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Zainab S. H. AL-Hashmi
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Acknowledgments
praise belongs to God who showed favour to us through His
religion, singled us out for His creed, and directed us onto the
roads of His beneficence, in order that through His kindness we
might travel upon them to His good pleasure, a praise which He
will accept from us and through which He will be pleased with
us. !Allah send peace and blessings upon Mohammed and his
progeny (S.A.W.)
Finally I would like to thank my family,
iii
Abstract
The Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is multicarrier
modulation scheme which has recently become comparatively popular in
both wireless and wired communication systems for transfer the
multimedia data. OFDM could be used at the core of well-known systems
like Asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL) internet, digital
television/radio broadcasting, wireless local area network (LANs), and
Long Term Evolution (LTE).
High PAPR is the major drawback of OFDM, which results in lower
power efficiency hence impedes in implementing OFDM. The PAPR
problem is more significant in the uplink because the efficiency of power
amplifier is critical because a mobile terminal has a limited battery
power.
High peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) occurs due to large envelope
fluctuations in OFDM signal this requires a highly linear high power
amplifier (HPA). Power amplifiers with large linear range are expensive,
bulky 50% of the size of a transmitter lies and difficult to manufacture.
In order to reduce the PAPR, several techniques have been proposed in
this thesis, primarily the repeated frequency domain filtering and clipping
(RFC) has been proposed and compared with the existing method
repeated clipping and frequency domain filtering (RCF). The RFC is
better than RCF in performance especially when I 2, although they have
the same complexity and cost.
The proposed method is not only improving PAPR but also improving
BER. Best case for the bit error rate (BER) is at I =4 and CR =4, where
) improved by (5.7601 dB)
Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) at BER (
and Complementary Cumulative Distribution Function (CCDF) of PAPR
was improved by (4.775 dB) and PAPR was improved by (11.4177 dB).
The best one improvement in PAPR and CCDF of PAPR So as not to
BER deteriorate is at I =4 and CR =1.75. The improvement in PAPR by =
(18.2789 dB), CCDF of PAPR = (8.0187 dB), and the SNR at
) by = (0.6101 dB).
BER(
In addition to (RFC) six new types of companding have been proposed
and compared with the -law and A-law compandings. all these proposed
methods have better performance than the -law and A-law compandings,
and the best one is Absolute Exponential (AEXP) companding and the
iv
Contents
Chapter One: Introduction
1.1 Introduction
2.1. Introduction
10
2.6 OFDM
12
15
17
18
19
20
2.9 SC-FDMA
24
27
3.1Definitions of PAPR
27
28
29
29
32
32
35
35
35
35
36
36
vi
3.7 The gauge for judgment of the PAPR reduction in OFDM systems
36
37
39
39
39
43
45
45
46
47
48
48
49
50
OFDM Systems
4.6.2 Exponential Companding Algorithm
51
53
53
) companding
54
) Companding
54
54
56
57
59
60
4.12 Interleaving
61
61
62
63
63
65
vii
65
72
77
5.2.3.1 A companding
77
5.2.3.2
81
Companding
85
87
89
91
95
101
104
104
105
105
106
107
107
108
110
110
119
119
6.2.2 RCF +
121
123
126
128
130
131
132
134
134
viii
6.3.2 RFC +
137
companding
139
141
143
145
146
147
148
149
6.4.2 Pre-coding +
152
154
156
159
161
162
163
165
7.1Conclusions
165
7.2Future work
167
References
168
Appendices
A.1
B.1
ix
Chapter One
Introduction
Chapter One
Introduction
1.1 Introduction:
During the last two decades, the demand for multimedia wireless communication
services have grown tremendously and this trend are expected to continue in the near
future. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is one of such multicarrier techniques which have attracted vast research attention from academics,
researchers and industries since last two decades. It has become part of new emerging
standards for broadband wireless access [1].
Energy efficiency, particularly matters in future mobile communications networks. A
key driving factor is the growing energy cost of network operation which can make up
as much as 50% of the total operational cost nowadays [2].
The transmitted signal of OFDM exhibits a high Peak-To-Average Power Ratio
(PAPR). This high PAPR reduces the efficiency of high power amplifier and degrades
the performance of the system [3].
A major source for reducing energy costs is to increase the efficiency of the high
power amplifier (HPA) in the radio frequency (RF) front end of the base stations [4].
However, the efficiency of the HPA is directly related to the PAPR of the input signal.
The problem, especially, becomes serious in OFDM multicarrier transmission, which
is applied in many important wireless standards such as the third Generation
Partnership Project (3GPP) Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-A). The PAPR
problem still prevents OFDM from being adopted in the uplink of mobile
communication standards, and, besides from power efficiency, it can also place severe
constraints on output power and therefore coverage in the downlink. In the past, there
have been many efforts to deal with the PAPR problem resulting in numerous papers
and several overview articles, e.g., [5], [6], [7].
PAPR has a deleterious effect on battery lifetime in mobile applications. As handy
devices have a finite battery life, it is significant to find ways of reducing the PAPR
allowing for a smaller, more efficient HPA, which in turn will mean a longer lasting
battery life.
In many low-cost applications, the problem of high PAPR may outweigh all the
potential benefits of multicarrier transmission systems [6]. A number of promising
approaches or techniques have been proposed & implemented to reduce PAPR with
the expense of increase transmit signal Power, bit error rate (BER) & computational
complexity and loss of data rate, etc. So, a system trade-off is required [8].
Chapter One
Introduction
PAR grows as the roll of factor of the pulse shaping filter decreases, selected mapping
can be applied advantageously.
The first nonlinear companding transform (NCT) for PAPR reduction was given by
Wang et.al in 1999 [10]. It was based on the speech processing algorithm -law and it
has found better performance than that of clipping technique. The -law companding
transform mainly focuses on enlarging small amplitude signals while keeping peak
signals unchanged, and thus it increases the average power of the transmitted signals
and may lead to overcome the saturation region of the HPA to make the performance
of the system worse. In order to overcome the problem of -law companding
(increasing average power) and to have an efficient PAPR reduction. [10]
In 2000 Myonghee et.al [11] Hadamard transform is an effective technique to reduce
the PAPR of an OFDM system. The PAPR can be reduced in OFDM system without
any power increase and side information. The increase of system complexity is not
much. As further study, the equalization problem combining with Hadamard
transform, which is induced to reduce PAPR, over multipath fading channel, is
considered.
In 2001 J. Armstrong [12] the clipping and frequency domain filtering PAPR
reduction technique has been described in which an interpolated version of the
baseband signal is clipped and then filtered with a new form of filter. The filter
consists of a forward and an inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT). It is designed to
remove the out-of-band (OOB) noise without distorting the in-band discrete signal. It
is shown that significant PAPR reduction can be achieved without any increase in
OOB power. Some in-band distortion results, but this will have negligible effect on
the overall BER in most systems.
In 2002 J. Armstrong [13] the repeated clipping and frequency domain filtering of an
OFDM signal can significantly reduce the PAPR of the transmitted signal. This
method causes any increase in OOB power. Considerable PAPR reduction can be
obtained with only moderate levels of clipping noise.
In 2004 Ryu, et al. [14] The Dummy Sequence Insertion (DSI) technique reduces
PAPR through increased the average power of the signal. Herein, after switchting the
input data stream into parallel through the serial to parallel converter a, dummy
sequence is inserted in the input signal. Thus, the average value is raised and the
PAPR is reduced later.
In 2005 Tao Jiang et.al [15] exponential companding. It can adjust the amplitudes
of both large and small input signals, while maintaining the average power unchanged
by properly choosing transform parameters, so as to make the output signals have a
uniform distribution (with a specific degree). The exponential companding schemes
can efficiently reduce PAPR for various modulation formats and sub-carrier sizes.
2
Chapter One
Introduction
The exponential companding schemes make less spectrum side-lobes than -law
companding. Simulation results have shown that exponential companding schemes
could provide better system performance in terms of PAPR reduction, power
spectrum, BER, and phase error than the -law companding scheme.
In 2007 Wisam et.al [16] square rooting companding (SQRT) companding a simple
method of reducing the PAPR value of OFDM symbol by changing the statistical
characteristics of the output signals . This was achieved by applying a non-linear
square rooting operation of the OFDM signals. The process changed also the
describing parameters of power signals: average and peak power values, and as a
result the PAPR value is reduced. This companding more suitable for OFDM
applications that do not have sophisticated processor, since it allows significant
reduction in PAPR value with very low cost of computational complexity, and only
slight performance degradation.
In 2008 Pisit et.al [17] the simple PAPR reduction method by using the dummy subcarriers. The features of proposed method is to decide the frequency data for dummy
subcarriers theoretically by using the certain number of larger amplitude levels
detected in the time domain signal and to achieve the better PAPR performance with
less computational complexity.
In 2008 Carole et.al [18] they present an incipient PAPR reduction technique which
exploits the utilization of used carriers in addition to the phase information of pilot
signals in OFDM systems to limit the PAPR while not degrading channel estimation
or frequency offset. Compared to conventional techniques like clipping and
windowing, this technique introduces significantly lower OOB distortions and
provides a lower BER since there is no interference to the original data signals. There
is additionally no requisite for side information to be transmitted to the receiver.
In 2009 Kazuki and Fumiyuki [19] A tone injection (TI) has been suggested which
exploits the property of a nonlinear modulo function. The TI is identically equivalent
to the one that superimposes a quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) signal on the
data symbol to reduce the PAPR. Without the transmission of the side information,
the TI dramatically reduces the PAPR level. Albeit the TI-OFDM reduces the 1%
PAPR level by about 3~4.5dB, the BER performance remarkably degrades. However,
the utilization of antenna diversity reception can reduce the BER performance
degradation.
In 2010 Zhongpeng et.al [20] a combined companding transform and hadamard
transform technique is suggested to reduce PAPR of OFDM signal .Simulation results
shows that the PAPR reduction performance is improved compared with companding
transform used only. On the other hand, the BER of system using proposed PAPR
reduction scheme is not degraded.
3
Chapter One
Introduction
In 2010 Imran and Varun [21] the PAPR of discrete hartley transform (DHT)Precoded OFDM system for M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (M-QAM)
(where M=16, 32, 64, 256). The Matlab simulation shows that DHT-Precoded OFDM
System shows better PAPR gain as compared to OFDM-Original system, Walsh
Hadamard transformation (WHT)-Precoder Based OFDM system and selective
mapping (SLM) OFDM (with V=2) system respectively. Thus, it is concluded that
DHT Precoder Based OFDM System shows better PAPR reduction then WHTPrecoder Based OFDM System, SLM-OFDM System and OFDM-Original system for
MQAM. Additionally, the DHT-Precoded OFDM system does not require any power
increase, complex optimization and side information to be sent for the receiver.
In 2011 Zhongpeng [22] a combined reduction in PAPR of the
OFDM signals based on the combination of the discrete cosine transform (DCT) with
companding. While taking both BER performance and PAPR performance into
account, a united DCT and companding scheme to reduce the PAPR of OFDM
signals.
In 2011 Hem [23] a combinational method of pre-coding and clipping is proposed to
reduce the PAPR of an OFDM system. The proposed technique is better than
conventional because it does not require any increase in roll-off factor to reduce
PAPR. Thus, it reduces the overhead in comparison to conventional pre-coding
method. Increasing the roll-off factor degrades the BER as given in [24]. The clipping
after pre-coding reduces PAPR but degrades BER. However, this degradation in not
significant in comparison to degradation obtained by increasing roll off factor.
In 2012 Malhar and Prof.Abhishek [25] tone reservation includes no of set of
reservation of tones. By using this technique reserved tones can be utilized to
minimize the PAPR. This method is used for multicarrier transmission and also
demonstrated the reserving tones to limit the PAPR. Advantage of this tone
reservation is very positive that no process is needed at receiver end. Furthermore
there is no need to transmit the side information combined with the transmitted signal.
In 2012 Eugen [26] The PAPR reduction technique based on combination of a WHT
and a new signal companding function. The numerical results show that the hybrid
scheme realizes an improved PAPR reduction than the component methods. The
computation complexity increases linearly with the number of considered signal
variants because of several signal variants are applied to the precoding block. This
problem can be solved, by using few subcarriers as markers.
In 2012 Chau, and Hsuan [27] presents a combination scheme, which using a
combination of precoding by utilizing least null subcarriers in the frequency domain
and nonlinear companding technique by applying proper -Law characteristic in time
domain, for reducing PAPR. Simulation results indicate that the proposed scheme
4
Chapter One
Introduction
Chapter One
Introduction
In 2013 Mohit et.al [38] To reduce the PAPR of OFDM has been proposed Hybrid
Clipping-Companding techniques for PAPR Reduction. the performance of hybrid
PAPR reduction scheme with either tanh or erf as companding function is
approximately same .Hybrid PAPR reduction scheme with log companding function
is better than the last two. Hybrid PAPR reduction scheme with either -law or A-law
companding gives the same performance and the Hybrid PAPR reduction scheme
with either -law or A-law companding is best.
In 2013 K. muralibabu et.al [39] In the proposed scheme, a combined reduction in
PAPR of the OFDM system by grouping the sub carrier on the basis of the
combination of joining the Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) with companding
technique. The simulation results indicat that the proposed scheme can yield good
tradeoff between computational complexity and PAPR reduction performance
In 2014 Jijina et.al [40] a comparative study is made on the three typical linear
precoding techniques: Hadamard transform precoding, Discrete Sine Transform
(DST) precoding and Square root raised cosine function precoding used in OFDMA
system. The performance of these different schemes in terms of PAPR reduction is
analyzed with the conventional Random Interleaved OFDMA system. Linear
precoding schemes are efficient, signal independent, distortion less and do not require
complex optimization when compared to the other reduction schemes.
Chapter Two
2.1. Introduction:
The growth in data intensive mobile services and applications like Web browsing,
social networking, video streaming and music has become a driving force for
development of the next generation of wireless standards. Thus, new standards are
being developed to provide the data rates and network capacity needful to support
worldwide delivery of these kinds of rich multimedia application. LTE have been
developed to respond to the requirements of this generation and to achieve the aim of
realizing global broadband mobile communications [41].
Chapter Two
These main targets resulted in the creation of additional requirements and spin-off
functionalities, whose realizations were researched, developed and evolved by 3GPP
and hence introduced in LTEs specifications and standardization upgrades.
These improvements were further evolved and enhanced in Release 9, which
contained additional techniques, functionalities and technology approaches to enable a
quick, efficient and low-cost implementation of the LTE system. The following
techniques are included:
introduction to Self-Organizing Networks (SON),
improved approach to emergency calls, as they oppose the systems security
policy,
multiple-eNodeB broadcast signal combination (LTE MBMS),
further improvement of Frequency Division Duplex (LTE-FDD) and Time
Division Duplex (LTE-TDD),
improvement of SON technologies and mechanisms, and
Minimization of system drive-tests (MDT).
The LTE system and its standardization are 3GPPs most significant milestone
achieved so far, triggering an increase of participation in their further projects and
worldwide acknowledgement of their existing work. Takahiro Nakamura, the 3GPP
RAN Chairman, states: Operators need to work on issues that have been created in
signaling and the volume of data being carried. Therefore, further improvements to
the 3GPP system are being driven by that data explosion. A continued evolution of
the system is given in Releases 10, 11 and 12, introducing an improved mobile
communication standard named LTE-Advanced [45].
Chapter Two
Centre (MSC). Therefore speech services are handled as Voice over IP (VoIP) calls in
the LTE network [47, 48].
The eNBs are connected to each other via X2 interface and to Evolved Packet Core
(EPC) through S1 interface, as also shown in Figure 2.1. The S1 interface supports in
addition many-to-many relations between MMEs / SAE Gateways and eNBs [46].
SAE Gateway contains two logical gateway entities named as the Serving Gateway
(SGW) and the Packet Data Network Gateway (P-GW). The S-GW is responsible for
receiving and forwarding IP packets. Therefore, it can be seen as a local mobility
anchor to the eNBs [48]. The P-GW, on the other hand, is responsible for handling the
internet protocol functions, like routing, packet filtering, policy enforcement and
address allocation [47].
The new system architecture was designed so that it will reduce the overhead from
increased traffic. This is achieved because only the MME is responsible for signaling
and therefore the user IP packets do not go over MME. This way the network capacity
stays on a good level as the signaling and the traffic can grow separately [49]. The
main responsibilities of MME are idle-mode User Equipment (UE) reachability
including the control and execution of paging retransmission, different type of
authentication procedures with Non-Access Stratum (NAS) signaling, roaming, PGW/S-GW selection, tracking area list management and bearer management
including dedicated bearer establishment [47,48].
Chapter Two
10
Chapter Two
These systems are called classical Multicarrier Modulation (MCM) system and
transmitted data on non-overlapped band-limited orthogonal signals. These systems
require analog oscillator and filter of much wider bandwidth and sharp cut-off.
Therefore, the concept of OFDM was not gained so much attention or popularity
because of the difficulty in subcarrier recovery without inter-subcarrier interference
by means of analog filters. Due to this reason only, a number of studies in the 1960s
were dedicated for MCM employing overlapped band-limited orthogonal signals [63,
64, and 65]. In the year 1967, B. R. Saltzberg suggested a MCM system employing
Orthogonal time-staggered Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (O-QAM) on the
carriers [63]. The concept of MCM scheme employing time-limited orthogonal
signals, which is similar to OFDM, was first given by H. F. Marmuth [66] in 1960.
[10]
The KINEPLEX system was developed by Collins Radio Company for data
transmission at high frequency over multipath fading channel, in this system, 20 tones
are modulated by DQPSK without filtering, which resulted in overlapping channels.
Initially the implementation of an OFDM system with large number of subcarriers
was very complex and expensive because it requires the array of sinusoidal generators
and coherent demodulators for parallel operations. In order to avoid the crosstalk
between the subcarriers, the system should be free from frequency and timing offsets
[62].
A major breakthrough in the history of OFDM came in 1971 when Weinstein and
Ebert used Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) to perform baseband modulation and
demodulation which eliminated the need of bank of subcarrier oscillators thus making
the operation efficient and simpler [1,67].
In 1979, after evolutionary growth and development in signal processing and VLSI
technologies, high speed chips can be built around special-purpose hardware
performing the large size Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) (efficient algorithm for DFT)
at affordable price [68], [69].
All the proposals of OFDM systems used guard spaces in frequency domain and
a raised cosine windowing in time domain to combat ISI and ICI. Another milestone
for OFDM history was when Peled and Ruiz introduced Cyclic Prefix (CP) or cyclic
extension in 1980 [67,70] .This solved the problem of maintaining orthogonal
characteristics of the transmitted signals at severe transmission conditions. The
generic idea that they placed was to use cyclic extension of OFDM symbols instead of
using empty guard spaces in frequency domain. This effectively turns the channel as
performing cyclic convolution, which provides orthogonality over dispersive channels
when CP is longer than the channel impulse response [56,70].
Since 1990s, OFDM has been utilized for many broadband communication systems, it
includes high-bit-rate digital subscriber lines (HDSL) [71], asymmetric digital
subscriber lines (ADSL) [72], very high-speed digital subscriber lines (VHDSL) [72],
high definition television (HDTV) terrestrial broadcasting etc. It has also been utilized
by many wireless standards like Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) [73] The DAB
standard was in fact the first OFDM-based standard (project started in 1988 by ETSI
and completed in 1995), Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) [74].
Many standards have been proposed for wireless local area networks (WLANs)
operating in ISM band, which are based on spread-spectrum technology. A number of
studies regarding the commercial applications of OFDM were made during 1990s like
High Bit rate Digital Subscriber Lines (HDSL; 1.6 Mbps), Asymmetric Digital
Subscriber Lines (ADSL; 6 Mbps), Very High Speed Digital Subscriber Lines
11
Chapter Two
(VDSL; 100 Mbps), DAB and High Definition Television (HDTV) terrestrial
broadcasting [75].
In 1997, first OFDM-based WLAN standard, IEEE 802.11, was released. IEEE
802.11 can support a data rate up to 2 Mbps. Later on, in 1999, IEEE approved an
OFDM based standard 802.11a for supporting a data rate up to 54 Mbps. During this
period ETSI has also standardized the HiperLAN/2 standard, which has adopted
OFDM for their PHY standards [1].
In 2001, the FCC came with some new rules for modulations scheme operating in the
2.4 GHz range, which allow IEEE to extend 802.11b to 802.11g standard. Now days,
it has also been used in WiMAX (IEEE 802.16), and mobile broadband wireless
access (MBWA) IEEE 802.10. It is 11 also utilized by 4G wireless communication
systems, such as IMT-A. It is also been considered for 3GPP Long Term Evolution,
which is under deployment [62].
2.6 OFDM:
With the ever growing require of this generation, the necessity for high speed
communication has become a top priority. Different multicarrier modulation
techniques have developed to meet these demands, a few prominent among them
being OFDM and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) [52].
The fundamental principle of OFDM is a division of high data rate streams into a
number of lower data rate streams and then transmitted these streams in parallel using
several orthogonal sub-carriers (parallel transmission). Due to this parallel
transmission, the symbol duration increases, thus decrease the prorated amount of
dispersion in time resulting from the multipath delay spread. OFDM can be seen as
either a modulation technique or a multiplexing technique [10].
OFDM communication systems do not depend on increased symbol rates for
achieving higher data rates. That makes the task of managing ISI much easier.
Because data is transmitted in parallel instead of serially, OFDM symbols are
basically much longer than symbols on single carrier systems of equivalent data rate
[53].
The concept of OFDM is very much similar to the well-known and extensively used
technique of Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM). OFDM uses the principles of
FDM to allow multiple messages to be sent over a single radio channel. It is however
in a much more controlled manner, allowing an improved spectral efficiency [54].
In conventional broadcast, each radio station transmits on a different frequency,
effectively using FDM to maintain a separation between the stations. Due to nonorthogonal nature of carrier frequencies in FDM, a large band gap is required to avoid
inter-channel interference, which reduces the overall spectral efficiency. The
difference between FDM and OFDM is shown in Figure 2.2 [55].
12
Chapter Two
13
Chapter Two
frequency view of an OFDM signal is shown in Figure 2.5, where the important
parameters like subcarrier spacing and OFDM symbol period are shown [59].
Input
Signal
Mapper
IDFT
OR
IFFT
S/P
P/S
Add
CP
D/A
Multipath
Fading Ch.
&
noise
output
Signal
demapper
Equalizer
And
P/S
DFT
OR
FFT
14
S/P
Remove
CP
A/D
Chapter Two
( )
( )
(2.1)
The orthogonality property of OFDM signals can be shown with the help of its
spectrum. In the frequency domain every OFDM subcarrier has a
( )
frequency response, as shown in Figure 2.6 [10].
One of the key advantages of OFDM is its efficient use of the frequency band as the
subcarriers are allowed to overlap each other in the frequency domain. The N equally
spaced subcarriers will be orthogonal if the frequency separation between subcarriers
is f =
, where N.Ts is symbol duration, and rectangular windowing of the
IFFT is performed. Under these conditions the subcarriers will have a
waveform
frequency response [78].
Simple rectangular pulse of the length
is used and rectangular shape in time
domain corresponds to a
-square shaped spectrum in frequency domain as
illustrated in Figure 2.6. The LTE sub-carrier spacing is set to f= 15 KHz [62].
15
Chapter Two
Figure 2.6 Per-subcarrier pulse shape and spectrum of basic OFDM transmission [48]
Figure 2.7 shows the frequency response of a 5 carrier system where it is seen that
because of the orthogonal relationship the maximum of a particular sample
corresponds to a null in all other carriers, therefore eliminating the effects of
interference.
16
Chapter Two
17
Chapter Two
( ) (
(2.2)
(2.4)
is defined as
Where,
(|
))
(2.5)
18
Chapter Two
19
Chapter Two
Chapter Two
Figure 2.12 Difference between OFDM and OFDMA resource by user allocation [86].
Figure 2.14 is a detailed block diagram of OFDMA. The LTE PHY (Physical Layer)
specification has been designed to adapt bandwidths from 1.25 MHz to 20 MHz
OFDM was selected as the main modulation scheme due to its robustness with a
severe multipath fading. Downlink multiplexing is achieved through the OFDMA.
OFDM is the modulation scheme for the DL. The primary subcarrier spacing is 15
kHz, with lower subcarrier spacing of 7.5 kHz available for some MB-SFN
(Multicast-broadcast single-frequency network) scenarios. OFDM modulation
parameters summarizes in Table 2-1 [90]
21
Chapter Two
FFT size
No.
occupied
subcarrier
20 MHz
0.5 ms
15 kHz
192 MHz
(1/2 x 3.84
MHz)
128
of 76
3.84
MHz
7.68
MHz
(2
x 3.84
MHz)
15.36
23.04
30.72 MHz
MHz
MHz (6 (8 x 3.84
(4
x x 3.84 MHz)
3.84
MHz)
MHz)
256
151
512
301
1024
601
22
1536
901
2048
1201
Chapter Two
Figure 2.14 Complete block diagram of an OFDMA transmitter and receiver [91]
23
Chapter Two
2.9 SC-FDMA:
In cellular systems, the wireless communication service in a certain geographical area
is supplied by multiple base stations. The downlink transmissions in cellular systems
are one-to-many, whilst the uplink transmissions are many-to-one. A one-to-many
service means that a base station transmits concurrent signals to multiple users
equipments in its coverage area. This demands that the base station has very high
transmission power ability; as a result of the transmission power is involved for
transmissions to multiple users equipments [92]. On the other hand, in the uplink, a
single users equipment has all its transmission power available for its uplink
transmissions to the base station. In the uplink, the design of an effective multiple
access and multiplexing scheme is more challenging than on the downlink because of
the many-to-one nature of the uplink transmissions. Another consequential requisite
for uplink transmissions is the low signal peakiness by means of the limited
transmission power at the users equipment [92].
One of the main parameters that affect all mobile UE devices is their battery life. It is
therefore necessary to ensure an economic and efficient power use in the transmission
and reception of signals. With the RF power amplifier (i.e enhancer of mixed signals)
and the transmitter being the parts with the highest energy consumption within the
mobile UE; it is essential to establish a transmission model with near constant
operating power level [45].
The downlink physical layer of LTE is depending on OFDMA. Thus, in spite of its
many advantages, OFDMA has specific drawbacks like high sensitivity to frequency
offset (Doppler spread by cause of mobility and Arising from the instability of
electronics) and PAPR. PAPR occurs due to the random constructive addition of subcarriers and results in spectral spreading of the signal which leads to adjacent channel
interference. It is a problem that could be insurmountable with high compression point
power amplifiers and amplifier linearization techniques. While these approaches may
be utilized on the base station, they become costly on the UE [93 and 94].
