wellbeing, as well as good physical and m health, among young
people.
Exercise 6: FUTURE FORMS. Complete the sentences. Sometimes there may
be more then one possibility.
The future simple (will + infinitive)is
used for:
future facts
We'll celebrate our 100th anniversary next
year.
predictions or expectations
I think I'll get a promotion next week.
decisions about the future made at
the time of speaking
Ill have the chicken with potatoes.
Going to + infinitive is used for:
predictions based on present
knowledge
Be careful or you are going to collapse!

decisions or plans about the future

made before the time of speaking
I'm going to invite a lot of people to my
party next week.
The present continuous is used for:
actions or events in the future that
have already been arranged
I'm meeting my boss tomorrow morning.
The present simple is used for:
scheduled or fixed events
The concert starts at three o'clock on
Saturday.

75

1. Do you think the car ___________ (start) if I turn on the key?

2. I've got to go now, but I _______________ (see) you next week, OK?
3. Look out! That ladder ______________ (fall)!
4. They say the weather _____________ (get) worse in the next few days.
5. I ___________ (be) a pilot when I grow up,' said the little boy.
6. The train _______________ (leave) in five minutes - let's go!
7. Now, let's look at the timetable. We ___________ (arrive) in Rome at 6.45
and we __________ (depart) at 7.30 for Naples.
8. We ____________ (plan) to buy a new house sometime this year.
9. You __________ (fail) the exam if you don't study more.
10. I ____________ (carry) those bags for you; they must be very heavy.
References:
First Certificate Star, Luke Prodromou, Macmillan Heinemann, Madrid, 2003
http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=4563
http://aspe.hhs.gov/health/reports/physicalactivity/
http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/obesity/lose_wt/phy_act.htm

76

BALNEOTHERAPY

Exercise 1: Read the text below and answer the questions.

Balneotherapy is one of the oldest therapies and medical procedures known, widely
regarded and used for many centuries throughout Europe and Asia, where people
have historically flocked to luxury spas for recreation and treatment. By original definition, balneotherapy is a 'treatment by bathing or soaking in mineral waters of hot
springs'. In Japan, the traditional form of balneotherapy is hot water springs bathing;
in Europe, mineral bathing. Both are characterized by repeated immersion of the
whole body in hot water, that is stimulating to the body. Balneotherapy is a natural
therapy which makes the best use of natural elements, such as hot springs, climatic
factors, biological and circadian rhythmic phases and natural herbal substances. It is
also called spa therapy, the water used in it has minerals added or naturally occurring. For centuries the benefits of therapeutic bathing have been recognized for the
ability to relieve pain and improve the general well being of the body and the spirit.
Today, soaking or bathing in special salts is an accepted way of relieving musculoskeletal and arthritic pain and discomfort, swelling and joint stiffness, improving
blood flow and overall mobility, relaxing and relieving tension and stress. Salts - bath
salts - can be added to bath tubs and jacuzzis for a satisfying, soothing, relaxing
and/or refreshing soak at the end of the busy day. Therapeutic effects of 'dry' mineral
salts are dependent upon their chemical composition, which is closely related to the
sedimentation conditions of the deposit formation. The salts most commonly occurring in the natural mineral deposits are sodium, potassium and magnesium salts individually (mono) or as mixed salts (poly mineral). Although seldom practiced in the
United States, balneotherapy is very much a part of routine medical care throughout
Europe and Asia. Medical prescriptions are given there by licensed doctors for the
treatment of a wide range of conditions (also in the post injury and post operative
rehabilitation of the locomotor apparatus), and utilizing mineral waters as a part of
preventive medicine is widely recognized and encouraged.
Balneologists generally classify mineral springs into: cold (temperatures below 25C),
tepid (ranging from 25-34C), warm (34 - 42C), hot (above 42C). Waters may also
be classified as acidic, basic / alkaline, or neutral, according to the balance of hydrogen in the water (Ph scale). The legal classification of a hot springs mineral content
varies in different parts of the world. Generally speaking a mineral spring contains
greater than 1000 mg/l of naturally dissolved solids.
Research carried out by European medical doctors has found that hot springs bathing (thermal therapy): increases hydrostatic pressure in the body, increases blood
circulation and cell oxygenation, stimulates body metabolism, digestion, elimination
of toxins, regulates secretion of some hormones, relieves chronic pain associated
with inflammation. However, not everyone should utilize high-temperature hot springs
for therapeutic use since there are numerous contraindications, such as e.g. high
fever, hypertension, cancerous conditions, liver, kidney, or circulatory disorders,
pregnancy, anaemia. When any contraindicated condition exists, soaking in mineral
waters should not be done at excessively high temperatures without medical consultation.

77

Wordlist:
acidic kwany
alkaline zasadowy
arthritic odnoszcy si do zapalenia
stawu
balance bilans, rwnowaga
balneotherapy balneoterapia, leczenie
kpielami wodnymi
bathe wykpa si
bath tube wanna
cancerous nowotworowy
cell komrka
circadian rhythm rytm dobowy
composition skad (chemiczny)
content skad, zawarto
contraindications przeciwwskazania
deposit osad
digestion trawienie
dissolved rozpuszczone
excessively nadmiernie
flock toczy si
herbal zioowy
hot springs gorce rda
hydrogen wodr
hydrostatic pressure cinienie hydrostatyczne
hypertension nadcinienie
immersion zanurzenie
inflammation zapalenie
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

joint stiffness sztywno staww

layer - warstwa
magnesium magnez
neutral obojtny
occur wystpowa
oxygenation natlenianie
phase faza
potassium potas
pregnancy cia
prescription recepta, zalecenie
range siga (od do)
regard uznawa co
(spa) resort - kurort
secretion wydzielanie
sedimentation opadanie, osadzanie si
seldom - rzadko
soak wymoczy, nasiknicie
sodium sd
solid substancja staa
soothe uspokoi, ukoi (np. bl)
spa uzdrowisko
spirit dusza
swelling opuchlizna
tension napicie
tepid ciepawy, letni
utilize uywa

What is balneotherapy?
In what way are Japanese and European concepts of balneotherapy different?
What does balneotherapy make use of?
In which situations is balneotherapy applied nowadays?
What do therapeutic effects of mineral salts depend on?
How are mineral springs classified?
What are the effects of thermal therapy on the body?
Who should avoid hot springs bathing?

Exercise 2: Discuss the following questions in pairs.

Have you ever had a spa therapy applied? Is it a common therapy nowadays?
Are spa resorts popular in Poland? Why do people go there? What is offered
in spa resorts?
Where are the most popular spa resorts in Poland? Is their location connected to the kinds of therapies offered to patients?

78

Would you consider going to a spa resort? Why (not)? For what reason
(medical treatment, holidays, relax, a weekend out with friends, etc.)?

Exercise 3: Complete the sentences using the information from the text or your
own ideas.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

The original definition of balneotherapy ..

Cold , tepid, warm, and hot are .
People suffering from hypertension .
Medical doctors prescribe . postoperative rehabilitation.
Musculoskeletal pain is special salts.
In Europe .. than in the United States.
A mineral spring contains solids.
Thermal therapy . for example: ..

