Networks and Telecommunications

Networks and Telecommunications: Design and Operation, Second Edition.
Martin P. Clark
Copyright 1991, 1997 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
ISBNs: 0-471-97346-7 (Hardback); 0-470-84158-3 (Electronic)
Networks and Telecommunications
Networks and Telecommunications

Design and Operation
Second Edition
M. P. Clark
Telecommunications Consultant
Germany
JOHN WILEY & SONS

Chichester . New York . Weinheim . Brisbane . Singapore . Toronto
Copyright
0 1991. 1997 by John Wiley
& Sons Ltd

Baffins Lane, Chichester
West Sussex, P019 lUD, England
National 01243 779777
International (+U)1243 779777
e-mail (for orders and customer service enquiries): cs-books@wiley.co.uk
Visit our Home Page on http://www.wiley.co.uk or htpp://www.wiley.com
Reprinted March 1998

All Rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or
otherwise, except under the terms of the Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a
licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London, W1P 9HE, UK,
without the permission in writing of the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for
the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of this
publication.
Neither the author nor John Wiley & Sons Ltd accept any responsibility or liability for loss or damage
occasioned to any person or property through using the material, instructions, methods or ideas contained
herein, or acting or refraining from acting as a result of such use.The author and Publisher expressly disclaim
all implied warranties, including merchantability of fitness for any particular purpose. There will be no duty
on the authors or Publisher to correct any errors or defects in the software.
Designations used by companiesto distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. In all instances
where John Wiley & Sons is aware of a claim, the product names appear in initial capital or capital letters.
Readers, however, should contact the appropriate companies for more complete information regarding
trademarks and registration.
Other Wiley Editorial Offices
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 605 Third Avenue,

New York, NY 10158-0012, USA
Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH
Pappelallee 3, D-69469 Weinheim, Germany
Jacaranda Wiley Ltd, 33 Park Road, Milton,
Queensland 4064, Australia
John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd, 2 Clementi Loop #20-01,
Jin Xing Distripark, Singapore 129809
John Wiley & Sons (Canada) Ltd, 22 Worcester Road
Rexdale, Ontario, M9W 1L1, Canada
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
97-9248
Clark, Martin P.
Networks and telecommunications: design and operation/Martin P. Clark. - 2nd ed.
cm.
p.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-47 1-97346-7
1. Telecommunicationsystems.2.
Data transmissionsystems.
3. Computernetworks
I. Title.
TK5102.5.C53
1997
621.382 - dc21
CIP
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 0 47197346 7
Typeset in 10/12 pt Times by Aarontype Ltd., Easton, Bristol
Printed and bound in Great Britain by Bookcraft (Bath) Ltd
This book is printed on acid-free paper responsibly manufactured from sustainable forestry
for which at least two trees are planted for each one used for paper production
Contents
Summary
Part 1 Fundamentals of telecommunicationsnetworks
Part 2 Modern telephone networks
Part3Moderndatanetworks
Part4Multimedianetworks
Part 5 Runninganetwork
Part 6 Setting upnetworks
Part 7 SpecificBusinesses and networks
1
21 1
339
437
475
74 1
777
Preface
xxi
About the Author
xiii
xv
Acknowledgements
Part 1 FUNDAMENTALS OF TELECOM NETWORKS
1 InformationanditsConveyance
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
Networks
1.5
1.6
Types of Information
Telecommunications
Systems
A Basic Telecommunications
System
Common Types of TelecommunicationsSystems
Connection-orientedTransport Service(COTS) and Connectionless

Network Service (CLNS)
1.7
Circuit-,Packet-andCell-switchedNetworks
1.8
Considerations
for
Network
Planners
1.9Technical
Standardsfor TelecommunicationsSystems
V
11
12
14
15
vi
CONTENTS
2 Introduction toSignalTransmissionandtheBasicLineCircuit
2.1
Analogue
and
Digital
Transmission
2.2
Telegraphy
Telephony
2.3
2.4ReceivedSignalStrength,Sidetone
andEcho
2.5
Automatic Systems: Central Battery and ExchangeCalling
2.6
Real
Communications
Networks
3Long-haulCommunication
3.1
Attenuation
and
Repeaters
Line
3.2
Loading
Amplification
3.3
3.4
Two-and
Four-wire
Circuits
Equalization
3.5
3.6
Frequency
Division
Multiplexing
3.7
CrosstalkandAttenuationon
17
17
19
21
23
24
27
29
(FDM)
FDM Circuits
4. Data and the Binary Code System

4.1
The Binary Code
4.2ElectricalRepresentation
and Storage of Binary CodeNumbers
4.3Using
the Binary CodetoRepresentTextualInformation
4.4
Morse
Code
4.5
Baudot
Code
(Alphabet
IA2)
4.6
ASCII
4.7
EBCDIC
4.8Use
of theBinary Codeto Convey Graphical Images
Facsimile
4.9
4.10
Digital
Transmission
5 DigitalTransmissionandPulseCodeModulation
Digital
5.1Transmission
5.2
Pulse Code
Modulation
Quantization
5.3
5.4
Quantization
Noise
5.5
Time
Division
Multiplexing
5.6
Higher Bit Rates of DigitalLineSystems
5.7DigitalFrameFormattingand
Justification
5.8
Interworkingthe2Mbit/sand
1.5 Mbit/sHierarchies
5.9
Synchronous
Frame
Formatting
5.10 Line Coding
5.11 Other LineCodesand theirLimitations
29
31
32
35
36
37
41
43
43
44
45
46
46
47
49
49
49
52
55
55
57
60
61
61
64
65
60
70
71
74
6 ThePrinciples of Switching
77
6.1
Circuit-switched
Exchanges
6.2
CallBlockingwithintheSwitchMatrix
6.3
Full
and
Limited
Availability
6.4
Fan-in-Fan-out
Switch
Architecture
77
82
83
86
vii
CONTENTS
6.5
Switch
Hardware Types
6.6
Strowger
Switching
6.7
Crossbar
Switching
6.8
Reed
Relay
Switching
6.9
Digital
Switching
6.10 Packetand CellSwitches
88
88
96
100
101
106
7 Setting up andClearingConnections
109
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9
7.10
7.11
7.12
7.13
7.14
7.15
7.16
7.17
109
110
110
115
117
118
121
122
126
127
131
132
133
133
136
137
139
Alerting the Called Customer

Automatic Networks
Set Up
Number Translation
Unsuccessful Calls
Inter-exchange and International Signalling
The R2 Signalling System
R2 Line Signalling
Compelled or Acknowledged Signalling
R2 Inter-register, Multi-frequency Code (MFC) Signalling
Digital Line Systems and Channel-associated Signalling
Signalling Interworking
Advanced Signalling Applications
SignallingSequanceDiagrams
Call Set-up and Information Transfer in Data Networks
Network Interfaces: UNI, NNI, INI, ICI, SNI
Information Transfer in Connectionless Networks
8 TransmissionSystems
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9
8.10
8.1 1
8.12
8.13
8.14
8.15
8.16
8.17
Audio Circuits
Standard Twisted Pair Cable Types for Indoor Use
Transverse Screen and Coaxial Cable Transmission
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
HDSL (High Bit-rate Digital Subscriber Line) and
ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subsciber Line)
Optical Fibres
Radio
Radio Wave Propagation
Radio Antennas
Surface-wave Radio Systems
High Frequency (HF) Radio
Very High Frequency (VHF) and Ultra High Frequency (UHF) Radio
Microwave Radio
Tropospheric Scatter
Satellite Systems
Multiple Access Radio and Satellite Systems
Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) and Electromagnetic
Compatibility (EMC)
141
141
143
143
145
148
148
153
155
157
161
161
161
163
166
167
172
175
viii
CONTENTS
9 DataNetworkPrinciplesandProtocols
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9
9.10
9.11
9.12
9.13
9.14
9.15
9.16
9.17
9.18
9.19
9.20
9.21
177
Computer Networks
Basic Data Conveyance: Introducing the DTE and the DCE
Modulation of Digital Information over Analogue Lines
Using a Modem
High Bit Rate Modems
Modem Constellations
Computer-to-network Interfaces
Synchronization
Bit Synchronization
Character Synchronization: Synchronous and Asynchronous
Data Transfer
Handshaking
Protocols for Transfer of Data
The Open Systems Interconnection Model
Data Message Format
Implementation of Layered Protocol Networks
The Use of Null Layers
Other Layered Protocols
Data Network Types
Point-to-point Data Networks
Circuit-switched Data Networks
Packet-switched Data Neworks
Practical Computer Networks
Part 2 MODERNTELEPHONE
NETWORKS
177
178
180
181
182
186
189
190
191
192
193
194
199
20 1
204
204
205
205
206
207
209
211
10IntegratedServicesDigitalNetwork(ISDN)
213
10.1 TheConcept of ISDN

10.2 Bearer,SupplementaryandTeleservices
10.3 ISDN InterfacesandEnd-userApplications
10.4Basic
RateInterface(BRI)
10.5 TheS/TInterface
Specification
10.6Use
of the Basic RateInterface
10.7 ISDN Terminals
10.8 PrimaryRateInterface
10.9 The Public NetworkandISDN
10.10Deploymentof
ISDN
10.11 The Marketing of ISDN and the Early User Benefits
10.12 NetworkInterworking
10.13CompaniesPrivateISDNs(CorporateISDN)
10.14 Broadband Servicesover ISDN
213
214
215
216
216
219
22 1
222
224
225
226
227
227
229
11 IntelligentNetworksandServices
231
1 1.1 TheConcept of IntelligentNetworks

11.2Intelligent
NetworkArchitecture
23 1
232
ix
CONTENTS
11.3
11.4
11.5
11.6
11.7
11.8
11.9
11.10
11.11
11.12
11.13
11.14
11.15
11.16
11.17
11.18
The Service Control Point (SCP)

The Service Switching Point (SSP)
The Service Management System (SMS) and Service Creation
Environment (SCE)
Benefits of Intelligent Networks
Intelligent Network (IN) Services
Calling Card
Freephone Service (or 800 Service)
900 Service
Centrex Service and Virtual Private Network
Line Information Database (LIBD)
Televoting
Cellular Radio Telephone Service
Network Intelligence and PBXs
Voicemail and Voice Response Systems
Considerations Before Introducing I N to a Network
The Future of Intelligent Networks
12SignallingSystem
No. 7
233
234
234
235
235
236
237
239
239
24 1
243
244
245
246
248
248
249
12.1SS7
SignallingbetweenExchanges
12.2 SS7 Signalling Networks
12.3 TheStructure of SS7 Signalling
12.4 The Message TransferPart(MTP)
12.5 TheUserParts
of SS7
12.6 TheTelephoneUserPart(TUP)
12.7 TheDataUserPart(DUP)
12.8 TheIntegrated Services User Parts(ISUP)
12.9 TheEnhancedTelephoneUserPart(TUP+)
12.10 The Signalling Connection Control Part (SCCP)
12.11 TransactionCapabilities(TC)
12.12 The MobileApplicationPart(MAP)
12.13 Operation and Maintenance Application Part (OMAP)
12.14 Intelligent Network Application Part (INAP)
12.15 The Use and Evolution of CCITT7 Signalling
12.16 Signalling NetworkPlanningandTesting
12.17Interconnection ofSS7 Networks
249
25 1
253
254
256
257
258
258
258
258
26 1
263
263
264
264
265
266
13 SynchronousDigitalHierarchy(SDH)andSynchronous
Optical Network (SONET)
267
13.1
13.2
13.3
13.4
13.5
13.6
13.7
13.8
267
267
270
273
276
276
277
278
HistoryoftheSynchronousDigitalHierarchy(SDH)
TheProblems of PDH Transmission
The Multiplexing StructureofSDH
TheTributaries of SDH
Path
Overhead
SectionOverhead(SOH)
NetworkTopology of SDHNetworks
OpticalInterfacesfor
SDH
CONTENTS
13.9 Management of SDH Networks

13.10 SONET(SynchronousOpticalNetwork)
13.11 SDH and ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode)
278
279
280
14OperatorAssistanceandManualServices
281
14.1 Manual
Network
Operation
14.2 Semi-automatic
Telephony
14.3CallingtheOperator
14.4 Operator Privileges
14.5 Typical
Assistance Services
14.6 Cooperation between InternationalOperators:Code
Code 12 Services
14.7 AModernOperatorSwitchroom
14.8 Operator Assistance on Telex Networks
14.9 Operator Assistance onData Networks
28 1
282
287
288
289
11 and
29 1
293
294
294
15MobileTelephoneNetworks
297
15.1 Radio
Telephone Service
15.2 Cellular
Radio
15.3 MakingCellularRadio
Calls
15.4TracingCellularRadioHandsets
15.5 EarlyCellular RadioNetworks
15.6 Global System for MobileCommunications(GSM)
15.7 GSM Technology
15.8 PersonalCommunicationsNetwork(PCN)andDCS-1800
15.9 AeronauticalandMaritimeMobileCommunications
Services
15.10 Iridium, Globalstar and the Evolution Towards the
Universal Mobile
Telephone Service (UMTS)
297
299
303
304
305
307
308
311
313
16CordlessTelephonyandRadiointheLocalLoop(RILL)
319
16.1 TheDriveforRadio
intheLocalLoop
16.2 FixedNetworksBasedonRadioTechnology
16.3
Cordless
Telephones
16.4Telepoint
or CordlessTelephone2(CT2)
16.5 DECT (DigitalEuropeanCordless Telephony)
16.6 DECT
Handover
16.7 TheRadio Relay StationConceptin DECT
16.8 TheDECT AirInterface(D3-interface)
16.9 OtherISDN WirelessLocal loop Systems
16.10 ShorthaulPoint-to-multipoint(PMP) Microwave Radio
319
320
321
322
323
325
325
326
328
328
17FibreintheLoop(FITL)andOtherAccessNetworks
329
17.1
17.2
17.3
17.4
17.5
329
329
330
33 1
33 1
Fibre Access Networks

Fibretothe
Building(FTTB)
Fibre to theCurb(FTTC)
FibretotheHome(FTTH)
Broadband PassiveOpticalNetwork
314
17.6
17.7
17.8
17.9
17.10
17.11
17.12
17.13
17.14
Access Network Interfaces

ETSI V5 Interfaces
V5.2 Interface
VS. 1 Interface
Significance of the V5.x Interfaces
Re-use of Existing Copper Access Networks
HDSL (High Bitrate Digital Subscriber Line)
ADSL (Asymmmetric Digital Subscriber Line)
Hybrid Fibre/Coax (HFC) Networks
332
333
335
336
336
337
337
337
338
Part 3 MODERN DATANETWORKS
339
18PacketSwitching
34 1
34 1
343
344
346
348
348
350
354
355
358
360
361
361
366
18.1
18.2
18.3
18.4
18,5
18.6
18.7
18.8
18.9
18.10
18.11
18.12
18.13
18.14
Packet Switching Basics

Transmission Delay in Packet-switched Networks
Routing in Packet-switched Networks
ITU-T Recommendation X.25
The Technical Details of X.25
X.25 Link Access Procedure (LAP and LAPB)
X.25 Packet Level Interface (Layer 3 Protocol)
Typical Parameter Default Settings Used in X.25 Networks
Packet Assembler/Disassemblers (PADS)
ITU-T Recommendation X.75
When X.25 Packet Switching May and May Not Be Used
Alternatives to X.25-based Packet Switching
IBMs Systems Network Architecture
APPN (Advanced Peer-to-peer Networking)
19LocalAreaNetworks(LANs)
367
19.1
19.2
19.3
19.4
19.5
19.6
19.7
19.8
367
367
369
371
372
374
374
375
The Emergenceof LANs

LAN TopologiesandStandards
CSMAjCD(IEEE 802.3, IS0 8802.3): Ethernet
Token Bus (IEEE 802.4, I S 0 8802.4)
TokenRing(IEEE
802.5)
LogicalLink ControlforLANs
LANOperatingSoftwareandLAN
Servers
Interconnection of LANs:Bridges, RoutersandGateways
20 Frame
Relay
379
20.1 TheThroughputLimitations ofX.25PacketSwitching

20.2 The Need for Faster Response Data Networks
20.3 The Emergence and use of Frame Relay
20.4 Frame Relay UN1
20.5 Frame RelaySVCService
20.6CongestionControl
in Frame Relaynetworks
379
381
383
383
384
384
xii
CONTENTS
20.7
20.8
20.9
20.10
20.1 1
386
386
387
388
388
Frame Relay NNI

Frame
Format
AddressFieldFormat
ITU-T RecommendationsPertinent to Frame Relay
FRAD (Frame Relay Access Device)
21CampusandMetropolitanAreaNetworks(MANs)
391
21.1
FibreDistributed Data Interface
21.2SwitchedMultimegabitDigital
Services (SMDS)
21.3 The Demise of MANs
39 1
394
398
22ElectronicMail,InternetandElectronicMessageServices
399
Videotext
22.1
22.2
Electronic
Mail
(e-mail)
22.3AddressingSchemesforElectronicMail
22.4 TheAdvantagesandDisadvantages
of e-mail
22.5
EDI:CorporateCommunication withCustomersand
via e-mail
22.6 Internet
22.7
TCP/IPProtocolStack
22.8 CommonApplications Using TCP/IP
22.9 TheInternetProtocol
22.10 The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
22.1 1 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
22.12 OnlineDatabase Services
399
400
402
403
Suppliers
403
404
405
407
408
410
410
410
23TheMessageHandlingSystem(MHS)
413
23.1 The Need forMHS

23.2 TheConcept of MHS
23.3 TheMHSModel
23.4LayeredRepresentation
of MHS
23.5 TheStructure of MHS Messages and MHS Addresses
23.6 MHSManagementDomains
23.7
MHSand the OS1 DirectoryService
23.8MessageConversion
and ConveyanceUsing MHS
23.9Setting
Up aMessageHandlingSystem
23.10FileTransfer
Access and Management (FTAM)
23.1 1 Summary
413
413
414
417
419
420
42 1
42 1
422
424
424
24MobileandRadioDataNetworks
425
24.1
Radiopaging
24.2Mobile
DataNetworks
24.3 TETRA(Trans-EuropeanTrunkedRadio
System)
24.4
Wireless
LANs
24.5
Radiodetermination Satellite Services (RDSS)andtheGlobal
PositioningSystem (GPS)
425
429
43 1
432
436
xiii
CONTENTS
Part 4 MULTIMEDIA NETWORKS