In LTE, a new concept is used for the access technique of the uplink, called SCFDMA. Its characteristics combine lower PAPR of single-carrier systems because
there is only a single carrier unlike N carriers. (Which allows maintaining a lower
operating power level than OFDMA) with immunity to multipath interference, as well
as flexible subcarrier frequency allocation (as a crucial part of OFDM) [45]. Figure
2.15 shows the concepts of OFDMA and SC-FDMA.
24
Chapter Two
Figure 2.15 frequency domain description of downlink and uplink LTE access
technologies
SC-FDMA differs from OFDMA in one additional transmission step, caused by the
single-path transmission of single-carrier systems. That transmission step, called
resource element mapping (and its counterpart, resource element selection), shifts all
symbols obtained through the FFT to the desired center frequency and passes them on
to the IFFT for further conversion Figure 2.16.
Since the power of the modulation signals used in this process is constant (QPSK
(Quadrature Phase Shift Keying), 16QAM and 64QAM) and the result of the resource
element mapping step is a waveform similar to the original, on another center
frequency; the required result of a constant-power signal is achieved [45].
For practicality, SC-FDMA is implemented in LTE utilizing a Discrete Fourier
Transform Spread OFDM transmission (DFTS-OFDM) which is repeatedly referred
to as a frequency-domain generalization of SC-FDMA. The DFT is used to multiplex
uplink transmissions in definite frequency allocation blocks within the general system
bandwidth in accordance with eNodeB scheduler instructions. The bandwidth of the
single carrier is specified based on the desired data rate by the user. Data remains
serial and not parallelized as done on the downlink with OFDMA (i.e. one
information bit is being transmitted at a time). This results in similar link performance
parameters for the uplink and downlink. Nevertheless, there would be comparatively
high ISI for the uplink because of the single carrier modulation. Thus, the eNodeB
receiver requires a low-complexity equalizer to rectify for the distorting impacts of
the radio channel. SC-FDMA is not as sensitive to Doppler Effect and frequency
instability the as OFDM by cause of its single carrier nature [93].
25
Chapter Two
26
Chapter Three
High PAPR of transmitted signals is one of the major issues of the OFDM system. A
large dynamic range of input data symbols is the main cause of getting high PAPR.
An OFDM signal consists of independent data symbols modulated on N orthogonal
subcarriers, and when these signals are added to the same phase, higher peak
amplitude is observed. The value of this peak may be
times of the average
amplitude [10].
, ( )-
( )
(3.1)
Where,
is the average power of x (t) and can be computed in frequency domain
because IFFT is a unitary transformation
is useful duration of an OFDM symbol
[95].
For a discrete OFDM signal, the PAPR is computed from
time oversampled
OFDM signal as:
, ( )-
The
[
[
( )
( )
, ( )- at (dB) =
(3.2)
]
[
[
( )
( )
(3.3)
(3.4)
In most cases, the peak value of signal ( ) is equals to a maximum value of its
envelope | ( )| However, it can be seen from Figure 3.1 that the appearance of peak
amplitude is very rare, thus it does not make sense to use max | ( )| to represent the
27
Chapter Three
peak value in real application. Therefore, the PAPR performance of OFDM signals is
commonly measured by certain characterization constants which relate to probability
[96].
Figure 3.1: High PAPR when sub-carriers are modulated by same symbols [96]
, 0 n NL-1
(3.5)
,
,
( )
( )
(3.6)
where, E[. ] denotes the expectation operator and N is total number of sub-carriers.
The PAPR of passband OFDM signal is approximately twice that of baseband PAPR.
Complementary Cumulative Distribution Function (CCDF) for an OFDM signal can
be written as:
P (PAPR > PAP
)=
(3.7)
28
Chapter Three
(3.8)
, -
(3.9)
| , -|
| , -|
(3.10)
29
Chapter Three
The histogram plots for the real part, imaginary part and the absolute value of a time
domain OFDM signal are shown in Figure 3.3(a), (b) and (c) respectively. The plots
shown in Figures 3.3(a) and (b) are obtained after performing the computer
simulations of an OFDM system having N=256 QPSK modulated subcarriers as
shown in Fig. 2.4. The signal obtained from IFFT block of Figure 2.4 is complex
OFDM signal. After that real, imaginary and absolute values of OFDM signal (x[n])
are calculated and their histograms are plotted [62].
The power of OFDM signal has chi-square distribution. The distribution of PAPR is
often expressed on the one hand Complementary Cumulative Distribution Function
(CCDF). In probability theory and statistics, the CCDF describes the probability that a
real-valued random variable X with a given probability distribution will be found at a
value greater than or equal to x [99 and 10].
The Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF) of the PAPR of the amplitude of a
signal sample is given by
( )
( )
(3.11)
The CCDF of the PAPR of the data block is desired in our case is to compare outputs
of different reduction techniques. This is given by:
(
(3.12)
( )
(
Where,
(3.13)
(
(3.14)
Chapter Three
Chapter Three
Chapter Three
33
Chapter Three
It is worth mentioning that the clipping of high signal peaks rarely happens, resulting
in a comparatively low incidence clipping noise. In this manner, the impact of
clipping at the transmitter on the error performance of the OFDM system liable to be
subjected frequency selective fading is minimal [102].
If an HPA with limited linear range is utilized for amplification, it may operate near
saturation and can cause OOB radiations and in-band distortion. The OOB
distortion/noise is a major concern, especially in wireless communications, where
large differences in signal strength from a mobile transmitter impose stringent
requirements on ACI [104]
Figure 3.5 demonstrates a classic input-output characteristic of a power amplifier. For
prevent or limit signal distortion input signals must be preserved below the Non-linear
area. The result is that the amplifier is not completely used [105]
IBO = 10
OBO = 10
(
(
(3.15)
(3.16)
34
Chapter Three
(3.19)
Where N is the modulating symbol and is the number of sub carriers. For moderately
large numbers of m-PSK (multiple phase-shift keying) sub carriers the quadrature
components of x (t) each tends towards a Gaussian distribution (giving the sum of
their power amplitude a Rayleigh distribution). Consequently, whilst the peak value
possible is N times the individual sub carrier peak, the probability of any value close
to that peak occurring is very low. For example, with only 24 sub carriers, the
probability of the PAPR exceeding 4dB is
and of exceeding 8dB is only
[99].
Chapter Three
Figure 3.6 256-QAM constellations: (a) regular and (b) modified mapping to reduce
PAPR
3.7 The gauge for judgment of the PAPR reduction in OFDM systems
[106, 107, 108]:
Every method used to reduce the PAPR has some drawbacks and merits. There is
always a trade-off between PAPR reduction and some other factors like bandwidth,
computational complexity, average power etc. An ideal PAPR reduction technique
should have following characteristics:
1) High potential to limit the PAPR: It is a key factor to consider in the selection of
technology to reduce the PAPR with few adverse side effects like in-band distortion
and OOB radiation.
2) Low average power: even though it can reduce PAPR through the average power of
the original signals increase, it needs a bigger linear operation region in HPA and
which led in the deterioration of BER performance.
36
Chapter Three
37
(3.21)
Chapter Three
(3.22)
(3.23)
(3.24)
(O
(3.25)
(3.26)
The aggregate fitness value of the PAPR reduction algorithm can be computed as the
weighted sum of these factors, where the weights correspond to their relative
importance levels. These weights can be determined as per the system or user
requirements. Therefore, the fitness value of the algorithm is given by:
(3.27)
Where
(3.28)
38
Chapter Four
39
Chapter Four
The simplest blind technique for PAPR reduction is to clip the amplitude of the signal
to a predefined value and filter the signal to suppress the out-of-band interference
[113,114, 115 ] . The clipping process might result in spectral regrowth, whereas
filtering the signal might result in some peak regrowth. Therefore, clipping may not
be an effective technique when reducing the PAPR of the OFDM signals as long as
the transmitted OFDM signal is strictly band-limited. Even though numerous
algorithms based on amplitude clipping and filtering have been proposed in the
literature, it has been shown that clipping does not improve the reduction of total
degradation [116]. Instead, an unclipped system outperforms a clipped system
because of the inter-carrier interference (ICI) caused by clipping, and offsets the gain
of the PAPR reduction [116]. Another technique called peak windowing can also
reduce the PAPR, where large signal peaks are multiplied with a certain narrowband
window such as Gaussian, Cosine, Kaiser, and Hamming windows [117].
Among the non-blind techniques, several companding4 techniques for compressing
the large peaks of an OFDM signal in time domain, including -law companding , and
exponential companding , have been proposed in literature. By compressing the large
peaks of an OFDM signal by companding, the dynamic range of the D/A converters
are reduced. However, the receiver needs to expand the compressed signal for correct
demodulation.
Frequency Domain-Based Processing
Frequency domain-based processing approaches focus on minimizing the correlation
of the input signals since it is known that the PAPR of an OFDM signal is high when
the input sequences are highly correlated. It has been shown that by altering the phase
and/or power of the input sequence, it is possible to lower the correlation of the input
sequence, thereby reducing the PAPR of an OFDM signal. However, some
approaches also try to directly manipulate the correlation of the input signals.
Frequency domain-based processing approaches can be further classified into blind
and non-blind techniques. In blind phase adjustment-based techniques, the phase of
the subcarriers are adjusted in order to reduce the coherence between the different
subcarriers such that the PAPR value of the OFDM signal is reduced. The phase
adjustments should be kept relatively small so as to minimize bit-error-rate (BER)
performance degradation. For example, signal set expansion technique maps original
signal set into an expanded signal set with two or more points, such as binary phase
shift keying (BPSK) into quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK), which provides more
freedom for phase selection and yields lower PAPR values for the OFDM signal
[118].
Blind power-based techniques alter the power level of the subcarriers such that the
PAPR of an OFDM signal is reduced. These techniques are suitable only for the
MPSK-based OFDM system since the receiver is unaware of the information about
the transmit power levels. For example, the input sequence envelope scaling technique
adjusts the power of the subcarriers so that the power of the individual subcarriers
becomes unequal yielding a minimized PAPR value [119]. Since the phase
information of the original signal is unchanged, the receiver can decode the received
signal without any side information.
In blind power and phase-based techniques, both the phase and the power of the
subcarriers are altered such that the PAPR of an OFDM signal is reduced. If the total
transmit power needs to be kept constant, these techniques are suitable only for low
order modulation techniques since the error robustness of the higher modulation
techniques degrades rapidly with the blind phase and power alterations at the
40
Chapter Four
transmitter. When the order of the modulation techniques in-creases, the complexity
(and limitations) of the algorithm increases as well as transmit power level increases.
For example, the active constellation extension (ACE) [120,121] and dynamic
constellation shaping techniques allow changing the power and phase of some data
symbols without affecting the error probability of the other data symbols.
Non-blind power-based techniques, as well as power and phase-based techniques,
would be suitable for the higher modulation schemes such as MQAM. Non-blind
phase adjustment-based techniques update phases of the input sequence such that the
PAPR of an OFDM signal is reduced. The information about the phase updates is
transmitted to the receiver for correct demodulation. Several modified algorithms are
proposed in literature, which avoid the requirement of explicit side information. For
example, selective mapping (SLM)[9], partial transmit sequences (PTS) [122],
random phase updating [123] techniques add random phase factors to each subcarriers
in order to reduce PAPR with the information about the phase factors transmitted to
the receiver. The blind techniques reduce the PAPR values at the cost of slight
increase in the bit error rate of the system or increased transmit power level since the
adjustments would result into increased noise level at the receiver, whereas the nonblind techniques reduce the PAPR values at the cost of a reduced information rate
since the information about the adjustments made at the transmitter need to be
transmitted to the receiver for the correct demodulation.
A low autocorrelation coefficient of a signal is a sufficient condition for low PAPR.
However this is not a necessary condition [124][125]. Non-blind autocorrelation
minimization techniques attempt to minimize the autocorrelation of the input
sequence `and the information about the changes is transmitted to the receiver for
correct
demodulation. For example, the selective scrambling [126] and interleaving
techniques [127] attempt to break the long correlation patterns of the input sequences
to reduce the PAPR. However, the techniques perform well only when the OFDM
signal has moderate PAPR values since interleaving alone is not effective to break the
correlation pattern when the input sequence are highly correlated.
Attempts have been made to develop OFDM signals with a constant envelope to yield
unity PAPR values [128] . The constant envelope waveforms have a constant
instantaneous power. Continuous phase modulation (CPM) is a class of signaling that
has very low side lobe power while maintaining the constant envelope property.
However, CPM increases the complexity of the receiver and has a poor performance
over frequency selective channels.
41
Chapter Four
42
Chapter Four
43
Chapter Four
44
Chapter Four
45
Chapter Four
(4.1)
Where A is preset clipping level and it is a positive real number
Generally, clipping is performed at the transmitter. However, the receiver need to
estimate the clipping that has occurred and to compensate the received OFDM symbol
accordingly. Typically, at most one clipping occurs per OFDM symbol, and thus the
receiver has to estimate two parameters: location and size of the clip. However, it is
difficult to get this information. Therefore, clipping method introduces both in band
distortion and out of band radiation into OFDM signals, which degrades the system
performance including BER and spectral efficiency. Filtering can reduce out of band
radiation after clipping although it cannot reduce in-band distortion. However,
clipping may cause some peak regrowth so that the signal after clipping and filtering
will exceed the clipping level at some points [108] [109].
It has following drawbacks [98] [139]:
(a) It causes in-band signal distortion, resulting in BER performance degradation.
(b) It also causes out-of-band radiation, which imposes out-of-band interference
signals to adjacent channels. The out-of-band radiation can be reduced by filtering,
but the filtering may affect high-frequency components of in-band signal (aliasing)
when the clipping is performed with the Nyquist sampling rate.
(c) Filtering after clipping can reduce out-of-band radiation at the cost of peak regrowth. The signal after filtering operation may exceed the clipping level specified for
the clipping operation.
To reduce overall peak re-growth, a repeated clipping and filtering can be used to
obtain a desirable PAPR at the cost of increase computational complexity . To reduce
peak regrowth, a repeated clipping-and-filtering operation can be used to obtain a
desirable PAPR at a cost of computational complexity increase. As improved clipping
methods, peak windowing schemes attempt to minimize the out of band radiation by
using narrowband windows such as Gaussian window to attenuate peak signals [140]
Some of clipping techniques:
1. Repeated Clipping [13]
The clipping technique is the simpler one which is used to cut the signal peak up to
desired threshold level. But repeated clipping and filtering technique proved to be
worthy one as it gives better result compared to earlier one. In this technique the peak
regrowth which is generated in filtering can be minimized. So the repeated clip and
filter process reduces these regrowth's in OFDM system
2. Reconstruction of Lost Clipped Signal
46
Chapter Four
To remove the peak regrowth of signal oversampled sequence clipping is used which
can reconstruct the clipped samples and mitigate the clipping distortion in presence of
channel noise at the cost of bandwidth expansion. It is observed that by increasing
small bandwidth , the performance of OFDM system can be improved . PAPR is the
biggest problem in OFDM system. Many techniques are proposed for it. Clipping and
filtering technique is considered to be the simplest one [114][106].
3. Iterative Clipping & Filtering Technique
This technique is used to eliminate the peak regrowth due to CF technique. In each
iteration peak regrowth decreases significantly. The process of iteration undergoes
FFT/IFFT and one extra IFFT is required for conversion into time domain in OFDM
[115][106].
4. Recursive Clipping and Filtering with Bounded Distortion (rcfbd)
In RCF the signal is clipped by repeating process many times before feeding to power
amplifier. When the process of repetition exhibit on the signal the out of band spectral
density and the probability of the occurance of PAPR decreases but error rate
increases due to increase in number of repetitions. The bit error rate increases due to
increase in inband distortion. So to remove this increased error rate another improved
technique is proposed called recursive clipping and filtering with bounded distortion
(RCFBD) to achieve PAPR reduction. The idea of this technique is same as
oversampled digital clipping in time domain and removing out of band components in
frequency domains are used. But additional barrier on in band distortion of each
subcarrier is applied during the recursive process. In this way PAPR can be reduced
without producing any effect on the error rate [114][ 106].
RCFBD minimize PAPR and keeps the control on the distortion of data carried by
each subcarrier. So by using this technique side information can be eliminated and
receiver part becomes less complex and BER performance can be increased more. It is
also more robust against AWGN noise [113].
47
Chapter Four
In peak windowing method we multiply large signal peak with a specific window, for
example; Gaussian shaped window, cosine, Kaiser and Hamming window. In view of
the fact that the OFDM signal is multiplied with several of these windows,
consequential spectrum is a convolution of the original OFDM spectrum with the
spectrum of the applied window. Thus, the window should be as narrow band as
possible, conversely the window should not be too long in the time domain because
various signal samples are affected, which results an increase in bit error rate (BER).
Windowing method, PAPRs can be obtained to 4dB which from the number of
independent subcarriers. The loss in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) due to the signal
distortion is limited to about 0.3dB. A back off relative to maximum output power of
about 5.5dB is needed in spectra distortion at least 30dB below the in-band spectral
density [141][142].
The PAPR reduction performance as well as spectral efficiency of peak windowing
technique is better as compared to clipping. The major advantage of peak windowing
is that PAPR reduction is achieved with minimal complexity for any number of sub
carriers. The disadvantages include an increase in out-of-band interference and BER
[100][143].
Chapter Four
degradation. To limit the BER degradation, amount of the side information would also
be excessive when the number of subcarriers is large [141]
Amongst drawbacks of PRCs, one is that the overall data transmission efficiency of
the system is compromised if we try to achieve maximum PAPR reduction efficiency.
At the same time the BER performance is also affected adversely because of
employing constellation of higher order for carrying symbols of lower order results in
higher probability of error [100]
49
Chapter Four
(4.2)
Chapter Four
In [16, 152] the SQRT process is applied on the signals of all OFDM output symbols;
therefore, the PAPR reduced without the need to send side information. The SQRT
process changes the distribution of the power signals to Rayleigh distribution and
reduces the value of average power from N to N1/2. The variance of the Rayleigh
distribution equals (
)
[152] which is approximately equal to half the
value of variance of the Gaussian distributed signals. The SQRT process in the SQRT
OFDM system performs this statistical transformation, and therefore results in a
constant degradation in the BER rate equal to 3 dB because of decreasing of variance
to the half of that of the conventional OFDM system (
)
|(
*| |
*| |
(4.3)
(4.4)
(4.5)
(4.6)
|(
| | (x)
(4.7)
On the other hand, given that ( )is a strictly monotonic\ increasing function, we
have,
|
|(
*| |
(4.8)
* (| |)
|
|(
( )+
(4.9)
( )) ,
( )
(4.10)
Considering the phase of input signals, the companding function ( ) is given by:
( )
( )
| |
(4.11)
51
Chapter Four
( ) 0
)1
(4.12)
Where
( ) is sign function. d is the degree of companding scheme, is
the
variance of input signal applied for companding. The positive constant determines
the average power of output signals. In order to keep the input and output signals at
the same average power level, we let
| ]
[|
(4.13)
|
)]
( )
(4.14)
Figure 4.5 shows the exponential companding function
( ) with degree as a
parameter. The companded signals have uniformly distributed amplitudes and powers,
respectively for the cases
and
.
When
, the ( ) can compress large input signals and expand small signals
simultaneously. While the -law companding scheme can only enlarge small signals
and does not change the signal peaks, which leads to a higher average power level of
output signals. As seen, the differences between exponential companding functions
are ignorable when
[15] [153].
Chapter Four
( )
| |
| |
{|
(4.15)
| |
(
|
( )
| |
{|
| | ( | |
| |
)|
(4.16)
)|
) companding [30]:
(4.17)
53
Chapter Four
Where
and
the envelope x.
Where
and
) Companding [30]:
) is defined by
(4.18)
(4.19)
54
Chapter Four
The basic idea of all coding schemes for the reduction of PAPR is to reduce the
occurrence probability of the same phase of N signals. The coding method selects
such code words that minimize or reduce the PAPR. It causes no distortion and
creates no out-of-band radiation, but it suffers from bandwidth efficiency as the code
rate is reduced. It also suffers from complexity to find the best codes and to store
large lookup tables for encoding and decoding, especially for a large number of
subcarriers [10].
A simple block coding scheme was introduced by Jones et al.[155], and its basic idea
is that mapping 3 bits data into 4 bits codeword by adding a Simple Odd Parity Code
(SOBC) at the last bit across the channels. The main disadvantage of SOBC method is
that it can reduce PAPR for a 4-bit codeword [109]. Later, in 1996 Wulich applied the
Cyclic Coding (CC) to reduce the PAPR [156]. In 1998, Fragiacomo proposed an
efficient Simple Block Code (SBC) to reduce the PAPR of OFDM signals [157].
However, it is concluded that SBC is not effective when the frame size is large.
Subsequently, Complement Block Coding (CBC) and Modified Complement Block
Coding (MCBC) schemes were proposed to reduce the PAPR without the restriction
of frame size [158][159]. CBC and MCBC are more attractive due to their flexibility
on choosing the coding rate, frame size and low implementation complexity. CBC and
MCBC utilize the complementary bits that are added to the original information bits
to reduce the probability of the peak signals occurrence. To make comparisons, some
results of the PAPR reduction obtained with different coding schemes have been
shown in Table 4.1, in which the number of subblock is 2 and the coding rate
for MCBC.
Table 4.1 PAPR Reduction comparison with different coding schemes
Chapter Four
with error correcting capabilities has been proposed in [163] to achieve more lower
PAPR for OFDM signals by determining the relationship of the cosets of Reed-Muller
codes to Golay complementary sequences. While these block codes reduce PAPR,
they also reduce the transmission rate, significantly for OFDM systems with large
number of subcarriers. In fact, let C be a code defined over an equal energy
constellation, R denotes the rate and L denotes the length of the C, respectively, then
C has
possible codewords. Therefore, it is possible to compute the codewords
with large PAPR by trying all the codewords of C and computing the peaks of the
corresponding signals at some selected time points [109].
However, it is little hope for computing the PAPR of an arbitrary code when L is
large. Even if it is possible, the complexity is still too high. Based on this motivates,
authors of [159] proposed a novel method of computation and reduction of the PAPR
and it mainly introduced a specific phase shift to each coordinate of all possible
codewords where phase shifts are independent of the codewords and known both to
transceiver, then it can be freely obtained more 4.5-dB PAPR reduction by using the
optimized phase shifts. From this viewpoint, we also consider the coding scheme of
PAPR reduction as a special phase optimization. In summarization, the inherent error
control capability and simplicity of implementation make coding method more
promising for practical OFDM systems design. However, the main disadvantage of
this method is the good performance of the PAPR reduction at the cost of coding rate
loss.
Coding techniques for PAPR reduction where redundant bits are added to the bit
stream before the IFFT. Properly chosen, these codewords ensure that the PAPR after
the IFFT is kept low. These codes can be combined with existing COFDM to reduce
the redundancy and complexity inherent in coding. A disadvantage of coding is that
the complexity becomes prohibitively high with an increase in the number of
subcarriers (>32). Various codewords were presented such as cyclic codes, ShapiroRudin Sequences, Golay Complementary codes, and Reed-Muller codes. Golay codes
and their subset, second order Reed Muller codes were found to have excellent PAPR
properties restricting the PAPR to 3dB. This reduction could be traded off with
reductions in complexity and the code length. Still complexity remains a restrictive
issue in coding [78].
Chapter Four
Figure 4.7. The input data is partitioned into a data block Y of length N. Then these
data block is multiplied element by element with phase sequence ( )
(
( )
(4.20)
( )
( )
- where
(4.21)
( )
(4.22)
Figure 4.7 Block diagram of selective mapping (SLM) technique for PAPR reduction
Chapter Four
There are several ways for the partition of the data sequence into multiple sub-blocks,
including adjacent partition, interleaved partition and pseudorandom partition [122].
Among them, pseudo-random partitioning has been found to be the best choice.
Similar to SLM, the major drawback of PTS is also the computational complexity
(search complexity for optimal phase factor, and more than one IFFT blocks) and low
data rate (required side information). Several techniques have been proposed in the
literature to reduce the search complexity and overhead (by reducing/avoiding the
usage of side information) [166]. The complexity of PTS is less than SLM [167].
In PTS method, the original frequency-domain data sequence is divided into multiple
disjoint sub-blocks, which are then weighted by a set of phase sequences to create a
set of candidates Finally, the candidate with the lowest PAPR is chosen for
transmission [122]. A block diagram of PTS techniques is shown in Figure 4.8
The input data block in Y is divided in to M disjoint sub-blocks, which are
represented by the vectors { ( )
+ The input data block Y can be
( )
written in terms of
as
( )
for
(4.23)
Where, ( )
with
=
or 0
( )
After that, the sub-blocks
are transformed into M, time-domain partial transmit
sequences by taking the IFFT of length N. These partial transit sequences can be
written as:
( )
( )
] for
(4.24)
( )
(4.25)
There are two main issues of any PTS scheme: to reduce the computational
complexity for searching the optimal phase factors and to reduce the overhead by
minimizing the side information. Suppose that there are W phase angles to be
allowed, thus
can has the possibility of W different values. Therefore, there are
alternative representations for an OFDM symbol. The search complexity
increases exponentially with the number of sub-blocks M To reduce the search
complexity and overhead (by reducing/avoiding
the
usage
of
side
information)[166].These methods achieve significant reduction in search
complexity with marginal PAPR performance degradation. In 2007, R. J. Baxley
et.al [167] gave a useful comparison between PTS and SLM techniques. It has been
shown that the PTS outperforms SLM in terms of PAPR reduction at the cost of
increase side.
58
Chapter Four
Figure 4.8 Block diagram of partial transmit sequence (PTS) technique for PAPR
Reduction
Chapter Four
60
Chapter Four
Figure 4.12 Active Constellation Extension (a) for QPSK (b) for 16 QAM
61
Chapter Four
62
Chapter Five
One of the major drawbacks of OFDM system is high PAPR of transmitting signals,
which causes an earnest degradation in performance when a non-linear HPA is
utilized. Therefore, it is compulsory to utilize a congruous PAPR reduction scheme at
the transmitter. In this chapter, the different methods of PAPR reduction are given
with results and new types of PAPR proposed.
S
/
P
Signal
Mapper
IDFT
OR
IFFT
P
/
S
Add
CP
D
/
A
O/P
P
Signal
demapper
Equalizer
And
P/S
DFT
OR
FFT
S
/
P
Remove
CP
A
/
D
128
15 KHz
1.25MHz
32
1000
192MHz
QPSK
Table 5.2 Average Power and Relative Delays with 6 delay taps [176]
Tap no.