Exercise 4: Find the terms in the text that match the definitions below.
1. - a large, indoor bath that makes hot water move in strong
currents around your body.
2. . - a list of chemicals that make up a substance
3. . - a substance which is produced by one part of the body
and is carried to another part by the bloodstream where it has particular effect
or functions.
4. . - a layer of mineral, metal, that is left in soil, rocks, or water
in a natural process.
5. .. - a state of expecting a baby by a woman.
6. .. - long-term, lasting for a long time (of a disease)
7. .. - the act of putting someone or something into a liquid so
that it is completely covered.
8. .. - an inner part of someone that includes their thoughts and
feelings.
9. .. - chemical processes which are continually taking place in
the human body that are essential to life.
10. .. - to go to a place in large numbers because something interesting is happening there.
Exercise 5: Translate the sentences into Polish.
1. Many of the stimulating benefits of hot springs water are temperature dependent.
2. Balneologists have found that hot springs soaking temporarily relieves chronic
pain directly associated with inflammation, even in cases where inflammation
has not been reduced.
3. Due to balneotherapy, the elimination systems of the body are stimulated and
the body's capacity to detoxify is improved.
4. 3 to 4 weeks of regular thermal bathing can assist in the normalization of endocrine glands and assist the activity of the automatic nervous system.

79

5. Mineral springs with different mineral content are often recommended for various therapeutic uses.
6. The balneologists believe that bathing in bicarbonate water assists opening
peripheral blood vessels and helps to improve circulation to the body's extremities.
7. The state of one's metabolism and the presence of medical conditions is the
determining factor when considering the most safe and healthy water temperature to bath in.
8. Some specialists believe that warm spring soaking is more beneficial than
thermal therapy.
Refereces:
Collins Cobuild English Dictionary, London, 1995
http://www.winhealth.co.uk/Balneotherapy.htm
http://www.balneotherapy.com/therapy.shtml
http://www.eytonsearth.org/balneology-balneotherapy.php

80

KINESITHERAPY

Exercise 1: Read the text and answer the questions below.

Kinesitherapy, as a part of physical therapy, represents one of the most important
aspects of medical rehabilitation. A common definition of kinesitherapy states that it
is a corrective application of passive and active movements, such as massage and
exercise. It involves movement of various parts of the body, or the whole body, in
order to maintain, establish, develop and change functions of the locomotor apparatus and organs of locomotion. Thus, treatment of diseases / disorders by means of
kinesitherapy methods takes advantage of different forms of exercises. The aim of
kinesitherapy is to use all potential of the treated patients, to achieve optimal recovery of the damaged function of locomotion. Main treatment objectives are e.g. to restore painless movements of spine and limbs, improve body efficiency, enhance
muscle resistance, form correct movement habits, and achieve controlled weight
drop.
Kinesitherapy is used in prevention, rehabilitation and recreation programmes. It is
commonly divided into active and passive, depending on the exercises it involves.
Active exercises are divided into: active exercises with assistance, without assistance
and active exercises with resistance. Kinesitherapy may also be divided into local
(concentrates on a diseased organ treatment involves e.g. application of passive
exercises conducted by a physiotherapist or a CPM apparatus, isometric exercises,
active-passive exercises, respiration exercises) and general (involves the whole body
and includes e.g. overall fitness and relaxation gymnastics, exercises in water, team
exercises).
Therapeutic indications in kinesitherapy cover such problems as: disorders of the
locomotor system, mobility problems, back pain, discopathy and degenerative
changes in backbone and joints, limb paresis, post-injury or neurological changes,
faulty posture, chronic cardiologic and respiratory diseases, diabetes, obesity, osteoporosis, it is also used after stroke, heart infarct, abdominal surgeries, etc. The
treatment may be given in both pre- and post-operative stages. Kinesitherapy is applied in almost all medical branches in numerous pathological conditions, as well as a
method of prevention. Practically, there are no absolute contraindications, and exceptions are extremely rare. Moreover, kinesitherapy can be used as supplementary
treatment or as basic treatment form.
The most common methods in kinesitherapy are for example:
the Bobath Concept used in the management of adults and children suffering from cerebral palsy;
the McKenzie Method - used in the examination and treatment of mechanical
disorders of the back and neck;
PNF (Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation) - originally developed as a
form of rehabilitation, also used for increasing flexibility, (and range of movement) and improving muscular strength.
The Mulligan Concept treating musculoskeletal injuries by the method of
mobilisations with movement (MWMS).

81

Wordlist:
abdominal dotyczcy jamy brzusznej
achieve osign
active czynny
active-passive exercises wiczenia
czynno-bierne
application zastosowanie
backbone krgosup
cerebral palsy poraenie mzgowe
chronic przewleky
concept metoda
contraindication przeciwwskazanie
CPM aparat CPM (Continuous Passive
Motion cigy bierny ruch)
degenerative changes zmiany zwyrodnieniowe
discopathy dyskopatia
disturbance - zakcenie
drop spadek
enhance wzmaga, podnosi
establish - ustanowi
exception wyjtek
facilitation uatwianie, torowanie (ruchu)
faulty nieprawidowy

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

heart infarct zawa serca

in advance z wyprzedzeniem
indication wskazanie, oznaka
isometric izometryczny
local miejscowy
locomotion czynno ruchowa
locomotor apparatus narzd ruchu
locomotor system ukad ruchu
mobilisation with movement mobilizacje poczone ruchem
mobility ruchomo
neuromuscular nerwowo-miniowe
paresis niedowad
passive bierny
post-injury pourazowy
post-operative pooperacyjny
proprioceptive dotyczce receptorw
ciaa
rare - rzadki
resistance opr
respiration oddychanie
supplementary uzupeniajcy
susceptibility podatno na co
take advantage of korzysta z

What is kinesitherapy?
What is movement needed for?
What are the treatment objectives?
How can kinesitherapy be divided?
What is the difference between local and general kinesitherapy?
In which conditions can kinesitherapy be applied?
Is it possible to treat disorders only by means of kinesitherapy?
What can be treated by the Bobath method?
What is the Mulligan method about?

Exercise 2: Discuss the following points in pairs.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of individual and group therapy?
When is each of these therapies applied?
Is it better to work only with a specific type of patients (e.g. people after stroke)
or to have contact with different people (children, group therapy, etc.). Why?
Is it very different to work with children and for example elderly people? Why
(not)? What is important when dealing with certain types of patients?

82

Exercise 3: Complete the sentences with words from the text:

1. Pneumonia and lung cancer are the examples of the .. system diseases.
2. The process of . of the patient after an antibiotic therapy was
quite fast.
3. Anaemia is a . disease, it can last even several months.
4. Cardiology, neurology and pediatrics are different . of medicine.
5. Last year there was a sudden . in the number of children born in
our country.
6. Massage and yoga are the most common . techniques.
7. Theres every that the operation has been a success.
8. The operation was performed with the of a well-known anesthesiologist.
Exercise 4: Find opposites to the words given below in the text in Exercise 1.
healthy .
rare .
individual - .
worsen
immobility - .
correct .
painful .
active .
post-operative .
repaired .

Exercise 5: Ask about the underlined parts of the sentences.