25Broadband,MultimediaNetworksandthe
437
B-ISDN
25.1 MultimediaApplications:theDriverforBroadbandNetworks
25.2
Video
Communication
25.3 The Emergence of theB-ISDN
25.4 The Services to be Offered by B-ISDN
25.5 The Emergence of the ATM Switching Technique as the
25.6 ConnectionTypesSupported
by B-ISDN
25.7 UserDeviceConnection
toB-ISDN
25.8
Evolution
to
Broadband-ISDN
439
Heart ofATM
26 AsynchronousTransferMode(ATM)
26.1
26.2
26.3
26.4
26.5
26.6
26.7
26.8
26.9
26.10
26.1 1
26.12
26.13
26.14
26.15
26.16
26.17
26.18
26.19
26.20
A Flexible Transmission Medium

Statistical Multiplexing and the Evolution of Cell Relay Switching
The Problems to be Solved by Cell Relay
The Technique of Cell Relay
The ATM Cell Header
The Components of an ATM Network
The ATM Adaption Layer (AAL)
ATM Virtual Channels and Virtual Paths
User, Control and Management Planes
How is a Virtual Channel Connection (VCC) Set Up?
Signalling Virtual Channels and Meta-signalling Virtual Channels
Virtual Channel Identifiers (VCIs) and Virtual Path Identifiers (VPIs)
Information Content and Format of the ATM Cell Header
ATM Protocol Layers
The ATM Transport Network
Capability of the ATM Adaption Layer (AAL)
Protocol Stack when Communicating via an ATM Transport Network
ATM Protocol Reference Model (PRM)
ATM Forum Network Reference Model
ATM Forum Network Management Model
Part 5 RUNNING A NETWORK
439
44 1
44 1
442
443
446
446
449
451
45 1
452
453
454
455
456
458
458
459
460
46 1
462
464
465
465
467
468
469
47 1
472
475
Telecommunications
27
Management
Network
477
(TMN)
Problems
27.1 The
of
Networks
Managing
Provisioning
27.2 Nework
Systems
Management
Network
Umbrella27.3
27.4 TheQ3-interface,theCommonManagementInformation
Protocol
(CIMP)
and
the
Concept
of Managed
Objects
(MO)
27.5 The Model
I S 0 Management
ModelFunction
Management
27.6 TMN
27.7TheNetwork
ManagementForum(NMF),OMNIpointandSPIRIT
477
479
480
483
485
486
487
Early
Realization
27.8
TMN
of Example27.9
TMN Realization
Simple
27.10
Network
Management
Protocol
(SNMP)
27.11 Summary of TMN Benefits
27.12
Telecommunications
Intelligent
Network
Architecture
(TINA)
490
28 Network
Routing,
Interconnection
Interworking
and
28.1
28.2
28.3
28.4
28.5
28.6
28.7
28.8
28.9
28.10
28.1 1
28.12
28.13
28.14
28.15
28.16
28.17
The Need for aNetwork Routing Plan

Network Routing Objectives and Constraints
The Administration of Routing Tables
Routing Protocols Used in Modern Networks
Network Topology State and the Hello State Machine
Signalling Impact upon Routing and Call Set-up Delays
Plausibility Check During Number Analysis
Network Interconnection
Network Interconnection Services
Interconnect
Equal Access
Number Portability
Shared Use of Access Network Ducts and Cables
Pitfalls of Interconnection
The Point of Interconnection and Collocation
The Interconnection Contract
Interworking
Addressing
Plans
Numbering
Network
and 29
29.1
International
Telephone
Numbering
Plan
The
29.2 International
Network
Public
Data
Address
Scheme
Codes
29.3
Escape
Telex
29.4
Network
(ITU-T
Numbering
Plan
F.69)
29.5X.500:
TheAddressingPlanforthe
MessageHandlingService(MHS)
Scheme
Addressing
29.6
Internet
Addresses
(STMP) e-mail
29.7 Internet
29.8 NetworkAddresingSchemesUsedinSupport
of Broadband-ISDN
and
ATM
Theory
487
488
489
489
49 1
49 1
494
497
499
500
503
504
504
505
506
506
507
507
508
508
509
510
513
513
520
52 1
524
524
525
526
527
30 Teletraffic
Traffic
30.1 Telecommunications
(Circuit-switched
Intensity
Networks)
Traffic 30.2
Practical
Intensity
Traffic
(Erlang)
Measurement
30.3 53
e
30.4
Busy Hour
for Formula
30.5 The
Intensity
Traffic
30.6 Traffic-carrying
The Capacity
of a Circuit
Single
Networks
Circuit-switched
Dimensioning30.7
Dimensioning Route 30.8
Example
Call
30.9
Dimensioning 30.10
Data Networks
529
530
1
533
535
536
539
542
543
546
xv
CONTENTS
30.1 1 Pollaczek-Khinchine Delay Formula

30.12 PracticalDimensioning of Networks
30.13 Appendix: The Derivation of Erlangs Formula
550
551
551
31TrafficMonitoringandForecasting
555
3 1.1
3 1.2
3 1.3
31.4
3l .5
31.6
31.7
31.8
31.9
3 1.10
555
MeasuringNetworkUsage
UsageMonitoringinCircuit-SwitchedNetworks
Traffic Intensity
Total UsageMonitoring
Number of Calls Attempted
Numberof CallsCompleted
MonitoringUsage of DataNetworks
ForecastingModelsforPredictingFutureNetworkUse
FittingtheForecastingModel
Other Forecasting Models
32NetworkTrafficControl
32.1 Networks
32.2 Sizing Circuit-switched
Networks
32.3 Hierarchical
Network
32.4 Overflow of AutomaticAlternativeRouting
(AAR)
32.5Wilkinson
-Rapp Equivalent RandomMethod
32.6 Dimensioning
Final
Routes
32.7 Trunk Reservation
32.8 Crankback or AutomaticRe-routing (ARR)
32.9 Proportionate Bidding Facility(PBF)
32.10 DynamicRouting
32.1 1 Routing and Traffic Control in Data Networks
32.12 Network Design
32.13 Appendix: The Wilkinson-Rapp Route Dimensioning Method
33PracticalNetworkTransmissionPlanning
33.1
33.2
33.3
33.4
33.5
33.6
33.7
33.8
33.9
33.10
33.1 1
33.12
33.13
33.14
33.15
Network Transmission Plan

Send and Receive Reference Equivalents
Connection Reference Points and Overall Reference Equivalent
Measuring Network Loss
Correcting Signal Strength
The Control of Sidetone
The Problem of Echo
Echo Control and Circuit Instability
Signal (or Propagation) Delay
Noise and Crosstalk
Signal Distortion
Transmission Plan for Digital and Data Networks
International Transmission Plan
Private Network Transmission Plan
Circuit and Transmission System Line-up
556
556
558
560
56 l
562
564
567
569
571
57 1
572
573
577
579
58 1
58 1
584
585
585
586
588
590
593
593
594
596
598
599
602
602
603
606
607
608
609
612
613
613
xvi
CONTENTS
Management
Resource
33.16 Network
Planning Provisining
33.17 Circuit
New
33.18
Local
33.19
International
33.20
and Trunk
Transmission
33.21 Radio 623
ransmission
ment
Satellite
33.22
34
Quality
613
618
623Planning
Line
Systems
628
of Service
(QOS)
and
Network
Performance
(NP)
633
Management
Performance
34.1 forFramework
Quality:
34.2
635
View
34.3 Quality
of
Service (QOS) and
Network
Performance
(NP)
Quality
34.4
of Service Parameters
Parameters
Performance
Network
Generic 34.5
34.6 Performance
Monitoring
Functions
of Modern
Networks
34.7 Network
Performance
Measurement
Planning
and
642
cal
Few
34.8 A
34.9 Summary
633
636
640
640
642
646
647 Network
Use
Accounting
Charging
for
and 35
35.1
35.2
35.3
35.4
35.5
35.6
35.7
35.8
35.9
35.10
35.11
35.12
35.13
35.14
35.15
Recompense for Network Use

Customer Subscription Charges
Customer Usage Charges
Pulse Metering
Electronic Ticketing
Accounting
Route Destination Accounting
Charging and Accounting on Data Networks
Charging and Accounting for Manual (Operator) Assistance
Charging and Accounting for Leased Circuits
Charging Payphone Calls
Customer Billing
Setting Customer Charges and Accounting Rates
Network Costs and How to Recharge Them
Future Accounting and Charging Practices
647
648
648
649
652
652
654
655
656
657
657
657
658
660
662
36MaintainingtheNetwork
663
36.1 TheObjectivesofGeneralMaintenance
36.2
Maintenance
Philosophy
36.3 Maintenance
Organization
36.4CentralizedOperationandMaintenance
36.5
Lining Up Analogueand MixedAnalogue/DigitalCircuits
36.6High
GradeDataCircuitLine-up
36.7
Lining Up DigitalCircuits
36.8 Performance
Objectives
36.9
Maintenance
Access Points
36.10LocalizingNetworkFaults
663
663
665
666
667
67 1
673
674
675
676
xvii
CONTENTS
36.1 1 HardwareFaults
36.12 SoftwareFaults
36.13 Change Control Procedure for Hardware and Software
679
679
680
37ContainingNetworkOverload
683
37.1
37.2
37.3
37.4
37.5
37.6
683
684
687
688
69 1
694
The Effect of Congestion

Network
Monitoring
NetworkManagementControls
ExpansiveControlActions
RestrictiveControlActions
NetworkManagement Systems
38NetworkEconomyMeasures
695
38.1
38.2
38.3
38.4
38.5
38.6
38.7
38.8
38.9
38.10
38.1 1
695
696
698
699
699
699
703
706
707
707
709
Cost
Minimization
FrequencyDivisionMultiplexing(FDM)
TimeDivisionMultiplexing
(FDM)
WavelengthDivisionMultiplexing
CircuitMultiplicationEquipment(CME)
Speech InterpolationandStatisticalMultiplexing
Analogue Bandwidth Compression and Low Rate Encoding
Data Multiplexors
Data Compression
PracticalUses of CME
Constraints on the Use of CME
39NetworkSecurityMeasures
39.1
39.2
39.3
39.4
39.5
39.6
39.7
39.8
39.9
39.10
39.11
39.12
39.13
39.14
The Trade-off between Confidentiality and Interconnectivity

Different Types of Protection
Encryption
Network Access Control
Path Protection
Destination Access Control
Specific Technical Risks
Carelessness
Call Records
Mimicked Identity
Radio Transmission, LANs and Other Broadcast-type Media
EM1 (Electro-Magnetic Interference)
Message Switching Networks
Other Types of Network Abuse
of PCM
711
71 1
712
713
713
714
715
716
717
718
718
718
719
719
720
40 TechnicalStandardsforNetworks
723
40.1 TheNeedforStandards
40.2 WorldwideInternationalStandardsOrganizations
40.3RegionalandNationalStandardsOrganizations
40.4
RegulatoryStandardsOrganizations
723
724
727
732
xviii
CONTENTS
40.5
40.6
40.7
OtherStandards-promotingFora
Proprietary
Standards
TheStructureandContent
of ITU-TRecommendations
734
736
738
Part 6 SETTING UP NETWORKS
741
41Building,ExtendingandReplacingNetworks
743
41.1
MatchingNetworkCapacitytoForecastDemand
41.2 OtherFactors Affecting the Need for New Exchanges
41.3Factors
inDetermining an ExchangeProvisionProgramme
41.4Determining
a StrategyforNetworkEvolution
41.5 Comparison ofStrategyOptions
41.6
Exchange
Design
and Specification
41.7OutlineCircuit-switchedDesign:Circuit
Numbers and TrafficBalance
41.8 Outline Design
of Other Types of Network
41.9 The Effect of Low Circuit Infill on Exchange and Lineplant Planning
41.10 Functional Requirements of Exchanges or Line Systems
41.1 1 Methods of Network or Exchange Modernization
743
748
749
750
754
754
756
7 59
759
760
760
42SelectingandProcuringEquipment
763
42.1 Tendering
for
Equipment
42.2
Project
Managment
42.3
Procurement
Policy
42.4
Planning
Documentation
42.5
The
Tender
Document
42.6
Summary
000
000
000
000
000
000
Part 7 SPECIFIC BUSINESSES AND NETWORKS
777
43 MeetingBusinessNeedsandCreatingCompetitiveEdge
779
43.l
Content of an IT Strategy
43.2 TheStudy of InformationFlows
43.3
TheTactical DevelopmentPlan
43.4BusinessApplications
of IT
43.5
Summary
779
780
786
787
792
44NetworkRegulationandDeregulation
793
44.1
Reasons
for
Deregulation
44.2 The DilemmaofDeregulation
44.3
OptionalMethods of Regulation
44.4Types
of RegulatoryBodies
44.5DesignationofCustomerPremisesEquipment(CPE)
44.6DeregulationofValue-added
Services
44.7
Competitionin Basic Services
44.8
TheInstruments of PTORegulation
793
795
797
797
798
798
799
800
xix
CONTENTS
44.9 European
Telecommunications
Deregulation
44.10 Instruments of UnitedKingdomRegulation
44.1 1UnitedStatesTelecommunicationsRegulation
44.12 OtherCountries
802
806
809
813
45 Corporate
Networks
45.1
Telecommunications
Management
45.2
Premises
Cabling
Schemes
45.3 Office Computer
Networking
45.4
Private
Networks
45.5Architecture
of PrivateNetworks
45.6PlanningPrivateNetworks
45.7A
Word of Warning
45.8 PTO LeasedCircuitOfferings
45.9Making
UseofMobile RadioTechnology
815
815
816
819
820
822
824
828
828
829
46 PublicNetworksandTelecommunicationsServiceProviders
46.1
Company Mission
46.2IdentifyingandAddressingthePTOsmarket
46.3PTOProductDevelopment
46.4 PTO BusinessDevelopment
831
83 1
832
834
836
Bibliography
839
Glossary of Terms
849
Glossary of Abbreviations
865
I S 0 two-letter country code abbreviations (IS0 3166)
890
Index
895
Preface
The second edition of this text is a much larger work than the first edition, having
needed to be expanded with extensivenew sections on data, broadband and multimedia
networksandmuchextendedcoverage
of moderntransmissionmedia,radioand
network management. The technology may have moved onsince 1990, but the original
preface is as relevant today as it was then...
The networks thatI have personally hadto develop and operate
have bridgednot onIy
the classical subdivisions of voice and data, but also national boundaries, technological
standards and regulations.As a result,I have found it necessary to become familiar with
a broad range of technology, telecommunications practices and worldwide regulations.
I have needed to knowhow things work and interwork, and the practical problemsbeto
overcome. I have needed to understand the basic electrical engineering detail underlying
telecommunications, but experience has also
given me two equally valuable resources: an
armoury of practical techniques and a knowledge
of both technical and regulatory
constraints.
In my time I have used plenty of books, each addressing one of the many individual
technologies that I have had to deal with. However, to date
I have not discovered a
book aimed at technical managers whoneed a broad range of knowledge about how to
develop and operate a number of different types of network in a pragmatic way. This
seems perverse, since many of todays professional telecommunications managers are
expected to know about all the various types of network making up their trade. It is
also perverse given the fact that, in my experience, network problems cannot be neatly
categorized by technology. I have rarely needed to know all the technical details of a
particular technology and cannot remember havingbeen able to use any network to its
full capability. Seldom have I had the opportunity, because seldom have I had a problem where one technology alone will suffice, and never have I had the option anyway to
scrap the established network with its constraints and start entirely afresh.
Surprisingly perhaps, my major problems have arisen not from technical incompatibility of different international networks; such problems are soluble with time and
money. Rather the difficulty has been in gaining a basic understandingof how different
types of network operate, and therefore how they couldbe made to co-exist, interwork
or cooperate to serve a given users need. It is from this background that I decided to
write this book, a day-to-day encyclopaedia for practical folk like me, people faced with
xxii
PREFACE
voice, data and awhole compendium of other networks to be responsible for. Here in46
chapters we haveapicture
of an evolvingjungle of techniques and administrative
controls, all about telecommunications to-day and how they got that way.
The book provides an insight for all telecommunications-affected parties: end users,
engineers,privatecompanies,publictelecommunications
operators,regulators and
governments. The sortof people that I hope will read it and use it, the interested parties,
arestudentsand
academics,telecommunications
andcomputerpractitioners,and
technical managers. Through our greater commonawareness and understanding,I hope
that we in turn can help extend familiarity with telecommunications and their effective
use to a much wider audience: business managers, directors, and consultants; specialist
press and publicity people; chairmen and board members of companies, politicians and
everyday folk.
How to read a book of this kind with advantage depends on what one hopes to get
out of it: the student may plough through it from cover to cover, while the academic
toys fastidiously with the bibliography, glossary
and index. The chairman only reads
what his advisers put in front of him. However, it will take more than that if we are to
harnesstelecommunicationsfortheirfullpotential;expandingsystems
of linked
computers, international and mobile communications are turning business and society
upside down, whether we like it or not.
In all quarters more know-how is needed, more shared knowledge,moremutual
awareness of what is actually going on, not only here and now under our noses, but in
other minds and in other countries as well. To meet this need, this book sets
out at
length therawfactsandthejargon;andalthoughthepicture
presented is strictly
contemporary, I hope the book will give its readers the suggestion and confidence to
carry things forward into the future among themselves. This, in its way,
is the most
hopeful and important part of the book.
I have chosen not to remove any technical coverage from the first edition. You, the
reader, might be confronted by an older technology and need to deal with it. Beyond
this, many old ideas find new lease of life in modern technologies
For those using the book to unravel an outside world full of jargon and opportunity,
the bibliography, glossaries and index
will be invaluable, but the acronyms abound,
beyond the possibilities of a single book. A number of excellent dictionaries will help
the reader who finds himself at a loss.
MARTIN CLARK
Eppstein, Germany
30th November 1996
About the Author
Martin Clark spent eight years in the