Relative delay (ns)
Average Power (dB)
1
0
0.189
2
0.2
0379
3
0.5
0.239
4
1.6
.095
5
2.3
.061
6
5
.037
63
Chapter Five
(5.1)
| |
10
CCDF (Pr[PAPR>PAPR0])
Orignal
-1
10
-2
10
-3
10
6
PAPR0 [dB]
10
12
Figure (5.2.a)
Bit error probability curve for qpsk using OFDM
10
simulated
-1
BER
10
-2
10
-3
10
-4
10
10
15
SNR
Figure (5.2.b)
a) is CCDF of PAPR for OFDM system without any PAPR reduction techniques b)
is BER for OFDM system without any PAPR reduction techniques
64
Chapter Five
Zeroes
0
0
N*
Nonlinear
N*
Point
inverse
DFT
over
Processing
Point
DFT over
Clipping
sampling
rate
(
Zeroes
rate
Ratio =
sampling
N*
)
0
0
Point
inverse
DFT
over
sampling
Add
cp
rate
CR
Input data
zero padded
Interpolated
baseband signal
Clipped
Interpolated
baseband signal
Frequency domain
filtering
Figure 5.3 shows the block diagram of the new PAPR reduction scheme [177].
The input vector
is first converted from the frequency to the time domain
wing an oversize IFFT. N is the number of subcarriers in each OFDM symbol. For an
oversampling factor of, the input vector is extended by adding (
) zeros; in the
middle of the vector. This results in the trigonometric interpolation of the time domain
signal [178].
Trigonometric interpolation gives perfect interpolation when the original signal
consists of integral frequencies over the FFT window. This is the case for OFDM. The
input of the Nyquist frequency,
has been omitted, as the interpolation technique
does not work for this value [178]. This is not a practical limitation as all applications
of OFDM null this input and most do not use a number of adjacent subcarriers. The
interpolated signal is then clipped.
In this Technique hard-limiting is applied to the amplitude of the complex values of
the IFFT output [12]
After an IFFT, the original signal is clipped in the time domain. The clipping can be
described as shown below:
*
Where
,| | -
| |
| |
| |
(5.2)
(5.3)
| |
,
Is the threshold clipping level,
power.
65
; ,| | - Is the mean
Chapter Five
The clipping ratio is defined as the ratio of the clipping level to the mean power of
the unclipped baseband signal.
As shown in the equation (5.2), the discrete time domain signal is clipped in the
amplitude. At every point where the complex time domain signal exceeded the
clipping level, the amplitude was reduced to the clipping level while the phase of the
complex signal was unchanged [179].
The clipping is followed by frequency domain filtering to reduce OOB power caused
by clipping. The filter consists of two FFT operations [12].
The clipped time domain signal c is then converted back into the discrete frequency
domain using an FFT ,The inband discrete frequency components of the clipped
signal
are passed unchanged to the inputs of the second
IFFT while the OOB components,
Chapter Five
D
/
A
Add CP
P
/
S
RCF
IDFT OR IFFT
S
/
P
+pilot symbol
Signal mapper
I
/
P
Multipath
Fading Ch. &
noise
S
/
P
Remove CP
DFT OR FFT
Remove
+pilot symbol
One Tap
Equalizer
And P/S
Signal
demapper
O
/
P
A
/
D
67
Chapter Five
CCDF (Pr[PAPR>PAPR0])
10
Orignal
One clip and filter
Two clip and filter
Three clip and filter
Four clip and filter
-1
10
-2
10
-3
10
6
PAPR0 [dB]
10
12
Figure 5.5 CCDF of PAPR for OFDM system with repeated clipping and frequency
domain filtering where CR =3, I =2
Figure 5.6 shows the following:
There is a clear improvement in the CR3 CCDF of PAPR reduction in rate
SNR at BER
is relatively small compared with the CR4. Briefly, thats
mean the percentage of improvement in CCDF of PAPR More than the
degradation in BER
For the CR2 the PAPR improved more than CR3 and CR4 but SNR at BER
gets worse
the CR1.75 had a little improvement in CCDF of PAPR in comparison with
the CR2) but SNR at BER
degradation more than The amount of
improvement
For the CR1.5 the PAPR improved PAPR in comparison with the CR1.75 only
in a small proportion, while SNR at BER
Substantially worse.
Figure 5.7 shows the impact of the oversampling (CCDF of PAPR) and (BER),
is conclusion through drawing and table following:
whenever increase the PAPR will increase too only in small percentages, for
this figure PAPR for I4 Worsened by (1.7978 dB) compared with I1
whenever increase the CCDF of PAPR will increase too only in small
percentages, for this figure CCDF of PAPR for I4 Worsened by (.9939 dB)
compared with I1
whenever increase the SNR at BER
will improved , for this for I4 the
SNR at BER
improved by(5.5382) compared with I1
for I2 the SNR at BER
Improved by (2.8466) , CCDF PAPR Worsened
by (.5831) and PAPR Worsened by (.6559 dB) compared with I1
68
Chapter Five
69
Chapter Five
CCDF (Pr[PAPR>PAPR0])
10
CR
CR
CR
CR
CR
-1
=4
=3
=2
=1.75
=1.5
10
-2
10
-3
10
3
4
PAPR0 [dB]
Figure 5.6.a
Bit error probability curve for qpsk using OFDM
10
CR =4
CR =3
CR =2
CR =1.75
CR =1.5
-1
BER
10
-2
10
-3
10
-4
10
10
15
SNR
20
25
30
Figure 5.6.b
(a)CCDF of PAPR for OFDM system with RCF where I =2 (b) BER for OFDM
system with RCF where I =2
70
Chapter Five
CCDF (Pr[PAPR>PAPR0])
10
I =1
I =pilot
1.125
I =1.25
I =1.5
I= 2
I =3
I =4
-1
10
-2
10
-3
10
3
PAPR0 [dB]
Figure 5.7.a
Bit error probability curve for qpsk using OFDM
10
I =1
I =pilot
1.125
I =1.25
I =1.5
I= 2
I =3
I =4
-1
BER
10
-2
10
-3
10
-4
10
10
SNR
Figure 5.7.b
Figure 5.7 (a) CCDF of PAPR for OFDM system with RCF where CR =3
(b) BER for OFDM system with RCF where CR =3.
71
15
Chapter Five
N*
N*
(
Zeroe
Point
DFT
over
Point
inverse
DFT
over
0
0
Zeroes
sampling
rate
Nonlinear
Point
inverse
DFT
over
Processin
g
Ratio =
rate
Input data
zero padded
Interpolated
baseband signal
Add
cp
Clipping
samplin
g rate
sampling
N*
CR
Clipped
Frequency
domain filtering
Figure 5.8 shows the block of the OFDM system model for this proposed
P
/
S
Add CP
RFC
IDFT OR IFFT
S
/
P
+pilot symbol
Signal mapper
I
/
P
D
/
A
Multipath
Fading Ch. & noise
S
/
P
Remove CP
DFT OR FFT
Remove
+pilot symbol
One Tap
Equalizer
And P/S
Signal
demapper
O
/
P
A
/
D
Chapter Five
The following conclusion when comparing the proposed method with an OFDM
system without PAPR reduction method as shown in table A.2:
At (CR =4,3 and I =4,3,2, pilot,1.5,1.25) , (CR =2and I =4,3) , ( CR =1.75 and I =
4) and finally (CR =4 and I = 1.125), The best one improvement in PAPR and
CCDF of PAPR is at I =4 and CR =1.75. The improvement in PAPR by = (18.2789
dB), CCDF of PAPR = (8.0187 dB), and the SNR at BER(
) by = (0.6101 dB).
For SNR at BER(
)
The best one improvement in PAPR and CCDF of PAPR is at I = 3 and CR
=1.75. The improvement in PAPR by = (18.0071 dB), and CCDF of PAPR =
(8.0088 dB), while the SNR at BER(
) deteriorated by = (-0.2686 dB).
For SNR at BER(
)
The best one improvement in PAPR and CCDF of PAPR is at I =2 and CR
=1.75. The improvement in PAPR by = (18.0153 dB), and CCDF of PAPR =
(7.9920 dB), while the SNR at BER(
) deteriorated by = (-3.1811 dB).
For SNR at BER(
)
The best one improvement in PAPR and CCDF of PAPR is at I = 1.5 and CR
=1.75. The improvement in PAPR by = (18.1813 dB), and CCDF of PAPR =
(7.7593 dB), while the SNR at BER(
) deteriorated by = (-4.8773 dB).
For SNR at BER(
)
The best one improvement in PAPR and CCDF of PAPR is at I = 1.125 and CR
=1.75. The improvement in PAPR by = (18.2306 dB), and CCDF of PAPR =
(8.1500 dB), while the SNR at BER(
) deteriorated by = (-5.6826 dB).
For SNR at BER(
)
The best one improvement in PAPR and CCDF of PAPR is at I = 4 and CR =1.5.
The improvement in PAPR by = (19.2106 dB), and CCDF of PAPR = (8.4242
dB), while the SNR at BER(
) deteriorated by = ( -16.7886 dB).
The following conclusion when comparing the proposed method with RCF:
1. CCDF of PAPR was improved in all cases except when (I = pilot and CR=4
by (-0.3570)). The improvement ratio was increased with the decrease of CR
and the increase of I. The biggest improvement is in the case (I = 3 and CR =4
(2.9062))
2. PAPR was improved in all cases except when (I = 1.125 and CR=2 by (0.0866)) and (I = 1.5 and CR=4 by (-0.0015)) the improvement ratio was
increased with the decrease of CR and the increase of I. The
biggest improvement is in the case( I = 3 and CR =4 (1.5600))
3. SNR at BER(
)
a) SNR at BER(
) was improved for (I =3 and I =4 in all cases of CR )
b) For I =2 SNR at BER(
) was improved in all cases except when (CR=2)
deteriorated by (-0.1548)
c) For I =1.5 SNR at BER(
)was improved except when (CR=4) deteriorated
by (-0.1236)
d) For
I =1.25 SNR at BER(
) was improved except when (CR=4)
deteriorated by (-0.5700) and (CR=2) deteriorated by (-0.0375)
e) For
I =1.125 SNR at BER(
) was improved except when (CR=3)
deteriorated by (-0.1700) and (CR=1.75) deteriorated by (-0.2390)
f) For
I =pilot SNR at BER(
) was improved except when (CR=4)
deteriorated by (-0.2400) and (CR=3) deteriorated by (-0.1585)
73
Chapter Five
74
Chapter Five
CCDF (Pr[PAPR>PAPR0])
10
CR =4
CR =3
CR =2
CR =1.75
CR =1.5
-1
10
-2
10
-3
10
3
4
PAPR0 [dB]
Figure 5.10.a
Bit error probability curve for qpsk using OFDM
10
CR =4
CR =3
CR =2
CR =1.75
CR =1.5
-1
BER
10
-2
10
-3
10
-4
10
10
15
snr
20
25
30
Figure 5.10.b
Figure 5.10 (a)CCDF of PAPR for OFDM system with RFC where I =2 (b) BER for
OFDM system with RCF where I =2
75
Chapter Five
CCDF (Pr[PAPR>PAPR0])
10
I =pilot
I =1.125
I =1.25
I =1.5
I= 2
I =3
I =4
-1
10
-2
10
-3
10
0.5
1.5
2.5
3
PAPR0 [dB]
3.5
4.5
Figure 5.11.a
Bit error probability curve for qpsk using OFDM
10
I =pilot
1.125
I =1.25
I =1.5
I= 2
I =3
I =4
-1
BER
10
-2
10
-3
10
-4
10
10
15
SNR
Figure 5.11.b
Figure 5.11 (a)CCDF of PAPR for OFDM system with RCF where CR =3 (b) BER
for OFDM system with RCF where CR =3
76
Chapter Five
( )
0
(
| |
( )
| |
1]
(5.4)
| |
( )
Where
x=input signal.
y=output signal.
( ) =sign of the input (+ or -).
|x|=absolute value (magnitude of x).
A=87.6 (defined by CCITT (Consultative Committee for International
Telephony and Telegraphy) ).
This A-law companding technique is used in Europe, Asia, Russia, Africa, China, etc
[183].
Initially, A companding as discussed used with OFDM.
Figure 5.13 illustrates the effect of A parameter on the PAPR, CCDF of PAPR, and
SNR at BER(
). When increasing the values of A parameter, the CCDF of PAPR
improves. The relationship between A parameter and CCDF of PAPR is the inverse
relationship.
CCDF of PAPR (A =20) - CCDF of PAPR (A =120) = (1.15 dB)
A is not linear companding , A possible divided into three areas. The first area is that
when A increases lead to improvement in the CCDF of PAPR is relatively large
compared with the second and third region (the example for this area is A
(CCDF of PAPR (A =5) - CCDF of PAPR (A =20) = (2.955 dB) amount of
improvement in the CCDF of PAPR )
In the second area, when A was increased the CCDF of PAPR was improved but a
small quantity less than the first region example of this area when A
(CCDF of
PAPR (A =20) - CCDF of PAPR (A =120) = (1.15 dB) as is evident A increased by
77
Chapter Five
(100) and the improvement in CCDF of PAPR is (1.15 dB) while in the first area A
increased by (15) but the improvement in CCDF of PAPR (2.955 dB))
In the third area, when A was increased the CCDF of PAPR was not affected even if
improved but very small.
Normalized
Output
Normalized input
22
20
18
16
[dB]
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
20
40
60
A
80
100
120
Figure 5.13 the relationship between A parameter and (PAPR, CCDF of PAPR and
BER)
78
Chapter Five
When A parameter was increased the PAPR improved while the SNR at BER(
)
deteriorated. The A parameter has a positive relationship BER with but an inverse
relationship with the PAPR.
PAPR (A =5) PAPR (A = 20) = (4.466 dB)
SNR at BER(
) (A= 5) SNR at BER(
) (A=20) = (-4.4 dB)
PAPR (A =20) PAPR (A = 120) = (3.03 dB)
SNR at BER(
) (A= 20) SNR at BER(
) (A=120) = (-3.386 dB)
In the first area A increased by (15) but the improvement in PAPR (4.466 dB) and the
degradation in SNR at BER(
) (4.4 dB) while in the second area A increased by
(100) and the improvement in PAPR (3.03 dB) and the degradation in SNR at
BER(
) (-3.386 dB) . The first and the second area evident in the Figure 5.14
The following conclusion when comparing the proposed method with an OFDM
system without PAPR reduction method:
For SNR at BER(
)
The best one improvement in PAPR and CCDF of PAPR is at A =5. The
improvement in PAPR by = (6.6954 dB), and CCDF of PAPR = (4.200 dB), while the
SNR at BER(
) deteriorated by = (-2.1686 dB).
For SNR at BER(
)
The best one improvement in PAPR and CCDF of PAPR is at A =10. The
improvement in PAPR by = (10.9098 dB), and CCDF of PAPR = (6.1100 dB),
while the SNR at BER(
) deteriorated by = (-4.6886 dB).
For SNR at BER(
)
The best one improvement in PAPR and CCDF of PAPR is at A =30. The
improvement in PAPR by = (13.7470 dB), and CCDF of PAPR = (7.5200 dB),
while the SNR at BER(
) deteriorated by = (-7.7686 dB).
For SNR at BER(
)
The best one improvement in PAPR and CCDF of PAPR is at A =100. The
improvement in PAPR by = (14.2472 dB), and CCDF of PAPR = (8.2600 dB),
while the SNR at BER(
) deteriorated by = (-10.1886 dB).
Figure 5.14 shows the CCDF of PAPR and the BER of A companding for various A
parameter. For more details see table A.4
79
Chapter Five
CCDF (Pr[PAPR>PAPR0])
10
original
A =5
A =10
A =30
A =50
A =87.6
-1
10
-2
10
-3
10
6
PAPR0 [dB]
10
12
5.14.a
Bit error probability curve for qpsk using OFDM
10
A =5
A =10
A =30
A =50
A =87.6
-1
BER
10
-2
10
-3
10
-4
10
10
15
SNR
20
25
30
5.14.b
Figure 5.14 (a) CCDF of PAPR OFDM system A companding for various A
parameter. (b) BER for OFDM system A companding for various A parameter.
80
Chapter Five
| |
( )
(5.5)
Where V is the peak amplitude of the signal, and x is the instantaneous amplitude of
the input signal. Decompression is simply the inverse of (5.5). Compression improves
the quantization resolution of small amplitude signals at the cost of lowering the
resolution of large signals. This also introduces quantization noise; however, the
effect of the quantization noise due to reduction in resolution of the peaks is relatively
small as the peaks occur less frequently. The compression algorithm as described by
amplifying the signals of lower amplitude with the peaks remaining unchanged. [184],
[185].
Normalized
Output
Normalized input
Chapter Five
Thus original Gaussian distributed OFDM signal will be transformed to a signal with
quasi uniform distribution. However, because of increased level of the small signals,
average power of the signal will be increased. That means noise will be increased as
well. This is disadvantage of A-law and -law companding schemes as compared
with exponential companding, which is claimed to adjust both small and large signals
without changing the average power of the signal [187].
Figure 5.16 illustrates the effect of parameter on the PAPR, CCDF of PAPR and
SNR at BER(
). In General, when parameter was increased, the CCDF of PAPR
was decreased except for some cases are as follows:
At
the CCDF of PAPR Larger than the
by (0.06 dB)
At
the CCDF of PAPR Larger than the
by (0.014 dB)
At
the CCDF of PAPR Larger than the
by (0.205 dB)
At
the CCDF of PAPR Larger than the
by (0.01 dB)
At
the CCDF of PAPR Larger than the
by (0.09 dB)
At
the CCDF of PAPR Larger than the
by ( 0.11 dB )
Even in exceptional cases, the amount of the decline is a few and not exceed
(0.205 dB)
The max CCDF of PAPR at (
) = 6.416 dB while the min CCDF of PAPR at
(
) =2.17 dB
The parameter has a positive relationship SNR at BER(
) with but an inverse
relationship with the PAPR.
When parameter was increased SNR at BER(
) deteriorated except at
be
better than the
by (0.132 dB).
In General, when parameter was increased, the PAPR was decreased except for
some cases are as follows:
At
the PAPR Larger than the
by (0.7103 dB)
At
the PAPR Larger than the
by (2.3264 dB)
At
the PAPR Larger than the
by (4.6422 dB)
At
the PAPR Larger than the
by (0.2429 dB)
At
the PAPR Larger than the
by (0.3182 dB)
At
the PAPR Larger than the
by (0.436 dB)
At
the PAPR Larger than the
by (2.0735 dB)
The max PAPR at (
) = 17.4332 dB while the min PAPR at (
) =10.8218
dB
The max SNR at BER(
) at (
) = 23.764 dB while the min SNR at
BER(
) at (
) =13.3363 dB
The following conclusion when comparing the proposed method with an OFDM
system without PAPR reduction method:
For SNR at BER(
)
The best one improvement in PAPR and CCDF of PAPR is at MU =10. The
improvement in PAPR by = (9.0545 dB), and CCDF of PAPR = (5.0700 dB),
while the SNR at BER(
) deteriorated by = (-3.2086 dB).
For SNR at BER(
)
The best one improvement in PAPR and CCDF of PAPR is at MU =20 . The
improvement in PAPR by = (8.3442 dB), and CCDF of PAPR = (5.7620 dB),
while the SNR at BER(
) deteriorated by = (-4.8186 dB).
82
Chapter Five
[dB]
14
12
10
SNR at (BER =10-4)
CCDF of PAPR
PAPR
8
6
4
2
50
100
150
MU
200
250
300
83
Chapter Five
CCDF (Pr[PAPR>PAPR0])
10
orginal
MU =5
MU =50
MU =100
MU =160
MU =200
MU = 255
-1
10
-2
10
-3
10
6
PAPR0 [dB]
10
12
Figure 5.17.a
Bit error probability curve for qpsk using OFDM
10
MU =5
MU =50
MU =100
MU =160
MU =200
MU = 255
-1
BER
10
-2
10
-3
10
-4
10
10
15
SNR
20
25
30
5.17.b
Figure 5.17 (a) CCDF of PAPR OFDM system
companding for various
parameters. (b) The BER of companding for various parameters.
84
Chapter Five
| |
( )
(5.6)
Where
( )= sign(x)
sign(x) was used in RCT to maintain the phases of the OFDM signal Where the
phases of the OFDM output signals
are kept unchanged while only the amplitudes
are treated and changed . The amount of change in amplitude depends on the value of
R
Rooting decompanding equation is given by:
( )
| |
( )
(5.7)
The following can be observed from table A.6 and figure 5.18
When y parameter decreases the PAPR and CCDF of PAPR also decrease
while SNR at BER(
) increase
The best value for the PAPR is (2.8726) when R =0.1 while the worst value is
(21.8631) when R=0.9
The best value for the CCDF of PAPR is (1.268) when R =0.1 while the worst
value is (9.55) when R =0.9
The best value for the SNR at BER(
) is (11.6765) when R =0.9 while the
worst value is (28.3) when R=0.1
PAPR improved by (3.7384 - 22.7289 dB )
CCDF of PAPR improved by (1.2900 -9.5720 dB )
The amount of SNR at BER(
) degradation is (0.2451 - 16.8686 dB )
The following conclusion when comparing the proposed method with an OFDM
system without PAPR reduction method:
For SNR at BER(
)
The best one improvement in PAPR and CCDF of PAPR is at R =0.7. The
improvement in PAPR by = ( 7.4724 dB), and CCDF of PAPR = ( 2.7820 dB),
while the SNR at BER(
) deteriorated by = (-0.9823 dB).
For SNR at BER(
)
The best one improvement in PAPR and CCDF of PAPR is at R =0.5. The
improvement in PAPR by = ( 11.6751 dB), and CCDF of PAPR = (5.0050 dB),
while the SNR at BER(
) deteriorated by = (-3.0186 dB).
For SNR at BER(
)
The best one improvement in PAPR and CCDF of PAPR is at R =0.4 . The
improvement in PAPR by = ( 14.0723 dB), and CCDF of PAPR = (6.0185 dB),
while the SNR at BER(
) deteriorated by = (-4.7136 dB).
For SNR at BER(
)
The best one improvement in PAPR and CCDF of PAPR is at R =0.3. The
improvement in PAPR by = ( 17.0486 dB), and CCDF of PAPR = (7.1300 dB),
while the SNR at BER(
) deteriorated by = (-7.0936 dB).
For SNR at BER(
)
85
Chapter Five
R =0.2. The
(8.2655 dB),
R =0.1. The
(9.5720 dB),
CCDF (Pr[PAPR>PAPR0])
10
original
R = .9
R = .8
R =.7
R =.6
R = .5
R = .4
R =.3
R =.2
R = .1
-1
10
-2
10
-3
10
6
PAPR0 [dB]
10
12
5.18.a
Bit error probability curve for qpsk using OFDM
10
R = .9
R = .8
R =.7
R =.6
R = .5
R = .4
R =.3
R =.2
R = .1
-1
BER
10
-2
10
-3
10
-4
10
10
15
SNR
20
5.18.b
Figure 5.18 (a)CCDF of PAPR OFDM system RCT for various
BER of RCT for various parameter
86
25
30
Chapter Five
Figure 5.19 illustrates the effect of R parameter on the PAPR, CCDF of PAPR and
SNR at BER(
). The y parameter has a positive relationship with PAPR and
CCDF of PAPR but an inverse relationship with the SNR at BER(
).
30
SNR at (BER =10-4)
CCDF of PAPR
PAPR
25
[dB]
20
15
10
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
R
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
| |
( )
(5.8)
NERF De_companding:
( )
| |
/|
( )
(5.9)
When used this type of companding the PAPR was improved by (15.422 dB) and the
CCDF of PAPR also was improved by (6.4045 dB) while the SNR at BER(
)
was deteriorated by (2.2466 dB).
The rate of improvement in the PAPR and CCDF of PAPR is greater than the rate of
the decline in SNR at BER(
) as shown in figure 5.20 and table 4.3.
Table 5.3 NERF performance
NERF
PAPR
10.1795
CCDF of PAPR
4.4355
87
SNR at BER(
13.678
Chapter Five
10
CCDF (Pr[PAPR>PAPR0])
Orignal
NERF
-1
10
-2
10
-3
10
6
PAPR0 [dB]
10
12
5.20.a
Bit error probability curve for qpsk using OFDM
10
NERF
-1
BER
10
-2
10
-3
10
-4
10
10
12
14
SNR
5.20.b
Figure 5.20 (a) CCDF of PAPR OFDM system NERF companding (b) the BER
of NERF companding.
88
Chapter Five
( )
| |
/1
(5.10 )
EXP companding since received signal with EXP companding is so distorted that the
square root part in (5.10) would be an imaginary or complex number, we then take the
absolute value of the square root parts to eliminate any further potential phase
distortion.
Where
( ) is sign function? The positive constant determines the average power
output signals. In order to keep the input and output signals at the same average power
level
[| | ]
* [
(5.11 )
| |
)] +
( )
( ) |
| |
(5.12)
The following can be observed from the table (A.7) and figure 5.21
When d parameter decreases the PAPR and CCDF of PAPR also decrease
while SNR at BER(
) increase
Values less than d =.8 the deterioration in the SNR at BER(
) becomes
large
For
The best value for the CCDF of PAPR is (2.92) when d =0.8 while the worst
value is (5.1533) when d =2
The best value for the PAPR is (6.0806) when d =0.8 while the worst value is
(13.0811) when d =2
The best value for the SNR at BER(
) is (14.73) when d =2 while the
worst value is (24.833) when d =0.8
PAPR improved by (12.5205 - 19.5209 dB )
CCDF of PAPR improved by (5.6867 - 7.9136 dB )
The amount of SNR at BER(
) degradation is (3.2986 - 13.4016 dB )
89
Chapter Five
CCDF (Pr[PAPR>PAPR0])
10
orginal
d=2
d = 1.8
d =1.6
d = 1.4
d =1.2
d=1
d = .8
d =.6
d = .4
d =.2
-1
10
-2
10
-3
10
6
PAPR0 [dB]
10
12
5.21.a
Bit error probability curve for qpsk using OFDM
10
-1
BER
10
d=2
d = 1.8
d =1.6
d = 1.4
d =1.2
d=1
d = .8
d =.6
d = .4
d =.2
-2
10
-3
10
-4
10
10
15
SNR
20
25
30
5.21.b
Figure 5.21 (a) CCDF of PAPR OFDM system AEXP companding for various
parameters. (b) The BER of AEXP companding for various parameters.