1. Continual work posture, such as over a desk/computer, causes biomechanical
disturbances.
2. Susceptibility to disorders can be noticed even a few years in advance.
3. Exercises are performed individually by patient and under the physiotherapists supervision.
4. Aqua environment relieves mans joints and provides optimal conditions for
muscle training.
5. A therapist sticks a few elastic plasters on the patients body.
6. Thanks to a detailed initial diagnosis it is possible to permanently remove the
cause of your problem.
7. Most back and limb disorders (in non-injury cases), are results of biomechanical disturbances.
8. We could not expect good results from the therapy.
Exercise 6: Translate the sentences into English.
1. Kinezyterapia jest jedn z metod fizjoterapii i polega na leczeniu ruchem.
2. Obecnie kinezyterapi dzieli si na miejscow, w ktrej wszystkie oddziaywania dotycz bezporednio narzdu zmienionego chorobowo, oraz ogln
wykorzystujc wiczenia nie objtych chorob czci ciaa.

83

3. Kinezyterapia stosuje bardzo efektywne metody - specjalistyczne sposoby

aplikowania ruchu.
4. Kinezyterapia najczciej stosowana jest w schorzeniach i dysfunkcjach narzdu ruchu, blach krgosupa, po udarach mzgu, po zawale serca, w niektrych chorobach ukadu oddechowego, po zabiegach operacyjnych w jamie
brzusznej.
5. Kinezyterapia moe by stosowana jako podstawowa i jedyna forma leczenia.
6. Jeeli choroba wymaga leczenia operacyjnego, kinezyterapia moe by prowadzona zarwno w okresie przedoperacyjnym jak i po zabiegu.
7. Kinezyterapi czsto czy si z innymi formami leczenia w celu zwikszenia
efektu terapeutycznego.
Exercise 7: Future forms. Read the conversation and put the verbs in brackets
into the correct form. Use: will, going to, present continuous, or present simple.
A: ............ (you/do) anything tomorrow?
B: I haven't decided yet. Maybe I ........... (just/stay) at home. What
about you?
A: Oh, I ............. (play) football with Ben and some
friends if the weather's OK. In the evening we ............ (go) to the open-air
cinema. They ............. (show) Leo Fisher's latest movie.
B: Have you heard the weather forecast? It ........... (rain) all day tomorrow.
A: Oh, no! We can't miss the film. Well, we .......... (just/have to) take our
umbrellas. Anyway, we ............ (probably/not notice) the weather. Who
cares about the rain if the movie's good?
B: That's true. What time ............. (the film/begin)?
A: The doors .......... (open) at six o'clock. I ........... (meet) Ben at
6.15.
B: It sounds too good to miss. I think I ............ (come) too!
A: Why not? We ........ (try) to get you a ticket if you like.
B: Great, thanks. I ........... (pay) you back when I see you.

References:
Fast Track to FCE Stanton, A., Stephens, M., , Longman, 2001
http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinezyterapia
http://www.ravopt.phg.pl/prod03.htm
www.ippt.com/Cranio%20Sacral%20Therapy%20and%20Kinesitherapy.doc
www.podtezniami.pl/_cpd,en/6,68/kinesytherapy.html

84

HYDROTHERAPY
Exercise 1: Read the text and answer the questions below.
As it was said before, balneotherapy means applying mineral water or hot springs
baths in order to relieve certain symptoms. In hydrotherapy, however, similar effects
are achieved by means of drinking and tap water. Hydrotherapy is defined as the
use of water for therapeutic aims. Water is used in different forms, various temperatures and under different pressure. Physiological effects of hydrotherapy may be
classified as thermal, mechanical, and chemical. Thermal effects (the most common)
are produced by the application of water at temperatures above or below that of the
body. The mechanical effects are produced by the impact of water upon the surface
of the body in the form of sprays, douches, whirlpools, etc. The chemical effects are
produced when it is taken by mouth or used to irrigate a body cavity, such as the
large colon. Water also has a hydrostatic effect - a massage-like feeling as the water
gently kneads the body.
Hydrotherapy is mainly applied in the initial stages of arterial hypertension, migraine,
insomnia, peripheral circulatory disorders. It is also used to stimulate digestion, circulation, the immune system, to bring relief from pain. Water seems to have special
powers in getting rid of stress and rejuvenating our body. It affects the skin (stimulates touch receptors) and releases tight muscles. It calms the lungs, heart, stomach,
and endocrine system by stimulating nerve reflexes on the spinal cord.
Today, a wide variety of water-related therapies are used: baths, showers, douches
(jet, transition) sitz baths, foot baths, cold / hot rubbing, steam inhalation, steam
baths or saunas, hot compresses, cold compresses, alternating hot and cold compresses (an important part of sports massage training), body wrap, whirlpool- or motion-based techniques, nasal / colonic irrigation, physical therapy in pools, aromatherapy or baths with added essential oils, water yoga, and water massage.
Common contraindications to hydrotherapy include: diabetes (hot application to the
feet or legs, hot saunas should be avoided), pregnancy, multiple sclerosis (hot immersion baths and long, hot saunas should be avoided), bladder or rectal irritation,
sciatica, pelvic inflammation, rheumatism in the toes and ankles (cold foot baths are
not recommended). Moreover, elderly people and young children may be exhausted
by too much heat and should avoid long full-body hot treatments such as immersion
baths and saunas.
Wordlist:
alternating naprzemienne
(bath) tub wanna
bladder pcherz
briskly wawo
butterfly bath wanna motylkowa
compress kompres
constriction cinicie
douche natrysk
drinking water woda pitna
endocrine system ukad wewntrzwydzelniczy, dokrewny
envelop owin, otoczy

moisten zwily
multiple sclerosis stwardnienie rozsiane
pearly bath kpiel perekowa
peripheral obwodowy
pressure cinienie
rectal odbytniczy
rejuvenate odmadza
rubbing - nacieranie
tap water woda wodocigowa
sciatica rwa kulszowa
sitz bath kpiel nasiadowa
85

excess nadmiar
excrete - wydala
exhausted wyczerpany
hose w (gumowy)
impact wpyw
irrigate - nawadnia
irritation podranienie
jet douche bicz wodny
knead gnie, masowa
large colon jelito grube, okrnica
linen ptno

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

soak nasikn
spray rozpyla
splash rozpryskiwa si
steam - para
stroke gaska
sweat gland gruczo potowy
touch dotyk
transition douche natrysk naprzemienny, zimno-gorcy
chip - bicz
whirpool wir (kpiel wirowa)
wrap otula, owija
wring out wy

What is hydrotherapy?
What is the difference between hydro and balneotherapy?
What are the thermal effects of water?
Which forms of hydrotherapy produce mechanical effects?
What are the chemical effects connected with?
In which situations hydrotherapy is applied?
What effects does hydrotherapy produce for the skin?
Give examples of common hydrotherapy techniques.
In case of which conditions is hydrotherapy nor recommended?

Exercise 2: Write the names of hydrotherapy techniques next to the correct descriptions.
sitz bath, pearly bath, Scottish whips, douche, compresses, cold rubbing, steam bath,
wrapping

1.

2.

3.