international network planning department of
British Telecom, where he gained knowledge and experience of the fundamentals and
practicality of telecommunications. He also developed a good understanding
of the technical, regulatory and other problems associated with international networks.
In 1989
he became Group Telecommunications Manager with Grand Metropolitan, where his
experiencegavehim an insight into global corporate network management and the
business opportunities offered by telecommunications. In 1991 he moved to Germany,
where he has worked on setting up a pan-European managed data network for Cable
&
Wireless, in managing the Deutsche Bankscorporate network and also helped Mannesmann in the establishment of a new public telecommunications carrier (ARCOR) to
rival Deutsche Telekom. Recently he has been active with the wireless ATM company,
Netro, and he also works as a freelance consultant.
Martin Clark is a Chartered European Engineer and a member of the IEE.
Acknowledgements
When reviewing the list of sources, reference bodies and helpers who have contributed
to this work, I come to think of myself more as a coordinator than a sole author, and
my special thanks are due to the many who have encouraged me, contributed material
or reviewed sections of text.
The material that appears in the chapters on PCM, network traffic control, network
overload and ISDN is derived from articles first published in the
African Technical
Review and AfricanReview. Two of thesearticles(on
ISDN and PCM) were coauthored by Felix Redmill, my colleague at British Telecom, and it is to him that I owe
the initial idea and the encouragement to pursue this work at all.
BritishTelecomsupplied
many ofthephotographicillustrations,andalso
an
education in telecommunications spanning eight years.
My particular thanks are due
toJohn Kelly of thecustomercommunicationsphotographiclibraryandDavid
Hay,the BT Group Archivist. The picturesrepresentonlyaglimpseoftherich
history of telecommunications, and I hopethey will encourageothers to use the
BT Archives.
The American Telephone and Telegraph Corporation (AT&T) also provided a large
number of photographs, aswell as making available some of their world-respected
Bell
Laboratories staff to review portions of the text. I am sincerely grateful to Tim Granger
of the National Accounts staff for arranging these contributions.
No book on telecommunications as they aretoday couldfail to recognizethe
contribution toworld standards made by the International Telecommunications Union
and itssubordinateentitiesITU-RandITU-T.
You will find referenceslittered
throughout the text. Particular copyright extracts (chosen
by the author, butreproduced
with the prior authorization of the ITU) are labelled accordingly. The full texts of all
ITU copyright material may be obtained from the ITU Sales and Marketing Service,
Place des Nations, CH-l211 Geneva 20, Switzerland, Telephone: $41 22 730 6141 or
Internet: Sales@itu.int.
The cartoons that bring humour and parody to the chapters on qualitytechnical
and
standards are by Patrick Wright of Fernhurst, Sussex, England, but the copyright is
that of the author.
In thissecondedition
I am alsoindebtedfor
photographstotheinternational
satellite organisation INTELSAT, to Siemens AG and to Netro Corporation. Further
xxvi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
thanks are also due to ATM Forum for their kind permission to reproduce the ATM
network reference model and network management model from their standards.
Let me thank all those personal friends who helped especially with the first edition
without it there would have
been no second edition! Those few I have the space
to
mention are: Pettrel Adams, who toiled unfailingly with the typing; Elizabeth Bathurst,
theeditingassistant
atJohn Wiley; RichardCawdell(formerly
of theEuropean
Commission); Colin Clark, my father and critic; Ann-Marie Halligan, John Wileys
editor; John Goatly, father-in-law,critic and adviser; John Green of GrandMet, for his
advice on IBM networks; Martin Pigott, former CCITT rapporteur for number seven
signalling; Peter Walker, formerly
of British Telecom network planning
department
and now with Oftel; and Arthur Watson, my first telecom boss and part-time golfing
friend.
Special thanks go to my close family, for enduring the monthsof aspiration and toil.
Martin Clark
Networks and Telecommunications: Design and Operation, Second Edition.

Martin P. Clark
Copyright 1991, 1997 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
ISBNs: 0-471-97346-7 (Hardback); 0-470-84158-3 (Electronic)
Index
0898service
239
1forNrestoration
688
1 main 1 standby protection 270
1.5 Mbit/s digitallinesystem64
1.920 Mbit/sbitrate 65
1 : 1restoration 278
10-availability86,
94
1020Hztone
670
10base2 ethernetLAN
369
lObase5 ethernetLAN
369
lObaseTethernet LAN 370
15-pinplug or socket 188
155 Mbit/s signal 70
16Mbit/stoken ring LAN 372
1VF signalling 119
2Mbit/sdigital linesystem64
20-availability86,
94
2 3 B + D 223
24-availability 86
25-pin plug or socket 188
2713 Hz tone 679
2 B + D 216
2VF signalling 1 19
3.1 kHzbearer service 215
3 0 B + D 222
3270 emulation 377
3270 gateway 377
34-pinplug or socket 188
37-pin plug or socket 188
3Com 500
4Mbit/stoken ring LAN 372
500-pointswitching
88
64kbit/s bearerservice215,
219
800-service23 1, 237, 260
895
800 Hz tone 670

838, ITU-Rrecommendation
86/361/EECmandate of July
900-service 239
627
1986 803
A-field 327
A-law code 61,63
A-to-Mu lawconversion
70
AA(administrativeauthority)
528
AAL-PDU (ATM adaptation layer protocol data
unit) 467
AAL-SDU (ATM adaptation layer service data
unit) 467
AAL class A 458
AAL class B 458
AAL class C 458
AAL class D 458
AALl(AALtype 1) 458
AAL2(AALtype 2) 458
AAL3/4(AAL type 314) 458
AAL5(AALtype 5 ) 458, 470
AAR(automaticalternativerouting)
577
abbreviated dialling 11 5
abortcommand
262
ABR (answerbidratio)
562, 645, 686
absorption 166, 627
abstract syntax notation 1 (ASN.1)
196, 204, 485
abuse 720
acceptability 641
accessaccuracy
640
access control 712, 713, 715
access control field 395
access dependability 640
access network(AN) 329, 332, 333, 397
896
accesspoint675
accessspeed640
accessunit(AU)393
accessibility
645
accommodation766,771,772
accounting647,648,652
accountingmanagement485
accounting rate 659
accountingsettlement653
accuracy
640
ACD(automaticcalldistribution)
288
ACK
(acknowledge)
198
acknowledgedconnectionlessmode374
acknowledged
signalling
126
ACSE (access control and signalling
equipment)3 13
activec-channel336
adaptation layer, ATM (AAL) 458, 465, 467, 468,
470
adaptive differential pulse code modulation
(ADPCM)310,441,611,696,705
adaptiveengineering763
ADC (adviceof duration and charge)290
ADC (american digital cellular system) 3
11
add/drop multiplexor(ADM)278
address
455
addressfieldformat
387
addressresolutionprotocol(ARP)
406
address,
layer
2
199
address,
layer
3
200
addressingplan
513
adds and changes371
adjacentcell300
ADM (add/dropmultiplexor) 278
ADMD (administrationmanagementdomain)420
administration
752
administrationmanagementdomain(ADMD)420
administrative authority (AA)528
administrativedomain
525
administrativeunit(AU)271
administrativeunitgroup (AUG) 271
ADPCM (adaptive differential pulse code
modulation)310,441,
611, 696,705
ADSL (asymmetric digital subscriber line) 148, 337
advertise
502
advertisingindustry
792
adviceof duration and charge (ADC) 290
advisorytone
118
AE(applicationentity)195,
261
AFI (authority and formatidentifier)527
AFI= 39527
INDEX
AFI=45 527
AFI=47 527
AGC(automaticgaincontrol)
155
ageing
675
agent 482
air-time
829
AirCanada
247
air interface(AI)432
airinterface,DECT
326
Airloop 328
Airspan 328
alarm478, 676
alert and responsesignal436
alerting26,109,425
aligning
271
Alliance for Telecommunications Industry
Solutions 731
Alohaprotocol432
alteration ofservice643
alternate mark inversion (AMI) code 72,
73
alternativerouting
502
AM(amplitudemodulation)
180
AmericaOnline(AOL)
41 1
Ameritech 8 11
AMI (alternate mark inversion) code 72,
73
amplification29,32
amplifier
32
amplitude
58,
183
amplitudemodulation(AM)
180
AMPS(AdvancedMobileTelephoneSystem)244,
305
ANA(ArticleNumberingAssociation)787
analogue-to-digitalconversion600,609,61
I , 673
analoguemodulation153
analoguesignal6,
17
ANSI (American National Standards Institute)
729
ANSIX.12788
answer
561
answerbid ratio (ABR)562,645,686
answerseizure ratio (ASR)562,686
answertime544
answerback522,
718
answering rate 678
answerphone 246
ant-trust 8 1 1
antenna 157
antennalobediagram
158
anti-sidetonecircuit23
antiphasetimeslot
105
AppleMacintosh375
Appletalk374,375,376
897
INDEX
applicationentity(AE)195,
261
applicationlayer(layer 7)195,202
applicationserviceelement(ASE)195,254,262
APPN(advancedpeer-to-peernetworking)366
approvalsbody798,803
approvalsprocedure802
APS (automaticprotectionswitching)277
ARDIS 430
areacode114,
116
ARP (addressresolutionprotocol)406
ARR(automaticre-routing)
584
arrayantenna
158
arrivalrate535
arrivingcalls552,553
AS ART IOOA directiveon ONP 804
AS400 366,
372
ASAI(adjunct/switchapplicationinterface)226
ASCII (American standard code for information
interchange)46,47,48,
178, 196,729
ASE(applicationserviceelement)195,254,262
ASN.1(abstractsyntaxnotation1)196,204,485
ASR(answerseizureratio)562,686
assistance
281
assistanceservice289
assistance,telex294
associatedmodesignalling252
asymmetricdigitalsubscriberline(ADSL)148,
337
asynchronous data transfer 191
asynchronousframing276
asynchronousterminal355,415
asynchronoustransfermode(ATM)361,381,397,
445, 451, 501, 527, 606, 655
AT&T (American Telephone and Telegraph
Company)231,305,506,586,736,794,837
AT&T anti-trustsuit 811
AT&Tdivestiture 8 1 1
AT-command
192
AtlanticOceanregion(AOR)629,630
ATM-SDU(ATMlayerservice data unit) 467
ATM(asynchronoustransfermode)361,381,397,
445, 451, 501, 527, 606, 655
ATM adaptation layer (AAL) 458, 465, 467, 468,
470
ATM adaptation layer protocol data unit
(AAL-PDU)
467
ATM adaptation layer service data unit
(AAL-SDU) 467
ATMcrossconnect456,457,463
ATMcustomerequipment457
ATM Forum 452,457,470,506,735
ATM Forumnetworkmanagementmodel472
ATMForumnetworkreferencemodel471
ATMlayer465,468
ATMlayerentity(ATM-LE)467
ATMlogicalnetworkaddress527
ATMmultiplexor456,457,463
ATMnetworkaddress527
ATMnetworknode447
ATMnetwork,private473
ATMprotocol465
ATMswitch456,457,463
ATM transportnetwork465,468
ATME (automatic transmission, measuring and
signallingtestequipment)676
atmosphericinterference607
attemptedcalls556
attenuation29,31,36,41,141
attenuationconstant 30
attenuationdistortion30, 37,608
attenuationduetorain
627
attenuation,radio 625,627
attenuator 599
attribute 483, 501
AU(administrativeunit)
271
audiocircuit
141
AUG (administrativeunitgroup) 271
auralrange22
authorization 303,714,715
authorizationcentre(AuC) 308,309
automaticalternativerouting(AAR)
577
automaticcalldistribution(ACD)288
automatic gain control(AGC) 155
automaticnetwork
110
automaticprotectionswitching(APS)277
automaticre-request 429
automaticre-routing(ARR)
584
auxiliarymagnet100
availability641,645
averagecallholdingtime535
average data delay550
averagedelay545,547
averagelongtermmarginalcost660
averagenumberofwaitingcalls545
averageservicetime544,545
B-field
327
B-ICI (broadbandinter-carrierinterface)457,471,
472, 506, 730
B-ISDN (broadband integrated services digital
network)394,439,441,451,527
B-ISDN (broadbandISDN) 229
898
B-ISSI (broadband inter-switching system

interface)
472
B-ISUP (broadband integrated services user
part) 470,471
B-NT1 (broadband network termination
type1)446
B-TA (broadband terminal adaptor) 447
B-TE (broadband ISDN terminalequipment)456
B-TE1 (broadband terminalequipmenttype1)447
B-TE2 (broadband terminal equipment type 2) 447
Bchannel216
B8ZS (bipolar 8-zero substitution)code 74
BABT (British Approvals Board for
Telecommunications)734,
808
backwardcompatibility264,680
backward explicit congestion notification
(BECN)385,387,687
BAKOM (Bundesamt fur Kommunikation,
Switzerland) 808
balancecircuit34,602
balanceoftrade659
balancedcircuit144,188
balancedclassofprocedure347,348
balancedmode348
balancedportfolio832
balancing
34
baluns370,372
bandwidthcompression703
bankruptcy 77 1
BAPT (Bundesamt fur Post und
Telekommunikation,Germany) 625,734,807
barcoding787
BarclaysBank
800
barrierbox819
base station 244,298,300
base station sub-system(BSS)308
base station switchingcentre(BSC)308
base transmitterstation (BTS)308
baseband39,141,145
basic rate access(BRA)215,216,217
basic rateinterface(BRI)215,216,
217
basictransmissionservice799
basket of services 800
basstone30
batteryconservation429
Baudrate47,182
Baudotcode45,46
BBN
347
BCD(binarycodeddecimal)521
BDT (Telecommunication Development Bureau of
ITU) 725,726
INDEX
Be(excess burstduration) 385

bearerchannel216,335
bearerchannelconnection(BCC)335
bearercircuit700
bearerservice214,215,431
BECN (backward explicit congestion
notification)385,387,687
begincommand262
Belgian InstituteforTelecommunications807
Bell Atlantic 8 11
Bell Laboratories 306,328
Bell South 811
Bell telephonesystem 8 11
Bell,AlexanderGraham
21
Bellcore(BellCommunicationsResearch)231,737
BER (bit error ratio) 57, 325, 594, 600, 609, 641,
673
BGP (border gatewayprotocol)406,407,
500
BHCA(busy hour call attempt) 560, 772
bid560,561,686
Bildschirmtext399,400
billing648,657
binary code43,44
binarycodeddecimal(BCD)code521
BISYNC
365
44
bit
bit error ratio (BER) 57, 325, 594, 600, 609, 641,
673
bitinsertedparity(BIP)276
bitrate
61
bitsequenceintegrity230
bitstealing68
bitstuffing68
bitsynchronization190
bitsynchronousframing275
bittiming465
bit/s 45
bitspersecond(bps)45
blackspot
435
blocking82,87
blockingprobability87
blocking ratio 537
bluebook739,740
BML(businessmanagementlayer)486,487
BMPT (Bundesministerium fur Post und
Telekommunikation,Germany)807
bobbin 100
BOC(Bell OperatingCompanies)794
bodyofmessage419
bordergateway protocol(BGP)406,407,
500
bordernode366
899
INDEX
bothwaygeneratorsignalling109
BPON (broadband passiveopticalnetwork)152,
331, 620
BRA(basic rateaccess)215,216,217
break-even
833
BR1(basicrateinterface)215,216,217
bridge375,376
bridge armature 98
bridgecommon97
BritishPetroleum(BP)
800
BritishStandards
527
BritishTelecom328,332,399,487,506,509,525,
586, 620, 650, 735, 737, 799, 806, 837
BritishTelecommunicationsAct,1981(UK)806,
busy hour 533,556,565