90
Chapter Five
The following conclusion when comparing the proposed method with an OFDM
system without PAPR reduction method:
For SNR at BER(
)
The best one improvement in PAPR and CCDF of PAPR is at d= 1.1. The
improvement in PAPR by = (17.6492 dB), and CCDF of PAPR = (7.2405 dB),
while the SNR at BER(
) deteriorated by = (-3.4186 dB).
For SNR at BER(
)
The best one improvement in PAPR and CCDF of PAPR is at d= 0.9. The
improvement in PAPR by = (18.8515 dB), and CCDF of PAPR = (7.6480 dB),
while the SNR at BER(
) deteriorated by = (-4.8686 dB).
For SNR at BER(
)
The best one improvement in PAPR and CCDF of PAPR is at d =0.8.
The improvement in PAPR by = (19.5209 dB), and CCDF of PAPR = (7.9136
dB), while the SNR at BER(
) deteriorated by = (-13.4016 dB).
Figure 5.22 illustrates the effect of d parameter on the PAPR, CCDF of PAPR and
SNR at BER(
). The relationship between the d parameter and SNR at
BER(
) is a direct correlation, while the relationship between the d parameter and
PAPR, and CCDF of PAPR is the inverse relationship.
30
SNR at (BER =10-4)
CCDF of PAPR
PAPR
25
[dB]
20
15
10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
d
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
( ) 0
| |
/1
(5.13 )
91
Chapter Five
( )|
| |
)|
(5.14)
The positive constant determines the average power of output signals. In order to
keep the input and output signals at the same average power level.
[| | ]
[ 0
| |
(5.15 )
/1 ]
The following can be observed from table A.8 and the following figures
At y =2 the PAPR deteriorate incremented by (.7122 dB) as well as the CCDF
of PAPR, deteriorate incremented by (.515 dB) until the SNR at BER(
)
deteriorates by (3.9886 dB)
For
, in this region whenever d decreased lead to improvement in
(PAPR, CCDF of PAPR and SNR at BER(
)) compared with values when y
= 2.
Figure 5.23 shows the best CCDF of PAPR and PAPR at y =0.1. The amount
of improvement in CCDF of PAPR by (9.9192 dB) and in PAPR (23.6085 dB)
compared with OFDM system without companding . Whereas the BER
deteriorates considerably in this case.
Figure 5.23 show the best value for the SNR at BER(
) in cos companding
is when y = 1. Where it has less value deterioration in the SNR at BER(
)
by (0.2717 dB) while PAPR improved by (9.9547 dB), as well as it CCDF of
PAPR improved by (3.8892 dB),compared with OFDM system without
companding.
For
this area is better than
region in terms of PAPR and
CCDF of PAPR and almost have the same SNR at BER(
) as shown in
figure 5.24. So were selected d values less or equal to one.
The relationship between the y parameter in cos companding and PAPR is a direct
correlation, as shown in figure 5.25. Whenever y increased the PAPR and CCDF of
PAPR also increased. But it's different from SNR at BER(
). y =1 is the point of
separation and switching between two contradictory in relation to the SNR at
BER(
). For
whenever y decreased the SNR at BER(
) degradation
increases simply means the relationship is an inverse relationship between y and SNR
at BER(
) when
. While for
is quite unlike the previous case.
Whenever y decreased the SNR at BER(
) degradation also decreased.
92
Chapter Five
CCDF (Pr[PAPR>PAPR0])
10
original
y=1
y = .9
y = .8
y = .7
y = .6
y = .5
y = .4
y = .3
y = .2
y = .1
-1
10
-2
10
-3
10
6
PAPR0 [dB]
10
12
5.23.a
Bit error probability curve for qpsk using OFDM
10
-1
BER
10
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
-2
10
-3
10
-4
10
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
5
1
.9
.8
.7
.6
.5
.4
.3
.2
.1
10
15
SNR
20
25
30
5.23.b
Figure 5.23 (a) CCDF of PAPR OFDM system cos companding for various
parameter. (b) The BER of cos companding for various parameter
93
Chapter Five
The following conclusion when comparing the proposed method with an OFDM
system without PAPR reduction method:
For SNR at BER(
)
The best one improvement in PAPR and CCDF of PAPR is at y =0.8. The
improvement in PAPR by = (12.4811 dB), and CCDF of PAPR = (5.0440 dB),
while the SNR at BER(
) deteriorated by = (-1.2652 dB).
For SNR at BER(
)
The best one improvement in PAPR and CCDF of PAPR is at y=0.6. The
improvement in PAPR by = (15.3614 dB), and CCDF of PAPR = (6.2151 dB),
while the SNR at BER(
) deteriorated by = (-2.8639 dB).
For SNR at BER(
)
The best one improvement in PAPR and CCDF of PAPR is at y=0.5. The
improvement in PAPR by = (16.8440 dB), and CCDF of PAPR = (6.8657 dB),
while the SNR at BER(
) deteriorated by = (-4.3334 dB).
For SNR at BER(
)
The best one improvement in PAPR and CCDF of PAPR is at y =0.4. The
improvement in PAPR by = (18.3948 dB), and CCDF of PAPR = (7.4947 dB),
while the SNR at BER(
) deteriorated by = (-6.3224 dB).
For SNR at BER(
)
The best one improvement in PAPR and CCDF of PAPR is at y=0.3. The
improvement in PAPR by = (20.0315 dB), and CCDF of PAPR = (8.2500 dB),
while the SNR at BER(
) deteriorated by = (-17.8522 dB).
30
2.1> y >1
1.1>y>0
25
PAPR
20
15
10
0
10
15
20
25
30
Figure 5.24 the effect of y parameter of cos companding on PAPR and SNR at (BER
=
)
94
Chapter Five
30
SNR at (BER =10-4)
CCDF of PAPR
PAPR
25
[dB]
20
15
10
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
Figure 5.25 illustrates the effect of y parameter in cos companding on the PAPR,
CCDF of PAPR and SNR at BER(
)
((| | ) )
( )
(5.16 )
Where k is positive numbers controlling the companding level applied to the envelope
x, | | and sign(x) was used to maintain the phases of the OFDM signal.
Decompanding equation will be as follows:
( )
|(
| |
( )) |
( )
(5.17)
Figure 5.26 shows the CCDF of PAPR and BER for OFDM system with tanhR
companding at k =10 and y change from 0.1 to 1 by 0.1 every time. The CCDF of
PAPR was improved by (6.6795 - 23.9603 dB) and the PAPR was improved by
(6.6999 - 10.1412 dB) while the SNR at BER(
) was deteriorated by (3.0726 18.5686 dB) compared with an OFDM system without companding.
Whenever y decreased the PAPR and CCDF of PAPR was improved while increasing
the SNR at BER(
) values
95
Chapter Five
CCDF (Pr[PAPR>PAPR0])
10
original
y =1
y =.9
y =.8
y =.7
y =.6
y =.5
y =.4
y =.3
y =.2
y =.1
-1
10
-2
10
-3
10
6
PAPR0 [dB]
10
12
25
30
5.26.a
Bit error probability curve for qpsk using OFDM
10
-1
BER
10
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
-2
10
-3
10
=1
=.9
=.8
=.7
=.6
=.5
=.4
=.3
=.2
=.1
-4
10
10
15
SNR
20
5.26.b
Figure 5.26 (a) CCDF of PAPR OFDM system tanhR companding for various
parameter. (b) The BER of tanhR companding for various parameters
96
Chapter Five
Figure 5.27 and table A.10 shows the CCDF of PAPR and BER for OFDM system
with tanhR companding at y=1 and with different k,
k = ( 5,10) The CCDF of PAPR was improved by ( 3.6235 - 6.6310 dB) and the
PAPR was improved by (9.1388 - 16.6703 dB) while the SNR at BER (
) was
deteriorated by (0.4931 - 3.2172 dB) compared with an OFDM system without
companding.
k = ( 15 ,20) . The SNR at BER (
) was deteriorated considerably up. where at
k =15 the SNR at BER(
) reach to 30 dB And more than 30 dB at k =20.
While the CCDF of PAPR was improved by (8.2413 - 9.0172 dB) and the PAPR
was improved by ( 20.3701 - 22.2234 dB) compared with an OFDM system
without companding.
Whenever k was increased the PAPR and CCDF of PAPR was improved while
increasing the BER values
Fig (5.28) and table(A.10) shows the CCDF of PAPR and SNR at BER(
) for
OFDM system with tanh companding at y=.8 and with different k .
k = ( 5,10) The CCDF of PAPR was improved by (1.3349- 0.4511 dB) and
the PAPR was improved by (3.0266 - 0.7832 dB) While the SNR at BER
(
) was deteriorated by (0.8925 - 0.2835 dB) compared with an OFDM
system with tanh companding at y=1
k = ( 5,10) The CCDF of PAPR was improved by (4.9584 - 7.0821 dB) and
the PAPR was improved by (12.1654 - 17.4535 dB) While the SNR at BER
(
) was deteriorated by (1.3856 - 3.5007 dB) compared with an OFDM
system without companding.
k =15. The SNR at BER (
) was improved by (7.5344) and the CCDF of
PAPR was improved by (0.0722 dB) While the PAPR was deteriorated by (0.0115 dB) but the deterioration ratio is less than the proportion of
improvement.
At k =20, The SNR at BER (
) was improved ,the CCDF of PAPR was
improved by (0.0184 dB) and the PAPR was improved by ( 0.2169 dB).
k = ( 15,20). where at k =15 the The SNR at BER (
) was deteriorated
by (11.0342 dB )And more than 30 dB at k =20. While the CCDF of PAPR
was improved by (8.3135 - 8.9988 dB) and the PAPR was improved by
(20.3586 - 22.0065 dB) compared with an OFDM system without
companding.
97
Chapter Five
10
CCDF (Pr[PAPR>PAPR0])
k=
k=
k=
k=
5
10
15
20
-1
10
-2
10
-3
10
4
PAPR0 [dB]
Figure 5.27.a
Bit error probability curve for qpsk using OFDM
10
k=
k=
k=
k=
-1
BER
10
5
10
15
20
-2
10
-3
10
-4
10
10
15
snr
20
25
30
Figure 5.27.b
Figure 5.27 (a) CCDF of PAPR OFDM system tanhR companding for various
parameters at y=1. (b) The BER of tanhR companding for various parameters at
y=1.
98
Chapter Five
CCDF (Pr[PAPR>PAPR0])
10
k=
k=
k=
k=
5
10
15
20
-1
10
-2
10
-3
10
3
PAPR0 [dB]
Figure 5.28.a
Bit error probability curve for qpsk using OFDM
10
k=
k=
k=
k=
-1
BER
10
5
10
15
20
-2
10
-3
10
-4
10
10
15
SNR
20
25
30
Figure 5.28.b
Figure 5.28 (a) CCDF of PAPR OFDM system tanhR companding for various
parameters at y=.8. (b) The BER of tanhR companding for various parameters at
y=.8.
99
Chapter Five
The following conclusion when comparing the proposed method with an OFDM
system without PAPR reduction method:
For SNR at BER(
)
The best one improvement in PAPR and CCDF of PAPR is at k =5 ,y =0.8 . The
improvement in PAPR by = ( 11.7543 dB), and CCDF of PAPR = (4.7819 dB),
while the BER deteriorated by = (-1.2398 dB).
For SNR at BER(
)
The best one improvement in PAPR and CCDF of PAPR is at k =10 ,y =0.9 .
The improvement in PAPR by = ( 17.0445 dB), and CCDF of PAPR = (6.8431
dB), while the SNR at BER(
) deteriorated by = (-3.4062 dB).
For SNR at BER(
)
The best one improvement in PAPR and CCDF of PAPR is at k=10 ,y =0.6 . The
improvement in PAPR by = ( 18.5665 dB), and CCDF of PAPR = (7.5973 dB),
while the SNR at BER(
) deteriorated by = (-5.3686 dB).
For SNR at BER(
)
The best one improvement in PAPR and CCDF of PAPR is at k =10 , y=0.5. The
improvement in PAPR by = ( 19.0855 dB), and CCDF of PAPR = (7.9224 dB),
while the SNR at BER(
) deteriorated by = (-6.4557 dB).
For SNR at BER(
)
The best one improvement in PAPR and CCDF of PAPR is at k = 5, y=0.2. The
improvement in PAPR by = ( 22.0569 dB), and CCDF of PAPR = (9.3125 dB),
while the SNR at BER(
) deteriorated by = (-13.2917 dB).
For SNR at BER(
)
The best one improvement in PAPR and CCDF of PAPR is at k =20 ,y =0.2. The
improvement in PAPR by = ( 23.0305 dB), and CCDF of PAPR = (9.7085 dB),
while the SNR at BER(
) deteriorated by = (-17.5078 dB).
30
25
[dB]
20
15
10
BER k = 5
BER k = 10
BER k = 15
BER k = 20
PAPR k = 5
PAPR k = 10
PAPR k = 15
PAPR k = 20
0
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
y
0.7
0.8
0.9
Figure 5.29 illustrates the effect of y and k parameter in tanhR companding on the
PAPR and SNR at BER(
)
100
Chapter Five
((| |
( )
(5.18)
|(
| |
. /
) |
( )
(5.19)
Chapter Five
CCDF (Pr[PAPR>PAPR0])
10
-1
10
original
k = 10
k = 20
k = 30
k = 40
k = 50
k =60
k = 70
k = 80
k = 90
k = 100
-2
10
-3
10
6
PAPR0 [dB]
10
12
Figure 5.30.a
Bit error probability curve for qpsk using OFDM
10
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
-1
BER
10
-2
10
= 10
= 20
= 30
= 40
= 50
=60
= 70
= 80
= 90
= 100
-3
10
-4
10
10
15
SNR
20
25
30
Figure 5.30.b
Figure 5.30 (a)CCDF of PAPR OFDM system logR companding for various
parameter. (b) the BER of logR companding for various parameter.
102
Chapter Five
CCDF (Pr[PAPR>PAPR0])
10
original
y=1
y = .9
y = .8
y = .7
y = .6
y = .5
y = .4
y = .3
y = .2
y = .1
-1
10
-2
10
-3
10
6
PAPR0 [dB]
10
12
Figure 5.31.a
Bit error probability curve for qpsk using OFDM
10
-1
BER
10
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
-2
10
-3
10
-4
10
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
5
1
.9
.8
.7
.6
.5
.4
.3
.2
.1
10
15
SNR
20
25
30
Figure 5.31.b
Figure 5.31 (a)CCDF of PAPR OFDM system logR companding for various
parameter. (b) The BER of logR companding for various parameter.
103
Chapter Five
(5.20)
)]
)(
t
104
NT
(5.21)
Chapter Five
(5.22)
[192], [193]
Add CP
S
/
P
IDFT OR IFFT
Signal mapper
I
/
P
P
/
S
Multipath
Fading Ch. &
noise
S
/
P
Remove CP
DFT OR FFT
One Tap
Equalizer
And P/S
Signal
demapper
O
/
P
Where
( )
(5.23)
and
. The
and
Chapter Five
(5.24)
(5.25)
(5.26)
Where
denotes the binary complement of
[14]
Note that Hadamard transform is an orthogonal linear transform and can be
implemented by a butterfly structure as in FFT. This means that applying Hadamard
transform does not require the extensive increase of system complexity. The received
vector signal
corrupted by noise vector n can be recovered to
as [11]:
*
*
+
*
(5.27)
(5.28)
(5.29)
(
106
Chapter Five
(5.30)
, .
/ - k=0,1 N-1
(5.31)
)(
)- k=1, 2 N-1
(5.32)
(5.33)
(5.34)
correspond to
(5.35)
row and
107
Chapter Five
In the DFT-spread OFDM, the PAPR of the signal is fairly low as compared with the
conventional OFDM because the DFT operation spreads data into subcarriers [197].
The DFT of a sequence of length N can be defined as
( )
( )
(5.36)
The sinusoids of the DFT (or Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform (IDFT)) form an
orthogonal basis set and a signal in vector space of the DFT (or IDFT) can be
represented as a linear combination of the orthogonal sinusoids. Thus the IDFT at the
transmitter maps an input signal into a set of orthogonal subcarriers. Similarly the
transform DFT is used at the receiver to reverse the mapping of IDFT and signal from
the subcarriers are combined to form an estimate of the source signal from the
transmitter. Since the basis function of DFT is uncorrelated, the correlation performed
in DFT for the given subcarrier only sees energy for that corresponding subcarrier.
The energy from other subcarrier does not contribute because they are uncorrelated.
This separation of the signal energy is the reason that OFDM subcarriers spectrum
can overlap without causing interference. [198]
Chapter Five
CCDF (Pr[PAPR>PAPR0])
10
orignal
WHT
DCT
DST
DHT
DFT
-1
10
-2
10
-3
10
6
PAPR0 [dB]
10
12
5.33.a
Bit error probability curve for qpsk using OFDM
10
orignal
WHT
DCT
DST
DHT
DFT
-1
BER
10
-2
10
-3
10
-4
10
10
15
SNR
5.33.b
Figure 5.33 (a)CCDF of PAPR for OFDM system with different type of pre-coding
(b) BER for OFDM system with different type of pre-coding
109
D
/
A
Add CP
P
/
S
RCF
IDFT OR IFFT
S
/
P
+pilot symbol
Signal mapper
I
/
P
Multipath
Fading Ch. &
noise
S
/
P
Remove CP
DFT OR FFT
Remove
+pilot symbol
One Tap
Equalizer
And P/S
Signal
demapper
O
/
P
A
/
D
110
111
CCDF (Pr[PAPR>PAPR0])
10
WHT+RCF (CR = 4)
WHT+RCF(CR = 3)
WHT+RCF(CR = 2)
WHT+RCF(CR = 1.5)
WHT+RCF(CR = 1.3)
WHT+RCF(CR = 1.1)
-1
10
-2
10
-3
10
3
4
PAPR0 [dB]
Figure 6.2.a
Bit error probability curve for qpsk using OFDM
10
WHT+RCF (CR = 4)
WHT+RCF(CR = 3)
WHT+RCF(CR = 2)
WHT+RCF(CR = 1.5)
WHT+RCF(CR = 1.3)
WHT+RCF(CR = 1.1)
-1
BER
10
-2
10
-3
10
-4
10
10
15
SNR
20
25
30
Figure 6.2.b
Figure 6.2 (a)CCDF of PAPR for OFDM system with WHT +RCF where I =1 for
different CR (b) BER for OFDM system with WHT +RCF where I =1 for different
CR
112
CCDF (Pr[PAPR>PAPR0])
10
DCT+RCF (CR = 4)
DCT+RCF(CR = 3)
DCT+RCF(CR = 2)
DCT+RCF(CR = 1.5)
DCT+RCF(CR = 1.3)
DCT+RCF(CR = 1.1)
-1
10
-2
10
-3
10
3
4
PAPR0 [dB]
Figure 6.3.a
Bit error probability curve for qpsk using OFDM
10
DCT+RCF (CR = 4)
DCT+RCF(CR = 3)
DCT+RCF(CR = 2)
DCT+RCF(CR = 1.5)
DCT+RCF(CR = 1.3)
DCT+RCF(CR = 1.1)
-1
BER
10
-2
10
-3
10
-4
10
10
15
SNR
20
25
30
Figure 6.3.b
Figure 6.3 (a)CCDF of PAPR for OFDM system with DCT +RCF where I =1 for
different CR (b) BER for OFDM system with DCT +RCF where I =1 for different CR
113
CCDF (Pr[PAPR>PAPR0])
10
DST+RCF (CR = 4)
DST+RCF(CR = 3)
DST+RCF(CR = 2)
DST+RCF(CR = 1.5)
DST+RCF(CR = 1.3)
DST+RCF(CR = 1.1)
-1
10
-2
10
-3
10
3
4
PAPR0 [dB]
Figure 6.4.a
Bit error probability curve for qpsk using OFDM
10
DST+RCF (CR = 4)
DST+RCF(CR = 3)
DST+RCF(CR = 2 )
DST+RCF(CR = 1.5)
DST+RCF(CR = 1.3)
DST+RCF(CR = 1.1)
-1
BER
10
-2
10
-3
10
-4
10
10
15
SNR
20
25
30
Figure 6.4.b
Figure 6.4 (a)CCDF of PAPR for OFDM system with DST +RCF where I =1 for
different CR (b) BER for OFDM system with DST +RCF where I =1 for different CR
114
CCDF (Pr[PAPR>PAPR0])
10
-1
10
-2
10
DHT+RCF(CR =4)
DHT+RCF(CR =3)
DHT+RCF(CR =2)
DHT+RCF(CR =1.5)
DHT+RCF(CR =1.3)
DHT+RCF(CR =1.1)
-3
10
0.5
1.5
2
PAPR0 [dB]
2.5
3.5
Figure 6.5.a
Bit error probability curve for qpsk using OFDM
10
DHT+RCF
DHT+RCF
DHT+RCF
DHT+RCF
DHT+RCF
DHT+RCF
-1
BER
10
(CR
(CR
(CR
(CR
(CR
(CR
=
=
=
=
=
=
4)
3)
2)
1.5)
1.3)
1.1)
-2
10
-3
10
-4
10
10
15
SNR
Figure 6.5.b
Figure 6.5 (a)CCDF of PAPR for OFDM system with DHT +RCF where I =1 for
different CR (b) BER for OFDM system with DHT +RCF where I =1 for different CR
Figure 6.6 shows the proposed method with I =2 and CR =4, Can note the following
form the figure 6.6, primarily the proposed method on despite of the different type of
pre-coding used but it has almost the same PAPR (0.1690 dB), CCDF of PAPR
(0.1493 dB) and SNR at BER(
) (0.1111 dB). This means that it is not based on
the type of pre-coding.
115
10
CCDF (Pr[PAPR>PAPR0])
WHT + RCF
DCT + RCF
DST + RCF
DHT+ RCF
-1
10
-2
10
-3
10
3
4
PAPR0 [dB]
Figure 6.6.a
Bit error probability curve for qpsk using OFDM
10
WHT + RCF
DCT + RCF
DST + RCF
DHT + RCF
-1
BER
10
-2
10
-3
10
-4
10
5
SNR
10
Figure 6.6.b
Figure 6.6 (a)CCDF of PAPR for OFDM system with different type of pre-coding
+RCF where I =2, CR =4 (b) BER for OFDM with different type of pre-coding +RCF
where I =2, CR =4
Figure 6.7 shows the proposed method with I =pilot and CR =4 , Can note the
following form the figure 6.7 ,primarily the proposed method on despite of the
different type of pre-coding used but it has almost the same PAPR (0.0378 dB),
116
10
CCDF (Pr[PAPR>PAPR0])
DCT+RCF
DST+RCF
DHT +RCF
-1
10
-2
10
-3
10
3
4
PAPR0 [dB]
Figure 6.7.a
Bit error probability curve for qpsk using OFDM
10
DCT +RCF
DST +RCF
DHT +RCF
-1
BER
10
-2
10
-3
10
-4
10
5
snr
10
Figure 6.7.b
Figure 6.7 (a)CCDF of PAPR for OFDM system with different type of pre-coding
+RCF where I =pilot, CR =4 (b) BER for OFDM with different type of pre-coding
+RCF where I =pilot, CR =4
117
10
CCDF (Pr[PAPR>PAPR0])
WHT + RCF
DCT + RCF
DST + RCF
DHT + RCF
-1
10
-2
10
-3
10
0.5
1.5
2.5
PAPR0 [dB]
Figure 6.8.a
Bit error probability curve for qpsk using OFDM
10
WHT + RCF
DCT + RCF
DST + RCF
DHT + RCF
-1
BER
10
-2
10
-3
10
-4
10
10
15
20
25
SNR
Figure 6.8.b
Figure 6.8(a) CCDF of PAPR for OFDM system with different type of pre-coding
+RCF where I =pilot, CR =4 (b) BER for OFDM with different type of pre-coding
+RCF where I =1, CR =1.5
118
Add CP
P
/
S
Companding
RCF
IDFT OR IFFT
S
/
P
+pilot symbol
Signal mapper
I
/
P
D
/
A
Multipath
Fading Ch. &
noise
Remove CP
S
/
P
De-Companding
DFT OR FFT
Remove
+pilot symbol
One Tap
Equalizer
And P/S
Signal
demapper
O
/
P
A
/
D
Figure 6.9 the OFDM system model with RCF with companding .
The following conclusion from table A.13 and figure 6.10 when
comparing the proposed method with an OFDM system with a companding PAPR
reduction method:
The PAPR was improved and the least amount of improvement was when A = 90
and CR = 4 and is equal to (6.9071 dB), While the vast amount of improvement is
where A = 5 and CR = 1.5 and is equal to (13.4875 dB).
Less the amount of improvement in CCDF of PAPR when A = 100 and CR = 4
and is equal to (0.815 dB), While the vast amount of improvement is where A = 5
and CR = 1.5 and is equal to (4.64 dB).
The SNR at BER(
)was improved when CR =4,3 . The vast amount of
improvement is where A = 10 and CR = 4 and is equal to (3.1882 dB), while Less
the amount of improvement in SNR at BER(
)when A = 30 and CR = 3 and is
equal to (0.88 dB)
The SNR at BER(
) was degraded when CR = 2. The least amount of
degradation in SNR at BER(
) when A =80 and CR = 2 and is equal to (1.2408 dB). The largest amount of degradation is when A= 90 and is equal to (3.0453 dB).
The SNR at BER(
) was degraded when CR = 1.5, when A =5 the amount of
degradation is equal to (-16.4 dB).
The following conclusion from table A.13 and figure 6.10 when comparing the
proposed method with an OFDM system with RCF method:
The PAPR and the CCDF of PAPR were improved and the least amount of
improvement was when A =5 and CR = 1.5 .The PAPR improvement is equal to
(2.9643 dB) and the CCDF of PAPR improvement is equal to (1.6257 dB), while
the vast amount of improvement is where A = 200 and CR = 4 and the PAPR
improvement is equal to (10.8726 dB) and the CCDF of PAPR improvement is
equal to (4.64 dB )
The SNR at BER(
) was degraded, except when A =5 and CR =1.5 the BER
maintains its value. The least amount of degradation in SNR at BER(
) when
A =5 and CR = 4 and is equal to (-2.3226 dB). The largest amount of degradation
is when A= 90 and CR =2 is equal to (-12.072 dB).