A linen cloth is soaked in cold water, wrung out and then

you should briskly rub the upper and lower trunk, or the entire body. Go to bed until warm and dry.
It can be carried out with a watering can or hose. The water
should not splash, but gently envelop the skin. The water
stream should always be directed from the periphery toward
the heart. After it, stroke off excess water, dress, and exercise.
A linen cloth is moistened with cold water (warm water for
respiratory diseases), well wrung out, and then wrapped
tightly around the appropriate part of the body, but not so
tightly as to cause constriction. The moist linen cloth is in
turn wrapped with a dry cotton or linen cloth. The patient is
then usually wrapped in a blanket or another cloth, and
should rest for 45-60 minutes.

86

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

A partial immersion bath of the pelvic region. Often it is

taken with the feet immersed in a separate tub of hot water
before or during the bath.
It is the shower of physically powerful stream of water of
changeable temperatures applied to body. For 1-2 minutes
water of 40 C is changeably used with water of 20 C,
which is applied for about half a minute.
There are three basic types of them: hot, cold, and alternating hot and cold. They are applied using cloth which is
wrung out to the desired amount of moisture, and then applied to any surface of the body.
Bath in a bathtub with ordinary water connected with delicate massage of air bubbles. It causes the loosening of
body and gives the feeling of relaxation, has the soothing
and sleeping effect.
Whether dry (sauna) or wet , it has been considered as one
of the simplest ways to rid the body of toxins. As the pores
in the skin open up millions of sweat glands start to excrete,
the body gets rid of metabolic and other waste products.

Exercise 3: Discuss the following points in pairs.

Is hydrotherapy popular in Poland? Where are such services offered? Is it expensive?
Is hydrotherapy easily accessible to people?
Have you ever had contact with hydrotherapy? What techniques have you
tried / would you like to try and why? Did you like it?
There are people who are afraid of water. What can be done to fight the fear?
Exercise 4: Match the words in the columns to make expressions.
multiple
arterial
therapeutic
chemical
initial
stimulate
touch
nasal
water
linen
sweat
partial

effects
circulation
sclerosis
glands
cloth
massage
stages
receptors
immersion
aims
hypertension
irrigation
87

Exercise 5: Translate into English.

1. Odpowiednia temperatura i cinienie wody uytej odpowiednio do danej terapii s
wanymi czynnikami w hydroterapii.
2. Hydroterapia wpywa korzystnie na ukad krenia, ukad nerwowy oraz wiele innych narzdw organizmu.
3. W zabiegach wodnych dziaaj na chorego czynniki: termiczny, hydrostatyczny i
mechaniczny.
4. Zabiegi lecznicze moemy podzieli na: zabiegi z wykorzystaniem cinienia hydrostatycznego wody (np. kpiele cakowite, czciowe), zabiegi z wykorzystaniem cinienia strumienia wody (np. natryski), zabiegi z uyciem tkanin (np. nacieranie, zawijanie, kompresy).
5. Chorzy na cukrzyc nie powinni wystawia stp i ng na dugotrwae dziaanie gorcej wody.
Exercise 6: Fill in the gaps with the future perfect simple or the future perfect
continuous forms of the verbs in brackets.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

This is terrible weather! By tonight it (rain) ...............................for ten

days without stopping.
Why are they having a party for your Mum in her office next week? (she
/ work) ....................................... there for twenty years!
It's taking Katie a long time to clean the car. (she / finish)
............................................ by the time I get back?
Steve went into the kitchen at five o'clock, so by the time our guests arrive he (cook) .............................................. for four hours.
Tom is a shop assistant, and when she gets home tonight she will be
exhausted. She (stand) ............................................. up for about nine
hours.
You can phone Betty, if you hurry. She (not / leave)
........................................................ for work yet.
I sent my pen-friend a letter on Monday. (he / get) .
it by Wednesday?
I'm glad you can mend my watch, (you /repair) ...
it before I go on holiday next week?
We need a stereo for the party, (your parents / buy)
. a new one by then?
Oh no! Now the bus is caught in a traffic jam, and I'm already late! John
(wait) ..................................... for an hour when I finally get there.

References:
http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/ihtIH/WSIHW000/8513/34968/362192.html?d=dmtCon
tent
http://www.podtezniami.pl/_cpd,en/6,67/hydrotherapy.html
http://www.tuberose.com/Hydrotherapy.html
http://www.tuberose.com/Sweating.html

88

MANUAL THERAPY

Exercise 1: Read the text and answer the questions below.

Manual physical therapy is a specialized form of physical therapy in which the
diagnosis and treatment of the disorders of various etiology is carried out through
hands-on intervention, as opposed to a device or machine. In manual therapy, practitioners use their hands to put pressure on muscle tissue and manipulate joints in an
attempt to decrease back pain caused by muscle spasm, tension and joint dysfunction. Manual therapy is practiced by people within various health care professions,
including Physiotherapists, Massage Therapists, Occupational Therapists,
Chiropractors / Osteopaths, and more.
Manual physical therapy techniques are aimed at relaxing tense back muscles and
restricted joints in order to decrease back pain and increase flexibility. In general, the
following types of movement are employed in MT techniques:
Soft tissue work, including massage, which applies pressure to the soft tissues
of the body, e.g. the muscles. This helps to relax muscles, increase circulation, break up scar tissue, and ease pain in the soft tissues.
Mobilization/manipulation, which uses measured movements of varying speed
(slow to fast), force (gentle to forceful), and distances (called amplitude) to
twist, pull, or push bones and joints into position. This helps to loosen tight tissues around a joint, reduces pain in a joint and surrounding tissue, and increases flexibility.
Such limitations as inadequate joint mobility and range of motion in certain musculoskeletal conditions can cause discomfort, pain, and an alteration in function, posture,
and movement. Manual physical therapy involves restoring mobility to stiff joints and
reducing muscle tension in order to return the patient to more natural movement
without pain. Thus, manual physical therapy may provide back pain relief both for
patients with chronic back pain involving joint problems, such as sacroiliac joint dysfunction, joint dysfunction in lateral, central stenosis and spondylolisthesis, sacroiliac
syndrome in post-operative low back pain and acute back pain from soft tissue injuries such as a back muscle strain or a pulled back ligament. Contraindications are
e.g. osteopenia, advanced arthropathies, spinal anomalies, using anticoagulant
drugs, vascular disorders, pregnancy, neoplastic lesions of the spine, ribs, and
pelvis, tuberculosis, osteoporosis, inflammatory conditions (rheumatoid arthritis,
ankylosing spondylitis, septic arthritis), healing fracture or dislocation.
Advocates of manual therapy claim that these techniques, when correctly applied,
are very effective and most often result in dramatic improvement of the patient's
signs and symptoms.
Wordlist:
ankylosing spondylitis zesztywniajce
zapalenie staww krgosupa
arthropathy choroba odnoszca si do
staww
attempt - prba
neoplastic nowotworowy

etiology - pochodzenie
device przyrzd
ease zagodzi, uly (o blu)
force sia
inflammatory condition stan zapalny
lesion zmiana chorobowa
89

osteopenia osteopenia, zmniejszenie

masy koci
pressure nacisk
provoke - wywoa
restrict ogranicza
rheumatoid arthritis rematoidalne zapalenie staww
sacroiliac staw krzyowo-biodrowy

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

scar tkanka bliznowata

septic arthritis posocznicowe zapalenie
staww
spasm skurcz
spondilitis zapalenie krgosupa
spondylolisthesis krgozmyk
stenosis zwenie
tuberculosis grulica
varying zrnicowane, zmienne

What is manual therapy?