busy hourcallattempt(BHCA)560,772
busy tone 77
bypass824,826,827
bytesynchronousframing275
BZT (Bundesamt fur Zulassung in der
Telekommunikation)734,807
C/I (carrier to interference)325
C/R (command/responsebit)387
C-450 306
C-900
306c-channel335
c-channel(communicationchannel)335
c-channel,active336
808
broadband371,391,439
c-channel,standby336
broadband inegrated services digital network
c-path
335
c-path(communicationspath)335
(B-ISDN)394,439,441,451,527
broadbandinter-carrierinterface(B-ICI)457,471,
c-plane326,432,461
cabinet,streetsidedistribution330,619
472, 506, 730
broadband ISDN (B-ISDN)229
Cable & Wireless799
broadbandpassiveopticalnetwork(BPON)
cableplanning616
152,
cablesheath144
331, 620
cabletensilestrength617
broadcast 158, 434,625,718
cablingregulations 8 19
browser
405
BSC(base station switchingcentre)308
CAC(channelaccesscontrol)435
CAD (computer-aideddesign)779,780,787
BSC (binarysynchronouscommunication)365
BSGL(branchsystemsgenerallicence, UK) 808
CA1(common air interface)322,324
calibration
667
BSI(British StandardsInstitution) 731
callarrivalrate
535
BSS(base station sub-system) 308
callarrivals552,553
BTNR (British Telecom Network
callattempts556,560,686
Requirement)
737
callcompletions556,561
BTNR190(DPNSS)737
callconnection to busysubscriber(CCBS)215
BTS(basetransmitterstation)308
callcontrol
109
BtX(Bildschirmtext)399,400
calldiversion215,
718
buffer342,384,453,543
callduration
649
bugging713
callforwarding 51 1
buildingcabling816
callgapping692
Bundelfunk
299
Bundesamt fur Kommunikation (BAKOM,
callgapping,1inN692
callgapping,1inT692
Switzerland) 808
callholdingtime552
Bundesamt fur Post und Telekommunikation,
callholdingtime,average535
Germany(BAPT)625,734,807
Bundesamt fur Zulassung in der Telekommunikation callloggingsystem556
callre-direction226,243
(BZT)734,807
callset up 503,558
Bundesministerium fur Post und
call set up time508
Telekommunikation,Germany(BMPT)807
callwaitingsystem543
burstytraffic341
callingcardservice236
bus
394
callinglineidentity(CLI)111,
215, 226,289,508,
businessdevelopment836
business
management
layer
(BML)
486,
487
715, 716,
718
900
CAM(computer-aidedmanufacturing)787
campusnetwork391
capabilityset 1 (CSl) 264
capacitance29,30,31
capacity540,749
carphone 301,
310
carriedtraffic531,539
carrierfrequency39,146
carriersignal39,40,154
Carterfone8 11
CAS(channelassociatedsignalling)121,131
cascadesettlement653
category1(cat1)cable143
category 2 (cat2)cable143
category 5 (cat 5 ) cable143,372,817
CB0 (continuousbitstreamoriented)389
CBR(constantbitrate)
447,458
CC (country code)514,517,522
CCBS(callconnection to busysubscriber)215
CCD (contractcompletiondate)766
CCIR (Consultative Committee for
Radiocommunication - now ITU-R) 725
CCITT (International Telegraph and Telephone
ConsultativeCommittee - nowITU-T)726
CCITT 1signalling119,132
CCITT 2signalling119
CCITT 5 signalling119,132
CCITT 5bis signalling119
CCITT 6signalling119
CCITT bluebook739,740
CCITT R1signalling119,132
CCITT R2signalling119,121,132
CCITT R2D signalling119
CCITT recommendations738
CCITT redbook739,740
CCITT yellowbook740
Ccmail
402
CCS(commonchannelsignalling)121,250
CCS(hundredcallseconds)
530
CCS7(commonchannelsignallingsystem7)229
CDMA (codedivisionmultipleaccess)174
CDV(celldelayvariation)607,641
CEI (Commission Electrotechnique
Internationale) 726
cell
395
cell-switched
12
INDEX
celldelayvariation(CDV)607,641
cellerrorratio(CER)
641
cellheader455,464
cell loss priority(CLP)464
cellmisinsertionrate (CMR) 641
cellrateadaption465
cellrelay452
cellrelayservice(CRS)472
cellsize454,547
cellsplitting303
cellswitching106
celltransfercapacity641
celltransferdelay641
Cellnet311,806
cellularradio163,244,299
CELP (code excited linear prediction) 61 1, 706
CEN (ComiteEuropeendeNormalisation)727
CENELEC 727
centralbattery(CB)
24
central office
240
centralized operation and maintenance
(CO&M)666,667
centrex 239
CEPT (European Conference for Posts and
Telecommunications)64,728,307,321
CEQ (customerequipment)449,456
CER (cell errorratio)641
CES(circuitemulationservice)458
changeover
689
channel
37
channelaccesscontrol(CAC)435
channelassociatedsignalling(CAS)121,131
channelinterference30 1
channelserviceunit(CSU)180,188
channeltranslatingequipment(CTE)38,123,124,
146, 696
charactersynchronization
191
chargeable duration 649
chargeband
650
charges
645
charging14,647,648
cheapernet 369
checkbits256
checksum
409
CHILL (CCITThighlevellanguage)739
Chinesewall801
chiprate174
CIC(circuitidentificationcode)257,260
CIM (computer-integratedmanufacturing) 787
CIR (committedinformationrate)383,385,389,
496, 655, 687
901
INDEX
circuit 12
circuitemulationservice(CES)458
circuitidentificationcode(CIC)257,260
circuitinfill759
circuitmonitoring289
circuit
multiplication
700
circuitmultiplicationequipment(CME)696,699
circuitoccupancy537,538
circuitprovision615
circuitrequirement542
circuitstability 35
circuit switched public data network (CSPDN) 206
circuitswitching12,77,259,453,530,556
circularrouting492,494,497
Cisco
Systems
500
citizensband(CB)radio161
classofservice234
clearsignal 115
cleardown109,
125, 559
clearing77,
80
CL1 (calling line identity) l1 1,215,226,289, 508,
715, 716, 718
client/serverarchitecture383
climatezone627
clippingofspeech444,703,710
closeduser group (CUG) 353,496,655, 715, 716,
717
CLNS(connectionlessnetworkservice)11,431
CLP (celllosspriority)464
clustercontroller361,362,364
CME (circuitmultiplicationequipment)696,699
CM1(codedmarkinversion)code72
CMIP (common management information
protocol)477,483,489
CMIS (common management information
service)
483
CMISE (common management information service
entity)
483
CMR (cellmisinsertionrate)641
CNET (Centre nationale dEtudes
Ttlhcommunications,France)807
coaxialcable19,143
COBOL
729
code11
130, 291
code12130,291
code
13
130
code15
130
codeconversion421
codedivisionmultipleaccess(CDMA)174
code ofconduct801
CodeofFederalRegulations(CFR)810
codereceiver112
codec(coder/decoder)698
codedmarkinversion(CMI)code72
codeword713
codingviolation73
collapsedbackbone371,373
collectcall286,290,656
collision
371
collocation 508
COLT(CityofLondonTelecommunications)330
commissioning
667
commissioningobjective674
committedinformationrate(CIR)383,385,389,
496, 655, 687
common air interface(CAI)322,324
commoncarrier810
commonchannelsignalling(CCS)121,250
common
equipment
560
commonequipmentholdingtime560
common management information protocol
(CMIP)477,483,489
common management information service
(CMIS)
483
common management information service entity
(CMISE)
483
common part (CP)465
commonvolume167
communicationchannel(c-channel)335
communicationcontroller361,362,364
CommunicationsActof1934(UnitedStates)810
communicationspath(c-path)335
compaction
707
companding
703
companymission831
compatibility510,724
compelledsignalling126
competition 802
completedcalls556,561
componentfailure664
compositeforecasting565
compression607,673,699,703,707
Compuserve402, 41 1
computer-aideddesign(CAD)779,780,787
computer-aidedmanufacturing(CAM)787
computer-integratedmanufacturing(CIM)787
computernetwork177,
210
computerperipheral367
Comvik
306
concentrationfunction333,334
conductregulation 797
conferencecallservice239,799
902
confidentialinformation719
confidentiality 7 1 l
configurationchange680
configurationmanagement485
configurationplan
14
conformance510,724
congestion492,530,540,560,576,634,645,683
congestioncontrol384
connection-oriented11,12,13,109,259,458,499,
586
connection-orientednetworkservice(CONS)
431
connection-orientedtransportservice(COTS)
11
connectionmanagement(CMT)392
connectionmode374
connectionreferencepoints596
connectionset up delay641
connectionset up denial ratio 641
connectionless11,12,139,259,374,458,
587
connectionless network service (CNLS) l l , 43 l
CONS(connection-orientednetworkservice)
11,
43 1
constantbitrate(CBR)
447,458
container-4 (C-4) 27 1
container(SDH) 271,273
containerframe size273
content 416,417,419, 805
contentionresolution435
continentaldestination756
continuecommand 262
continuousbitstreamoriented (CBO)389
contra-rotating 392
contractconditions 770
contractdispute 771
controlbus
107
controlchannel304
controlplane 136,459,469
controlplaneAAL
469
controlplanecommunication(access)459
controlplanecommunication(network)459
controlledmaintenance664
controlledtransmission465
controller 361
convergence of computing and
telecommunications
794
convergencesublayer(CS)465,468
conversation12,125,645
conversationtime529,555,
558
conversationalservice442
conversion,A-to-Mulaw70
conversion, analogue-to-digital 600, 609, 611, 673
copper wire19
INDEX
copyright
770
CORBA (common object request broker
architecture)
488
cord 287
cordlesstelephony297,319,321
corporate inefficiency784
corporate ISDN 227
corporatenetworks 805, 815
correctivemaintenance664
corruption 603,
711
costminimisation695
costplus(charging)649
COTS(connection-orientedtransportservice)
11
countrycode(CC)514,517,
522
CP (common part) 465
CPE(customerpremisesequipment)216,724,798
cradle 110
crankback502,
584
CRC (cyclic redundancy check) 201, 256, 349, 387,
504
creditcardtelephone
238
critical path analysis766,767
cross-exchangetraffic530
cross-subsidization801,806
crossbarswitching96
crossconnect278,691,756
crossconnect,ATM456,457,463
crosspoint 77
crosstalk33,34,41,594,607,670
CRS (cellrelayservice)472
CS(convergencesublayer)465,468
CS1(capabilityset 1) 264
CSMA/CD (carrier sense multiple access with
collisiondetection)368,
369
CSU(channelserviceunit)180,188
CT2 (2nd generationcordlesstelephony)322
CTE(channeltranslatingequipment)38,123,124,
146, 696
CUG(c1osedusergroup)
353,496,655,715,716,717
customernetworkmanagement473
customernumber116
customerpremisesequipment(CPE)216,724,798
customersatisfaction635,641
customerservice643
cut off 645
cyclicredundancycheck (CRC) 201,256,349,387,
504
D-field
327
D-socket
185
Dchannel216
903
INDEX
D1-interface324,325
D2-interface324,325
D3-interface
324,
326
DAMA(demandassignedmultipleaccess)172
damage
664
DAR (dynamicalternativerouting) 586
dash 20
DASS2(digitalaccesssignallingsystem2)823
data 6, 43
data circuitterminationequipment(DCE)179,
202, 346
data communication 739
data communicationchannel(DCC)277, 279
data communicationsnetwork(DCN) 481
data compactor 707
data compression699,707
data country code (DCC) 521, 522, 527
data delay,average550
data flow control 362
data linkchannelidentifier(DLCI)199,384,387
data multiplexor706
data network177,205,339,739
data networkaddress521
data networkidentificationcode(DNIC)521
data protection806
data serviceunit(DSU)180,188
data switchingexchange(DSE)347
data terminalequipment(DTE)179,202,
346
data user part (DUP) 250,254,258
datagram 209,344,345,408,587
datalink
control
362
datalinkcontrollayer,DECT
326
datalinklayer(layer
2)198,202
Datex-J399,400
Datex-Lnetwork206
DC(directcurrent)signalling
120
DCC (data communicationchannel) 277,279
DCC (data countrycode)521,522,527
DCE (data circuitterminationequipment)179,
202,346
DCME (digital circuit multiplication
equipment)
708
DCN (data communicationsnetwork)481
DCS-1800
310
DD1(directdiallingin)287,519
DE (discardeligibility) 387,388
dealerboard
790
DEC(DigitalEquipmentCorporation)205,361,
487, 735
decency
805
DECNET 205,361
DECT (digital European cordless telephony) 3 12,

322, 323, 829
DECT air interface326
DECT,referencemodel324
deepseaopticalfibre618
defect
633
degradation 675
delay
23
delay-sensitivesignals445,453,454
delayvariation 445
deliveryenvelope 417
deliverynote785
demandassignedmultipleaccess(DAMA)172
demodulation 155
demultiplexing
274
dependability
640
dependency
766
depreciation
647
deregulation652,793,795
derivedcircuit700
derivedperformanceparameters641
DES(defenceencryption standard) 713
descriptivename419
designobjective674
designatedtransitlist(DTL)
502
desktopqualityvideoSSCS470
destinationaccesscontrol712,715
destinationpointcode(DPC)
257
destinationserviceaccesspoint(DSAP)374
destinationsettlement 654
DeutscheBundespost805
DeutscheTelekom331,333,399,400,837
DFI (DSPformatidentifier) 528
diagnosis
675
dial-back72 1
dial-off
720
dial-on
720
dialtone25,92,110
dialogue
382
Diana,Princess ofWales718
DIB(directoryinformationbase)525
DID (directinwarddialling)287
differentialManchestercode72
differential quaternary phase shift keying
(DQPSK)
433
diffraction
156
digitanalysis114
digital circuit multiplication equipment
(DCME) 708
digitalcrossconnect(DXC)278
digitalencoding17
904
DigitalEquipmentCorporation(DEC)205,361,
487, 735
digitalinformation6
digitalmodulation153
digitalmultiplexinterface (DMI) 229
digital private network signalling system
(DPNSS)228,737
digitalreferencesequence(DRS)
671
digitalsection(DS)
466
digitalsignalling120,
131
digitalsubscribersignalling 1 (DSS1)219,260
digital subscriber signalling 2 (DSS2) 470, 471,
472
digital
switching
101
digitaltransmission43,
55
dimensioning539,542,581
diode
148
dipoleantenna
158
Direccion General de Telecommunicaciones
(DGT, Spain) 808
directaccounting653
direct current (DC)signalling 120
directdiallingin (DDI) 287,519
directinwarddialling (DID) 287
Direction de la Reglementation Generale de Postes et
Ttltcommunications(DGPT,France)
807
directionalantenna158,302,320
directionality 157
Director General of Telecommunications
(DGT) 806
directory
806
directoryenquiryservice(DQ)290,421,806
directoryinformation
508
directoryinformationbase(DIB)
525
directoryinformationtree(DIT)525
directorynumber (DN) 11 1
directoryschema525
directoryscheme525
DISC(disconnect)349
discardeligibility(DE)387,388
disconnect 77
discontinuation ofservice 8 11
discountedcashflow (DCF) 751,752
disengagementaccuracy640
disengagementdependability640
disengagementspeed640
disputedbill646
distortion30,36,141,594,599,604,608,645
distributed data processingenvironment365
distributedintelligence232
distributedqueuedualbus(DQDB)
394
distributioncable619
INDEX
distributionframe
619
distributionfunction
401
distributionindustry
787
distributionservice442
disturbance712,714
DIT (directoryinformationtree)
525
diversion718
DLCI (data link channel identifier) 199, 384, 387
DMI (digitalmultiplexinterface)229
DN (directorynumber)11
1
DNHR (dynamicnon-hierarchicalrouting)586
DNIC (data networkidentificationcode)521
documentation666,768,774
Dolbynoisereductionsystem703
domain specific part (DSP) 527
dot 20
doubleattachedstation(DAS)
392
doublesatellite hop 495,606
downlink306,309,
311, 625,629
DPC(destinationpointcode)
257
DPCM(differentialpulsecodemodulation)696,
704
DPNSS (digital private network signalling
system)
228,
737
DQ (directoryenquiry)service290,421,806
DQDB(distributedqueuedualbus)
394
drop and insertmultiplexor269
dropwire 619
DRS (digitalreferencesequence)671
dryjoint664
DS(digitalsection)466
DSO signal65,268
DS1signal64,268
DS3-signal
268
DSAP(destinationserviceaccesspoint)
374
DSC(DigitalSwitchCorporation)
328
DSE (data switchingexchange)347
DSP(domainspecific part) 527
DSSl(digitalsubscribersignalling 1) 219,260
DSS2(digitalsubscribersignalling2)470,471,
472
DSU (data serviceunit)180,188
DTE (data terminalequipment)179,202,
346
DTI (Department of Trade and Industry, UK) 625,
733, 798, 808
DTL(designatedtransitlist)502
dualattachedconnection
392
dumb terminal364,366,377,415
duopolyreview (UK) 805
DUP (data user part) 250,254,258
duplexoperation7,56,
155
905
INDEX
DXC(digitalcrossconnect)278
dynamicalternativerouting(DAR)
586
dynamicnon-hierarchicalrouting (DNHR) 586
dynamicrouting 585
E&M
signalling
124
E-plus31 1
E-wire
124,
125
E.163, ITU-Trecommendation513,516,
518
E.164, ITU-Trecommendation471,513,514,516,
517,518,527
E.506, ITU-Trecommendation565
El signal63,180,268,828
E3signal268,828
EA(extendedaddressing)387
earphone 23
earth station 170,628
eavesdropping711,714,715
EBCDIC (extended binary coded decimal
interchangecode)45,49,
50, 196,362
ECC(embeddedcommunicationchannel)279
echo23,593,602,603,670
echocanceller606
echo path 24
echosuppressor604
ECMA-72
729
ECMA (European Computer Manufacturers
Association)
729
econometricmodel565
ECS (Europeancommunicationssatellite)
119
EDI (electronic data interchange)399,403,422,
424, 787
EDIFACT (electronic data interchange for
administration,commerceandtransport)404,
788
EDSSl(European DSS1)227
EEC(EuropeanEconomicCommunity)728,793
EECframework802
effectivecapacity749
EFS(errorfreeseconds)673
EFTA(EuropeanFreeTradeAssociation)
728
EFTPOS (electronic funds transfer at the point
ofsale)788
EGP (edgegatewayprotocol)406,407
EGP (exteriorgatewayprotocol)
500
EIA(ElectronicIndustriesAssociation)730
EIR(equipmentidentityregister)308,
309
EIR (excessinformationrate)385,389
election
501
electro-mechanicalexchange79
electromagneticcompatibility(EMC)175
electromagneticinterference(EMI)143,175,719
electromagneticwave153
electronic data interchange(EDI)399,403,422,
424, 787
electronicmail12,399,400,719,791
electronicmessaging399
electronicoffice791
electronicticketing652
electrostaticinduction607
elementmanagementlayer(EML)486
email400,527
embeddedcommunicationchannel(ECC)279
EMC(electromagneticcompatibility)175
emergencyservice286,289,
508, 806
EM1(electromagneticinterference)143,175,
719
EML (elementmanagementlayer)486
EN (endnode)366
EN (EuropeanNorm)727,728
EN (exchangenumber)11
1
en bloc signalling503
encryption 713
encryption309,712,713,822
encryption,key-coded309,715
end-to-endoperation126
endcommand262
endnode(EN)366
endsystemidentifier(ESI)528
enforcedseparation
800
engagedtone77
engineeringguidelines494
enhancedtelephoneuser part (TUP+) 258
enquiry286, 291
entertainmentqualityvideoSSCS470
entrybarrier
796
ENV(temporaryEuropeanNorm)728
envelope416,419
environment771,772
EOT(endoftransmission)198
EPOS(electronicpointofsale)788
equalaccess506,510,794,802,811
equalaccesscode507
equalization29,36,608,670
equalizer
593
equipmentidentityregister (EIR) 308,309
equipmentroom766
equivalentrandommethod578,579,
590
equivalentrandomtraffic(Aeq)579
ERA(exteriorreachableaddress)502
Ericsson
430
Eritel
430
906
Erlang 530
Erlangcall-waitingformula343,544
Erlangdistribution554,572
Erlangformula557
Erlanglost-callformula539,541,554,572
Erlangwaitingtimeformula563
Erlang,A.K.529,551
Erlangs 556
error correction254,380,504
error detection254,380, 504
error freeseconds(EFS)673
erroredseconds641
escapecode521
ESI(endsystemidentifier)528
ET (exchangetermination) 111
ETACS(extendedTACS)306
/etc/hosts file527
ethernetLAN73,
368
ethernetLAN, lObase2 369
ethernetLAN,lObase5
369
ethernetLAN,lObaseT
370
ET0 (EuropeanTelecommunicationsOffice)728
ETR(EuropeanTechnicalReport)
729
ETS (European Telecommunication
Standards) 728
ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards
Institute) 175, 231,728,732
ETSIsecretariat525
EU (EuropeanUnion) 728,793, 800, 804
EuropeOnline 41 1
European Commission509,794
Europeancommunicationssatellite(ECS)
119
Europeandigitalmultiplexhierarchy65
European Telecommunications Standards Institute
(ETSI)175,231,728,732
EUTELSAT (European Telecommunications
SatelliteOrganization)628
evenparity
200
excessburst(Be)385
excessburstduration(Be)385
excessinformation rate (EIR) 385,389
exchangebusyhour758
exchangecalling24
ExchangeCarriersStandardsAssociation
730
exchangedesign754
exchangeidentifier(XID)716
exchangenumber(EN)
l11
exchangeprovision749
exchangetermination(ET)
111
expansive control action687,688
exponentialgrowth569
INDEX
extendedaddressing(EA)387
extended binary coded decimal interchange code
(EBCDIC)45,49,50,196,362
exteriorreachableaddress(ERA)502
F-interface48 1
F.69,ITU-Trecommendation
513,524
facsimile49,421
facsimileserver375
facsimileterminal52
fadeprobability
628
fading166,309,435,627,628
fairtrading
806
fairness
397
fan-in83,86
fan-out83,
86
far endblock error (FEBE)276
fault-reporting 666
faultcorrection
675
faultlocalization676,
678
faultmanagement 485
faultreporting676
FCC (FederalCommunicationsCommission)175,
436, 506, 625, 732, 794, 798, 809
FCC registers810
FCCreports810
FCCrules and regulations810
FCS(framechecksequence)348,387
FDD (frequencydivisionduplex)433
FDDI-2 392,393
FDDI (fibredistributed data interface)391,392
FDM (frequencydivisionmultiplexing)37,144,
145, 609, 696
FDMA (frequencydivisionmultipleaccess)147,
172, 629
FEBE(farendblockerror)276
FEC (forward error correction) 429
FECN (forward explicit congestion
notification)385,687
FederalCommunicationsCommission(FCC)175,
436, 506, 625, 732, 794, 798, 809
feedback34,599
FEP (frontendprocessor)202,209
fibre distributed data interface (FDDI) 391,392
fibreintheloop(FITL)329
fibre to thebuilding(FTTB)329
fibre to the curb (FTTC) 329,330
fibre to thehome (FTTH) 329,331
FIFO (first in first out) queue343,455
fileserver375
file transfer protocol (FTP) 405, 406, 407, 408, 424
907
INDEX
filetransferprotocol,trivial(TFTP)405,406,407,
408
filetransfer,accessandmanagement(FTAM)204,
424
finalroute
578
fireregulations819
firewall715
first-offeredtraffic 580
first in first out (FIFO) queue343,455
FITL (fibreintheloop)329
fitnessforpurpose633
five-toneradiopaging427
fixed costs833
fixed part(FP) 324
fixed radiotermination (FT) 324
fixedrelay station(FRS) 325,326
flag255,348,387
flooding 501
flow control 254,259,357,362,464,692,693
FM (frequencymodulation) 18 1
FMD services362
FMH (functionmanagementheader)363
footprint 629
forcedrelease118
forecasttraffic557
forecasting 555
format 417
FORTRAN 729
forwarderrorcorrection (FEC) 429
forward explicit congestion notification
(FECN) 385,
687
forwardtransfer
289
forwarding
433
four-wirecircuit35,141,600,602
four-wirecommunication32,35
four-wireswitch79
FP (fixed part) 324
FRAD (framerelayaccessdevice)388
frame
66
framechecksequence(FCS)348,387
framediscarding693
frameerrorratio
641
frameformat67,70,386
framegenerator394,397
framemode220
framerelay379
framerelayaccessdevice (FRAD) 388
FrameRelayForum735
framerelayprotocol
361
framerelayservice(FRS)472
framerelaySSCS470
framerepetitionrate273
framesize547
frame switching
107
framesynchronization190
frametransmissionrate385
framing66,268
France Telecom258,399,837
fraud650,720
freespacetransmission loss 625
freephone235,237,260
freezeout709,710
frequency attenuationdistortion 30,37,593,670
frequencydistortion608
frequencydivisionduplex (FDD) 433
frequencydivisionmultipleaccess (FDMA) 147,
172, 629
frequencydivisionmultiplexing (FDM) 37,144,
145, 609, 696
frequencyhopping174,309,7
15
frequency modulation (FM) 18 1
frequencyof errors 564
frequencyre-use300,301,303
frequencyshiftdistortion671,672
frequencyshiftkeying(FSK)153,181
frequency
shifting
146
friendsandfamily237
frontendprocessor(FEP)202,
209
FRS (fixedrelaystation)325,326
FRS (framerelayservice)472
FSK(frequencyshiftkeying)
153, 181
FT (fixedradiotermination)324
FTAM(filetransfer,accessandmanagement)204,
424
FTP (file transfer protocol) 405, 406, 407, 408, 424
FTTB(fibre to thebuilding)329
FTTC (fibre to the curb) 329,330
FTTH (fibre to thehome)329,331
full-lifecostanalysis751
fullavailability11,81,83,84
fullduplexoperation197
functionmanagementheader (FMH) 363
functionalspecification764,771
G.lO1,ITU-Trecommendation599
G.102, ITU-Trecommendation599,674
G.103, ITU-Trecommendation 599
G. 1 1 1, ITU-T recommendation 599
G. 1 13, ITU-T recommendation 611
G.121, ITU-Trecommendation 599
G.180, ITU-Trecommendation645
G.652,ITU-Trecommendation
15 1
908
G.653, ITU-T recommendation 151