120
25
PAPR
20
15
10
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
Figure 6.10.a
11
original
RCF (CR=4)
RCF (CR=3)
RCF (CR=2)
A
RCF (CR=4) + A
RCF (CR=3) + A
RCF (CR=2) + A
10
9
CCDF of PAPR
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
Figure 6.10.b
Figure 6.10(a) Shows the values of the PAPR and SNR at BER =
for each of the
RCF, Acompanding , and Hybird (RCF+A ) b) Shows the values of the CCDF of
PAPR and SNR at BER =
for each of the RCF, Acompanding , and Hybird
(RCF+A )
6.2.2 RCF + :
The following conclusion when from table A.14 and figure 6.11 comparing the
proposed method with an OFDM system without PAPR reduction method:
At =5 and CR = 4, There is an improvement in PAPR by = (16.5081 dB), CCDF
of PAPR = (6.7470 dB), and the SNR at BER(
) by = (0.8014 dB). This point
was chosen because all the variables improved.
For SNR at BER(
)
The best one improvement in PAPR and CCDF of PAPR is at =10 and CR
=3. The improvement in PAPR by = (18.8243 dB), and CCDF of PAPR = (7.8965
dB), while the SNR at BER(
) deteriorated by = (-1.4324 dB).
121
The following conclusion from table A.14 and figure 6.11 when
comparing the proposed method with an OFDM system with companding PAPR
reduction method:
The PAPR was improved and the least amount of improvement was when = 220
and CR = 4 and is equal to (7.1092 dB), While the vast amount of improvement is
where = 80 and CR = 2 and is equal to (12.6705 dB).
Less the amount of improvement in CCDF of PAPR when = 220 and CR = 4 and
is equal to (0.8325 dB), while the vast amount of improvement is where = 5 and
CR = 1.5 and is equal to (4.1715 dB).
The SNR at BER(
) was improved when CR =4,3 . The vast amount of
improvement is where = 50 and CR = 4 and is equal to (3.0554 dB), while Less
the amount of improvement in SNR at BER(
)when = 255 and CR = 3 and is
equal to (1.468 dB)
The SNR at BER(
) was degraded when CR = 2. The least amount of
degradation in SNR at BER(
) when =240 and is equal to (-0.985 dB). The
largest amount of degradation is when = 20 and is equal to (-2.625 dB).
The SNR at BER(
) was degraded when CR = 1.5, when =5 the amount of
degradation is equal to (-16.6637dB).
The following conclusion from table A.14 and figure 6.11 when
comparing the proposed method with an OFDM system with RCF method:
The PAPR was improved and the least amount of improvement was when = 5
and CR = 1.5 and is equal to (2.8281 dB), while the vast amount of improvement is
where = 255 and CR = 4 and is equal to (10.4574 dB).
Less the amount of improvement in CCDF of PAPR when = 5 and CR = 2 and is
equal to (1.4656 dB), while the vast amount of improvement is where = 255 and
CR = 4 and is equal to (4.6677 dB).
The SNR at BER(
) was degraded, except when =5 and CR =1.5 the SNR at
BER(
) maintains its value. The least amount of degradation in SNR at
BER(
) when MU =5 and CR = 4 and is equal to (-1.8621 dB). The largest
amount of degradation is when MU= 220 and CR =2 is equal to (-10.872 dB).
122
25
PAPR
20
15
10
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
Figure 6.11.a
11
original
RCF (CR =4)
RCF (CR =3)
RCF (CR=2)
MU
RCF (CR =4) + MU
RCF (CR =3) + MU
RCF (CR=2) + MU
10
9
CCDF of PAPR
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
Figure 6.11.b
Figure 6.11 ( a) Shows the values of the PAPR and SNR at BER =
for each of
the RCF, companding , and Hybird (RCF+ ). b) Shows the values of the CCDF of
PAPR and SNR at BER =
for each of the RCF, companding , and Hybird
(RCF+ ).
123
The following conclusion from table A.15 and figure 6.12 when comparing the
proposed method with an OFDM system with RCT PAPR reduction method:
The PAPR and the CCDF of PAPR were improved and the least amount of
improvement was when R =0.1 and CR = 4 .The PAPR improvement is equal to
(0.9227 dB) and the CCDF of PAPR improvement is equal to(0.363 dB), While
the vast amount of improvement is where R =0.9 and CR = 1.5 and the PAPR
improvement is equal to (13.9836 dB) and the CCDF of PAPR improvement is
equal to (6.201dB )
The SNR at BER(
) was improved when CR =4,3 . The vast amount of
improvement is where R =0.7 and CR = 4 and is equal to (3.0902 dB), while Less
the amount of improvement in CCDF of PAPR when R =0.1 and CR = 3 and is
equal to (1.8866 dB)
The SNR at BER(
) was degraded when CR = 2. The least amount of
degradation in SNR at BER(
) when R =0.5 and is equal to (-0.7285 dB). The
largest amount of degradation is when R =0.3 and is equal to (-1.475 dB).
The SNR at BER(
) was degraded when CR = 1.5, when R =0.9 the amount of
degradation is equal to (-18.3235dB).
The following conclusion from table A.15 and figure 6.12 when
comparing the proposed method with an OFDM system with RCF method:
The PAPR was improved and the least amount of improvement was when R =0.9
and CR = 1.5 and is equal to (0.5034 dB), while the vast amount of improvement is
where R =0.1and CR = 4 and is equal to (12.5433 dB).
124
Less the amount of improvement in CCDF of PAPR when R = 0.9 and CR =2 and
is equal to (0.1506 dB), while the vast amount of improvement is where R= 0.1
and CR = 4 and is equal to (5.5127 dB).
The SNR at BER(
) was degraded, except when R =0.1 and CR =1.5 the SNR
at BER(
) maintains its value. The least amount of degradation in CCDF of
PAPR when R =0.9 and CR = 4 and is equal to (-0.1291 dB). The largest amount
of degradation is when R= 0.1 and CR =2 is equal to (-17.181 dB).
30
original
RCF (CR=4)
RCF (CR=3)
RCF (CR=2)
Roots
RCF (CR=4) + Rooting
RCF (CR=3) + Rooting
RCF (CR=2) + Rooting
25
PAPR
20
15
10
10
15
20
25
30
figure 6.12.a
12
original
RCF (CR=4)
RCF (CR=3)
RCF (CR=2)
Roots
RCF (CR=4) + Rooting
RCF (CR=3) + Rooting
RCF (CR=2) + Rooting
10
CCDF of PAPR
10
15
20
25
30
Figure 6.12. b
figure 6.12 (a) Shows the values of the PAPR and SNR at BER =
for each of the
RCF, RCT , and Hybird (RCF+RCT) b) Shows the values of the CCDF of PAPR and
SNR at BER =
for each of the RCF, RCT, and Hybird (RCF+ RCT).
125
126
30
original
RCF (CR=4)
RCF (CR=3)
RCF (CR=2)
AEXP
RCF (CR=4) + AEXP
RCF(CR=3) +AEXP
RCF(CR=2) +AEXP
25
PAPR
20
15
10
10
15
20
25
30
Figure 6.13.a
11
original
RCF (CR=4)
RCF (CR=3)
RCF (CR=2)
AEXP
RCF (CR=4) + AEXP
RCF (CR=3) + AEXP
RCF(CR=2) + AEXP
10
9
8
CCDF of PAPR
The following conclusion from table A.16 and figure 6.13 when comparing the
proposed method with an OFDM system with RCF method:
The PAPR was improved and the least amount of improvement was when d =2 and
CR = 1.5 and is equal to (0.0555 dB), while the vast amount of improvement is
where d =0.4 and CR = 4 and is equal to (11.2249 dB).
Less the amount of improvement in CCDF of PAPR when d =2 and CR =2 and is
equal to (0.3051 dB), while the vast amount of improvement is where d =0.4 and
CR = 4 and is equal to (4.8177 dB).
The SNR at BER(
) was degraded, except when d =2 and CR =1.5 the SNR at
BER(
) maintains its value. The least amount of degradation in SNR at
BER(
) when d =1.3 and CR = 4 and is equal to (-1.6321 dB). The largest amount
of degradation is when d =0.4 and CR =4 is equal to (-21.2321 dB).
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
10
15
20
25
30
Figure 6.13.b
Figure 6.13 (a) Shows the values of the PAPR and SNR at BER =
RCF, AEXP companding , and Hybird (RCF+AEXP)
b) Shows the values of the CCDF of PAPR and SNR at BER =
RCF, AEXP companding , and Hybird (RCF+ AEXP)
127
128
25
PAPR
20
15
10
10
15
20
25
30
Figure 6.14.a
11
original
RCF (CR=4)
RCF (CR=3)
RCF (CR=2)
cos
RCF (CR=4) + cos
RCF (CR=3) + cos
RCF (CR=2) + cos
10
9
CCDF of PAPR
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
10
15
20
25
30
Figure 6.14.b
Figure 6.14 (a) Shows the values of the PAPR and SNR at BER =
for each of the
RCF, cos companding , and Hybird (RCF+cos) (b)Shows the values of the CCDF of
PAPR and SNR at BER =
for each of the RCF, cos companding , and Hybird
(RCF+ cos)
129
24
22
20
PAPR
18
16
14
NERF
NERF
NERF
+ NERF
12
10
8
6
10
15
20
25
30
Figure 6.15.a
11
original
RCF (CR=4)
RCF (CR=3)
RCF (CR=2)
RCF (CR=1.5)
NERF
RCF (CR=4) + NERF
RCF (CR=3) + NERF
RCF (CR=2) + NERF
RCF (CR=1.5) + NERF
10
9
CCDF of PAPR
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
10
15
20
25
30
Figure 6.15.b
Figure 6.15 (a) Shows the values of the PAPR and SNR at BER =
for each of the
RCF, cos companding , and Hybird (RCF+NERF) b) Shows the values of the CCDF
of PAPR and SNR at BER =
for each of the RCF, cos companding , and Hybird
(RCF+ NERF)
130
Except the points already mentioned, the PAPR was improved and the least
amount of improvement was when k =20, y =0.5 and CR = 2 and is equal to
(0.0043 dB), while the vast amount of improvement is where k =5, y =1 and CR =
1.5 and is equal to (8.0365dB).
Except the points already mentioned, the CCDF of PAPR was improved and Less
the amount of improvement in CCDF of PAPR when k =10, y =1 and CR = 2 and
is equal to (0.3585 dB), While the vast amount of improvement is where k =5, y =1
and CR = 1.5 and is equal to (3.6052 dB).
The SNR at BER(
) was degraded when CR =2 at (k =5, y =1,0.8,0.5,0.2 ), ( y
=0.2, k =10,15,20), and when (k =10 ,y =0.5). The least amount of degradation in
SNR at BER(
) when k=5, y=0.8 and is equal to (-0.11 dB). The largest
amount of degradation is when k =10, y = 0.2 is equal to (-2.4641 dB).
The SNR at BER(
) was degraded when CR = 1.5, when k =5, y =1 .The
amount of degradation is equal to (-18.0900 dB).
Except the points already mentioned, the SNR at BER(
) was improved and
the vast amount of improvement is where k =15, y =1 and CR = 4 and is equal to
(19.803 dB), while Less the amount of improvement in SNR at BER(
) when k
=5, y=0.8 and CR = 2 and is equal to (1.1217 dB).
The following conclusion from table A.19 when comparing the proposed method with
an OFDM system with RCF method:
The PAPR was improved and the least amount of improvement was when k=5 ,y
=1 and CR = 1.5 and is equal to (0.0685 dB), While the vast amount of
improvement is where k =40, y =0.2 and CR = 4 and is equal to (12.6433 dB).
The CCDF of PAPR was improved, except when k =5 ,y =1 and CR =2 the CCDF
of PAPR was degraded by (-0.0264 dB). Less the amount of improvement in
CCDF of PAPR when k =5, y= 1 and CR = 3 and is equal to (0.027 dB), While the
vast amount of improvement is where k =40, y =0.2 and CR = 4 and is equal to
(5.5377 dB).
The SNR at BER(
) was degraded, except when k =5 ,y =1 and CR =1.5 the
SNR at BER(
) maintains its value. The least amount of degradation in SNR at
BER(
) when k =5, y =1 and CR = 3 and is equal to (-0.1386 dB). The largest
amount of degradation is when k =50, y =1, 0.8, 0.2 and CR =3 is equal to (20.5860 dB).
The following conclusion from table A.20 when comparing the proposed method with
an OFDM system with logR companding PAPR reduction method:
The PAPR was improved and the least amount of improvement was when k =5, y
=1 and CR = 1.5 and is equal to (0.4088 dB), While the vast amount of
improvement is where k =90, y =0.2 and CR = 4 and is equal to (11.9078 dB).
The CCDF of PAPR was improved and the least amount of improvement was
when k =5, y =1 and CR = 2 and is equal to (0.2136 dB), while the vast amount of
improvement is where k =90, y =0.2 and CR = 4 and is equal to (5.2067 dB).
The SNR at BER(
) was degraded when k =5 ,y =1 and CR =1.5 the BER
degraded by (-17.9300 dB).
The SNR at BER(
) was improved when CR =4, 3. The least amount of
improvement in BER when k =5, y =1 and CR = 3 and is equal to (2.0783 dB). The
largest amount of improvement is when k =90, y =1 and CR =4 is equal to (18.215
dB).
The SNR at BER(
) was degraded when CR = 2, except when (k =30,90 and y
=1) and CR =1.5 the SNR at BER(
) was improved by (0.5122 - 0.825 dB).
The least amount of degradation in SNR at BER(
) when k=10, y =1 and is
equal to (-0.1639 dB). The largest amount of degradation is when k=90, y =0.8 and
is equal to (-4.0838 dB).
The following conclusion from table A.20 when comparing the proposed method with
an OFDM system with RCF method:
The PAPR was improved and the least amount of improvement was when k=5, y
=1 and CR = 1.5 and is equal to (0.4088 dB), while the vast amount of
improvement is where k =90, y =0.2 and CR = 4 and is equal to (11.9078 dB).
Less the amount of improvement in CCDF of PAPR when k =5, y= 1 and CR = 2
and is equal to (0.2136 dB), While the vast amount of improvement is where k
=90, y =0.2 and CR = 4 and is equal to (5.2067 dB).
The SNR at BER(
) was degraded, except when k =5 ,y =1 and CR =1.5 the
SNR at BER(
) maintains its value. The least amount of degradation in SNR at
BER(
) when k =5, y =1 and CR = 3 and is equal to (-0.1171 dB). The largest
amount of degradation is when k =90, y =1 and CR =2 is equal to (-17.047 dB).
133
Add CP
P/
S
Companding
RFC
IDFT OR IFFT
S/
P
+pilot symbol
Signal mapper
I
/
P
D
/
A
Multipath
Fading Ch. &
noise
Remove CP
S/
P
De-Companding
DFT OR FFT
Remove
+pilot symbol
Signal
demapper
O
/
P
A
/
D
30
original
RFC (CR=4)
RFC (CR=3)
RFC (CR=2)
A
RFC (CR=4) + A
RFC (CR=3) + A
RFC (CR=2) + A
25
PAPR
20
15
10
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
Figure 6.17.a
12
original
RFC (CR=4)
RFC (CR=3)
RFC (CR=2)
A
RFC (CR=4) + A
RFC (CR=3) + A
RFC (CR=2) + A
10
CCDF of PAPR
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
Figure 6.17.b
Figure 6.17 (a) Shows the values of the PAPR and SNR at BER =
for each of the
RFC, companding , and Hybird (RFC+ ). b) Shows the values of the CCDF of
PAPR and SNR at BER =
for each of the RCF, companding , and Hybird
(RFC+ ).
136
companding:
The following conclusion from table A.22 and figure 6.18 when
comparing the proposed method with an OFDM system without PAPR reduction
method:
At these values ( =5,10,20 for CR = 4,3) and when ( =30 ,40 for CR = 4)
There are improved in PAPR, CCDF of PAPR and SNR at BER(
)). The best
improvement in PAPR is at =40 for CR =4. The improvement in PAPR by =
(20.0157 dB) ,CCDF of PAPR = (8.3564 dB), and the SNR at BER(
) by = (
0.0116dB).
The best improvement in CCDF of PAPR is at
=20 for CR =3 . The
improvement in PAPR by = (19.9252 dB) ,CCDF of PAPR = (8.5044 dB), and
the SNR at BER(
) by = ( 0.2052 dB).
For SNR at BER(
)
The best improvement in PAPR and CCDF of PAPR is at = 40 and CR =3. The
improvement in PAPR by = (20.6523 dB), and CCDF of PAPR = (8.8336 dB),
while the SNR at BER(
) deteriorated by = (-1.2110 dB).
For SNR at BER(
)
The best improvement in PAPR is at =180 and CR =4. The improvement in
PAPR by = (21.4145 dB) , and CCDF of PAPR = (9.0247 dB), while the SNR at
BER(
) deteriorated by = (-3.4087 dB).
The best improvement in CCDF of PAPR is at
=80 and CR =3. The
improvement in PAPR by = (21.1482 dB) , and CCDF of PAPR = (9.0856 dB),
while the SNR at BER(
) deteriorated by = (-2.7686 dB).
For SNR at BER(
)
The best improvement in PAPR is at =240 and CR =4. The improvement in
PAPR by = (21.605 dB), and CCDF of PAPR = (9.0964 dB), while the SNR at
BER(
) deteriorated by = (-3.9316 dB).
The best improvement in CCDF of PAPR is at
=255and CR =4. The
improvement in PAPR by = (21.1370 dB),and CCDF of PAPR = (9.1356 dB),
while the SNR at BER(
) deteriorated by = (-3.8762 dB).
A.22 and figure 6.18 when comparing the proposed method with an OFDM system
with companding PAPR reduction method:
The PAPR was improved and the least amount of improvement was when = 120
and CR = 4 and is equal to (6.3834 dB), While the vast amount of improvement is
where = 80 and CR = 3 and is equal to (12.0968 dB).
The least amount of improvement in CCDF of PAPR when = 220 and CR = 4
and is equal to (0.9042 dB), while the vast amount of improvement is where = 5
and CR = 3 and is equal to (3.222 dB).
The SNR at BER(
) was improved when CR =4,3. The vast amount of
improvement is where = 50 and CR = 4 and is equal to (6.4429 dB), while The
least amount of improvement in SNR at BER(
) when = 5 and CR = 3 and is
equal to (4.8568 dB)
The SNR at BER(
) was improved when CR =2. The vast amount of
improvement is where = 220 and is equal to (2.4273 dB), while The least
amount of improvement in CCDF of PAPR when = 30 and is equal to (1.2065
dB)
The SNR at BER(
) was degraded when CR = 1.5, when =5 .the amount of
degradation is equal to (-16.6637 dB).
137
25
PAPR
20
15
10
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
Figure 6.18.a
12
original
RFC (CR=4)
RFC (CR=3)
RFC (CR=2)
MU
RFC (CR=4) + MU
RFC (CR=3) + MU
RFC (CR=2) + MU
10
CCDF of PAPR
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
Figure 6.18.b
Figure 6.18 (a) Shows the values of the PAPR and SNR at BER =
for each of the
RFC, companding , and Hybird (RFC+ ) b) Shows the values of the CCDF of
138
139
25
PAPR
20
15
10
10
15
20
25
30
Figure 6.19.a
12
original
RFC (CR=4)
RFC (CR=3)
RFC (CR=2)
Roots
RFC (CR=4) + Rooting
RFC (CR=3) + Rooting
RFC (CR=2) + Rooting
10
CCDF of PAPR
10
15
20
25
30
Figure 6.19.b
figure 6.19 (a) Shows the values of the PAPR and SNR at BER =
for each of the
RFC, RCT, and Hybird (RFC+ RCT) b) Shows the values of the CCDF of PAPR and
SNR at BER =
for each of the RFC, RCT, and Hybird (RFC+ RCT).
The following conclusion from table A.23 and figure 6.19 when
comparing the proposed method with an OFDM system with RFC method:
The PAPR was improved and the least amount of improvement was when R =0.9
and CR = 1.5 and is equal to (0.4541 dB), while the vast amount of improvement is
where R =0.1and CR = 4 and is equal to (12.2689 dB).
The least amount of improvement in CCDF of PAPR when R = 0.9 and CR =2
and is equal to (0.1621 dB), while the vast amount of improvement is where R=
0.1 and CR = 4 and is equal to (5.1904 dB).
The SNR at BER(
) was degraded the least amount of degradation in SNR at
BER(
) when R =0.9 and CR = 4 and is equal to (-0.2943 dB). The largest
amount of degradation is when R= 0.1 and CR =3 is equal to (-17.4447 dB).
140
25
PAPR
20
15
10
10
15
20
25
30
Figure (6.20.a)
11
original
RFC (CR=4)
RFC (CR=3)
RFC (CR=2)
AEXP
RFC (CR=4) + AEXP
RFC (CR=3) + AEXP
RFC (CR=2) + AEXP
10
9
CCDF of PAPR
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
10
15
20
25
30
Figure (6.20.b)
Figure 6.20 (a) Shows the values of the PAPR and SNR at BER =
RFC, AEXP companding , and Hybird (RFC+AEXP)
b) Shows the values of the CCDF of PAPR and SNR at BER =
RFC, AEXP companding , and Hybird (RFC+ AEXP).
142
25
PAPR
20
15
10
10
15
20
25
30
Figure 6.21.a
12
original
RFC (CR=4)
RFC (CR=3)
RFC (CR=2)
cos
RFC (CR=4) + cos
RFC (CR=3) + cos
RFC (CR=2) + cos
10
CCDF of PAPR
10
15
20
25
30
Figure 6.21.b
Figure 6.21 (a) Shows the values of the PAPR and SNR at BER =
RCF, cos companding , and Hybird (RCF+cos)
b) Shows the values of the CCDF of PAPR and SNR at BER =
RCF, cos companding , and Hybird (RCF+ cos)
144
25
PAPR
20
NERF
NERF
NERF
+ NERF
15
10
10
15
20
25
30
Figure 6.22.a
11
original
RFC (CR=4)
RFC (CR=3)
RFC (CR=2)
RFC (CR=1.5)
NERF
RFC (CR=4) + NERF
RFC (CR=3) +NERF
RFC (CR=2) + NERF
RFC (CR=1.5) + NERF
10
9
CCDF of PAPR
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
10
15
20
25
30
Figure 6.22.b
Figure (a) Shows the values of the PAPR and SNR at BER =
for each of the
RCF, cos companding , and Hybird (RCF+NERF) (b)Shows 6.22 the values of the
CCDF of PAPR and SNR at BER =
for each of the RCF, cos companding , and
Hybird (RCF+ NERF)
145
The following conclusion from table A.27 when comparing the proposed method with
an OFDM system with RFC method:
The PAPR was improved except when k =5, y =1 and CR =2 the SNR at
BER(
) degraded by (-0.1918 dB), the least amount of improvement was
when k=5, y =1 and CR = 1.5 and is equal to (0.1303 dB), While the vast amount
of improvement is where k =40, y =0.2 and CR = 4 and is equal to (12.0608 dB).
The CCDF of PAPR was improved , except when k =5,y =1 and CR =1.5,2,3,4 the
CCDF of PAPR was degraded. The least amount of improvement in CCDF of
PAPR when k =10, y= 1 and CR = 2 and is equal to (0.0255 dB), while the vast
amount of improvement is where k =40, y =0.2 and CR = 4 and is equal to (5.0792
dB).
The SNR at BER(
) was degraded, except when k =10, y =1 and CR =3 the
SNR at BER(
) was improved by (0.018 dB). The least amount of degradation
in SNR at BER(
) when k =10, y =1 and CR = 4 and is equal to (-0.1085 dB).
The largest amount of degradation is when k =30, y =0.2 and CR =2 is equal to (16.7147 dB).
148
Add CP
P
/
S
Companding
S
/
P
IDFT OR IFFT
Signal mapper
I
/
P
D
/
A
Multipath
Fading Ch. &
noise
S
/
P
Remove CP
De-Companding
DFT OR FFT
One Tap
Equalizer
And P/S
Signal
demapper
O
/
P
A
/
D
While the vast amount of improvement is where A = 5 and DHT and is equal to
(14.2226 dB).
The least amount of improvement in CCDF of PAPR when A = 30 and WHT and
is equal to (0.1178 dB), while the vast amount of improvement is where A = 5 and
DHT and is equal to (4.2193 dB).
The SNR at BER(
) was degraded at DST and WHT. The least amount of
degradation in The SNR at BER(
) when A =70 and WHT and is equal to (0.036 dB). The largest amount of degradation is when A =50 and WHT and is
equal to (-1.5167 dB).
The SNR at BER(
) was improved at DHT. The least amount of improvement
in The SNR at BER(
) when A =5 and is equal to (1.1517 dB). The largest
amount of improvement is when A= 120 is equal to (5.377 dB).
The SNR at BER(
) was improved at DCT and A= 30, 40, 70, 87.6, 100,120.
The least amount of improvement in The SNR at BER(
) when A =40 and is
equal to (0.0804 dB). The largest amount of improvement is when A= 70 is equal
to (0.4065 dB).
The SNR at BER(
) was degraded at DCT and A= 5, 10, 15, 20, 35, 50. The
least amount of degradation in the SNR at BER(
) when A =15 and DHT and
is equal to (-0.0769 dB). The largest amount of degradation is when A= 5 and
WHT is equal to (-0.5053 dB).
The following conclusion from table A.30 and figure 6.24 when
comparing the proposed method with an OFDM system with pre-coding method:
The PAPR and the CCDF of PAPR were improved and the least amount of
improvement was when A =5 and DHT.The PAPR improvement is equal to
(2.2752 dB) and the CCDF of PAPR improvement is equal to ( 0.9293 dB), while
the vast amount of improvement is where A = 120 and WHT and the PAPR
improvement is equal to (11.2105 dB) and the CCDF of PAPR improvement is
equal to (7.6154 dB)
The SNR at BER(
) was degraded. The least amount of degradation in the
SNR at BER(
) when A =5 and DHT and is equal to (-0.8663 dB). The largest
amount of degradation is when A= 90 and WHT is equal to (-10.9249 dB).
150
25
PAPR
20
15
10
0
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
Figure 6.24.a
11
original
WHT
DCT
DST
DHT
A
WHT + A
DCT+ A
DST + A
DHT + A
10
9
CCDF of PAPR
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
Figure 6.24.b
Figure 6.24 (a) Shows the values of the PAPR and SNR at BER =
for each of the
precodings, companding , and Hybird (precodings + ). b) Shows the values of the
CCDF of PAPR and SNR at BER =
for each of the precodings, companding ,
and Hybird (precodings + ).