What is the treatment in manual therapy like?
Who practices manual therapy?
When is the technique of soft tissue work applied?
What is used in the mobilization method?
What can cause back pain?
In which conditions manual therapy is commonly used?

Exercise 2: Discuss the following points in pairs.

Is manual therapy commonly applied in Poland? Is it a safe method of treatment?

There are lots of contraindications to this method. How can a physiotherapist
know manual therapy should not be used with a given patient?
Do you think you will be well-prepared to apply manual therapy to your patients after the studies? Do you have any opportunity to learn it at the university? Would you like to learn more?
What would you say to a patient who is very much afraid of manual therapy
he/she is going to have?

Exercise 3: Translate the extract into Polish.

Manual Assessment uses a variety of hands-on tests in an effort to
determine which structure may be responsible for the pain being
assessed. Unfortunately, there are no reliability studies demonstrating
the ability of such tests to accurately determine the structure
responsible for the pain. In fact, the scientific literature has shown that
palpation as a manual assessment tool is unreliable and that the
underlying cause of 85% of low back pain cannot be determined by
any means. Several manual tests that provoke or relieve pain have
been shown to be reliable.

Exercise 4: Group the words from the box under the following headings.

90

physical
tense
acute

treatment
various
muscle
manipulate vascular
flexibility
soft circulation mobility
stiff lateral
attempt
inflammatory
claim
fracture
loosen
Noun

Verb

Adjective

Exercise 5: A role play. Act out a conversation in pairs.

A
You are a patient. You have problems with your back and you come to physiotherapist to help you. Describe your complaint, answer the physiotherapists questions in
detail. Ask several questions about the therapy that will be applied to you.
B
You are a physiotherapist, a specialist in manual therapy. The patient has some back
problem. Carry out a detailed interview, take the patients history. You want to apply
manual therapy method to help the patient. Say few words about the therapy and
answer the patients questions.
Exercise 6: Translate the sentences into English.
1. Przed przystpieniem do terapii przeprowadza si z pacjentem wywiad lekarski oraz badanie palpacyjne i funkcjonalne narzdu ruchu.
2. Badanie to odbywa si zarwno w spoczynku jak i podczas ruchw czynnych
oraz biernych.
3. Zmiany funkcjonalne w ukadzie ruchu, stanowice przyczyn zespou blowego, ustpuj po jednym lub kilku zabiegach manualnych.
4. Zabiegi terapii manualnej skutecznie lecz midzy innym: ble gowy i karku,
rw kulszow, wady postawy, schorzenia bioder, schorzenia koczyn grnych
i dolnych, ble staww krgosupa i koczyn.
Exercise 7: Future forms. Put the verbs into the correct future forms.
a) I can't see you on Thursday afternoon.. I (visit) ..... my grandmother.
b) Steve (not be)......................... back until four. Can I take a message?
c) What (you buy)......................... with the money you won in the lottery?
d) I don't think you (have)......................... any problems at the university.
e) (you take)......................... your dog with you to England?
f) Im waiting for an important phone call. Can you answer the phone for me? I
(take)......................... a shower.
g) All the hotels are full. Where (we spend)......................... the night?

91

h) What time (your plane leave)......................... ?

j) Leave the car here. Maybe the police (not notice)......................... it.
Exercise 8: Future forms. Choose the correct form.
a) When are you going to buy / will you buy a new computer?
b) Don't phone me between 9.00 and 11.00. I'll study / I'll be studying then.
c) Look out! That tree will fall / is going to fall!
d) Let me know as soon as Karen will get / gets here.
e) Great news! Mary and Matthew will come / are coming to stay with us.
f) According to this timetable, the train is going to arrive / arrives at 8.00.
g) I have a feeling that something strange is going to happen / is happening in a
minute.
h) The doctor says I will have / am going to have a baby!
i) Can you call me at 6.00, because I'll leave / I'm leaving tomorrow.
j) If you arrive late at the summer sale, the best things will go / will have gone.
References:
FC Language Practice, Michael Vince, Macmillan, London, 2001
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manual_therapy
http://www.alkon.pl/reha/terapia.htm
http://www.spine-health.com/topics/conserv/manual/manualtherapy01.html

92

MASSAGE

Exercise 1: Discuss the following points in pairs.

Is massage a common way of treatment in Poland? What conditions / disorders can be treated by means of massage?
Is massage always safe? Can it be dangerous in any cases? Why (not)?
What can happen if you are treated by someone who is not a professional?
How should we recognize a professional massage therapist?
Have you ever tried massage? How was it?
Would you like to work as a massage therapist when you finish the studies?
Why (not)?
Exercise 2: Read the text and answer the questions below.
It is widely believed massage is one of the oldest form of medical therapy practiced
on the human body. As early as about 2,700 B.C., ancient Eastern Chinese cultures
practiced massage to heal a variety of ailments from labour pain to paralysis. Various
techniques and types of massage derive from traditional beliefs celebrated in ancient
civilizations of Greece, Rome, India, China. Massage involves a manual application
of pressure, tension, motion, or vibration to the soft tissues of the body (the skin,
muscles, tendons, ligaments, and fascia - membranes surrounding muscles). Massage therapy is performed primarily by a professional massage therapist but is also
often used as a form of therapy by other healthcare providers e.g. chiropractors,
reflexologists, physical therapists.
Massage can be applied to parts of the body or successively to the whole body and
its benefits can be divided into such groups as physiological, mental, and
mechanical. Massage is believed to increase blood circulation and promote the flow
of lymph. Moreover, it helps the body to heal itself by stimulating nerves, conditioning
the skin, fostering faster healing of strained muscles and sprained ligaments, reducing pain, swelling, reducing formation of excessive scar tissue, stretching and loosening muscles to keep them elastic, improving postural problems. Massage also has a
positive psychological effect. When we are stressed, our breathing becomes more
rapid and shallow, our hearts work harder and the process of digestion slows down.
Chronic stress can influence a number of illnesses including migraines, depression,
and hypertension. Massage therapy can help to relieve tension and counteract the
effects of stress on the body.
Certain medical conditions require caution concerning giving or receiving massage.
This therapy is not recommended for anyone with an infectious skin disease, a rash,
or an unhealed wound. It should also be avoided immediately after surgery, if the
patient has phlebitis or varicose veins, thrombosis, areas of bleeding or tissue damage, bruises, recent bone fractures and sprains. Massage on the abdomen should be
avoided during the first three months of pregnancy when the risk of miscarriage is
highest.
Massage normally involves the client being treated while lying on a massage table,
sitting upright in a massage chair, or lying on a pad on the floor. The person is
generally unclothed or partially unclothed. Before being treated, it is important to

93

make sure that the massage therapist is well-qualified. A therapist should have good
communication skills so that he / she can make the patient openly express their
needs what feels best to them, what makes them comfortable and what they expect
from the session.
Wordlist:
ailment choroba, dolegliwo
alleviate - zagodzi
bruise siniak
condition odywia
counteract przeciwdziaa
coution -ostrono
derive from pochodzi od
enhance poprawi
fascia powi
foster wspomaga

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

labour pord
miscarriage poronienie
phlebitis zapalenie yy
rash - wysypka
scar tissue tkanka bliznowata
sprain skrci (staw), naderwa
strian nadwyry
successively nastpnie, stopniowo
thrombosis zakrzepica
varicose veins ylaki
warm-up rozgrzewka

How far does the tradition of massage go back into the past?
What is massage and where is it applied?
Who practices massage?
What types of benefits does massage provide?
In what way is the body affected by a massage?
Who should massage be avoided by?
Why are communication skills important for a massage therapist?