G.703, ITU-T recommendation73,223,358,
828
G.721, ITU-T recommendation706,709
G.728,ITU-Trecommendation706
gain 701
gainhits671,672
GAP (GroupedAnalyse et Prevision)804
gateway 505, 724,375
gateway(LAN)
377
gatewayprotocol358,406,407
gauge
32,
142
Gaussianfrequencyshiftkeying (GFSK) 327
Gaussian minimumshiftkeying(GMSK)310
GDMO (guidelines for the definition of managed
objects)
485
GDMO browser485
generalformatidentifier
351
generalmaintenance663
generalpolicyframework,1988(Australia)812
generatorpolynomial201
generatorsignalling109,284
generic flow control (GFC) 464
genericnetworkperformanceparameters640
geostationarysatellite19,167,312,436,628
GFC (genericflow control) 464
globalpositioningsystem(GPS)436
global system for mobile communication
(GSM)244,297,307
GlobalTrafficMeeting (GTM) 629
Globalstar 171,297,314,316
GNP (grossnationalproduct)
795
gold franc 654
GOS (grade of service)539,540,541,557,561,
571, 572
GPO (GeneralPostOffice, UK) 737
GPO (USgovernmentprintingoffice)810
GPS (globalpositioningsystem) 436
grade of service(GOS)539,540,541,557,561,
571, 572
gradedindexmultimodefibre149,150
grading84,91,
539
greenpaper802
groomednetwork615
groundvoltage144
group 37,696,828
group4facsimile
52
group
delay
670
groupdelaydistortion670
INDEX
groupdelayequalizer608,
670
grouptranslatingequipment(GTE)146,696
GroupeSpeciale-Mobiles(GSM)
307
GSCcode(radiopaging)
428
GSM (global system for mobile
communication)244,297,307
GTE (grouptranslatingequipment)146,
696
H.261, ITU-T recommendation49,221, 441
H0bitrate 65
H11 bitrate 65
H12bitrate65
half-duplexoperation
8, 155,184,197
halfechosuppressor604,605
Hammingcode201
hand-off244,304,323
handgeneratorsignalling284
handover 304
handshaking 192
handy 310
hardwarefaults
679
hardware port identification106
hardwareupgrade 68 1
harmonicdisturbance671,
672
harmonization
804
hash
113
Hayescommandset192
HDB (homedatabase)325
HDB3(highdensitybipolar,order3)code72
HDLC (highleveldatalinkcontrol)198,347
HDSL (high bitrate digital subscriber line) 148,
HDTV(highdefinitiontelevision)442
headerchecksum409
header error control (HEC) 464
heading419
health and safety774
heartbeat
676
HEC(header error control)464
helloprocedure 502
helloprotocol
501
hellostatemachine
500
HewlettPackard487,735
H F (highfrequency)radio19,
153, 161
HFC (hybridfibrecoax)337,338
hierarchicalnetworkstructure494,573
high bitrate digital subscriber line (HDSL) 148,
highdensitybipolar,order 3 (HDB3)code72
highfrequencyradio (HF) 19,153,161
highleveldatalinkcontrol(HDLC)198,347
highusage (HU) route577,578,583
higherlayerprotocol221
337
337
INDEX
higher order transmission613

HIPERLAN 432,434
HLR (home location register) 244, 263, 305,
308
holding77,
80
holdingtime128,529,535,552,555,558,560
holdingtime,short678
homedatabase(HDB)325
home location register (HLR) 244, 263, 305, 308
hook 110
horizontallink
502
hostaddress
526
hostcomputerinterface (HCI) 245
hostmachine361
hus370,817,824
Huffmanncode707
humidity
674
huntgroup 354
hunter 89
Hush-a-Phone 81 1
hybrid32,35,602
hybridfibrecoax (HFC) 337,338
hybridtransformer32,35,
602
hypergroup37,696
hypertext
405
909
IBMLANmanager375
IBMpersonalcomputer(PC)372
IBMRS6000366
IBMtype 1 cable372
IBS(internationalbusinessservice)631,829
ICI(inter-carrierinterface)137
ICMP (internet control message protocol) 406, 410
ICO 171
icon
400
identifier(ID)455,
501
identifier,serviceprofile(SPID)461
identitycode(ID)436
ID1(initialdomainidentifier)527
IDN (integrateddigitalnetwork)213
IDP (initialdomainpart)
527
IDP (inter-digitpause)25,93,94
IDR (intermediate data rate) 63 1
IEC (inter-exchangecarrier)506,794,812
IEC (International Electrotechnical
Commission)
726
IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers)
730
IEEE 802
367
IEEE 802.1 1 432
IEEE 802.2368,374,391,435
IEEE 802.3368,369
I-format 349
IEEE 802.4368,371
1.122, ITU-Trecommendation 388
IEEE 802.573,368
1.233, ITU-Trecommendation388
IEEE 802.9394
IETF (InternetEngineeringTaskForce)489,736
IFRB (International Frequency Registration
Board)623,725
1.413, ITU-Trecommendation446,449
IHL (internetheaderlength)408
1.420, ITU-Trecommendation218,221,227
IISP(interiminter-switchsignallingprotocol)472
ILMI (interim local managemt interface) 472, 489
images,communicationof439
IMCO (Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative
IA2 (international alphabet number 2) 45, 206, 421
Organisation)3 12
IA5 (international alphabet number 5)46, 196,421,
impulsenoise671
729
in-spaninterconnection(ISI)
509
IBM (International BusinessMachines)341,361,
INAP (intelligentnetworkapplicationpart)232,
487, 735, 738
233, 250, 264
IBM
2780
365
inband
122
IBM3174346,360,362,364,377
inbandsignalling
122
IBM3270364,365,377
incomingcircuit77
IBM3274362,364
incomingtraffid757
IBM
327x
364
incorrectreleaseratio641
IBM
370
364
incorrectset up probability641
IBM3725362,364
Indian Oceanregion(IOR)629,630
IBM3745362,364,366,377
inductance29,30,31
IBM3780365
induction
607
IBM
37x5
364
information
3
informationconveyance rate 45
informationenvironment4
informationflow4,780
information loss 641
informationtransfer645
informationtransferaccuracy640
informationtransferdependability
640
informationtransferspeef640
infrastructure
804
ingress control 692
IN1(internetworkinterface)137,
506
INI, ATM456,457
INMARSAT (International Maritime Satellite
Organization)312,628
INMARSATstandardC
313
instability33,34,599,602,603
installation 766
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
(IEEE) 730
Instituto Superiore Poste e Telecommunicazioni
(Italy) 807
insulation 616
integrateddigitalnetwork (IDN) 213
integratedservicesdigitalnetwork(ISDN)206,
213, 249, 335, 739
integrated services private branch exchange
(ISPBX)
228
integratedservicesuser part (ISUP)224,258
integratedvoice data (IVD)LAN394
integration
761
intellectualpropertyrights(IPR)510,770,806
intelligentnetwork231,235,249,737,804
intelligentnetworkapplication part (INAP) 232,
233, 250, 264
intelligentnetworkarchitecture232
intelligentperipheral (IP) 234
intelligentterminal415
INTELSAT (International Telecommunications
SatelliteConsortium)169,628,630,724,727
INTELSATVIIIsatellite
171
inter-carrierinterface(ICI)137
inter-continentaldestination756
inter-digitpause(IDP)25,93,94
inter-exchangecircuit
81
inter-exchangesignalling114,118,604,670
inter-LATA 8 12
inter-modulationnoise
671
inter-networkinterface (INI) 506
inter-operability 805
inter-PBXsignalling822
inter-personalmessageservice(IPMS)415,419
inter-personalmessagingprotocol(P2)
419
inter-registersignalling119,121
inter-systeminterface(ISI)432
inter networkinterface (INI) 137
interactiveservice442
interception711,713,715
interconnection491,504,506,652,805
interconnectionagreement 508
interconnectioncharges 659
interconnection contract 509
interconnection,ex-anteconditions 5 10
interconnection,in-span (ISI) 509
interconnectivity7 1 1
interfaces723,804
interference56,142,158,160,166,300,303,320,
435, 593, 594, 607, 616, 627, 739
interferingzone300
interiorroutingprotocol(IRP)
500
interleaving
61
intermediateservice part (ISP)261
intermodulation 672
internationalaccounting rate 659
international alphabet number 2 (IA2) 45,
206,421
international alphabet number 5 (IA5) 46, 196,421,
729
internationalcodedesignator
527
internationalexchange 8 1
International Frequency Registration Board
(IFRB) 623,725
internationalnumber515,520
International Organization for Standardization
(ISO) 15,414,724,725
internationalprefix514
internationalroaming
307
internationalsignalling 1 18
internationalswitchingcentre (KC) 613
International Telecommunications Union
(ITU) 15,19,504,723,724,725
internationaltransmissionplan
612
Internet399,402,404,405,
500, 587
Internetaccess533,652
Internetaddressclasses
526
Internetaddressing502,525,526
InternetclassAaddress
526
Internetclass B address 526
Internetclass C address 526
InternetclassDaddress
526
Internetclass E address 526
Internet control message protocol (ICMP) 406, 410
InternetEngineeringTaskForce(IETF)489,736
911
INDEX
internetheaderlength(IHL)408
Internetnumberingauthority526
internetprotocol(IP)405,406,408,526
interpolation696,699,702,
708
interruption 289
interworking69,491,504,510,
520
interworkingdevice415
interworkingfunction(IWF)
510
interworkingunit(IWU)
510
intra-LATA 8 12
intrusion 80, 720
Ionica
328
ionosphere
157
IP (intelligentperipheral)234
IP (internet protocol) 405, 406, 408,
526
IP frame408
IPMS(inter-personalmessageservice)415,419
IPR (intellectualpropertyrights)510,770,806
IPX
374,
376
Iridium171,297,314,316
IRP (interiorroutingprotocol)500
ISC(internationalswitchingcentre)613
ISDN (integratedservicesdigitalnetwork)206,
213, 249, 335, 739
ISDNdeployment225
ISDN inprivatenetwork227
ISDNinterworking228
ISDNsignalling 227
ISDNterminal221,225
ISDN user part(ISUP)250,254
IS1 (inter-systeminterface)432
I S 0 (International Organization for
Standardization) 15,414,724,725
IS0 2110186,
188
IS0 3166
527
I S 0 3309
198
I S 0 4903186,188
I S 0 7498
195
IS0 8072
729
IS0 8073204
I S 0 8327204
I S 0 8348
527
I S 0 8571
204
IS0 8802367
IS0 8802.2368,374,391,435
IS0 8802.3368,369
I S 0 8802.4368,371
I S 0 8802.5
368
IS0 8802.7374
IS0 8823
204
IS0 9000774
I S 0 9735
788
I S 0 managementmodel485
isotropicradiation158
ISP(intermediateservicepart)
261
ISPBX (integrated services private branch
exchange)
228
ISUP(integratedservicesuser part) 224,250,254,
258
IT (informationtechnology)779
IT strategy 779
itemizedcallrecord685
ITT(invitation to tender)764
ITU-R (ITU Radiocommuncationbureau)725
ITU-Standardization Sector(ITU-T)15
ITU-T (ITU StandardizationSector)725,726
ITU-Trecommendations723,738
ITU (International Telecommunications
Union)15,19,504,723,724,725
IVD(integratedvoice data) LAN 394
IWF (interworkingfunction) 510
IWU(interworkingunit)510
J-bit
68
jack 282,287
JDC (Japanese digital cellular system) 3 11
JIT (just-in-time)403,745
jitter 189,453,454,499,594,641,645,671,672
joint 622
JudgeGreen 8 11
junction11,36,
81
just-in-time(JIT)403,745
justification68,268
justificationbit68
key
19
key-codedencryption 715
killertrunk
677
Kingstoncommunications (UK) 806
LAN,wireless432
LAN-to-LANconnection380
LAN(localareanetwork)178,367,817
LANadministrator 373
LANbridge375,376
LAN emulation470
LANemulation SSCS 470
LANgateway377
LANhus370,373
LANoperatingsystem374
languageassistance289
languagedigit291
912
LAP(linkaccessprocedure)346,348
LAPB(linkaccessprocedurebalanced)347,348
LAPD (link access procedure in the D-channel) 218
lastmileconnection319
LATA (local access and transport area) 506, 8 12
Law organizing Telecommunications (LOT,
Spain)
808
layer1(physicallayer)199,202,465
layer2(datalinklayer)198,202
layer3(networklayer)198,202
layer3protocol350
layer4(transportlayer)197,
202
layer 5 (sessionlayer)197,202
layer6(presentationlayer)196,202
layer7(applicationlayer)195,202,402
layerentity(LE)467
layermanagement469
layered protocol 201
LCN(logicalchannelnumber)199,351
LD-CELP (lowdelayCELP)706
LD (loop disconnect) signalling 25, 113
LE (localexchange)332
leadtime564,634,753
leadershippriority
501
leakance29,30,31
leasedcircuit(leaseline)383,657,821,828
leastdifferenceregression567,568
leastsignificantbit(LSB)387
LEC(localexchangecarrier)506
LED (lightemittingdiode)55,148
LEO(low earth circularorbit)316
level 1 signalling(datalink)254
level2signalling(signallinglinkfunctions)254
level 3 signalling (signalling network functions)
255
LGN (logicalgroupnode) 501
LH (linkheader)363
licensing
799
LIDB (lineinformationdatabase)
241
lifetime
748
liftingspring97
lightemittingdiode(LED)
55, 148
limitedavailability83,84,94
line-of-sight(LOS)19,156,164,320,627
linecode71,465
lineinformationdatabase(LIDB)
241
linejack282
lineloading29,30,31,142,548
linesignalling119,121,122,125,126
linestation(LS)432
lineterminationequipment(LTE)
37
lineterminationunit(LTU)
180, 188
INDEX
line up 599,613,667,669
linearregression567
linefinder89,91
lineplant746,759
link-by-linkoperation126
linkaccessprocedure(LAP)346,348
linkaccessprocedurebalanced(LAPB)347,348
link access procedure in the D-channel (LAPD) 218
link
failure
587
linkheader(LH)363
linktrailer(LT)363
linkednumberingscheme95
linkedsale801
liquidateddamages770
LLC (logical link control) 368, 374, 376, 406, 435
LMI(localmanagementinterface)
389
loadsharing255
loading
142
lobe diagram 158
localaccessand transportarea(LATA)506,812
localareanetwork(LAN)178,367,817
localbattery
24
localexchange(LE)81,240,332
localexchangecarrier(LEC)506
locallinenetwork619
locallineplanning618
localmailprotocol
527
localmanagementterminal486
localradio161
log on 714
logicalchannel341
logicalchannelnumber(LCN)199,351
logical communication channel (logical
c-channel)
335
logicalgroupnode(LGN)
501
logical link control (LLC) 368, 374, 376, 406, 435
logicalnetworkaddress527
logicalunit(LU)362
long
distance
507
longhaulradio624
loop 25
loopdisconnect (LD) signalling25,113
loopback
678
loopedbustopology396
Loran
316
LOS(line-of-sight)19,156,164,320,627
loss 598
lostcalls538,543
losttraffic539
loudnessrating (LR) 598
low orbitsatellite314
913
INDEX
lowrateencoding (LRE) 696