151
30
original
WHT
DCT
DST
DHT
MU
WHT + MU
DCT+ MU
DST + A
DHT + MU
25
PAPR
20
15
10
0
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
Figure 6.25.a
11
original
WHT
DCT
DST
DHT
MU
WHT + MU
DCT+ MU
DST + MU
DHT + MU
10
9
CCDF of PAPR
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
Figure 6.25.b
Figure 6.25 (a) Shows the values of the PAPR and SNR at BER =
for each of the
precodings, companding , and Hybird (precodings + ). b) Shows the values of the
CCDF of PAPR and SNR at BER =
for each of the precodings, companding ,
and Hybird (precodings + ).
153
154
25
PAPR
20
15
10
0
10
15
20
25
30
Figure 6.26.a
12
original
WHT
DCT
DST
DHT
Rooting
WHT + Rooting
DCT+ Rooting
DST + Rooting
DHT + Rooting
10
CCDF of PAPR
0
10
15
20
25
30
Figure 6.26.b
Figure 6.26 (a) Shows the values of the PAPR and SNR at BER =
for each of
the precodings, RCT, and Hybird (precodings +RCT). b) Shows the values of the
CCDF of PAPR and SNR at BER =
for each of the precodings, RCT, and Hybird
(precodings +RCT ).
155
156
157
25
PAPR
20
15
10
0
10
15
20
25
30
Figure 6.27.a
12
original
WHT
DCT
DST
DHT
AEXP
WHT + AEXP
DCT+ AEXP
DST +AEXP
DHT +AEXP
10
CCDF of PAPR
0
10
15
20
25
30
figure 6.27.b
Figure 6.27 (a) Shows the values of the PAPR and SNR at BER =
for each of the
precodings, AEXP companding , and Hybird (precodings +AEXP ). b) Shows the
values of the CCDF of PAPR and SNR at BER =
for each of the
precodings,AEXP companding , and Hybird (precodings +AEXP ).
158
The CCDF of PAPR was improved. The least amount of improvement in CCDF
of PAPR when y =1 and DHT is equal to (0.2092 dB), while the vast amount of
improvement is where y =0.1 and WHT and is equal to (8.9201 dB).
The SNR at BER(
) was degraded. The least amount of degradation in SNR at
BER(
) when y =1 and DCT and is equal to (-0.0147 dB). The largest amount
of degradation is when y=0.2 and DHT is equal to (-18.418 dB).
30
original
WHT
DCT
DST
DHT
cos
WHT + cos
DCT+ cos
DST +cos
DHT +cos
25
PAPR
20
15
10
0
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
Figure 6.28.a
12
original
WHT
DCT
DST
DHT
cos
WHT + cos
DCT+ cos
DST +cos
DHT +cos
10
CCDF of PAPR
0
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
Figure 6.28.b
Figure 6.28 (a) Shows the values of the PAPR and SNR at BER =
for each of the
precodings, cos companding , and Hybird (precodings +cos ). b) Shows the values of
the CCDF of PAPR and SNR at BER =
for each of the precodings,cos
companding , and Hybird (precodings +cos ).
160
161
162
26
original
WHT
DCT
DST
DHT
NERF
WHT + NERF
DCT+NERF
24
22
20
PAPR
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
11.5
12
12.5
13
Figure 6.29.a
163
13.5
14
10
CCDF of PAPR
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
11.5
12
12.5
13
13.5
14
Figure 6.29.b
Figure 6.29 (a) Shows the values of the PAPR and SNR at BER =
for each of the
precodings, cos companding , and Hybird (precodings +cos ). b) Shows the values of
the CCDF of PAPR and SNR at BER =
for each of the precodings,cos
companding , and Hybird (precodings +cos ).
164
Chapter seven
7.1Conclusions:
1. The RFC and RCF can improve the PAPR and BER at the same time.
2. RFC is better than RCF in performance especially when I 2 while maintaining
the complexity and price of RCF.
3. The performance of all kinds of proposed companding is better than the
performance -law and A-law compandings
4. AEXP can be considered the best types of companding that we used in terms of
BER and performance, followed by tanhR.
5. TanhR has better results when used in the hybrid technique and also the y, k
parameters give it a kind of flexibility
6. TanhR and logR and NERF is better than tanh, log, and erf that Mohit was used in
his paper, because the performance of the proposed techniques better than -law
and A-law compandings and also the -law and A-law compandings better than
Mohit methods.
7. The performance of logR companding asymptotic to tanhR but the tanhR have
better results in most cases.
8. The performance of cos companding asymptotic to AEXP but the AEXP have
better results in most cases.
9. The best type precoding in term of reduced PAPR and BER is the DFT
10. DST and DCT precodings give almost the same performance, the DST improves
the PAPR more than DCT even a few percent.
11. The worst type of precoding in term of reducing the PAPR and BER is the WHT.
12. As it is clear from the results that the hybrid methods have better results but at the
expense of complexity.
13. The results of hybrid pre-coding with RCF is better than the results of the RCF
and pre-coding each alone, except in the case of DHT with RCF (I = 2, pilot)
where the results of the DHT is better
14. For the hybrid pre-coding with RCF, the PAPR value is better when RCF (I = 1)
because in this case the effect of the filter on the PAPR cancels.
15. The hybrid RCF with companding shows good results better than the results of the
RCF and pre-coding each alone, because of RCF reduces the PAPR and improves
the BER constant and then companding more reduces the amount of the PAPR.
16. The hybrid RCF with companding can improve the PAPR and BER at the same
time with amount greater than the RCF and the best one improvement in PAPR is
at (RCF + AEXP).
17. The hybrid RFC with companding shows good results better than the results of
the hybrid RCF with companding, because as we demonstrated earlier RFC batter
than RCF.
18. The hybrid RFC with companding can also improve the PAPR and BER at the
same time, and the best one improvement in PAPR is at (RFC + AEXP).
19. The results of the hybrid precoding with companding are provides good results
and the best result for the PAPR is when (DHT with tanhR) except at (DST with
tanhR, DST with NERF, DHT with NERF). At DST with tanhR the BER
performance significantly degraded
20. The best results are obtained at these techniques:
RFC:
A. 165
Chapter seven
The best one improvement in PAPR and CCDF of PAPR is at I =4 and CR =1.75. The
improvement in PAPR by = (18.2789 dB), CCDF of PAPR = (8.0187 dB), and the
SNR at BER (
) by = (0.6101 dB).
AEXP companding:
For SNR at BER(
)
The best one improvement in PAPR and CCDF of PAPR is at d= 0.9. The
improvement in PAPR by = (18.8515 dB), and CCDF of PAPR = (7.6480 dB), while
the SNR at BER (
) deteriorated by = (-4.8686 dB).
LogR companding:
For SNR at BER(
)
The best one improvement in PAPR and CCDF of PAPR is at k =10, y =0.3. The
improvement in PAPR by = (19.6992 dB), and CCDF of PAPR = (8.2150 dB), while
the SNR at BER (
) deteriorated by = (-8.5686 dB).
TanhR companding:
For SNR at BER(
)
The best one improvement in PAPR and CCDF of PAPR is at k = 5, y=0.2. The
improvement in PAPR by = (22.0569 dB), and CCDF of PAPR = (9.3125 dB), while
the SNR at BER (
) deteriorated by = (-13.2917 dB).
LogR companding:
For SNR at BER(
)
The best one improvement in PAPR and CCDF of PAPR is at . The improvement in
PAPR by = (23.5788 dB), and CCDF of PAPR = (9.9600 dB), while the SNR at BER
(
) deteriorated by = (-18.1686 dB).
Hybird
RFC + AEXP:
The best one improvement in PAPR and CCDF of PAPR is at d = 0.6 and CR =4. The
improvement in PAPR by = (21.0509dB), CCDF of PAPR = (8.7178 dB), and the
SNR at BER (
) by = (0.0116 dB).
Pre-coding + tanhR :
For SNR at BER(
)
The best one improvement in PAPR is at k=15, y=.8 and DHT. The improvement in
PAPR by = (22.7711 dB), and CCDF of PAPR = (8.9691 dB), while the SNR at BER
(
) deteriorated by = (-1.1828 dB).
RFC + tanhR
For SNR at BER(
)
The best one improvement in PAPR and CCDF of PAPR is at k=40, y=0.2 and CR
=3. The improvement in PAPR by = (23.7408 dB), and CCDF of PAPR = (9.9982
dB), while the SNR at BER (
) deteriorated by = (-8.0074 dB).
RFC + tanhR
For SNR at BER(
A. 166
Chapter seven
The best one improvement in PAPR and CCDF of PAPR is k=40, y=0.2 and CR =2.
The improvement in PAPR by = (24.1411 dB), and CCDF of PAPR = (10.2047 dB),
while the SNR at BER (
) deteriorated by = (-13.0440 dB).
RFC + RCT
For SNR at BER(
)
The best one improvement in PAPR and CCDF of PAPR is at R = 0.1and CR =2. The
improvement in PAPR by = (24.3546 dB), and CCDF of PAPR = (10.3164 dB), while
the SNR at BER (
) deteriorated by = (-14.1974 dB).
A. 167
References
References
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and MC-CDMA to LTE and WiMAX, 2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2008.
[2] G. Wunder, R. F. H. Fischer, H. Boche, S. Litsyn, J,-S. No, The PAPR Problem
in OFDM Transmission: New Directions for a Long-Lasting Problem, IEEE Signal
Processing Magazine, vol. 20, no. 6, pp. 130-144, November 2013.
[3] T. Jiang, and Y. Wu An Overview: Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Reduction
Techniques for OFDM Signals IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications,
vol.54, no2, pp.257 - 268. June 2008.
[4] L.M. Correia, D. Zeller, O. Blume, D. Ferling, Y. Jading , I. Gdor, G. Auer and
L. Van der Perre Challenges and Enabling Technologies for Energy Aware Mobile
Radio Networks, IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 48, pp. 66-72, November
2010.
[5] S. Litsyn. Peak Power Control in Multicarrier Communications. Cambridge
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183
Appendix A:
Tables of Results
Appendix A
Tables of Results
pilot
1.125
1.25
1.5
CR
4
3
2
1.75
1.5
4
3
2
1.75
1.5
4
3
2
1.75
1.5
4
3
2
1.75
1.5
4
3
2
1.75
1.5
4
3
2
1.75
1.5
4
3
2
1.75
1.5
4
3
2
1.75
1.5
PAPR
14.0866
11.5702
8.2486
7.3802
6.3838
14.1973
11.9169
9.4432
8.5889
8.0108
14.1010
11.6977
8.4887
7.4828
6.6241
14.1392
11.7044
8.5374
7.7741
6.8767
14.1728
11.8777
8.9992
8.0760
7.8858
14.4932
12.2742
9.6073
9.0189
8.3829
15.3850
13.2843
10.6525
9.8847
9.4795
15.5738
13.4298
10.7538
10.0109
9.2193
A. 1
CCDF of
PAPR
6.0244
4.785
3.1186
2.594
2.9
6.248
5.225
3.8796
3.56
3.3568
6.0337
4.8436
3.2413
2.7737
2.3785
6.06
4.8772
3.43
3.023
2.618
6.145
5
3.6
3.315
2.976
6.4177
5.355
4.1216
3.785
3.6257
6.7374
5.79
4.555
4.2435
3.9
6.8674
5.8
4.4432
4.0712
3.725
SNR
(BER=
11.82
12.3711
14.3756
16.72
29.5
9.36
9.8415
13
16.063
29.6(
11.3068
11.65
14.4
16.875
29.6(
10.572
11.4
13.72
16
29.6(
10
10.4765
13.7445
16.4373
29.6(
8.7679
9.414
12.128
15
29.6(
7.1838
7.665
10.418
13.1725
29.6(
5.8315
6.0725
9.6955
13
29.6(
Appendix A:
Tables of Results
1.125
1.25
1.5
CR
4
3
2
1.75
1.5
4
3
2
1.75
1.5
4
3
2
1.75
1.5
4
3
2
1.75
1.5
4
3
2
1.75
1.5
4
3
A
0.0232
.0906
.6703
.334
1.1464
0.0042
0.0159
-0.0866
0.1119
0.0771
0.0215
0.0583
0.2114
0.2031
0.2754
-0.0015
0.0533
0.4553
0.6558
1.3184
0.3083
0.5039
1.0271
1.4327
1.7478
1.1714
1.5283
PAPR
14.1741
11.8263
8.7729
8.2549
6.8644
14.0968
11.6818
8.5753
7.3709
6.5470
14.1177
11.6461
8.3260
7.5710
6.6013
14.1743
11.8244
8.5439
7.4202
6.5674
14.1849
11.7703
8.5802
7.5862
6.6351
14.2136
11.7560
B
-0.3570
0.3490
0.5706
0.7329
0.9448
0.0069
0.0436
0.0513
0.0837
0.2372
0.0279
0.0732
0.1750
0.3118
0.3556
0.1018
0.1655
0.3289
0.2343
0.5919
0.3577
0.5010
0.7472
0.9370
1.1757
0.6830
0.9373
A. 2
CCDF of
PAPR
6.605
4.876
3.309
2.8271
2.412
6.0268
4.8
3.19
2.69
2.1413
6.0321
4.804
3.255
2.7112
2.2624
6.0432
4.8345
3.2711
3.0807
2.3841
6.06
4.854
3.3744
2.848
2.45
6.0544
4.8527
-0.2400
-0.1585
0.5000
1.0630
0
0.0708
-0.1700
0.7455
-0.2390
0.9000
-0.5700
0.1900
-0.0375
0.3286
0
-0.1236
0.0510
0.5733
0.1286
0
0.1089
0.0440
-0.1548
0.3875
0
0.4163
0.2842
SNR
(BER=
9.6
10
12.5
15
29.6(
)
11.236
11.82
13.6545
17.114
28.7
11.142
11.21
13.7575
15.6714
29.6(
)
10.1236
10.4255
13.1712
16.3087
29.6(
)
8.659
9.37
12.2828
14.6125
29.6(
6.7675
7.3808
Appendix A:
2
1.75
1.5
4
3
2
1.75
1.5
Tables of Results
2.1453
2.2903
2.9062
1.3900
1.6108
2.2738
2.6883
2.8284
8.5072
7.5944
6.5733
14.1838
11.8190
8.4800
7.3226
6.3909
1.2550
1.4123
1.5600
0.8024
0.9360
1.1382
1.2499
1.3092
3.3
2.8312
2.34
6.065
4.864
3.305
2.8213
2.4158
0.4380
1.4725
0
0.1602
0.0340
1.2685
2.1787
1.3800
9.98
11.7
29.6(
)
5.6713
6.0385
8.427
10.8213
28.22
Table A.4
5
10
15
20
30
35
40
50
70
80
87.6
90
100
120
Table A.5
PAPR
25.6318
22.8377
18.1110
17.4649
6.9587
0.0200
CCDF of PAPR
10.773
9.9046
7.664
7.523
3.35
0
SNR (BER=
13.6
16.12
17.576
18
19.2
19.2
19.757
20.116
21.13
21.2592
21.372
21.1547
21.62
21.863
Companding Results
PAPR
18.9061
14.6917
14.3265
14.4401
11.8545
12.9100
12.6028
12.5906
12.1503
11.8738
11.7819
11.7517
11.3543
11.4101
CCDF of PAPR
6.64
4.73
4.126
3.685
3.32
3.413
3.26
3.1
2.837
2.7542
2.723
2.739
2.58
2.535
Companding Results
PAPR
5
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
SNR (BER=
11.64
11.63
11.628
11.628
11.582
11.469
CCDF of
PAPR
6.416
5.77
5.078
4.4
4
3.8
3.66
3.646
17.4332
16.5470
17.2573
14.6356
13.8453
13.8622
13.7327
14.2237
A. 3
SNR (BER=
13.3363
14.64
16.25
17.165
17.75
18.27
18.777
19
Appendix A:
80
90
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
250
255
260
280
300
320
500
700
1000
Tables of Results
16.5501
12.8584
12.4142
12.1142
12.7379
12.2083
12.5858
12.2423
11.2722
15.9144
12.4358
11.7434
11.9863
11.5891
11.9073
12.3703
11.1951
10.8218
12.8953
3.33
3.3
3.12
3
3.06
2.866
2.88
2.76
2.645
2.85
2.723
2.68
2.666
2.6
2.61
2.7
2.3
2.17
2.28
19.474
19.6
20
20.28
20.5
20.475
21.05
21
21.2385
21.6
21.6
21.468
21.7
21.9
22
22.125
22.92
23.5
23.764
PAPR
21.8631
21.1311
18.1291
15.3547
13.9264
11.5292
8.5529
5.9888
2.8726
CCDF of PAPR
9.55
8.6815
8.058
6.6825
5.835
4.8215
3.71
2.5745
1.268
SNR (BER=
11.6765
11.987
12.4137
13.4
14.45
16.145
18.525
22.25
28.3
CCDF of PAPR
5.1533
5.14
4.9185
4.77
4.585
4.358
4.1465
3.98
3.806
3.5995
3.374
3.192
2.9264
2.637
SNR (BER=
)
14.73
14.7
14.858
14.45
14.2
14.3138
14.5685
14.3
15.33
14.85
15.3
16.3
24.833
30 (
)
PAPR
13.0811
13.0240
12.1983
11.2173
10.6962
10.0664
9.6145
8.9815
8.4500
7.9523
7.3774
6.7500
6.0806
5.5253
A. 4
Appendix A:
.6
.5
.4
.3
.2
.1
Tables of Results
4.7892
4.1344
3.4039
2.6518
1.8358
0.9690
2.34
2.1075
1.74
1.3272
.9425
.5116
30 (
30 (
30 (
30 (
30 (
30 (
)
)
)
)
)
)
PAPR
26.3137
25.5112
24.6392
23.3428
22.8762
21.4160
20.1972
19.4063
18.1770
16.8064
15.6468
14.3909
13.1204
11.7106
10.2401
8.7575
7.2067
5.5700
3.8470
1.9930
CCDF of PAPR
11.355
10.858
10.47
10.129
9.682
9.256
8.875
8.5
7.919
7.48
6.9508
6.3817
5.796
5.2196
4.6249
3.9743
3.3453
2.59
1.8074
.9208
SNR (BER=
15.42
15
14.255
13.75
13.675
12.765
12.25
11.95
12
11.832
11.7031
12.1428
12.6966
13.6465
14.2953
15.7648
17.7538
29.2836
>30
>>30
PAPR
5
5
5
5
10
10
10
10
10
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.9
.8
.7
.6
16.7129
13.8472
8.9043
3.5446
8.9016
8.5570
8.2624
7.7099
7.0350
A. 5
CCDF of
PAPR
7.4076
6.0581
3.8861
1.5275
4.1605
3.9969
3.915
3.5129
3.2427
SNR (BER=
12.1294
12.6712
15.5877
24.7231
14.504
14.8376
15.1789
15.8577
16.8
Appendix A:
Tables of Results
10
10
10
10
10
15
15
15
15
20
20
20
20
.5
.4
.3
.2
.1
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
6.5160
5.4230
4.4318
3.0296
1.6412
5.2314
5.2429
4.9419
2.7437
3.3781
3.5950
3.7761
2.5710
2.9176
2.4367
1.9475
1.3133
.6988
2.5987
2.5265
2.2321
1.2027
1.8228
1.8412
1.7895
1.1315
17.8871
20.2622
22.3763
25.7854
>30
29.6
22.4656
21.4747
26.5576
30(
)
30
30
28.9392
PAPR
CCDF of
PAPR
5
10
15
20
1
1
1
1
16.4627
8.9312
5.2314
3.3781
7.2165
4.209
2.5987
1.8228
SNR at BER
11.9245
14.6486
30
30(
)
PAPR
CCDF of
PAPR
5
10
15
20
.8
.8
.8
.8
13.4361
8.1480
5.2429
3.5950
5.8816
3.7579
2.5265
1.8412
SNR (BER=
12.817
14.9321
22.4656
1
1
1
.9
.8
.7
.6
.5
.4
.3
.2
1
5
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
PAPR
23.9381
19.4187
16.7420
15.7785
14.7339
12.3933
11.1271
9.7424
8.1924
5.9023
4.0933
CCDF
OF
PAPR
10.14
8.54
7.3145
6.783
6.3775
5.526
4.87
4.24
3.532
2.625
1.8
SNR
(BER=
11.65
12.07
12.5
12.712
13.2
13.8265
14.7521
15.75
17.27
20
23.65
A. 6
PAPR
)
1
5
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
23.9381
19.4187
14.4171
13.5847
12.8391
11.3170
10.1279
8.9142
7.4148
5.8346
4.1963
CCDF
OF
PAPR
10.14
8.54
6.291
6.078
5.53
5
4.4434
3.928
3.317
2.526
1.892
SNR
(BER=
11.65
12.07
13.616
13.913
13.838
14.54
15.325
16.4332
18.082
20.237
23.9
Appendix A:
.1
1
.9
.8
.7
.6
.5
.4
.3
.2
.1
1
.9
.8
.7
.6
.5
.4
.3
.2
.1
1
.9
.8
.7
.6
.5
.4
.3
.2
.1
1
.9
.8
.7
.6
.5
.4
.3
.2
.1
10
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
2.1028
13.7103
12.5344
11.5140
10.4388
9.6178
8.4340
7.2406
5.7490
3.7918
2.2351
11.6535
11.1455
10.2693
9.9933
9.0562
7.7808
6.5612
5.3972
3.7525
2.0379
10.3556
10.3901
9.7716
8.9933
8.8132
7.6750
6.3892
5.5562
3.9753
2.2114
9.6991
9.6399
9.0726
8.7749
8.2079
7.0926
6.6478
6.0873
3.6976
2.1337
Tables of Results
.932
5.76
5.465
5.02
4.538
4.18
3.6
3.15
2.5
1.686
.882
5.08
4.803
4.492
4.2685
3.94
3.412
2.8765
2.306
1.668
.908
4.592
4.5
4.3
3.935
3.64
3.366
2.83
2.446
1.705
.9335
4.42
4.282
3.95
3.707
3.488
3.124
2.889
2.24
1.6
.89
29.6
14.7383
14.71
14.7
15.37
16
17.0828
18
20.627
23.78
30
16.58
16.82
16.26
16.478
16.93
17.424
18.893
21
24.4
29.6
20
18.3715
17.725
17.65
17.43
18.128
19.15
21.25
23.88
29.6
30
21.9
20
18.85
19.337
18.9814
19.16
21.5175
24.36
29.6
A. 7
20
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
2.0352
12.4590
11.7370
10.8267
10.1572
9.0205
8.3535
7.3063
5.4107
3.8688
2.1230
11.7483
10.3340
10.2586
9.5086
8.4069
7.8869
6.5492
5.2164
4.0939
2.1340
10.4009
10.2191
9.6145
8.7912
8.0294
7.5870
6.6794
5.1697
3.6822
2.0227
10.0104
9.7016
9.2385
8.2944
7.9701
7.1942
6.2888
5.0748
3.6944
2.0774
.892
5.417
5.2
4.7
4.5
4
3.62
3.05
2.4
1.6785
.885
4.6
4.515
4.483
4.0443
3.685
3.5
2.6864
2.2685
1.6474
.8863
4.6
4.2185
4.288
3.84
3.56
3.3025
3
2.28
1.626
.88
4.225
4.238
4.0666
3.65
3.504
3.2