Exercise 3: Complete the table where possible.

NOUN

VERB

ADJECTIVE

digest
benefit
circulatory
swell
infection
apply
tense
pregnancy
depress

94

Exercise 4: Match the words from the two columns below to make phrases.
partially
tissue
bone
condition
shallow
massage
healthcare
postural
traditional
manual
infectious
chronic
sprained

breathing
the skin
provider
therapist
application
disease
beliefs
stress
unclothed
ligament
problem
fracture
damage

Exercise 5: Work in pairs. One by one, give definitions of the following terms.

spine

injury

nervous system

surgery

ribs

tissue

pregnancy
inflammation

blood
therapist

Exercise 6: Complete each gap in the passage with ONE word.

Sports Massage
Sports massage consists of specific components designed to cut down on
1).-related injuries. It specifically alleviates 2).. tension and
provides a warm-up to loosen muscles for amateur and 3).. athletes.
All athletes are looking to improve their sports 4). . To do this, a rigorous training schedule is prepared in order to enhance their skills, strength, endurance and speed. Unfortunately, as the level of training is increased, so is the risk of
5).. .
During 6) athletes often overuse their muscles, causing strain, and
imbalances in the soft muscle tissues. Moreover, most 7). ignore aches
and pains until they turn into 8) injuries.
One way to encourage muscle repair after training is with sports 9). .
Sports massage will help release any built up tension and lactic acid in the overworked 10).. so that blood and oxygen can return to the muscle and
effectively promote its repair. Sports massage, if received as part of a sports program, can help an athlete 11). injury due to overuse. There are two basic categories of sports massage: pre-event massage - helps athletes prepare for a
competitive event, and 12)..-event massage - should be calming and relaxing, its goal is to ease muscle pain and to reduce inflammation.

95

Exercise 7: Translate into English.

1. Wzrost przepywu krwi w obwodowych czciach ciaa wpywa korzystnie na prac
serca i nerek.
2. Masa przypiesza cyrkulacj krwi w naczyniach krwiononych, a tym samym
zwiksza ilo krwi dostarczanej do puc, gdzie nastpuje wymiana gazowa.
3. Pod wpywem masau zdolno staww do pracy jest szybciej przywracana, a ryzyko kontuzji zmniejszone do minimum.
4. Pod wpywem masau tkanka miniowa jest lepiej zaopatrywana w tlen i substancje odywcze.
5. Masa znajduje zastosowanie w profilaktyce, leczeniu i rehabilitacji chorb z zakresu ortopedii, neurologii, ginekologii, pediatrii i chorb wewntrznych.
References:
http://e-masaz.pl/wplyw.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massage
http://www.cityclinic.com.au/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17&Itemi
d=31
http://www.holisticonline.com/massage/mas_benefits.htm
http://www.holisticonline.com/massage/mas_dysfunctions.htm
http://www.massagetherapy101.com/massage-techniques/massage-techniques.aspx

96

ELECTROTHERAPY
Exercise 1: A role-play. Work in pairs and practice the dialogue.
A
You are a physiotherapist. Your patient phones your surgery. He / she is in pain. Ask
questions concerning the pain (e.g. location, duration, onset, frequency). Arrange the
visit.
B
Your back hurts and you cannot stand it any longer. You phone a physiotherapists
surgery and describe your problem. Answer the questions in detail. Try to arrange
the visit as soon as possible.
Exercise 2: Read the text and answer the questions below.
Electrotherapy is the use of low-level electrical stimulation of the peripheral nervous
system to relieve pain and to induce muscle contractions. Electrotherapy provides
patients with a cost-effective, non-addictive alternative for pain relief and rehabilitation. Electricity has been used to treat pain for over 100 years. Early proponents of
electricity were labeled as charlatans, but recent scientific studies have proven that
electricity can reduce both acute and chronic pain. Various cells in the body are
influenced by electricity, these include fibroblasts, macrophages, neutrophils and
erythrocytes, along with bone, cartilage, ligaments and tendons. It is believed that
stimulating these cells can promote healing in injured tissue.
The exact mechanism of electrical stimulations beneficial effect remains controversial. Electrical stimulation may directly block transmission of pain signals along
nerves. In addition, electrical stimulation has been shown to promote the release of
endorphins, which are natural painkillers produced by the body. From a treatment
perspective, the questions with electrotherapy are related to the type of injury (sprain,
haematoma, fracture, etc.) and the current stage of the injury (acute, repair phase,
remodeling phase). From that position we must decide what type of cells we want to
stimulate and what is the best way to influence them.
Electrical stimulation to nerves and muscles is applied via adhesive pads placed on
the skin. These devices are most often powered by batteries.
Side effects are rare, but include allergic skin irritation under the adhesive pads and
transient pain from the electrical charge. Placing the pads over the heart or over
pacemaker leads could conceivably cause cardiac arrhythmia; placing them over the
throat could conceivably cause low blood pressure; and placing them over a pregnant uterus could conceivably cause fetal damage. Because of these risks, electrical
stimulation over these areas should be avoided. Electrical stimulation should also not
be applied over malignancies or infected areas.
Several different electrical stimulation devices exist, each producing different frequencies, waveforms, and effects. These are for instance:
Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) - this is the application of
electrical stimulation for pain relief using mild electrical stimulation to reduce the
transmission of pain messages along the nerves. TENS is used for the symptomatic
relief and management of chronic, intractable pain (associated with such conditions
as e.g. back pain, arthritis, neuralgia), for post-surgical and post-trauma acute pain.
97

Interferential current (IFC) is essentially a deeper form of TENS. It uses two separate electrical frequencies that work together to stimulate large impulse nerve fibers.
The frequencies interfere with the transmission of pain messages at the spinal cord
level, and help block their transmission to the brain. The skin is penetrated more
deeply than with a regular TENS unit. Such a therapy may be useful for patients who
have not had relief from TENS.
Neuromuscular Electrical Nerve Stimulation (NMES) is the application of an electrical stimulus for muscle rehabilitation. During NMES, an electrical stimulus is
passed from the device to an electrode placed on the skin over a targeted muscle or
muscle group. The stimulation causes the muscle(s) to contract. Patients with a wide
range of orthopedic and neurological problems can benefit from the use of NMES.
Some common applications include rehabilitation after knee surgery or traumatic injury, shoulder rehabilitation and stroke.
Wordlist:
abstract - streszczenie
addictive uzaleniajcy
adhesive samoprzylepne
conceivably moliwie
concern przedmiot zainteresowa
confirm - potwierdzi
contraction skurcz
current - prd
device urzdzenie
fetal dotyczcy podu
frequency czstotliwo
haematoma krwiak
IFC prd interferancyjny
intractable niesforny
label przylepi etykiet
lead przewd (elektryczny)
malignancies nowotworowe zmiany
chorobowe

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

neuralgia nerwobl
NMES neurominiowa elektrostymulacja nerww
pacemaker rozrusznik serca
pad poduszeczka, podkadka
participation - udzia
peripheral obwodowy
proponent zwolennik
remodeling przebudowa (tkanki)
submit - dostarczy
symptomatic objawowy
target cel, obra cel
TENS przezskrna stymulacja nerww
transient przejciowy, tymczasowy
uterus macica
waveform rodzaj fali

How can electrotherapy be defined?