lowersideband39,40,145
LR (loudnessrating)598
LRE (low rateencoding)696
LS(linestation)432
LSB(leastsignificantbit)387
LT(linktrailer)363
LTE(lineterminationequipment)
37
LTU (lineterminationunit)180,188
LU (logicalunit)362
LUO
365
LUl 365
LU2 365
LU3
365
LU4 365
LU6 365
LU6.2
366
LucentTechnologies328
lumpedloading31
M-ACTIONcommand483
M-CANCEL-GETcommand483
M-CREATEcommand483
M-DELETEcommand483
M-EVENT-REPORTcommand483
M-GETcommand483
M-interface
472
m-plane461
M-SETcommand483
M-wire
124,
125
M.1020,ITU-Trecommendation828
M.1025,ITU-Trecommendation828
M.1040, ITU-Trecommendation828
M.3010, ITU-Trecommendation 481
M l-interface473
M2-interface
473
M3-interface
473
M4-interface
473
MS-interface
473
MAC(mediumaccesscontrol)369,374,392,395,
435
magneticinduction607
magnetic
tape
177
magneto-generator signalling 110,281,284
MAHO(mobileassistedhandover)325
mailserver375
maintenance663,764
maintenanceaccesspoint675
maintenancecase623
maintenancelimit674
maintenanceorganization665
maintenancephilosophy663
maintenance
plan
14
maintenanceworkstation668
maintenance,controlled664
maintenance,corrective664
maintenance,preventive664
MAN (metropolitanareanetwork)
391
managednetwork799
managedobject(MO)483
managementdomain419,420
managementfunctionmodel486
managementinformationbase(MIB)484,489
managementinformationsystem(MIS)779
managementmodel477,485
managementplane136,459,469
managementplanecommunicationtype1459
manager
482
Manchestercode72
manualexchange286
manualhold 289
manualkeying20
manualoperation 28 1
manualservice281
manualtelephone283
manufacturing
787
manufacturingautomationprotocol(MAP)204,
73 1, 787
MAP(mobileapplicationpart)244,250,263,305
mapping27 1
marginalcost660
marginalcost,averagelongterm660
MARISAT312
mark20,44,148
markercontrol96
mastantenna158,162
masterframegenerator394
mastergroup
37
Matra 316
maximumbitsintransit380
maximum hop count 493,497
maximumlinelength594,606,719
maximumnumberofdigits515
MBScode(radiopaging)428
MCHO (mobilecontrolledhandover)325
MC1(MicrowaveCommunicationsInc.)506,794,
811, 837
MD (mediationdevice)481
mechanicalwear664
mediaindustry792
914
mediationdevice(MD)481
mediumaccess control (MAC) 369,374,392,395,
435
mediumaccess controllayer,DECT 326
M E 0 (medium earth circularorbit)316
MercuryCommunicationsLimitef506,799,806
message format 199
messagehandlingsystem(MHS)402,413,524
messagesequencenumber256
messageservice442
messageswitching12,719
messagetransferagent(MTA)414,420
messagetransferagententity(MTAE)418,422
messagetransferlayer(MTL)417,418
messagetransfer part (MTP)224,250,254,470
messagetransferprotocol (Pl) 418,420
messagetransferservice(MTS)415
meta-signalling
461
meta-signallingvirtualchannel(MSVC)461
metering
123
metrid
501
metropolitanareanetwork(MAN)391
MetropolitanFibre Systems(MFS)330
MF (multi-frequency)tonesignalling25,26,113
MF4 signalling113
MFC (multi-frequency code) signalling 118,120,127
MFS (MetropolitanFibre Systems)330
MH environment415
MHS (message handling system)402,413,524
MHS model414
MIB (managementinformationbase)484,489
microphone
22
Microsoft Corporation 402
MicrosoftDOS375
MicrosoftExcel401
MicrosoftMail401
MicrosoftNetwork(MSN)402,41
1
MicrosoftOffice401
MicrosoftPowerpoint401
MicrosoftProject766
MicrosoftWord49,401
microwave radio19,153,163,626
microwave radioterminal626
minimum monitoringperiod 532
Minister0 delle Poste e Telecommunicazioni
(MPT,Italy)807
Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications
(Japan) 8 12
MinistryofResearch(Denmark)807
Ministry of Transport and Communications
(Finland) 807
INDEX

(Greece)
807
(Norway)
807
Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water
Management(Netherlands)807
Minitel
399
mis-interpretation 7 1 1
mis-sequence
259
MIS(managementinformationsystem)779
MLP(multiplelinkprocedure)348,360
MML (manmachinelanguage)739
MO (managedobject)483
mobileapplication part (MAP) 244, 250, 263, 305
mobileassistedhandover(MAHO)325
mobilecontrolledhandover(MCHO)325
mobile data network425,429
mobiledigital trunk radio system (MDTRS) 431
mobilerelay station(MRS) 325,326
mobile station(MS)432
mobileswitchingcentre(MSC)244,297,300,
308
mobiletelephone3
10
mobiletelephonenetwork625
mobiletelephony297
mobileunit300
Mobitex
430
Modacom
430
modem180,181,182
modemconstellation182,185,672
modernization751,760
modifiedfinaljudgement (MFJ) 811
modulation 39
monitoring
14
monomodefibre150,151
monopoliescommission798
monopoly793,795,805
monopolyoperator508
Morsecode19,45,46
Morse,
Samuel
19
mostsignificantbit(MSB)48,387,465
Motorola316,430
MPEG(motionpicturesexpertsgroup)
441
MRS (mobilerelay station) 325,326
MRVT (MTP routing verification test) 262, 263
MS(mobile station) 432
MSB(mostsignificantbit)48,387,465
MSC(mobileswitchingcentre)244,297,300,308
MSOH(multiplexsectionoverhead)272
MSVC(meta-signallingvirtualchannel)461
MTA(messagetransferagent)414,420
MTAE(messagetransferagententity)418,422
INDEX
MTBF(meantimebetweenfailures)773
MTL (messagetransferlayer)417,418
MTP (messagetransfer part) 224,250,254,470
MTProutingverificationtest(MRVT)262,263
MTP3(messagetransferprotocollevel3)471
MTS(messagetransferservice)415
Mu-lawcode61,64
multi-frequency (MF) tonesignalling25,26,113
multi-frequencycode (MFC)signalling118,120,
127
multi-level
transmission
182
multi-nationalcompany(MNC)8 15
multicast
446
multiframeindicator276
multimedia437,451
multimediaworkstation440
multimodefibre149,150
multipath165,166,309,320,435,627,628
multipleaccess147,172,173,174,309,435,629,
631
multiplelinkprocedure(MLP)348,360
multiplexsectionoverhead(MSOH)272
multiplexing29,37,57,
61, 62,144,145,268,269,
271, 456, 457, 463, 609, 696, 698
multiplexor63,698,701
multiplexor,ATM456,457,463
multiplicationgain701
multipoint448,449
Murraycode 20
n X 64 kbit/s229,442
278
N-ISDN(narrowbandISDN)229,
441
NI parameter350
N2parameter350
NAE(networkaddressextension)520
NAMTS (Nippon Automatic Mobile Telephone
System)
306
narrowbandISDN(N-ISDN)229,
441
national(data)number (NN) 521
nationalregulatoryauthority(NRA)806
nationalsignificantnumber(NSN)514
National TelecomAgency(Denmark)807
National Telecommunications Committee
(Greece)
807
naturalmonopoly795
NAU (networkaddressableunit)364
NAU services362
Navstar 436
NCP (networkcontrolprogram)362,364
NE (networkelement)481
N:l restoration
915
NEL (networkelementlayer)486
NEM (networkelementmanager)480
NET (Normes Europeenes de
Telecommunications)728,732,733
NET3 218
NET5 222
NetherlandsPTT837
NetroCorporation
626
networkaccess control 712,713
networkaddress496,500
networkaddressextension(NAE)520
networkaddress,ATM
527
networkaddress,logical
527
networkaddressableunit(NAU)364
networkadministration752
networkandswitchingsub-system(NSS)308
networkC306
networkcapacity684,743
networkconfiguration 771
networkcontrolprogram(NCP)362,364
networkdesign588,589
networkelement(NE)481
networkelementlayer(NEL)486
networkelementmanager (NEM) 480
networkevolution750
networkidentificationcode (NIC) 521
networklayer(layer3)198,202
networkloss598
networkmanagementcontrols687
NetworkManagementForum (NMF) 487,735
networkmanagementlayer(NML)486
networkmanagementmodel,ATMForum472
networkmanagementmodel,ATMForum472
networkmanagementsystem(NMS)477,693
networkmonitoring684
networknetworkinterface (NNI) 137,358,505
networknode(NN)
366
networknodeinterface (NNI) 137
networkoverlay761
networkoverload576
networkperformance(NP)633,636,637,639
networkperformanceparameters,generic640
networkreferencemodel,ATM Forum 471
networkrestoration688
networkroutingplan491
networkserviceaccesspoint(NSAP)527
networksynchronization673
networkterminalnumber (NTN) 521
networkterminatingequipment1 (NT1) 216,217
network terminating equipment 1, broadband
(B-NT1)
446
916
network terminating equipment 2 (NT2) 216,
217
networkterminatingunit(NTU)188
networktopologystate500
networktransactiontime562
networktransmissionplan593
networktransmissionplan, North America600
network transmission plan, UK digital network 601
networkusage555
networkuseridentification (NUI) 354,716
NFS (networkfileserver)406,407,408,424
NIC (networkidentificationcode) 521
NICC (Network Interconnection Coordination
Committee)
733
NMF (NetworkManagement Forum) 487,735
NML (networkmanagementlayer)486
NMS (networkmanagementsystem)477,693
NMT-450
306
NMT-900
306
NMT (NordicMobileTelephoneService)306
NN (national(data)number)
521
N N (networknode)366
NNI (networknetworkinterface)137,358,505
NNI (networknodeinterface)137
NNI, ATM456,457,464,470
NNI, framerelay386
noise56,593,594,607,616,670
noisemeter670
non-adjacentcell300
non-blocking 8 1
non-compelledsignalling126
non-discrimination804,
805
non-pre-emptive priority multiple access
(NPMA) 435
non return to zero (NRZ) code 72, 190
non return to zero inverted (NRZI) code 72, 191
normalizedstate484
Nortel 328,347,386,735
North Americadialplan (NADP) 515,519
North American telephone network transmission
plan 600
Northern Telecom328,347,386,735
NOSFER (nouveau systeme fondamental pour la
determination des equivalents de reference) 595
notchednoise671
noticeboard
404
Novel1Netware375
NP (networkperformance)633,636,637,639
NPA(numberplanofAmerica)515,519
NPMA (non-pre-emptive priority multiple
access)
435
NPSI(networkpacketswitchinginterface)360
INDEX
NPV(netpresentvalue)751
NRA (nationalregulatoryauthority)806
NRZ (non return to zero)code72,190
NRZI (non return to zeroinverted)code72,191
NSAP(networkserviceaccesspoint)527
NSN(nationalsignificantnumber)
514
NSS(networkandswitchingsub-system)308
NT1(networkterminatingequipment1)216,
217
NT2 (networkterminatingequipment 2)216,217
NTN (networkterminalnumber)521
NTT code(radiopaging)428
NTT Law,1985 (Japan) 812
NTU (networkterminatingunit)188
NU1(networkuseridentification)354,716
nulllayer204
nulltariffservice237
number plan of America(NPA)515,519
numberportability
507
numbertranslation115
numberunobtainable1 18
numberingplan14,513
NYNEX 811
Nyquistcriterion59
O/R (originator/recipient)name 421
0-series, ITU recommendations676
OAM (operations, administration and
management)
642
OAMcell(operationandmaintenancecell)466,
467
obsolescence
748
OC-1 (SONET)71,280
OC-12(SONET)71,280
OC-192(SONET) 71, 280
OC-3 (SONET)71,280
OC-48 (SONET)71,280
occupancy537,538
oceancountrycode313
oddparity200
ODellgrading86
Odette
404
Odyssey316
off-hooksignal112,
1 15
offeredtraffic531,537,544,545,554
office computernetwork815,819
Oftel (Office of Telecommunications) 506, 509, 733,
398, 808
OLO(otherlicensedoperator)
509
OLR (overallloudnessrating) 598
OMAP (operation and maintenance application
part) 250,263
917
INDEX
OMC(operationsandmaintenancecentre)
308
omnidirectional
158
OMNIpoint 487,
735
on-hook 25
one-for-manyreplacement761
one-for-onereplacement761
One-to-one 3I 1
online databaseservice410,443
ONP (opennetworkprovision)803,806
opal 288
OPAL(opticalaccessline)331,333
OPC(originatingpointcode)
257
opennetworkprovision(ONP)803,806
open shortest path first (OSPF) 407,
586
opensystemsinterconnection (OSI) model194,
203, 253, 414, 465, 724
operatinglimits674
operatingsystem (OS) 48 1
operation and maintenance application part
(OMAP)250,263
operationsandmaintenancecentre(OMC)308
operationsandsupport sub-system (OSS) 308
operatorassistance281,289,
508, 656
operatorprivileges288
operatorswitchboard281,285,293
opticalcarrier(OC, SONET) 71,280
opticalfibre19,148,466
opticallineterminatingunit (OLTU) 330
Orange 311
ORB(objectrequestbroker)488
order-taking 786
order oftransmission48
orderingleadtime564
orderwire 277
ORE (overallreferenceequivalent)596,601
organizationname419
Orientation of Telecommunications Policy, 1989
(Sweden)
808
originatingpointcode(OPC)
257
originator/recipient (O/R) name 42 1
OS (operatingsystem)481
oscillator
154
OS1 (opensystemsinterconnection)model194,
203, 253, 414, 465, 724
OS1 directoryservice421
OS1 protocols423
OSPF (open shortest path first)407,586
OSS (operationsandsupportsub-system)308
otherlicensedoperator (OLO) 509
out-of-band 122
outbandsignalling121,122
outgoingcircuit77
outgoingroute114
outgoingtraffic757
outletspring97
outputbuffer455
over-provision
743
over-the-horizonradio
156
overallloudnessrating(OLR)
598
overallreferenceequivalent(ORE)596,601
overflow66,384,562,547
overflowrouting542,577,584,825
overheads
659
overheating
664
overlapsignalling503
overlay76 1
overload
576,
683
overloadcontrol445
p-wire
79
P 1-interface 402
PI-protocol (messagetransferprotocol)418,420
P2-protocol (inter-personal messaging
protocol) 419
P3-interface
402
P3-protocol (submission and delivery protocol) 418
PacificBell81
1
PacificOceanregion(POR)629,630
pacing
692
packet13,
347
packetdelay547
packeterrorratio641
packethandler (pH) 220
packetidentifier352
packet levelinterface346,350
packet level protocol 521
packetmode 220
packetnegotiation354
packetsize354,380,547
packetswitchedexchange(PSE)207,360
packetswitching12,106,207,208,259,341,
379, 453
packetizedspeech444
pad(attenuator)
599
PAD(packetassembler/disassembler)220,355,
389, 430
padding
396
pagingaccess controlequipment(PACE)427
pagingreceiver427
pagingtransmitter427
paidminute560,654
paidtime 558, 559
918
PAMA(preassignedmultipleaccess)172
panelswitching88
papertape
177
paperticket656
paperlessoffice424
parallelcopperpairwire
19
parallel
transmission
187
parity 357
paritybit
200
paritycode
276
partialavailability
83
passivebus218
passiveopticalnetworks(PONS)151,331
password control system714
patchpanel817
patching 37 1
patentrights
770
path-orientedrouting209,344,
586
path control 362
pathobstruction
627
pathoverhead(POH)271,
276
pathprotection712,
714
path status 276
pathtrace
276
pathuserchannel
276
pay-on-viewtelevision443
paybackperiod660
payloadtype(PT)464
payloadtypeidentifier(PTI)464
payphonecalls657
PBF (proportionatebidddingfacility)585
PBX(privatebranchexchange)81,239
PBXmaintainer8 19
Pc-protocol 417
PCA(percentage of callsanswered)288,544
PCA15
288
PCA25
288
PC1(protocol control information)199,200,341,
380, 467
PCM (pulsecodemodulation)
57, 70, 310,673,
703, 704
PCN (personalcommunicationsnetwork)
310
PDC (Japanese personal digital cellular system) 3 1 1
PDD (postdialling-delay)25
PDH (plesiochronousdigitalhierarchy)69,267
PDU (protocol data unit)374,467
peer-to-peercommunication468
peergroup(PG)
501
peergroupleader(PGL)
501
peg count 562
percentageofcallsanswered(PCA)288,544
INDEX
perceptionofquality635
performancemanagement485,633
performanceobjective674
performanceparameters640,
641
performanceparameters,derived
641
permanent virtual circuit (PVC) 351, 383, 457,
656
persistence
560
personalcall286,290
personalcommunicationsnetwork(PCN)
310
personalidentificationnumber(PIN)236
personalname419
PG (peergroup) 501
PGL(peergroupleader)501
PH (packethandler)220
phase
183
phase-lockedloop(PLL)672
phaseangle183
phasehits671,672
phase jitter 672
phasemodulation 181
phaseshiftkeying (PSK) 153, 181, 310
physical communication channel (physical
c-channel)
336
physicallayer(layer1)199,202,465
physicallayerentity(PL-LE)467
physicallayerprotocol (PHY) 392
physicalmediadependent(PMD)392
physicalmedium17
physicalmedium(PM)17,465
physicalmediumlayer468
physicalpacket PO0326
physicalpacket PO8 326
physicalunit(PU)362
pickinglist785
PICS (protocol implementation conformance
statement) 724
pillar
619
pilotsignal676
PIN (personalidentificationnumber)236,714
PING (packetInternetgroper)408
pitch
21
pixel 5 1, 44 1
PIXIT (protocol information extra information
fortesting)724
PL-cell(physicallayercell)467
PL-SAP (physical layer service access point) 466
PL-SDU (physical layer service data unit) 466,467
place of sale834
planemanagement469
plausibilitycheck504,717
plesiochronous
68
INDEX
plesiochronousdigitalhierarchy(PDH)69,267
PLL(phase-lockedloop)672
plug
287
PM(physicalmedium)17,465
PMD (physicalmediadependent) 392
PMP (point-to-multipoint) radio 157, 320, 328, 624
PMR(privatemobileradio)
299
PMUX(primarymultiplexor)63,698
PN.525-2, ITU-Rrecommendation625
PN.530-5, ITU-Rrecommendation628
PN.837-1,ITU-Rrecommendation627
PNNI (privatenetworknetworkinterface)471
PNNI (private network node interface) 471,
500
POCSAGcode(radiopaging)428
POH(pathoverhead)271,276
point-to-multipoint(PMP)radio157,320,328,624
point-to-point(PTP)radio
157, 320,624
point-to-point data service43 1
point-to-pointprotocol(PPP)406,407
pointofinterconnection(POI)
508
Pointel
322
Poissondistribution
550
Pollaczek-Khinchinedelayformula
550
PONS (passiveopticalnetworks)
151, 331
POP(point ofpresence)507
portability 802
portablepart(PP)
324
portableradioterminal(PT)324,325
portfolio
832
Post and Telecommunications Authority
(Sweden) 808
postdialling-delay(PDD)25
postoffice401
PostOfficeTelecommunications (UK) 737
Postreform 1 (Germany) 805
PP(portablepart)
324
PPP(point-to-pointprotocol)406,407
PRA(primaryrateaccess)215,222
pre-assignedmultipleaccess(PAMA)172
predictivealgorithm 705
prematurereleaseratio641
premisescabling 8 16
premiumrateservice236
PrenticeHall472
presentworth751
presentationcontrol443
presentationlayer(layer6)196,202
presentationprotocol204
press to speak429
pressurizedcables6 16
Prestel
399,
789
919
preventivemaintenance664
previoussatellitelink496
PR1(primaryrateinterface)215,222
pricecontrol 800
pricedetermination833
primaryhighusageroute578
primarymultiplexor(PMUX)63,698
primaryrateaccess(PRA)215,222
primaryrateinterface(PRI)215,
222
primitivename419
prioritisation 581
priority 688
priorityresolution435
privateATMnetwork473
privatebranchexchange(PBX) 81, 239
privateISDN
227
privateline
10
privatelocalinterface,ATM471
privatemanagementdomain(PRMD)420
privatemobileradio(PMR)
299
privatenetwork 815, 820
privatenetworkmanagementsystem473
privatenetworknetworkinterface (PNNI) 471
privatenetworknodeinterface (PNNI) 471, 500
privatetelephonenetwork805
privatetrunkmobileradio(PTMR)
430
privateUN1(ATM)471,473
PRM (protocolreferencemodel)326,469
PRMD (privatemanagementdomain)420
probability ofblocking538,554
probability ofdelay545,547
probability of errors 563
probability of lostcalls545,546
probability of packetdelay547
proceed-to-send(PTS)125
procurement763,765
productdefinition831
productdevelopment834
productmanual834,835
profit
659
profitmargin661
projectmanagement766
promotion
834
propagationdelay 381,444,445,452,453,496, 501,
547, 606, 629, 634, 641
propagation time 381, 397,452,453,547,562,594
proportion oflostcalls538,554
proportionatebidddingfacility(PBF)
585
proprietarystandard
723
protection(restorationnetwork)270,689
protection(securitymeasure)712
920
protectionnetwork689
protection,1 + 1 270
protocol7,177,193,564
341,
200,
199,
protocol control information (PCI)704
380, 467
protocol data unit(PDU) 374,467
protocol multiplexing
198
protocol referencemodel (PRM), ATM469
protocol referencemodel (PRM), B-ISDN469
protocol referencemodel (PRM), DECT 326
protocolstack
194
protocolstack,ATM
468
protocoltesting 670
provisioning479,615,643
Proximity i 328
PSE(packetswitchedexchange)207,360
pseudo-randombitpatterngenerator673
PSK(phaseshiftkeying)153,181,310
psophometric noise607,671
psophometricunits 607
PSTN(publicswitchedtelephonenetwork)116,
213, 297
PT (payloadtype)464
PT (portableradioterminal) 324
PT1 (payloadtypeidentifier)464
PTMR (private trunk mobileradio)430
PTO (publictelecommunicationsoperator)794,
800, 803, 831
PTP (point-to-point)radio157,320,
624
PTS(proceed-to-send)125
PU (physicalunit) 362
PUl 362
PU2 362
PU2.1
362,
366
PU3 362
PU4 362
PU5 362
publicATMnetwork473
publiccallbox806
public circuit switched digital data network
(PSDN) 206
public data networkaddressscheme521
publicnetwork831
publicnetworkinterface,ATM471
publicnetworkmanagementsystem473
publicswitchedtelephonenetwork(PSTN)116,
213, 297
publictelecommunicationsoperator(PTO)794,
800, 803, 831
publictelephoneswitchingmonopoly805
publicUN1(ATM)471,473
INDEX
publicutilitiescommission(UnitedStates)812
publicutility793,795
pulse code modulation (PCM) 57, 70, 310,673, 703,
pulsemetering649,650,651
punchedcard
177
PVC(permanentvirtualcircuit)351,383,457,656
Q-adaptor(QA)
481
Q-adaptorfunction 482
Q-interface
228
Q-SIGsignalling228,823
Q.50, ITU-Trecommendation 709
Q.400, ITU-Trecommendation131
Q.421,ITU-Trecommendation132
4.490, ITU-Trecommendation13 1
4.71 1, ITU-Trecommendation 261
4.721,ITU-Trecommendation
257
Q.761, ITU-Trecommendation224,258
Q.764, ITU-Trecommendation224,258
Q.931, ITU-Trecommendation219,227,260
4.21 10, ITU-Trecommendation470, 471
4.2130,ITU-Trecommendation470,471
Q.2140, ITU-Trecommendation470, 471
Q.2931, ITU-Trecommendation461,470,472
q.d.u.(quantizationdistortionunit)61,611,
710
Q3-interface477,481,483
QA(Q-adaptor) 481
QA(qualityassurance)774
QAM(quadratureamplitudemodulation)153,183
QOS (quality of service)633,636,637,639,739
QPSXCommunicationsLtd.394
quadrature amplitudemodulation(QAM)153,183
Qualcom316
qualityassurance(QA)774
qualityinspection769
quality of service (QOS) 633, 636, 637, 639, 739
quantization 59,60,673,703
quantization distortion 594,609,61 1
quantization distortion unit (q.d.u) 61, 611,
710
quantization level59,61
quantizationlimit600
INDEX
quantization noise59,61
quantizingdistortion 61 1,673
quasi-associatedmodesignalling252
queue
543
queuecapacity543
queueingdelay343
queueingsystem543
queueingtime643
Qx-interface
481
R-interface
217
R-referencepoint449
R2 signalling118,119,121
radio 152
radioattenuation 625
radiofixed part (RFP) 325
radiofrequency (RF) 154
radiofrequencyallocations164
radiointhelocalloop319
radioregulations809
radiorelaystation325
radiorepeater
158
radiorouteplanning165
radioshadow320
radiotelephoneservice297
radio transmission623
radio,longhaul624
radio,shorthaul 624
Radiocom2000306
Radiocommunicationbureau(BR)725
radiodeterminationsatelliteservices(RDSS)436
radiopager163,425,426
radiopaging
425
rainfallstatistics627
ranking
582
RARP (reverseaddressresolutionprotocol)406
rateadaption 465
RBOC(RegionalBellOperatingCompany)231,
737, 811
RD (routedestination)accounting654
RD (routingdomain) 528
RDSS (radiodeterminationsatelliteservices)436
re-attempts
553
re-boot
680
re-sequencing
344,
587
re-usepattern300
reachableaddress 502
reachableaddress,exterior(ERA)502
real-timenetworkmonitoring685
reassembly259,445
receivereferenceequivalent (RRE) 594,601
92 1
receivesignallevel(RSL)626
receivedsignalstrengthindicator(RSSI)325
receiver
3
receivernotready (RNR) 349,387
receiverready (RR) 349,387
recommendationsofITU-T723,738
reconstitutedsignal
58
recordedannouncement
1 18
rectifyingcircuit155
redbook739,740
redundantringtopologies277
reedrelayswitching100
ReedSolomoncode201
reflection
156
refraction
156
regeneration56,127,609
regenerator
272
regeneratorsection(RS)466
regeneratorsectionoverhead(RSOH)272
register
112,
128
register/translator 95
registration
305
regressiontesting680
regulation
793,
797
regulation,EuropeanUnion802
regulation,UnitedKingdom806
regulation,UnitedStates of America809
regulator797,806
regulatorybody797,806
reject (REJ) 349
relayingenvelope416
release
80
releasefailureratio641
reliability644,745,773
reliable data deliverySSCS470
reliabletransfer414,470
remotealarm276
remotebridge376
remote job entry 365
remoteswitchingunit(RSU)336
repair
634
repeatattempt 683
repeater29,32,35
requestresponseunit (RRU) 363
resale
240
reset
680
resistance29,30,31
resourcemanagement613,634
responseheader (RH) 363
responsetime382,562,819
responsiveness
634
restart 680
restoration 479,644,688
restorationnetwork689
restorationplant
688
restoration, 1 for N 688
restoration,1 : 1 278
restoration, N : 1278
restrictivecontrolaction687,691
restroration,1for N 688
retailtrade
788
retransmission380,384
retrievalservice442
return to zero (RZ) code72,191
revenue659,833
reverseaddressresolutionprotocol(RARP)406
reversecharging286,290,354,
508, 656,720
reversemultiplexing
230
RF (radiofrequency)154
RFC (requestforcomment)736
RFC 1157
489
RFC 1267
500
RFC 827 500
RFC 888 500
RFC 891 500
RFC 904 500
RFP (radio fixed part) 325