2.755
2.275
1.63
.9
29.4665
15.6865
15.9
16
15.68
16.4
17.612
18.95
20.778
23.8868
30
18.2856
17.52
17.08
17.36
17.085
18
19.03
21.056
23.888
29.6
24.085
20
19.1
17.638
18.18
17.3734
19.4576
21.188
24.158
29.6
30
24.5
20.46
18.745
19.13
19.45
19.816
21.6
24.4
29.6
Appendix A:
Tables of Results
CR
X1
PAPR
Y1
5
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
87.6
90
100
120
140
160
2
2
2
2
2
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
10.4351
7.9653
8.7683
9.3538
7.0551
8.0339
8.1579
7.8844
7.7334
7.6864
6.9071
7.3797
7.4983
6.0222
7.7668
8.9350
9.4069
9.6938
9.9243
10.0605
10.2273
10.3528
10.3977
9.6486
10.5186
10.5814
10.6902
10.7995
8.4710
6.7264
5.5582
5.0863
4.7994
4.5689
4.4327
4.2659
4.1404
4.0955
4.8446
3.9746
3.9118
3.8030
3.6937
2.7730
1.6650
1.6433
1.4150
1.1950
1.2070
1.1400
0.9340
0.9127
0.8872
0.9250
0.8150
0.8535
2.5507
3.3527
3.9350
4.1477
4.2927
4.3647
4.4577
4.5147
4.5762
4.5819
4.6037
4.6527
4.7362
4.7527
4.7847
A. 8
CCDF of
PAPR
3.867
3.065
2.4827
2.27
2.125
2.053
1.96
1.903
1.8415
1.8358
1.814
1.765
1.6815
1.665
1.633
Z1
2.5095
3.1882
2.5760
1.8420
2.2000
2.3762
2.4280
2.6545
2.8042
2.7380
2.6547
2.9200
3.0930
-2.3226
-4.1639
-6.2321
-7.3901
-8.2321
-8.6129
-8.9201
-9.7076
-9.6871
-9.8661
-9.7321
-9.9321
-10.0021
-10.3171
-10.8121
SNR
(BER=
)
11.0905
12.9318
15
16.158
17
17.3808
17.688
18.4755
18.455
18.634
18.5
18.7
18.77
19.085
19.58
Appendix A:
180
200
5
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
87.6
90
5
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
87.6
90
5
2
2
2
4
4
3
3
3
2
2
2
1.5
11.6867
8.8266
9.3274
9.8178
7.5657
8.5241
8.6321
8.2973
8.0553
8.0755
8.0445
13.0333
9.7802
10.0069
10.5073
8.1122
8.9745
9.0741
8.6284
8.5552
8.3071
8.4543
13.4875
10.8244
10.8726
5.0548
6.4091
7.2751
7.6519
7.9854
8.1955
8.3157
8.4212
8.4557
8.5678
8.5670
3.7345
4.6958
5.2877
5.6745
5.8650
5.9790
6.0908
6.0854
6.2887
6.1325
6.3099
2.9643
Tables of Results
3.6688
3.6206
7.2194
5.8651
4.9991
4.6223
4.2888
4.0787
3.9585
3.8530
3.8185
3.7064
3.7072
5.8728
4.9115
4.3196
3.9328
3.7423
3.6283
3.5165
3.5219
3.3186
3.4748
3.2974
5.4186
3.4560
2.1970
2.0140
1.7750
1.5435
1.5333
1.4440
1.2262
1.1762
1.1790
1.1990
4.1750
2.7300
2.5260
2.2375
1.9420
1.9300
1.8065
1.6420
1.5542
1.5230
1.5570
4.64
4.8297
4.8657
2.1710
2.8220
3.2430
3.4450
3.5785
3.6283
3.6990
3.7442
3.7770
3.8110
3.8150
1.6566
2.1216
2.5216
2.6741
2.7436
2.7916
2.8281
2.9266
2.9216
2.9216
2.9396
1.6257
1.588
1.552
3.184
2.533
2.112
1.91
1.7765
1.7267
1.656
1.6108
1.578
1.544
1.54
2.465
2
1.6
1.4475
1.378
1.33
1.2935
1.195
1.2
1.2
1.182
2
1.6000
2.1200
1.4040
0.8800
1.4000
1.2927
1.3397
2.0412
2.0229
1.8220
1.9285
-3.0400
-2.6729
-2.8240
-2.7420
-1.8000
-2.7930
-2.1605
-1.7200
-1.2408
-1.4280
-3.0453
-16.4
Table A.14 (RCF+ ) Results and compared with the results of each of (RCF) and ( companding)
A. 9
-10.9921
-11.1128
-2.5860
-4.5860
-6.7580
-7.7060
-8.3860
-9.0503
-9.3623
-9.6748
-9.8223
-10.1360
-9.8122
-4.5120
-6.6649
-8.2720
-8.6140
-8.8720
-10.4220
-10.1485
-10.7220
-10.3720
-10.6720
-12.0720
0
19.76
19.8807
12
14
16.172
17.12
17.8
18.4643
18.7763
19.0888
19.2363
19.55
19.2262
16.64
18.7929
20.4
20.742
21
22.55
22.2765
22.85
22.5
22.8
24.2
30
Appendix A:
5
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
255
5
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Tables of Results
CR
X1
PAPR
Y1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
4
4
4
4
8.3398
8.7462
10.6280
8.5826
8.1186
8.3905
8.5050
9.1783
11.6283
8.0138
7.5968
7.5493
8.2890
7.8826
8.3477
8.0239
7.1092
11.8374
7.7076
9.6333
9.7698
11.4793
9.3130
8.8229
9.0029
9.0355
9.7156
5.3998
6.6924
7.8639
8.4402
8.7665
9.0215
9.2655
9.4478
9.5714
9.6486
9.6758
9.9283
10.0443
10.1675
10.2551
10.2748
10.3302
10.4162
10.4574
4.4743
5.4970
6.4962
6.9516
7.2518
7.4149
7.5770
7.7661
9.0934
7.8008
6.6293
6.0530
5.7267
5.4717
5.2277
5.0454
4.9218
4.8446
4.8174
4.5649
4.4489
4.3257
4.2381
4.2184
4.1630
4.0770
4.0358
7.7999
6.7772
5.7780
5.3226
5.0224
4.8593
4.6972
4.5081
2.3230
2.2700
2.1110
1.6640
1.4470
1.3690
1.3100
1.3860
1.1230
1.1540
1.0110
0.9738
1.0600
0.9080
1.0160
0.9200
0.8325
1.0750
0.9300
2.9530
2.8265
2.5780
2.1220
1.8440
1.7330
1.6600
1.7260
2.3247
2.9177
3.4507
3.6817
3.8647
3.9867
4.0677
4.1577
4.2107
4.2717
4.3087
4.3915
4.4177
4.4597
4.5537
4.5777
4.6052
4.6427
4.6677
1.8920
2.4115
2.8550
3.0770
3.1990
3.2880
3.3550
3.4350
3
3
3
A. 10
CCDF OF
PAPR
4.093
3.5
2.967
2.736
2.553
2.431
2.35
2.26
2.207
2.146
2.109
2.0262
2
1.958
1.864
1.84
1.8125
1.775
1.75
3.463
2.9435
2.5
2.278
2.156
2.067
2
1.92
Z1
2.7063
2.8310
2.7100
2.9360
2.8084
3.0554
2.8770
2.7650
2.9880
2.7524
2.9370
2.7300
2.8215
2.7580
2.8232
2.7820
2.8935
2.9780
2.7810
1.8508
1.7762
2.1180
2.1650
1.7760
1.8700
1.8585
2.1287
-1.8621
-3.0411
-4.7721
-5.4611
-6.1737
-6.4467
-7.1321
-7.4671
-7.7181
-8.0797
-8.2951
-8.7821
-8.9106
-8.9491
-9.4589
-9.4501
-9.5771
-9.8541
-9.9191
-2.0715
-3.4498
-4.7180
-5.5860
-6.5600
-6.9860
-7.5045
-7.4573
SNR
(BER=
)
10.63
11.809
13.54
14.229
14.9416
15.2146
15.9
16.235
16.486
16.8476
17.063
17.55
17.6785
17.717
18.2268
18.218
18.345
18.622
18.687
11.4855
12.8638
14.132
15
15.974
16.4
16.9185
16.8713
Appendix A:
80
90
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
255
5
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
12.1143
8.4708
8.0750
7.9673
8.6065
8.2211
8.7098
8.4603
7.9536
12.2074
8.0323
10.9878
10.9800
12.1035
10.1735
9.4721
9.5534
9.7161
10.2669
12.6705
9.0121
8.6436
8.5096
9.1446
8.7169
8.9937
8.7313
7.9605
12.5271
7.8384
7.8866
7.9350
8.1273
8.1428
8.2870
8.3982
8.4922
8.9556
8.5672
8.5631
3.1619
4.0403
4.4535
5.1452
5.2341
5.2985
5.5907
5.6505
5.7277
5.7610
5.8367
6.0027
6.0140
6.1159
6.0152
6.0963
6.2956
6.2200
Tables of Results
4.4358
4.3876
4.3392
4.1469
4.1314
3.9872
3.8760
3.7820
3.3186
3.7070
3.7111
6.4454
5.5670
5.1538
4.4621
4.3732
4.3088
4.0166
3.9568
3.8796
3.8463
3.7706
3.6046
3.5933
3.4914
3.5921
3.5110
3.3117
3.3873
1.4350
1.4885
1.3600
1.3040
1.3750
1.2240
1.2734
1.2350
1.0450
1.3300
1.1800
3.7600
3.5200
3.1310
2.6080
2.3440
2.1870
2.1380
2.1940
1.8640
1.8850
1.7370
1.6740
1.7565
1.5840
1.6390
1.5600
1.4520
1.6650
A. 11
3.4600
3.5435
3.5950
3.6590
3.6700
3.7130
3.7484
3.8300
3.7550
3.8350
3.8550
1.4656
1.8716
2.1746
2.3296
2.4656
2.5086
2.5996
2.6696
2.6556
2.7066
2.7386
2.7956
2.8181
2.8396
2.8806
2.9216
2.9286
2.9366
1.895
1.8115
1.76
1.696
1.685
1.642
1.6066
1.525
1.6
1.52
1.5
2.656
2.25
1.947
1.792
1.656
1.613
1.522
1.452
1.466
1.415
1.383
1.326
1.3035
1.282
1.241
1.2
1.193
1.185
2.2240
2.1840
2.2374
2.2800
2.0000
1.8250
2.1320
1.6372
2.0058
2.2420
1.4680
-1.6637
-2.6100
-2.6250
-1.6850
-1.8810
-1.6875
-1.2230
-2.1380
-2.2047
-1.7000
-1.7400
-1.7200
-1.9200
-2.1100
-1.1377
-1.2575
-1.7615
-0.9850
-7.8360
-8.0020
-8.3486
- 8.5860
-9.0860
-9.2360
-9.5040
-9.9488
-9.8187
-9.9440
-10.5860
-2.8720
-5.1220
-6.7470
-6.7220
-7.5030
-7.8295
-7.8720
-9.0100
-9.5507
-9.1720
-9.6120
-9.8720
-10.2920
-10.4570
-10.0597
-10.1295
-10.8720
-10.4570
17.25
17.416
17.7626
18
18.5
18.65
18.918
19.3628
19.2327
19.358
20
15
17.25
18.875
18.85
19.631
19.9575
20
21.138
21.6787
21.3
21.74
22
22.42
22.585
22.1877
22.2575
23
22.585
Appendix A:
255
5
2
2
8.3049
11.8784
1.5
6.1688
2.8281
Tables of Results
3.4385
5.5548
1.5205
4.1715
2.9621
1.4805
1.1595
2.2445
-1.4387
-16.6637
-10.7787
0
22.9067
>30
Table A.15 (RCF+ RCT) Results and compared with the results of each of (RCF) and (RCT)
R
.9
.8
.7
.6
.5
.4
.3
.2
.1
.9
.8
.7
.6
.5
.4
.3
.2
.1
.9
.8
.7
I
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
CR
X1
PAPR
Y1
8.4451
8.8719
7.0561
5.5844
5.5235
4.5640
3.1480
2.2574
0.9227
10.5065
10.7468
8.7402
7.0046
6.7408
5.5512
3.9120
2.7595
1.1778
12.9726
12.9771
10.6546
1.0752
2.2340
3.4202
4.7229
6.0903
7.5280
9.0883
10.7618
12.5433
0.9176
1.8899
2.8853
3.9241
5.0886
6.2962
7.6333
9.0449
10.5794
0.7168
1.4533
2.1328
13.4180
12.2592
11.0730
9.7703
8.4029
6.9652
5.4049
3.7314
1.9499
11.3566
10.3843
9.3889
8.3501
7.1856
5.9780
4.6409
3.2293
1.6948
8.8905
8.1540
7.4745
3.4485
3.0435
3.0450
2.2125
2.0020
1.6643
1.2494
0.8589
0.3630
4.4625
3.8165
3.8460
2.9393
2.5280
2.0849
1.5900
1.0745
0.4965
5.5790
5.0235
4.8455
0.3162
0.7797
1.4047
1.9477
2.5847
3.2605
3.9571
4.7021
5.5127
0.2675
0.4900
1.1430
1.6118
2.0480
2.6184
3.2350
3.8550
4.5835
0.1506
0.4636
0.9091
3
3
2
2
2
A. 12
CCDF OF
PAPR
6.1015
5.638
5.013
4.47
3.833
3.1572
2.4606
1.7156
0.905
5.0875
4.865
4.212
3.7432
3.307
2.7366
2.12
1.5
.7715
3.971
3.658
3.2125
Z1
2.7795
2.9000
3.0902
2.8434
2.7734
2.8350
2.7515
3.0366
2.3826
2.0289
2.2570
2.0987
2.4765
2.2000
2.3021
2.0918
2.2500
1.8866
-0.7535
-1.1263
-0.9963
-0.1291
-0.3191
-0.5556
-1.7887
-2.9087
-4.5421
-7.0056
-10.4455
-17.1495
-0.2336
-0.3160
-0.9010
-1.5095
-2.8360
-4.4289
-7.0192
-10.5860
-16.9994
-0.3020
-0.9853
-1.2820
SNR
(BER=
)
8.897
9.087
9.3235
10.5566
11.6766
13.31
15.7735
19.2134
25.9174
9.6476
9.73
10.315
10.9235
12.25
13.8429
16.4332
20
26.4134
12.43
13.1133
13.41
Appendix A:
.6
.5
.4
.3
.2
.1
.9
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1.5
8.7222
8.2882
6.8280
4.8319
3.4152
1.5161
13.9836
2.9748
3.9691
4.9061
5.8863
7.0337
8.2508
.5034
Tables of Results
6.6325
5.6382
4.7012
3.7210
2.5736
1.3565
7.8795
3.7330
3.3380
2.7185
2.0413
1.4145
0.6680
6.201
1.1721
1.6246
2.0186
2.4529
2.9616
3.5216
.2767
2.9495
2.497
2.103
1.6687
1.16
0.6
3.349
-1.3655
-0.7285
-1.2550
-1.4750
-0.9680
-1.0090
-183235
-2.6375
-3.0505
-5.2720
-7.8720
-11.0900
-17.1810
0
14.7655
15.1785
17.4
20
23.218
29.309
> 30
Table A.16 (RCF+AEXP) Results and compared with the results of each of (RCF) and (AEXP companding)
d
CR
X1
PAPR
Y1
2
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1
.9
4.8
.7
.6
.5
.4
4
4
4
4
4
1.6576
2.0456
1.6168
0.9849
0.8895
0.8895
0.7767
0.6955
0.5710
0.5453
0.5075
0.4226
0.3368
0.3553
0.2150
0.2011
0.1356
3.0697
3.5148
3.9117
4.2608
4.6865
5.2963
5.6554
6.2072
6.6142
7.0862
7.6233
8.1658
8.7494
9.3232
9.9190
10.5599
11.2249
11.4235
10.9784
10.5815
10.2324
9.8067
9.1969
8.8378
8.2860
7.8790
7.4070
6.8699
6.3274
5.7438
5.1700
4.5742
3.9333
3.2683
0.3643
0.4800
0.4185
0.4080
0.3930
0.3410
0.2839
0.2534
0.2895
0.2820
0.2475
0.2760
0.2575
0.2310
0.1875
0.2485
0.1400
1.6287
1.7577
1.9177
2.0557
2.2257
2.4007
2.5551
2.6911
2.9012
3.1002
3.2912
3.5017
3.7552
4.0117
4.2652
4.5587
4.8177
A. 13
CCDF OF
PAPR
4.789
4.66
4.5
4.362
4.192
4..017
3.8626
3.7266
3.5165
3.3175
3.1265
2.916
2.6625
2.406
2.1525
1.859
1.6
Z1
4.2300
3.9830
4.0281
3.7540
3.5558
3.4196
3.9685
3.9000
4.6170
4.0570
4.1153
4.0250
6.5750
15.5893
13.8000
0.7900
0
-1.7321
-1.9491
-2.0620
-1.9281
-1.8763
-2.1263
-1.8321
-1.6321
-1.9451
-2.0251
-2.4168
-3.5071
-3.9021
-5.6428
-7.4321
-20.4421
-21.2321
SNR
(BER=
)
10.5
10.717
10.8299
10.696
10.6442
10.8942
10.6
10.4
10.713
10.793
11.1847
12.275
12.67
14.4107
16.2
29.21
> 30
Appendix A:
2
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1
.9
.8
.7
.6
.5
.4
2
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1
.9
3
3
3
2
2
2
2.6002
2.9078
2.3311
1.9316
-1.6855
1.5155
1.3912
1.2246
1.1408
1.0906
0.9998
0.8470
0.6953
0.6599
0.4746
0.4315
0.3165
3.7697
4.0878
3.2999
3.1314
2.9557
2.7710
2.6346
2.3627
2.2259
2.0747
1.8764
1.7267
1.7933
2.1580
2.4070
2.9885
3.2635
3.7233
4.0509
4.5173
4.9650
5.4125
5.8966
6.3712
6.8889
7.4088
7.9596
8.5713
9.1868
0.2959
0.6711
0.7089
1.5214
1.8668
2.3119
2.6274
2.9885
3.3832
3.7297
4.1063
4.5840
10.4809
10.1162
9.8672
9.2857
9.0107
8.5509
8.2233
7.7569
7.3092
6.8617
6.3776
5.9030
5.3853
4.8654
4.3146
3.7029
3.0874
9.3114
8.9362
8.8984
8.0859
7.7405
7.2954
6.9799
6.6188
6.2241
5.8776
5.5010
5.0233
Tables of Results
0.6733
0.8370
0.6955
0.7300
0.6150
0.5820
0.5390
0.5370
0.5380
0.4970
0.4495
0.4920
0.4200
0.3505
0.3400
0.3125
0.2740
1.3368
1.4775
1.3285
1.3250
1.2940
1.1373
1.0605
1.0460
1.0160
0.9575
0.8755
0.8580
0.8750
1.0520
1.1320
1.3150
1.3850
1.5790
1.7475
1.9120
2.0870
2.2525
2.4305
2.6550
2.8550
3.0685
3.3550
3.5600
3.8890
0.3051
0.4591
0.5316
0.6766
0.8306
0.9009
1.0356
1.1876
1.3316
1.4796
1.6231
1.7876
A. 14
4.48
4.303
4.223
4.04
3.97
3.776
3.6075
3.443
3.268
3.1025
2.9245
2.7
2.5
2.2865
2
1.795
1.466
3.8165
3.6625
3.59
3.445
3.291
3.2207
3.086
2.934
2.79
2.642
2.4985
2.334
3.2800
3.2458
3.6960
2.9420
2.4616
2.9138
3.0907
2.7642
3.5735
2.6963
3.1313
3.3500
5.4050
15.2617
9.1820
0
0
-1.0610
-3.5845
-4.1178
-4.8455
-4.3000
-5.0002
-3.6315
-4.1380
-5.6200
-7.6500
-6.3838
-4.0670
-2.0360
-2.0402
-1.7480
-2.0940
-2.3244
-1.9860
-2.0638
-2.1218
-2.3425
-2.7397
-2.7547
-3.5360
-4.4260
-5.3243
-11.4040
-20.5860
-20.5860
-3.6630
-6.1565
-6.8478
-7.1675
-6.3720
-7.1860
-6.0720
-6.3100
-8.8220
-9.5558
-10.3720
-8.2390
11.45
11.4542
11.162
11.508
11.7384
11.4
11.4778
11.5358
11.7565
12.1537
12.1687
12.95
13.84
14.7383
20.818
> 30
> 30
15.791
18.2845
18.9758
19.2955
18.5
19.314
18.2
18.438
20.95
22.5
21.6838
20.367
Appendix A:
.8
.7
.6
.5
.4
2
1.5
1.4732
1.3760
1.0899
0.9386
0.7417
4.7537
4.9999
5.4580
5.9080
6.4115
6.9451
.0555
Tables of Results
4.6074
4.1493
3.6993
3.1958
2.6622
8.3274
0.7860
0.6705
0.5820
0.6000
0.4680
1.7799
1.9876
2.1551
2.3636
2.6141
2.8496
.4116
2.134
1.9665
1.758
1.5075
1.272
3.3734
-2.5675
-0.9000
0
0
0
-15.27
-9.6845
-16.9720
-17.8720
-17.8720
-17.8720
0
21.8125
29.1
>30
>30
>30
>30
Table A.17 (RCF+ cos) Results and compared with the results of each of (RCF) and (cos companding)
y
CR
X1
PAPR
Y1
1
.9
.8
.7
.6
.5
.4
.3
.2
.1
1
.9
.8
.7
.6
.5
.4
.3
3.0167
2.7783
2.4748
2.0799
1.7684
1.4604
1.1521
0.8658
4.7448
4.3655
3.9220
3.2140
2.7977
2.2782
1.8853
1.4064
12.5439
11.6223
10.6347
9.5893
8.5374
7.3086
6.0541
4.7101
3.2819
1.7016
10.8158
10.0351
9.1875
8.4552
7.5081
6.4908
5.3209
4.1695
1.3219
1.2531
1.1279
0.9978
0.7710
0.6732
0.5450
0.4597
1.9493
2.8709
3.8585
4.9039
5.9558
7.1846
8.4391
9.7831
11.2113
12.7916
1.4584
2.2391
3.0867
3.8190
4.7661
5.7834
6.9533
8.1047
0.8896
1.2548
1.6806
2.1340
2.5857
3.1359
3.6837
4.2774
4.9241
5.6361
0.5467
0.9077
1.2406
1.5801
2.0047
2.4661
2.9620
3.4718
2.0417
1.9687
1.7506
1.5066
1.2527
1.0661
0.8860
0.7168
A. 15
CCDF OF
PAPR
5.5281
5.1629
4.7371
4.2837
3.832
3.2818
2.734
2.1403
1.4936
.7816
4.8083
4.4473
4.1144
3.7749
3.3503
2.8889
2.393
1.8832
Z1
2.7245
2.9981
2.8724
3.2051
3.3736
3.2650
3.3207
4.4287
-0.3076
-0.4590
-0.9397
-1.4110
-2.3970
-3.8271
-5.4714
-8.1034
> -21.2321
> -21.2321
-0.3250
-0.4264
-1.0708
-1.4924
-2.7060
-3.8565
-5.9436
-7.7338
2.0610
2.3846
2.0952
2.4776
2.4185
2.5895
2.2024
4.1522
SNR
(BER=
)
9.0755
9.2269
9.7076
10.1789
11.1649
12.595
14.2393
16.8713
29.6
30
9.739
9.8404
10.4848
10.9064
12.12
13.2705
15.3576
17.1478
Appendix A:
.2
.1
1
.9
.8
.7
.6
.5
.4
.3
.2
7.1336
6.4694
5.7883
5.0089
4.4710
3.6352
2.9108
2.2328
.1
1
1.5
8.2456
Tables of Results
9.3722
10.7498
1.1803
1.6761
2.2861
2.9470
3.7725
4.4735
5.3119
6.2642
7.3113
2.9020
1.5244
8.4270
7.9312
7.3212
6.6603
5.8348
5.1338
4.2954
3.3431
2.2960
8.3921
1.2152
1.0679
7.3150
3.0466
2.8082
2.5530
2.2845
1.9571
1.6068
1.3159
1.0410
3.4937
4.0344
4.6579
0.3182
0.5138
0.8096
1.1246
1.4757
1.7734
2.1585
2.5626
3.0777
1.3206
.6971
3.8034
3.6078
3.312
2.997
2.6459
2.3482
1.9631
1.559
1.0439
3.5707
.5509
0.2694
3.3563
-17.6437
> -20.5860
-0.4563
-0.7894
-1.3324
-2.2901
-2.7810
-6.9048
-4.6413
-17.4720
> -17.8720
-0.7843
-0.6924
-0.8804
-1.0341
-0.3705
-3.1728
-0.7907
-8.3000
> -17.8720
>-18.2000
27.0577
29.6
12.5843
12.9174
13.4604
14.4181
14.909
19.0328
16.7693
29.6
29.6
29.6
29.6
Table A.18 (RCF+NERF) Results and compared with the results of each of (RCF) and (NERF companding)
NERF
CR
X1
PAPR
Y1
4
3
2
1.5
0.9191
1.6395
2.7940
3.0791
5.2328
3.7342
2.2218
1.2825
9.2604
8.5400
7.3855
7.1004
0.4355
0.8685
1.5235
1.8955
2.4177
1.7880
1.2096
1.0857
CCDF OF
PAPR
4
3.567
2.912
2.54
Z1
3.2135
2.7780
-2.3220
-16.3220
-1.6966
-1.4860
-3.8720
-0.4000
SNR
(BER=
)
10.4645
10.9
16
> 30
Table A.19 (RCF+tanhR) Results and compared with the results of each of (RCF) and (tanhR companding)
k
CR
X1
PAPR
A. 16
Y1
CCDF
Z1
SNR
Appendix A:
5
5
5
5
10
10
10
10
15
15
15
15
20
20
20
20
30
30
30
30
40
40
40
40
5
5
5
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
4
4
4
4
2.8874
2.4646
1.6787
0.8605
-3.0836
-1.7229
0.1334
0.6159
-4.7170
-3.0465
-0.5541
0.4601
-4.5883
-3.3107
-1.1082
0.4112
3
3
3
4.9487
4.0556
2.6254
0.6677
3.1106
7.2676
11.8091
2.4784
4.6223
8.2269
12.0589
4.5448
6.2038
8.9972
12.2096
6.5268
7.5875
9.6089
12.3334
9.4116
9.6678
10.5681
12.5057
11.1190
11.0445
11.2677
12.6433
0.5100
2.4826
5.9953
Tables of Results
13.8255
11.3826
7.2256
2.6841
12.0148
9.8709
6.2663
2.4343
9.9484
8.2894
5.4960
2.2836
7.9664
6.9057
4.8843
2.1598
5.0816
4.8254
3.9251
1.9875
3.3742
3.4487
3.2255
1.8499
11.7642
9.7916
6.2789
1.1576
0.8777
0.5861
0.2635
-1.3540
-0.7381
-0.1059
0.1921
-1.9818
-1.3095
-0.3264
0.1342
-2.0457
-1.4458
-0.5220
0.1085
2.0796
1.6441
0.9621
A. 17
0.1677
1.2373
3.1177
5.1537
0.8547
1.9217
3.4837
5.2647
1.8372
2.5817
3.8592
5.3492
2.5492
3.1307
4.1062
5.3947
3.8792
4.0477
4.5127
5.4807
4.5622
4.6592
4.8527
5.5377
0.0270
0.9410
2.4310
OF
PAPR
6.25
5.1804
3.3
1.264
5.563
4.496
2.934
1.153
4.5805
3.836
2.5585
1.0685
3.8685
3.287
2.3115
1.023
2.5385
2.37
1.905
.937
1.8555
1.7585
1.565
.88
5.328
4.414
2.924
3.1158
3.3330
3.5127
4.1231
5.6486
5.2944
4.9151
5.0159
19.8030
12.2656
8.1255
4.8634
19.0682
18.3213
15.0955
7.1422
2.5768
2.8712
2.6994
- 0.2457
-0.5703
-3.3071
-11.8321
-0.2321
-0.8698
-3.9459
-12.2321
-1.0291
-1.4321
-4.5813
-12.9263
-1.7639
-2.5108
-5.7366
-13.0291
-4.7878
-4.8484