When is electrotherapy applied?
What does electricity influence in the body?
How does the electrical stimulation work?
What should be taken into consideration while deciding on the type of electrotherapy treatment?
Are there any side effects possible? If yes, give examples.
What are the indications for TENS?
What is the difference between TENS and IFC?
Who may benefit from NMES?

98

Exercise 3: Finish the sentences on your own.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Electrotherapy .. pain relief.

Acute and chronic pain .... .
Adhesive pads are . .
Electrotherapy skin irritation.
TENS IFC.
Cardiac arrhythmia can .. .
Endorphins may... electrotherapy.
Electricity influences erythrocytes.

Exercise 4: What would you do in the following cases? Discuss possible solutions / reactions / consequences in pairs.

Your patient seems not to understand what you are telling him / her to do.
Your patient cannot concentrate on the exercises and doesnt follow your instructions carefully.
Your patient doesnt speak Polish and hardly understands English.
You suspect your patient is drunk.
You feel your patient doesnt trust you at all, you are sure, however, the therapy will help him / her.
Your patient does not come for visits regularly although he / she makes appointments.

Exercise 5: Translate the sentences into English.

1. Do wszystkich zabiegw z zakresu elektroterapii uywa si specjalnie do tego
celu skonstruowanych aparatw.
2. Zabiegi elektroterapii musz by wykonywane przez lub pod kontrol fizjoterapeuty.
3. Elektrody umieszcza si na skrze, w odpowiednich miejscach, a celem zabiegu jest pobudzenie mini do skurczu.
4. Stymulacja za pomoc prdu elektrycznego stosowana jest do badania i
leczenia tkanki nerwowej i miniowej.
5. Elektroterapia stosowana jest powszechnie w terapii fizykalnej do leczenia
rnych stanw patologicznych tkanki nerwowo-miniowej, polepszania
lokalnego krenia i zdrowienia tkanek, zmniejszenia blu, zwikszania
zakresu ruchu i siy miniowej.
Exercise 6. Letter writing. Complete the letters below with the correct words
from the list. Words taken from one letter are grouped together.

participation, pleasure, abstract, held, present, enclosed;

foreign, grateful, convenient, obliged, undergraduates;
graduated, application, employed, apply, concern;
meeting, confirm, deliver, receive, submit;

99

1. A letter inquiring about scholarships

Dear Sir or Madam,
I should like to _______ for one of the scholarships your country/state offers to physiotherapists from other countries. I _______ from the Faculty of Public Health, the University
of Gdask in 1998. Currently, I am _______ in the Department of Physiotherapy of the
University Hospital in Gdask where my main _______ is backpain. I have a good
knowledge of written and spoken English. I should be grateful if you could send me some
information and the _______ forms.
Yours faithfully,
__________________________
2. A letter applying for medical training
Dear Sir or Madam,
I should be very _______ if you let me have a monthly physical therapy training for
_______ in the Department of Physiotherapy of the University of Cambridge. I have heard
that this department offers such training to _______ students. Currently, I am a fifth year
student of physiotherapy from Gdask. It would be most _______ for me to come to
Cambridge during my summer holidays in July August. I should be very _______ if you
could send me more details about the training.
I enclose my curriculum vitae.
Yours faithfully,
___________________________
3. A letter inviting to a conference
Dear Prof. Sanders,
I take great _______ in inviting you to the 5th Conference of Physiotherapy, which
will be _______ in Gdask from May 15th - 20th, 2007. The Conference will be organized by the Polish Physiotherapy Society. The title of the Conference will be 'Backpain
Management in the Elderly'.
We should be much obliged if you could _______ a talk on the above topic.
A tentative programme is _______. A detailed programme will be submitted later.
We should appreciate if you could confirm by letter your _______ and send an
_______ of your paper within the next three weeks. We look forward to hearing from
you.
Yours sincerely,
____________________________
4. A letter thanking for an invitation
Dear Prof. Norman,
I was very glad to _______ your letter inviting me to attend the Conference.
I should like to _______ my participation and paper presentation. I enclose an abstract of my paper, which I am going to _______ before 1st May. I can _______ a lecture of 15-45 minutes, as suits your programme.
Thank you very much for your kind letter. I am looking forward to _______ you in
Gdask.
Yours sincerely,
References:
English for Medical Students and Doctors 2, Ewa Donesch-Jeo, WPL, Krakw,
2001
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranial_electrotherapy_stimulation

100

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrotherapy#Applications_and_fields
http://www.empi.com/patient/electrotherapy.cfm/
http://www.fizjo.pl/html/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=21
http://www.fizjoterapia.com/fizykoterapia/elektroterapia.htm
http://www.rehabilicare.com/how_it_works.html
http://www.spine-health.com/topics/conserv/electro/el04.html

101

APPLYING FOR A JOB OF A PHYSIOTHERAPIST

Exercise 1: Discuss the following points in pairs.

What are the job prospects for physiotherapists in Poland? Think about: number of job offers vacancies advertised, salary, chances for promotion, etc.
What are the requirements for the post of a physiotherapist in Poland? Think
about: qualifications, certificates, experience, personal qualities, etc.
Do you consider going abroad to work as a physiotherapist in future? Why
(not)? In what way is the situation abroad different from Polish reality?