RFP (requestforproposal)764
RFQ (requestforquotation)764
RH (responseheader)363
right ofway806
ringbackwhenfree215,226,239
ringtopology373,691
ringdownsignalling109
ringing
26
ringingcurrent109
ringingtone
561
RIP (routing information protocol) 407, 500
riser
817
RJ-45socket817
RNR (receiver notready)349,387
roaming305,307,425
robbedbitsignalling69,74
rock armour 618
rotaryswitching
88
routebalancing585
routebusy hour 530,572,758
routedestination (RD) accounting654
router375,376
routinetesting676
routing344,421,491,499,502
routingalgorithm571,606
routingdomain (RD) 528

routingfield464
routinginformationprotocol(RIP)407,
500
routingplan14,491
routingprotocol499
routingtable114
routingtableadministration 497,498
routining 676
RPC (remote procedure call) 406, 407, 408
RR (receiverready)349,387
RRE (receivereferenceequivalent)594,601
RRU (requestresponseunit)363
RS(regeneratorsection)466
RS232interface186,
188, 193,199,730
RS422 188
RS423
188
RS449188,193,730
RSL (receivesignallevel)626
RSOH(regeneratorsectionoverhead)272
RSSI(receivedsignalstrengthindicator)325
RSU(remoteswitchingunit)336
runningcosts748,751
ruralservice806
RZ (return to zero)code72, 191
S/N (signal to noise ratio)
599,607
S/T-interface 2 16, 22 1
S-curve
569
S-field
327
S-format
349
S-interface 2 16, 2 17
S1 -system422
S2-system
422
S3-system
423
SAAL(signallingAAL) 471
SABM(setasynchronousbalancedmode)349
safety774,804
sampling57,531,556
samplingfrequency703
samplingrate58,190,532,703
SAP(serviceaccesspoint)374,466
SAR(segmentationandreassembly)259,465,468
SAS(single attachedstation) 392
satellite19,153,167,628
SatelliteInformation Services (SIS) 790
Sb-interface447,449
SC-connector151
scanrate532
scatterangle167
SCCP (signalling connection and control part) 233,
250, 254, 258
INDEX
SCCP classes259
SCCP routingverificationtest (SRVT) 262,264
SCE (servicecreationenvironment)232,234
SCF (servicecontrolfunction)233
SCP (service control point) 231, 232, 233
SCPC (singlechannelpercarrier)631
scrambler
822
scrambling713
screenedcable35,616
S D E (submissionanddeliveryentity)418,422
SDH (synchronousdigitalhierarchy)70,267,691
SDL (specificationanddescriptionlanguage)739
SDLC (synchronousdatalinkcontrol)191,205,
362, 365
SDLC adapter 365
SDLC gateway365
S D R (specialdrawingrights)654
S D U (service data unit)466,467
S D U (service data unit)467
SE (serviceelement)195
seconddialtone
520
secondline support 665
Secretaryof State (UK) 806
sectionoverhead (SOH) 271,276
security409, 71 1,804
securitymanagement485
segment395,556,655
segmentheader395
segment, TCP 410
segmentation
259
segmentationandreassembly (SAR) 259,
465, 468
seizure
123,
561
selectbar99
selectfinger98
selectmagnet98
selectingequipment763
selector
85
self-provisionlicence (UK) 808
self-regulating
797
self-routingnetwork
551
selfhealingnetwork694
semantics417
semi-automaticaccountingrate656
semi-automatictelephony282
sendreferenceequivalent (SRE) 594,601
sequencenumber200
serial line internet protocol (SLIP) 406,407
serial
transmission
187
server375,401,543
service-independent building block (SIB or
923
SIBB) 231
serviceaccesspoint (SAP) 374,466
serviceavailability643
servicecontrolfunction (SCF) 233
service control point (SCP) 231,232,233
servicecreationenvironment (SCE) 232,234
service data unit (SDU) 466,467
serviceelement (SE) 195
servicemanagementlayer (SML) 486,487
servicemanagementsystem (SMS) 232,234
serviceprofileidentifier (SPID) 461
serviceprovider83 1
servicescript234
service specific connection-oriented protocol
(SSCOP) 470
servicespecificconvergencesublayer (SSCS) 465
service specific coordination function (SSCF) 470
serviceswitchingfunction (SSF) 233,234
serviceswitching point (SSP) 231,232,234
servicetime544
servicetime,average544,545
session
414
sessionlayer(layer5)197,202
sessionprotocol 204
set up 109,110,125
settlement
653
settlement,cascade653
settlement,destination654
settlement,simple653
severelyerroredcellblockratio (SECBR) 641
severelyerroredframe ratio 641
sharedduct
507
shield
144
shieldedcable616
shieldedtwisted pair (STP) cable143,817
shipsantenna 314
shorthaulradio 321,624
SIB (service-independentbuildingblock)23
1
SIBB (service-independentbuildingblock)231
sideband
39
sidetone23,594,602
Siemens Cornetsignalling 229
SiemensNixdorf361
signalduration
381
signallabel276
signalpower157
signalstrength23
signal to noise ratio(S/N)599,607
signaltransferpoint (STP) 252
signalling
739
signalling AAL(SAAL) 471
924
signalling connection and control part (SCCP) 233.

250, 254, 258
signallinginformationfield
256
signallinginterworking132
signallinglink251
signallingnetworkplanning265
signallingpoint(SP)252,461
signallingsequencediagram133,134
signallingsystemnumber7249
signallingterminal(ST)220,
251
signallingterminal(STE)360
signallingtransferpoint(STP)461
signallingvirtualchannel(SVC)460,461
SIMcard
714
simple mail transfer protocol (SMTP)
401, 405,
406, 407, 408
simple network management protocol
(SNMP)406,407,408,477,489
simplesettlement653
simplex operation7,155,184
singleattachedstation(SAS)392
singlechannelpercarrier(SCPC)631
singleEuropeanmarket(SEM)838
singlelinkprocedure (SLP) 348,360
singlesideband (SSB) 39,IS3
sky-wave path 156
slaveframegenerator394
slip
66,
268
slip-pattern
85
SLIP (serial line internet protocol) 406, 407
slot
39s
slotheader395
SLP(singlelinkprocedure)348,360
SMDS (switchedmultimegabitdigitalservice)394,
472, 655
SMDS SSCS
470
SME (Societyof Manufacturing Engineers)731,
787
SML(servicemanagementlayer)486,487
SMS(servicemanagementsystem)232,234
SMT (stationmanagement) 392
SMTP (simple mail transfer protocol) 401, 405,
406, 407, 408
SMTP address403,527
SNA(systemsnetworkarchitecture)205,341,361,
724, 738
SNAP (subnetworkaccessprotocol)406,407
SNI (subscribernetworkinterface)137,332,
397
SNMP (simple network management
protocol) 406,407,408,477,489
So-bus
218
INDEX
SocietyofManufacturingEngineers(SME)731,
787
softwarebug679
softwarefaults679
softwareinstallation680
softwarelicence764
softwarepatch
681
softwareproblems666
softwarerelease680
softwareupgrade68 1
softwarevirus 718
SOH (sectionoverhead)271,276
SONET(synchronousopticalnetwork)70,267,
279, 691
sourceandrecordroute409
sourcerouting 500
sourceserviceaccesspoint(SSAP)374
SouthwesternBell(SBC)
81 1
SP (signallingpoint)252, 461
SP(space)20,44,46,
148
space(SP)20,44,46,148
spaceswitching103,105
spareparts 666
SPC(storedprogramcontrol)
80, 100, 532
specialdrawingrights(SDR)654
specification754,764,769,771
specification and descriptionlanguage(SDL)739
spectrumanalyzer672
spectrumutilization163
speechcompression607
speechinterpolation696,699,702,708
speech,packetized444
speed
640
SPID(serviceprofileidentifier) 461
SPIRIT 487
splitting 198
sporadicgrowth569
spot beam629
Sprint506,735,81 1, 837
SRE (sendreferenceequivalent)594,601
SRVT(SCCProutingverificationtest)262,264
SS7signalling249,461
SSAP(sourceserviceaccesspoint)374
SSB (singlesideband)39,153
SSCF-NNI
470
SSCF-UN1
470
SSCF(servicespecificcoordinationfunction)470
SSCOP (service specific connection-oriented
protocol)
470
SSCP(systemservices control point) 362,364
SSCS(servicespecificconvergencesublayer)465
925
INDEX
SSF (serviceswitchingfunction)233,234
SSP(serviceswitchingpoint)231,232,234
ST-connector15 1
ST(signallingterminal)220,251
stability
594
standards 723
standbyc-channel336
star 113
start bit
191
StatensTeleforvaltning(STF,Norway)807
stationcall
289
stationmanagement(SMT)392
statisticalequilibrium 552
statisticalmultiplexing13,342,383,444,452,546,
696, 699
statisticalmultiplexor452,701,707
statusreport 419
STE(signallingterminal)360
STE(supergrouptranslatingequipment)38
stealingbits68
step-by-stepswitching88
stepindexmultimodefibre149,
150
stimulationoftraffic
565
STM-lsignal(SDH)71,269,
828
STM-I6(SDH)
71
STM-4(SDH)71
STM-64(SDH)71
STM(synchronoustransportmodule)71,
271
stopbit
191
store-and-forward13,401,414
store-and-retrieve401,413
storedprogramcontrol(SPC)
80, 100,532
STP(shieldedtwistedpair)cable143,817
STP(signaltransferpoint)252,
461
Stratacom 386
streetsidejointingcabinet619,621,622
streetwayconduit619
Strowgerswitching86,
88
structure regulation797
structuredcabling370,373,817,818
STS-lsignal(SONET)71,280,828
STS-12(SONET)71,280
STS-192 (SONET) 71, 280
STS-3(SONET)71,280
STS-48(SONET)71,280
STS(synchronoustransportsystem,SONET)71,
279
stuffing68,268
sub-addressing
520
sub-D-socket
185
sub-multiplexing
274
sub-networkaddress526
submission
401
submission and delivery entity (SDE) 418, 422
submissionanddeliveryprotocol(P3)418
submissionenvelope416
subnetworkaccessprotocol(SNAP)406,407
subscribernetworkinterface(SNI)137,332,397
subscribernumber 514
subscriptioncharge655
successfultransferrate641
SUN Microsystems487,735
supermastergroup37
supergroup37,146,696,828
supergrouptranslatingequipment(STE)
38
supervisoryfunction349
supplementaryservice214,215,511,655
suppresseddemand753
suppressedtraffid560
surfacewave path 156,161
surfingtheInternet405
SVC (signallingvirtualchannel)460,461
SVC (switched virtual circuit) 347, 351, 384, 457,
469, 656
Swiss PTT 837
switchmatrix77,
82, 96
switchboard281,285
switchedmultimegabitdigitalservice(SMDS)394,
472, 655
switchedvirtualcircuit(SVC)347,351,384,457,
469, 656
switching and management infrastructure
(SwMI)
432
switchingcosts659
SYN (synchronizationbyte)192,199,255
synchronization66,189,609,610,673,709
synchronizationbyte(SYN)199,255
synchronouscommunication355
synchronous data transfer 191
synchronousdatalinkcontrol(SDLC)191,205,
362, 365
synchronousdigitalhierarchy(SDH)70,267,691
synchronousframeformatting70
synchronousopticalnetwork(SONET)70,267,
279, 691
synchronoustransportmodule(STM)71,
271
synchronoustransportsystem(STS,SONET)71,
279
syntax197,417,787
systemservicescontrolpoint(SSCP)362,364
systemsnetworkarchitecture(SNA)205,341,361,
724. 738
926
T-interface216,217
T-Online
400
T-span
64
T Com (Telecommunications Commission of
CEPT)
728
T.50, ITU-T recommendation47,729
T.90,ITU-Trecommendation214
T1-committee
730
Tl-D1 730
Tl-X1 730
T1 signal64,180,268,828
T1 timer
350
T2 parameter 350
T3 signal65,268,828
T3 timer350
TA (terminal adaptor) 215,217,221,222
TACS(TotalAccessCommunicationSystem)244,
306
TAE (testaccessequipment)675
tandem 81
tandemexchange575
TAR (temporaryalternativere-routing)688,690
targetanswertime544
targetsalesvolume833
tariffamendment811
tariffmodel658
tariffprinciples804
Tb-interface
446
TC-PDU (transmission convergence layer protocol
data unit) 467
TC-SDU (transmission convergence layer service
data unit)467
TC (transactioncapabilities)234,250,261
TC (transmissionconvergence)sublayer465,468
TCAM (advanced communication function/
telecommunicationsaccessmethod)364
TCAP (transaction capability application
part) 232,233,234,250, 254
TCP (transmissioncontrolprotocol)406,410
TCP/IP (transmission control protocol/internet
protocol) 374,375,376,393,404,586
TCP/IP protocolstack405
TDD (timedivisionduplexing) 327
TDM (time division multiplexing) 57, 61, 62,
698
TDMA (time division multiple access) 173, 309,631
TE (terminalequipment)216,217
TE2 (terminalequipmenttype2)447
technical and office protocol (TOP) 204, 73 1, 787
technicalconformance764
technicalsupport665
tee-off
369
INDEX
tele-education439,440
TelecomAustralia394
telecommunications
3
TelecommunicationsAct,1984(UK)806,
808
TelecommunicationsAct,1987(Finland)807
Telecommunications Administration Centre
(Finland) 807
Telecommunications business law, 1985
(Japan) 8 12
telecommunications management network
(TMN)279,477,481,739
Telecommunications reform Act, 1996 (United
States)
810
Telecommunications Standardization Bureau
(TSB)
725
Telecommunications Structure Reform
(Netherlands)
807
telecommunicationssystem9
Teledesid
171,
316
telegraph 8
telegraphpole619
Telekommunikationsgesetz (TKG, 1996,
Germany)
807
Telelaboratoriet(Denmark)807
telemarketing543,790
telematid41 5
telemedicine439,440
Telenet
347
telephone 8
Telephone and Telegraph Act, 1987 (Denmark) 807
telephonechannel37,39,696
telephonenetwork21
1
telephoneuser part (TUP)250,254,257
telephony
21
telephony passive optical network (TPON) 332,620
telephonyuser part enhanced(TUP+)224
Telepoint
322
Teleport
330
teleprinter 20
telesales
790
teleservice214, 215, 431
teleshopping439,440
teletrafficengineering529
teletraffictheory529
televoting236,243
teleworking439,440
telex 8, 20,45
telex destinationcode524
telexnetworkidentificationcode(TNIC)
522
telexnumberingplan522
Telia(SwedishPTT)837
927
INDEX
TelificationB.V.(Netherlands)807
Telnet406,407
Telstarsatellite169
temperature
674
temporaryalternativere-routing(TAR)688,690
tender
770
tendering 763
terminal adaptor (TA)215,217,221,222
terminal adaptor, broadband(B-TA)447
terminalequipment(TE)216,217
terminal equipment type l, broadband (B-TE1) 447
terminalequipmenttype2(TE2)447
terminal equipment type 2, broadband (B-TE2) 447
terminalequipment,broadband(B-TE)456
terminalequipment,regulationof803
terminalnode364
terminal/networkaccesspoint803
testaccessequipment(TAE)675
testaccesspoint675
testequipment666
testing
766
TETRA (trans European trunk radio system)299,
43 1
TETRA PDO 431
TETRA V + D431
TEUREMaccountingrates657
TFTP (trivial file transfer protocol) 405, 406, 407,
408
TH (transmissionheader)363
thinethernet
369
thirdlinesupport665
throughput 382,562,683
throughputcapacity 562
throughputclass353
throughputnegotiation354
ticket
281
ticketing652,656
time-of-daycharging649
time-space-time(TST)switching102,104
timedivisionduplexing(TDD)327
time division multiple access (TDMA) 173, 309,631
timedivisionmultiplexing(TDM)57,61,62,698
timeswitching
103, 105
timeslot 0 (zero)66
timeslot 16 66
timestamp
409
TINA (telecommunicationns intelligent network
architecture)
490
tip-off
801
TKG (Telekommunikationsgesetz, 1996,
Germany)
807
TMN (telecommunications management

network)279,477,
481, 739
TMN managementfunctionmodel486
TMR (trunk mobileradio)297,299
TNIC (telexnetworkidentificationcode)522
token
371
tokenbusLAN368,371
tokenringLAN368,372
tokenringLAN, 16Mbit/s 372
tokenringLAN,4Mbit/s372
toll-freeservice237
tone-on-idle
125
tonegenerator670
TOP (technicalandofficeprotocol)204,731,787
top peer group 501
topologydatabase
502
topologymanagement501
topologystate
500
topologystatepackets
501
topologystateparameters
501
TP (transmissionpath)466
TPON (telephony passive optical network)
332, 620
TR (TechnicalReference)737
tracing 289
tracing(mobileuser)305
TRADACOMS
787
traffic
529,
531
trafficbalance756
trafficcarryingcapacity
540
trafficimbalance756
trafficintensity530,556,560,745
trafficintensitymeasurement531
trafficmean580
trafficmonitoring
555
trafficpeak534
trafficprofile557
traffictable540
trafficvariance 580
training
774
trans-multiplexor
698
transactioncapabilities(TC)234,250,
261
transaction capability application part
(TCAP)232,233,234,250,254
transactionfile787
transceiver
297
transfercharges648
transformer
23
transitexchange494,574
transitlist
502
transitnode470,494
928
translation 115 , 421,463
transmissionbridge24
transmissioncontrolprotocol(TCP)406,410
transmissionconvergence(TC)sublayer465,468
transmissiondelay343
transmissionheader(TH)363
transmissioninfrastructure 805
transmissionline9
transmission loss, freespace625
transmissionmedium3,
8
transmission path (TP)466
transmissionphase435
transmissionplan14,593
transmissionplan,international612
transmissionplan, North America600
transmissionplan, UK digitalnetwork601
transmissionplantcosts659
transmissionpriority445
transmissionrate
61
transmissionreferencepoint(TRP)599
transmitpower300
transmitter
3
Transpad
347
transparency(ofbusinessactivities)805
transponder 167
transport industry787
transportlayer(layer 4)197,202
transport mechanism
17
transport protocol 204
transport service414
transversescreenedcable35,143
travellingwavetube(TWT)166
trebletone30
triangulation 689
tributary68,268,273,674,677
tributaryunit(TU)
271
tributaryunitgroup (TUG) 271
triggertable234
tripping115
trivial file transfer protocol (TFTP) 405,406,407,
408
troposphere 156
troposphericscatter19,153,156,
166,168
TRP (transmissionreferencepoint)599
trunk11,81,111
trunk areacode 514
trunk code 116
trunk loading 745
trunk mobileradio (TMR) 297,299
trunk offer289
trunk reservation579,581
INDEX
TSB (Telecommunications Standardization

Bureau)
725
TST(time-space-time)switching102,104
TTC (Telecommunication Technology
Committee)
731
TU (tributaryunit) 271
TUG (tributaryunitgroup) 271
tuningfork 22
TUP (telephoneuser part) 250,254,257
TUPf (enhancedtelephoneuserpart)224,258
twistedpaircable19,141,370,466
two-motionselector 88, 90,92,94
two-stagecallset up 520
two-to-fourwireconversion602
two-toneradiopaging427
two-wirecircuit35,600,602
two-wirecommunication32,35
TWT(travellingwavetube)166
Tymnet
347
U-format
349
U-interface216,218
u-plane326,432,459
UA(useragent)414,420
UAE(useragententity)
418, 422
UAL(useragentlayer)
417
Ub-interface
447
UDP (userdatagramprotocol)406
UHF (ultra highfrequencyradio)19,153,156,161
UK digitalnetworktransmissionplan601
ultrahighfrequencyradio (UHF) 19,153,156,161
Urn-interface 310
umbrellanetworkmanagementsystem479
UMTS(universalmobiletelephoneservice)314,
316
unbalancedcircuit144,188
uncontrolledtransmissionmode464
under-provision 743
unfairuse of information 801
UN1(usernetworkinterface)137,
347
UN1signalling502
UN1 v3.0 (ATM)472
UN1 v3.1 (ATM) 472,500
UNI, ATM456,457,464,470
UNI,B-ISDN446,447
UNI, framerelay382,386
unicast
434
uninterruptiblepowersupply(UPS)773
uniselector88,89,91,94
Unisource
837
Unisys
361
INDEX
UNITAX 306
UNITDI (United Nations Trade Data
Interchange) 787
universalmobiletelephoneservice(UMTS)314,
316
universalnumberservice236
universalpersonaltelephoneservice236
universalservice802,805
UniversityofWesternAustralia394
UNIX 366,375,383,404,527,736
unknowndestination 41 1
unreachablehost410
unreliability
675
unshieldedtwisted pair(UTP)cable143,817
UNSM(UnitedNationsstandardmessages)788
unsuccessfulcall117
upgrade68 1
uplink 306, 309, 3 11, 625,629
uplink(helloprocedure)502
uppersideband39,40,145
UPS(uninterruptiblepowersupply)
773
USgovernmentprintingoffice (GPO) 810
USWest811
usagecharges648
USDC (US digital cellular system) 3 11
user-networksignalling469
useragent(UA)414,420
useragententity(UAE)418,422
useragentlayer(UAL)417
user data block396
userdatagramprotocol(UDP)406
usernetworkinterface (UNI) 137,347
user part 256
userplane136,459,469
username714
utilization
344,
564
UTP(unshieldedtwistedpair)cable143,817
V-chip
812
V.10, ITU-Trecommendation186,188
V.ll, ITU-Trecommendation186,188
V.21, ITU-Trecommendation185
V.22, ITU-Trecommendation 185, 193,199
V.22bis, ITU-Trecommendation184,185
V.24, ITU-Trecommendation186,
188, 193,199,
730,828
V.25bis, ITU-Trecommendation193
V.27ter,ITU-Trecommendation185
929
V.28, ITU-T recommendation 186,188,193,199

V.29, ITU-T recommendation 185
V.32, ITU-T recommendation 184,185,193,199
V.33, ITU-T recommendation 185
V.34, ITU-T recommendation 185,193,199
V.35, ITU-T recommendation 185,188,199
V.36, ITU-T recommendation 185,188,199,730,
828
V.37,ITU-Trecommendation185
V.42bis,ITU-Trecommendation185
V.54, ITU-Trecommendation 679
V.110,ITU-Trecommendation221
VS-interface332,333
V5.1interface333,336
V5.2interface333,335
V5.xinterfaces336
VADS (value-added and data services licence,
UK) 808
validation 788
value-addedservice798
VANS(value-addednetworkservice)798
VBR(variablebit rate) 458
VC-l 1 (virtual container of SDH) 71
VC-l2 (virtualcontainerofSDH)
71
VC-21 (virtualcontainerofSDH)
71
VC-22(virtualcontainerofSDH)71
VC (virtualcall)341,347,351,656
VC (virtualchannel)457
VC (virtualcircuit)12,341
VC (virtualcontainer)270,271,279
VClevel465
VCC (virtualchannelconnection)459,460
VC1 (virtualchannelidentifier)199,396,461,
462
VDB(visitor database) 325
verification
680
161, 297
veryhighfrequency radio(VHF)19,153,
VF (voicefrequency)signalling119,120
VHF (veryhighfrequencyradio)19,153,
161, 297
vianetloss(VNL)599
videocommunication439
videoondemand(VOD)148,329,331,440,443
videotelephone215
videotext
399,
789
VIF (visualindexfile)291
violation73,74
violationsymbol73
930
virtualcall(VC)341,347,351,656
virtualchannel(VC)457
virtualchannelconnection(VCC)459,460
virtualchannelidentifier(VCI)199,396
virtualchannellink459
virtualcircuit(VC)12,
341
virtualconnection12,13
virtualcontainer-3(VC-3)271
virtualcontainer-4(VC-4)271
virtualcontainer (VC)270,271,279
virtual path (VP)457
virtual path connection(VPC)459
virtual path identifier(VPI)199,461,462
virtual path link459
virtualprivatenetwork(VPN)235,
239
virtual switching point (VSP)612
virtualtributary (VT)279
virussoftware718
visitordatabase(VDB)325
visitorlocationregister(VLR)263,305
visualindexfile(VIF)291
Viterbicode201
VLR(visitorlocationregister)263,305
VNL(vianet loss) 599
VOD(video on demand)148,329,331,440,443
Vodafone311,806
voicefrequency(VF)signalling119,120
voicerecognition779
voiceresponse246
voicemail246,719
VP(virtualpath)457
VP level465
VPC(virtual path connection)459
VPI(virtual path identifier)199,461,462
VPI=O 461
VPN(virtualprivatenetwork)235,239
VSP(virtualswitchingpoint)612
VT(virtualtributary)279
VT 1.5 (virtual tributary of SONET) 71, 280
VT 2.0 (virtual tributary of SONET) 71,
280
VTAM (virtual telecommunications access
method)
364
W-interface448,449
waitingcalls 546
waiting calls, average number of 545
WAN (wide area network)346,367,384
WARC (World Administrative Radio
Council)307,623
INDEX
warranty 764
wave propagation 155
wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) 15 1, 152,
332, 699
WDM(wavelengthdivisionmultiplexing)151,152,
332,699
weightednoise671
Wellfleet 500
wide area cordlesstelephony322
wide areanetwork(WAN)346,367,384
Wilkinson-Rappequivalentrandommethod578,
579, 590
window
380
windownegotiation354
windowsize350,354,380
Windows
375
Windowsforworkgroups375
Windows95375,402
WindowsNT
375
wiper
93
wiperassembly89
wirelessLAN432
wirelesslocalloop(WLL)319
wiringcabinet371,373
WLL(wirelesslocalloop)319
wordsynchronization190
workstation (WS) 481,482
World Administrative Radio Council
(WARC)307,623
worldwideweb(WWW)
405
WS (workstation)481,482
WTSC (World Telecommunications Standardization
Conference)
726
WWW(worldwideweb)405
X-interface 48 1
X-OFF 356,
358
X-ON356,358
X-windows406,407
X-Y switching88
X.3, ITU-Trecommendation 355
X.21, ITU-Trecommendation186,188,193,199,
346, 828
X.2lbis, ITU-T recommendation 186, 188, 199, 346
X.24, ITU-Trecommendation 188
X.25options353
X.25, ITU-Trecommendation 138,207,346,379,
423, 430, 521, 655
X.26, ITU-Trecommendation188
X.27, ITU-Trecommendation188
X.28, ITU-Trecommendation355,356
931
INDEX
X.29, ITU-T recommendation355

X.31, ITU-T recommendation 220, 521
X.31case A 220
X.31caseB220
X.75, ITU-T recommendation220,348,358,359,
505
X.121,ITU-Trecommendation344,513,521,522,
527
X.200,ITU-Trecommendation195
X.400,ITU-Trecommendation401,402,403,424,
524,719
X.500, ITU-T recommendation402,421,424,513,
524
X.722, ITIU-T recommendation485
Xerox
432
XID (exchangeidentifier)716
yellowbook740
yellowpages81
ZBTSI(zerobytetimeslotinterchange)code74
zerobytetimeslotinterchange(ZBTSI)code74

Networks and Telecommunications

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Networks and Telecommunications

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Networks and Telecommunications: Design and Operation, Second Edition.