Exercise 2: Read the text about finding a job of a physiotherapist in the UK and
answer the questions below. Refer to the wordlist if necessary.
When you want to become a physiotherapist in the United Kingdom first you have to
take 3 or 4 year university-based course leading to a BSc in physiotherapy. When
you come from abroad (within the EU) it is necessary to present a diploma that will
correspond with the UK degree programme in terms of academic equivalence and
scope of study. All candidates are assessed against the standards of proficiency expected of a newly qualified UK-trained physiotherapist. The assessment examines
the whole range of skills and knowledge required. You would then be eligible for registration with the Health Professions Council, which is essential to working as a
physiotherapist in the UK National Health Service. HPC is a legal organisation with
responsibility for registration of physiotherapists and other health professions. It deals
with standards of education and training; conduct, performance, and ethics. Once
you have registered with the Health Professions Council, you will normally be in a
position to apply for jobs. The UK is short of physiotherapists so the government is
encouraging non-UK trained physiotherapists to come to the UK.
The majority of physiotherapists in the UK are employed in the public sector within
the National Health Service. They get a national contract that sets their pay and basic
conditions such as sick pay, days of paid leave and hours of work (normally 36 hours
per week). However, there is also a growing number of private hospitals, clinics, and
individual private practices throughout the country (private sector) where you may
find a job.
Wordlist:
advantage korzy
advertise zamieci ogoszenie
apply for ubiega si (o prac)
approximately w przyblieniu
assign przypisa
conduct postpowanie
convenient dogodny, wygodny
correspond (with) odpowiada czemu

eligible odpowiedni, nadajcy si

equivalence zgodno
flexible elastyczny
in terms with pod wzgldem
maternity leave urlop macierzyski
package - pakiet
paid leave patny urlop
peer tu: wsppracownik

102

review tu: ocenia, sprawdza

reward wynagrodzi
scope zakres
(to be) short of sth brakowa czego
sick pay patne zwolnienie lekarskie
skilled - wykwalifikowany
supervision nadzr
utilize wykorzysta

performance wykonywanie (obowizkw zawodowych)

proficiency - biego
promotion awans
prospect szansa
register zarejestrowa si
reputed majcy dobr reputacj
requirements - wymagania
responsibilities zakres obowizkw

1. How long does the university course for a physiotherapist last?

2. What documents are required when you want to work as a physiotherapist in
the UK?
3. When can a candidate from abroad register with the HPC?
4. Why is the registration process needed?
5. What is the HPC?
6. Where do most of the physiotherapist in the UK work?
7. What does a typical work contract include?
Exercise 3: Job offers. Read the job advertisements below and answer the
questions below.
A
Job for YOU!!!
A leading occupational health company based in
Slough seeks an experienced senior physiotherapist on
a short term contract to cover maternity leave from
Feb/March until approximately Oct. Must be enthusiastic, self motivated and able to demonstrate a minimum
of x 5 years post grad experience of treating both sports
and occupational type injuries.
Good benefits package. Potential to lead to full time
work.
Contact: Bratford Health Centre, Majorie Bennet,
23876 Slough, England

B
Were looking for a Physiotherapist
This is a multi disciplinary hospital providing assessment and treatment to clients
with an interest in care of the elderly and
general rehab. Post graduate experience in
Care of the Elderly is essential, with possession of full current driving license. You
must have the ability to work both as a
team member and on your own and have
some experience of supervision of support
staff.

Which advertisement(s):

103

You will become a member of the

NHS. Personal Development plans
are reviewed regularly, which may
lead to further training opportunity.
We offer 24.5 hours per week as a
starting point.
Contact: Nuffield Health House,
Inverness, IV2 3UJ, Scotland.

C
A fantastic job for the right
candidate
We require a skilled and dynamic physiotherapist to join our busy and expanding
clinic. You will receive good peer support,
flexible hours. You should be well motivated
and 2 years qualified with good manual therapy skills. Previous private practice experience an advantage. You will need to have a
solid musculoskeletal background and a big
interest in rehabilitation. We are offer-ing an
exciting work environment with great financial rewards.
Contact: Studley Physiotherapy Centre,
8 Centech Park, Read-ing 2356, England

1. deals with treating older patients?

2. requires professional development from a candidate?
3. experience in private sector?
4. offers high salary?
5. offers prospects for full time employment?
6. requires a driving license from a candidate?
7. requires team working skills?
8. requires experience with sports injuries?
9. requires experience of being in charge of a group of people?
10. offers a job outside England?
Exercise 4: Complete the covering letter below with the correct words from the
list.
planning
patient

interview
responsibilities
potential
skills experience outgraduated
home
post
orthopedic

ul. Krtka 10
345- 87 d
Poland
12. 02. 2007
Studley Physiotherapy Centre
8 Centech Park
London 345
England
Dear Sirs,
I am writing to apply for the 1) of a physiotherapist in the Studley Physiotherapy
Centre in London advertised in Physiotherapy Journal of 4th January 2007.
I am a fully qualified physiotherapist with over 4 years 2) . I 3).. from
the Medical University in d, Poland (B.A. in physiotherapy). My work experience includes: working in a hospital environment (physiotherapy department), 4) clinics (massage treatment) and private 5) visits. In my professional career I was
assigned the following responsibilities: treatment 6), taking various clinical
decisions, supervising kinesitherapy, electrotherapy and massage therapy in patients with
neurological, 7)., geriatric and cardiac disorders. I am a flexible, team-oriented
person with good communication 8) . I can speak and write English and German fluently.
Currently I am looking for a position in a reputed and well-managed hospital or a medical
organization, where I can enjoy more 9).. and an environment, which would
allow me to utilize my 10).. to the maximum.
I am available for an 11) at any time convenient to you.
Yours faithfully,
Patryk Bk

104

Exercise 5: You are an ideal candidate for one of the posts described in Exercise 3 and you want to apply for this job. Write a CV including the following information:

Personal information (name, address, telephone, date of birth, nationality,

marital status, etc.)
Current position / Employment / Work experience (starting from the most recent)
Education / Qualifications
Languages
Leisure interests
References

Exercise 6: Work in pairs. Read you partners CV and act out a job interview.
Take turns to be an interviewer and a candidate. Ask and answer question
about education, qualifications, work experience, languages, reasons for working abroad, etc.
Exercise 7: Various tenses. Put the verbs in brackets in the correct forms.
Dear Susan
I just . (hear) that my father isn't very well, and I . (like) to
go and
see him. The trouble is I can't take my dog Trigger with me. You..
(think) you (be able) possibly look after him for a week?
You
(have) him for a week last year, you (remember),
and you (say) he .(be) no trouble,
and. (get) on well with your dog. If you (be
able) have him, I .(be able) bring him along any time that
(suit) you.
He ..(have) his own bed and bowl, and I
..(bring) enough tinned dog food to last him a week. But if it
.(not be) convenient, (not hesitate) to say so.
There (be) quite good kennels near here, and they
.(take) him if I (ask). He (be) there
once before and ..(seem) to get on all right.
Love Pat
References:
A Practical English Grammar, A.J. Thompson, A.V. Martinet, Oxford, 1994
http://www.csp.org.uk
http://www.jobescalator.com/

105

APPENDIX PHYSIOTHERAPY EQUIPMENT

Tilt table

Suspension frame and a couch

Tilt table
Examination couch

Continuous Passive Motion Unit

(CPM)
High low treatment table

106

Computer-controlled traction unit

Complex exercise unit

Multi exercise therapy unit

Quadriceps exercise table

Exercise chair

Quadriceps exercise table

107

Shoulder wheel

Rotary wrist machine

Axial shoulder exerciser

Shoulder elbow cycle

108

Hand exercise table

Traction set cervical

Grip exerciser

Exercise board

Wall bar

109

Medicine balls
Activator

Rowing machine

Activator

Ped-o-cycle

Compression therapy unit air

massager
Exercise staircase

110

APPENDIX HYDROTHERAPY EQUIPMENT

Full body hydrotherapy tank

Whirpool bath

High chair (used together with the

whirpool bath)

Hydrotherapy tank with accessories

References :
www.indiamedico.com
(pictures used with permission)

111