-6.9271
-14.4491
-19.5481
-10.3821
-9.1149
-14.5471
-0.1386
-0.3860
-3.4743
(BER=
)
9.0136
9.3382
12.075
20.6
9
9.6377
12.7138
21
9.797
10.2
13.3492
21.6942
10.5318
11.2787
14.5045
21.797
13.5557
13.6163
15.695
23.217
28.316
19.15
17.8828
23.315
9.5526
9.8
12.8883
Appendix A:
5
10
10
10
10
15
15
15
15
20
20
20
20
30
30
30
30
40
40
40
40
50
50
50
50
5
5
5
5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
2
2
3
3
2
2
2
1.1979
-1.6137
-0.5458
0.8648
0.9020
-3.7961
-2.2420
0.0189
0.7330
-4.1116
-2.8070
-0.6404
0.6658
7.3271
5.9194
3.7924
1.6223
9.9275
1.7293
3.5804
6.7393
10.1260
3.2467
4.7893
7.3512
10.2635
4.7845
5.8722
7.8577
10.3690
7.2887
7.6359
8.6651
10.5174
8.8946
8.8910
9.2710
10.6357
9.8817
9.7344
9.7324
9.8883
0.2215
1.6795
4.4954
7.6850
Tables of Results
2.3467
10.5449
8.6938
5.5349
2.1482
9.0275
7.4849
4.9230
2.0107
7.4897
6.4020
4.4165
1.9052
4.9855
4.6383
3.6091
1.7568
3.3796
3.3832
3.0032
1.6385
2.3925
2.5398
2.5418
2.3859
9.3858
7.9278
5.1119
1.9223
0.4465
-0.6095
-0.1761
0.2921
0.3341
-1.5233
-0.9965
-0.1039
0.2677
-1.6947
-1.1964
-0.2755
0.2270
3.2596
3.0001
1.6301
0.6385
A. 18
4.2740
0.5365
1.4210
2.8190
4.3440
1.2330
1.8320
3.0190
4.4200
1.8375
2.3174
3.2900
4.4505
2.8900
3.0680
3.6140
4.5395
3.5970
3.6190
3.9270
4.5790
4.0150
4.0445
4.0990
4.0850
-0.0264
1.0636
1.8656
3.2326
1.081
4.8185
3.934
2.536
1.011
4.122
3.523
2.336
.935
3.5175
3.0376
2.065
.9045
2.465
2.287
1.741
.8155
1.758
1.736
1.428
.776
1.34
1.3105
1.256
1.27
4.148
3.058
2.256
.889
3.0276
4.6886
3.8892
3.9912
3.4909
19.2188
11.2571
7.4021
4.5003
18.1168
17.4851
14.6743
6.0819
-0.4980
-0.1100
-0.8703
-0.9024
-12.2815
-0.5460
-1.6289
-4.2237
-13.1110
-0.9672
-1.7945
-4.6586
-12.6433
-2.0692
-2.7009
-5.5117
-13.4433
-5.1985
-5.6554
-7.1240
-14.2860
-20.5860
-13.3568
-10.2676
-15.1671
>-20.5860
>-20.5860
-15.2120
>-20.5860
-0.4994
-0.6532
-4.3300
-13.4975
21.6955
9.96
11.0429
13.6377
22.525
10.3812
11.2085
14.0726
22.0573
11.4832
12.1149
14.9257
22.8573
14.6125
15.0694
16.538
23.7
>30
22.7708
19.6816
24.5811
>30
>30
24.626
>30
12.6274
12.7812
16.458
25.6255
Appendix A:
10
10
10
10
15
15
15
15
20
20
20
20
30
30
30
30
40
40
40
40
5
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
0.1714
0.8666
1.7957
1.2846
-2.6181
-1.1756
0.7929
1.0662
-3.4074
-2.0768
0.0043
0.9859
1.5
8.0365
0.8475
2.3259
5.0033
7.8417
1.7578
3.1888
5.4583
7.9298
2.8218
3.9355
5.8355
8.0222
4.6925
5.2686
6.4575
8.1430
6.1219
6.2434
6.8934
8.2333
0.0685
Tables of Results
8.7598
7.2814
4.6040
1.7656
7.8495
6.4185
4.1490
1.6775
6.7855
5.6718
3.7718
1.5851
4.9148
4.3387
3.1498
1.4643
3.4854
3.3639
2.7139
1.3740
8.3144
0.3585
0.4979
0.7281
0.5421
-0.9813
-0.3955
0.3171
0.4467
-1.2977
-0.7468
-0.0085
0.3955
0.2711
0.8616
2.0216
3.3186
0.5416
1.1996
2.2066
3.3656
1.0011
1.5336
2.3236
3.3856
1.7481
1.9186
2.6191
3.4246
2.2986
2.4566
2.8286
3.4806
0.0729
3.6052
3.8505
3.26
2.1
.803
3.58
2.922
1.915
0.756
3.1205
2.588
1.798
.736
2.3735
2.203
1.5025
.697
1.823
1.665
1.293
.641
3.5528
2.0108
1.2845
-0.7796
-2.4641
15.0296
7.5001
1.1217
-2.1924
13.0242
12.6110
6.3155
-0.6608
>-18.0900
-0.5098
-1.5196
-6.2805
-16.3520
-2.4424
-2.8375
-8.2250
-16.6220
-4.4478
-4.8610
-11.1565
-17.4720
-17.8720
-14.4193
-17.3187
>-17.8720
>-17.8720
>-17.8720
>-17.8720
>-17.8720
0
12.6378
13.6476
18.4085
28.48
14.5704
14.9655
20.353
28.75
16.5758
16.989
23.2845
29.6
>30
26.5473
29.4467
>30
>>30
>>30
>30
>30
>30
Table A.20 (RCF+logR) Results and compared with the results of each of (RCF) and (logR companding)
K
CR
5
5
5
1
.8
.5
4
4
4
X1
PAPR
1.2906
3.5653
7.4063
13.2026
10.9279
7.0869
Y1
0.5137
1.4507
3.1367
A. 19
CCDF OF
PAPR
5.904
4.967
3.281
Z1
-0.2189
-0.5014
-3.8893
SNR
(BER=
)
8.9868
9.2693
12.6572
Appendix A:
5
10
10
10
10
20
20
20
20
30
30
30
30
40
40
40
40
50
50
50
50
70
70
70
70
90
90
90
90
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4.4581
4.5315
3.0208
1.2544
3.3770
3.5281
2.5891
1.4327
3.4707
2.7496
2.3515
1.0726
2.8036
2.4673
2.4487
1.1876
2.4698
2.2419
2.0257
1.0953
1.8443
2.2212
2.1335
1.3557
1.6931
1.8910
1.7246
1.1122
11.5744
2.2093
4.2908
7.7716
11.6543
3.4531
5.1822
8.1681
11.7296
4.2536
5.7288
8.4107
11.7740
4.8378
6.1338
8.5884
11.8120
5.3095
6.4658
8.7381
11.8360
5.9819
6.9428
8.9517
11.8736
6.4872
7.3116
9.1252
11.9078
Tables of Results
2.9188
12.2839
10.2024
6.7216
2.8389
11.0401
9.3110
6.3251
2.7636
10.2396
8.7644
6.0825
2.7192
9.6554
8.3594
5.9048
2.6812
9.1837
8.0274
5.7551
2.6572
8.5113
7.5504
5.5415
2.6196
8.0060
7.1816
5.3680
2.5854
1.7353
1.6805
1.1055
0.4720
1.1940
1.2650
1.0200
0.5980
1.0538
0.9815
0.7820
0.4210
1.0170
0.8890
0.8983
0.4235
0.8367
0.7788
0.7408
0.4230
0.7005
0.8415
0.8038
0.4858
0.7215
0.6245
0.6245
0.3890
A. 20
5.0617
0.8385
1.7207
3.2832
5.0897
1.3207
2.1527
3.5097
5.1237
1.7115
2.3792
3.5997
5.1527
2.0177
2.6067
3.6960
5.1627
2.1744
2.7045
3.7465
5.1727
2.5262
2.9592
3.8555
5.1985
2.7192
3.0922
3.9182
5.2067
1.356
5.5792
4.697
3.1345
1.328
5.097
4.265
2.908
1.294
4.7062
4.0385
2.818
1.265
4.4
3.811
2.7217
1.255
4.2433
3.7132
2.6712
1.245
3.8915
3.4585
2.5622
1.2192
3.6985
3.3255
2.4995
1.211
3.3237
3.5893
2.9930
3.2073
3.9373
3.8130
3.5467
3.3966
4.9448
4.3135
3.6750
2.9800
5.4633
5.4110
4.1120
3.2819
6.1574
5.0437
3.7357
3.5624
9.0967
6.4961
4.5018
3.0288
18.2150
7.8815
5.0814
3.7194
-11.8750
-0.4084
-0.8428
-3.9891
-11.6748
-0.9108
-1.2571
-4.1186
-11.7355
-1.0256
-1.6186
-4.6399
-12.0321
-1.4553
-1.8211
-4.7321
-11.8370
-1.6547
-2.4484
-4.9204
-12.0697
-2.1354
-2.4610
-4.8583
-12.0833
-3.0171
-3.3506
-5.1321
-11.8727
20.6429
9.1763
9.6107
12.757
20.4427
9.6787
10.025
12.8865
20.5034
9.7935
10.3865
13.4078
20.8
10.2232
10.589
13.5
20.6049
10.4226
11.2163
13.6883
20.8376
10.9033
11.2289
13.6262
20.8512
11.785
12.1185
13.9
20.6406
Appendix A:
5
5
5
5
10
10
10
10
20
20
20
20
30
30
30
30
40
40
40
40
50
50
50
50
70
70
70
70
90
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
6.2371
5.9788
3.9290
1.6290
4.8603
4.7576
3.4143
1.7983
4.8063
3.9069
3.1544
1.4254
4.0178
3.5545
3.2209
1.5353
3.6384
3.2426
2.7517
1.4373
2.9375
3.2059
2.8683
1.6943
2.6972
1.0477
2.9539
6.1589
9.7371
1.7693
3.5191
6.4608
9.8099
2.7174
4.1927
6.7743
9.8762
3.3702
4.6671
6.9946
9.9078
3.8330
5.0020
7.1416
9.9407
4.2591
5.2475
7.2451
9.9590
4.8561
5.7085
7.4675
9.9932
5.2723
Tables of Results
11.2265
9.3203
6.1153
2.5371
10.5049
8.7551
5.8134
2.4643
9.5568
8.0815
5.4999
2.3980
8.9040
7.6071
5.2796
2.3664
8.4412
7.2722
5.1326
2.3335
8.0151
7.0267
5.0291
2.3152
7.4181
6.5657
4.8067
2.2810
7.0019
2.6175
2.4579
1.5920
0.6580
1.9060
1.8177
1.3930
0.7803
1.7293
1.4890
1.1335
0.5853
1.5754
1.4000
1.2790
0.5945
1.4450
1.2997
1.1300
-0.1060
1.1777
1.2800
1.1529
0.6430
1.1900
A. 21
0.2240
1.0718
2.5305
4.1768
0.6580
1.4354
2.7070
4.2130
0.9700
1.6427
2.8200
4.2433
1.3243
1.8240
2.8885
4.2543
1.5134
2.0550
3.0140
4.2710
1.7200
2.1627
3.0730
3.5810
1.9407
2.3350
3.1419
4.2930
2.1250
5.131
4.2832
2.8245
1.1782
4.697
3.9196
2.648
1.142
4.385
3.7123
2.535
1.1117
4.0307
3.531
2.4665
1.1007
3.8416
3.3
2.341
1.084
3.635
3.1923
2.282
1.774
3.4143
3.02
2.2131
1.062
3.23
2.7294
3.0403
2.0783
2.4248
3.1218
2.9968
2.6157
2.6000
4.1696
3.2438
2.9597
2.4858
4.3566
4.4867
3.6694
2.7652
4.5271
3.6600
3.0435
2.9000
7.5555
5.2071
3.7626
2.2988
16.9738
-0.1171
-1.1021
-3.5519
-11.7935
-0.3566
-0.7457
-4.2577
-11.8112
-1.0802
-1.4272
-4.4035
-11.8860
-1.1547
-2.0422
-4.7091
-11.8802
-1.9159
-2.0993
-4.5286
-11.7076
-2.6389
-3.1860
-4.9665
-12.0860
-3.0305
-3.1039
-4.9514
-12.1672
-3.6122
9.5311
10.5161
12.9659
21.2075
9.7706
10.1597
13.6717
21.2252
10.4942
10.8412
13.8175
21.3
10.5687
11.4562
14.1231
21.2942
11.3299
11.5133
13.9426
21.1216
12.0529
12.6
14.3805
21.5
12.4445
12.5179
14.3654
21.5812
13.0262
Appendix A:
90
90
90
5
5
5
5
10
10
10
10
20
20
20
20
30
30
30
30
40
40
40
40
50
50
50
50
70
70
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2.8076
2.4246
1.4463
8.2868
7.6483
5.0356
2.1069
6.6065
6.3082
4.4669
2.2520
6.3973
5.3452
4.2164
1.9076
5.6362
4.8415
4.2284
1.9958
5.0052
4.5085
3.7058
1.8782
4.2424
4.3524
6.0092
7.6062
10.0229
0.6047
2.1294
4.6828
7.5585
1.1521
2.5217
4.9005
7.6209
1.7967
3.0764
5.1600
7.6630
2.2943
3.4385
5.3897
7.7231
2.7845
3.6221
5.4822
7.7343
2.9590
3.8465
5.5323
7.7330
3.4941
4.1881
Tables of Results
6.2650
4.6680
2.2513
9.0026
7.4779
4.9245
2.0488
8.4552
7.0856
4.7068
1.9864
7.8106
6.5309
4.4473
1.9443
7.3130
6.1688
4.2176
1.8842
6.8228
5.9852
4.1251
1.8730
6.6483
5.7608
4.0750
1.8743
6.1132
5.4192
1.0630
0.9726
0.5540
3.4773
3.2775
2.1470
0.9035
2.9073
2.6340
1.9210
1.0097
2.5700
2.2390
1.6813
0.8307
2.3297
2.0360
1.7700
0.8282
2.1132
1.9000
1.5884
0.8302
1.8590
1.8465
A. 22
2.4680
3.2036
4.3090
0.2136
0.7711
1.9060
3.2011
0.2844
1.0216
2.0286
3.2251
0.7379
1.2256
2.1146
3.2393
0.9316
1.3406
2.2029
3.2663
1.0343
1.4576
2.2716
3.2713
1.1548
1.5296
2.2980
3.2838
1.3886
1.6681
2.887
2.1514
1.046
3.908
3.3505
2.2156
0.9205
3.8372
3.1
2.093
.8965
3.3837
2.896
2.007
.8823
3.19
2.781
1.9187
.8553
3.0873
2.664
1.85
.8503
2.9668
2.592
1.8236
.8378
2.733
2.4535
6.3905
4.4034
3.1088
-0.1639
-0.9584
-2.4240
-2.1900
-0.8286
-2.3474
-1.8076
-2.2310
0.5122
-0.7515
-1.0756
-1.9290
-1.4135
-1.9750
-1.3729
-1.6906
-1.6049
-0.9329
-2.2943
-2.1000
-0.4088
-1.8350
-4.1955
-5.1640
-11.8372
-0.6420
-1.7059
-5.2076
-13.3424
-0.5359
-2.0304
-6.0460
-13.7120
-2.3166
-4.0574
-6.1128
-14.0030
-2.0981
-3.3235
-6.0304
-13.5810
-4.9720
-5.8470
-6.8569
-13.4494
-6.0569
-5.0649
-7.5903
-14.3720
-8.2808
-7.4320
13.6095
14.578
21.2512
12.77
13.8339
17.3356
25.4704
12.6639
14.1584
18.174
25.84
14.4446
16.1854
18.2408
26.131
14.2261
15.4515
18.1584
25.709
17.1
17.975
18.9849
25.5774
18.1849
17.1929
19.7183
26.5
20.4088
19.56
Appendix A:
70
70
90
90
90
90
5
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
1.5
3.7415
2.1221
3.8737
3.9332
3.2689
1.8688
11.4446
5.6738
7.7541
3.7819
4.4679
5.7836
7.7785
0.4088
Tables of Results
3.9335
1.8532
5.8254
5.1394
3.8237
1.8288
7.9741
1.5870
0.8657
1.7740
1.6365
1.3934
0.7643
5.1875
2.3426
3.2823
1.4756
1.8081
2.3910
3.2859
0.2732
1.779
.8393
2.646
2.3135
1.7306
.8357
3.3525
-2.1860
-3.5928
0.8250
-4.0838
-2.2159
-3.1778
>-17.9300
-8.1860
-15.3448
-17.0470
-11.9558
-9.0693
-15.4098
0
20.314
27.4728
29.175
24.0838
21.1973
27.5378
>30
CR
X1
PAPR
Y1
5
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
10.6770
8.1290
8.8708
9.4736
7.1833
8.1376
8.2792
7.9605
5.9547
7.6211
8.7281
9.2173
9.5126
9.7186
9.8724
9.9940
8.2291
6.5627
5.4557
4.9665
4.6712
4.4652
4.3114
4.1898
2.9485
1.8080
1.7175
1.5030
1.2752
1.3045
1.2560
1.0095
2.3735
3.1430
3.6565
3.8830
4.0202
4.1095
4.2210
4.2375
A. 23
CCDF OF
PAPR
3.6915
2.922
2.4085
2.182
2.0448
1.9555
1.844
1.8275
Z1
5.5216
6.2537
5.8070
5.2467
5.4416
5.6391
5.5909
6.3199
-2.4071
-4.1950
-6.0977
-7.0820
-8.0871
-8.4466
-8.8538
-9.1388
SNR
(BER=
)
8.0784
9.8663
11.769
12.7533
13.7584
14.1179
14.5251
14.8101
Appendix A:
80
87.6
90
100
120
140
160
180
200
5
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
87.6
90
100
120
5
10
20
30
40
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
7.7809
7.7519
7.7326
7.4070
7.5977
11.8201
8.8945
9.4051
9.9401
7.5889
8.5004
8.6499
8.2973
8.1005
8.0606
8.0332
7.5943
7.7448
13.2210
10.0137
9.3891
9.8898
8.2320
10.0909
10.1538
10.1647
10.2365
10.3714
10.4564
10.5338
9.1488
10.6436
4.7330
6.0218
6.8976
7.3190
7.5534
7.7166
7.8783
7.9660
8.0457
8.0977
8.1005
8.0590
8.1537
2.7949
3.8020
3.5426
3.9297
4.8575
Tables of Results
4.0929
4.0300
4.0191
3.9473
3.8124
3.7274
3.6500
5.0350
3.5402
7.0860
5.7972
4.9214
4.5000
4.2656
4.1024
3.9407
3.8530
3.7733
3.7213
3.7185
3.7600
3.6653
5.6851
4.6780
4.9374
4.5503
3.6225
0.9546
0.9755
1.0037
0.8784
0.8928
3.6748
2.3533
2.1496
1.9007
1.6440
1.6596
1.5366
1.3512
1.3053
1.2983
1.3020
1.1672
1.1669
4.5796
3.1030
2.1530
1.8913
2.1484
A. 24
4.2654
4.3175
4.3297
4.3634
4.4228
4.4580
4.4941
4.5362
4.5529
1.8988
2.4873
2.8876
3.0797
3.1880
3.2636
3.3006
3.3782
3.4151
3.4393
3.4270
3.4512
3.4959
1.2446
1.6780
1.3320
1.5113
2.1334
1.7996
1.7475
1.7353
1.7016
1.6422
1.607
1.5709
1.5288
1.5121
2.9652
2.3767
1.9764
1.7843
1.676
1.6004
1.5634
1.4858
1.4489
1.4247
1.437
1.4128
1.3681
2.0604
1.627
1.973
1.7937
1.1716
6.2943
6.2175
5.8577
6.1995
6.0463
4.7945
5.2186
4.5924
4.4688
5.0920
4.5339
4.8399
5.5438
5.2229
5.2748
5.1440
5.1326
5.1104
0.5206
1.2700
4.7008
3.9879
0.8444
-9.2936
-9.4832
-9.6257
-9.7492
-10.1454
-10.5325
-10.8208
-10.8888
-11.0074
-2.7670
-4.8629
-6.9451
-7.4927
-8.0695
-9.1846
-9.2376
-9.5477
-9.9978
-10.0587
-9.9722
-10.4489
-10.7141
-4.6524
-6.4230
-4.4482
-5.5851
-9.9286
14.9649
15.1545
15.297
15.4205
15.8167
16.2038
16.4921
16.5601
16.6787
8.8055
10.9014
12.9836
13.5312
14.108
15.2231
15.2761
15.5862
16. 0363
16.0972
16.0107
16.4874
16.7526
13.0794
14.85
12.8752
14.0121
18.3556
Appendix A:
50
60
70
80
87.6
90
100
120
5
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1.5
9.0584
8.5255
8.1824
8.4834
8.1676
8.0728
7.7330
8.1811
14.3373
4.9356
4.4149
4.5121
5.0896
4.8657
4.8011
4.8587
5.2510
1.8221
Tables of Results
3.5444
4.0651
3.9679
3.3904
3.6143
3.6789
3.6213
3.2290
4.5688
2.1234
1.5636
1.3459
1.7303
1.7146
1.2991
1.1672
1.5670
5.2036
2.1684
1.7686
1.8139
2.2811
2.2966
1.8651
1.8922
2.3370
0.9794
1.1366
1.5364
1.4911
1.0239
1.0084
1.4399
1.4128
.968
1.4364
1.3836
4.9809
5.2696
1.5838
2.0854
5.3091
5.7459
2.3035
-16
-9.9464
-6.7081
-7.4334
-11.2484
-10.8596
-7.4186
-7.4471
-11.1325
-1.3800
18.3734
15.1351
15.8604
19.6754
19.2866
15.8456
15.8741
19.5595
29.6
Z1
5.5832
6.1305
6.2688
6.0706
6.3302
6.4429
6.2734
6.1287
6.2719
6.2989
6.2706
6.2921
6.1176
5.8882
6.2099
-2.0818
-2.8382
-4.3099
-5.4231
-5.7485
-6.1558
-6.8323
-7.2000
-7.5308
-7.6298
-8.0581
-8.3166
-8.7111
-8.9155
-9.1688
SNR
(BER=
)
7.7531
8.5095
9.9812
11.0944
11.4198
11.8271
12.5036
12.8713
13.2021
13.3011
13.7294
13.9879
14.3824
14.5868
14.8401
Table A.22 (RFC+ ) Results and compared with the results of each of (RFC) and ( companding)
MU
CR
X1
PAPR
Y1
5
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
120
140
160
180
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
8.5326
8.9351
10.1373
8.6956
8.2595
8.5378
8.5780
9.2492
11.6899
6.8796
7.7661
6.3834
8.3693
7.9319
8.3988
5.2832
6.5719
7.0638
8.2438
8.5980
8.8594
9.0291
9.2093
9.3236
8.2050
9.5357
8.4530
9.8152
9.9074
9.9968
8.9006
7.6119
7.1200
5.9400
5.5858
5.3244
5.1547
4.9745
4.8602
5.9788
4.6481
5.7308
4.3686
4.2764
4.1870
2.4646
2.3622
2.1758
1.7481
1.5164
1.4583
1.3896
1.4627
1.2103
1.2110
1.0783
1.0264
1.1766
0.9970
1.0647
2.1136
2.6572
3.1628
3.4131
3.5814
3.7233
3.7946
3.8817
3.9453
3.9760
4.0233
4.0914
4.1816
4.1960
4.2497
A. 25
CCDF OF
PAPR
3.9514
3.4078
2.9022
2.6519
2.4836
2.3417
2.2704
2.1833
2.1197
2.089
2.0417
1.9736
1.8834
1.869
1.8153
Appendix A:
200
220
240
255
5
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
255
5
10
20
30
40
50
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
8.1269
7.2315
11.9179
7.2789
9.7665
9.9560
11.5810
9.3580
8.8961
9.0117
9.0525
9.7253
12.0968
8.5998
8.2039
7.9277
8.7502
8.2815
8.7284
8.4567
7.5390
12.2278
8.0884
11.4573
11.2272
12.5123
10.1818
9.4679
9.6186
10.0684
10.1431
10.1873
9.7193
4.1523
5.2280
6.1427
6.5414
6.8698
6.9685
7.1388
7.3206
7.3657
7.5604
7.6087
7.6325
7.8313
7.8922
7.9616
8.0334
8.0858
8.1324
8.1640
2.5041
3.1602
3.7350
4.0262
4.1026
4.2364
Tables of Results
4.1154
4.0407
3.9965
4.4645
7.6667
6.5910
5.6763
5.2776
4.9492
4.8505
4.6802
4.4984
4.4533
4.2586
4.2103
4.1865
3.9877
3.9268
3.8574
3.7856
3.7332
3.6866
3.6550
5.9759
5.3198
4.7450
4.4538
4.3774
4.2436
0.9662
0.9042
1.1064
0.9756
3.2220
3.0278
2.7424
2.2537
1.9936
1.8652
1.8009
1.8636
1.5756
1.5980
1.4553
1.3889
1.4974
1.3435
1.3896
1.2902
1.1998
1.4267
1.2715
4.2422
3.8944
3.4619
2.9164
2.5916
2.4543
A. 26
4.2712
4.3242
4.3214
4.3606
1.6700
2.1218
2.5284
2.7177
2.8576
2.9292
3.0049
3.0816
3.1096
3.1620
3.1993
3.2529
3.3014
3.3415
3.3736
3.3942
3.4188
3.4407
3.4555
1.1312
1.4294
1.6889
1.8214
1.8966
1.9593
1.7938
1.7408
1.7436
1.7044
3.194
2.7422
2.3356
2.1463
2.0064
1.9348
1.8591
1.7824
1.7544
1.702
1.6647
1.6111
1.5626
1.5225
1.4904
1.4698
1.4452
1.4233
1.4085
2.1738
1.8756
1.6161
1.4836
1.4084
1.3457
5.9880
6.0007
6.2370
6.1604
4.8568
4.9688
5.0238
5.0583
5.1076
5.0674
5.4896
5.2608
5.2740
5.3629
5.8642
5.4133
5.2935
5.3149
5.2071
5.2732
5.2154
5.5058
5.3381
1.6003
1.4241
1.3077
1.2065
1.9988
2.0125
-9.3407
-9.5665
-9.6917
-9.6363
-2.4410
-3.6327
-5.1877
-6.0682
-6.6039
-7.1641
-7.2489
-7.7007
-8.1615
-8.1986
-8.0973
-8.8282
-9.1680
-9.1216
-9.8044
-9.6883
-9.9846
-10.0557
-10.0914
-3.3090
-4.7889
-6.5153
-7.5315
-7.3242
-7.8305
15.012
15.2378
15.363
15.3076
8.4795
9.6712
11.2262
12.1067
12.6424
13.2026
13.2874
13.7392
14.2
14.2371
14.1358
14.8667
15.2065
15.1601
15.8429
15.7268
16.0231
16.0942
16.1299
11.736
13.2159
14.9423
15.9585
15.7512
16.2575
Appendix A:
60
70
80
90
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
255
5
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1.5
9.5917
10.1649
12.3265
8.6925
8.2980
8.0803
9.2679
8.7930
9.2168
8.9133
7.9705
12.5551
8.3361
12.4989
4.3390
4.4212
4.2564
4.3141
4.3638
4.4461
5.0100
5.0647
5.1110
5.1510
5.1783
5.1207
5.0727
1.4566
Tables of Results
4.1410
4.0588
4.2236
4.1659
4.1162
4.0339
3.4700
3.4153
3.3690
3.3290
3.3017
3.3593
3.4073
4.9343
2.3625
2.3873
2.1150
2.1121
1.9557
1.8746
1.9463
1.7787
1.8151
1.7145
1.6223
1.8317
1.6868
4.8033
2.0075
2.0463
2.0900
2.1171
2.1407
2.1796
2.1913
2.2177
2.2401
2.2595
2.2823
2.2867
2.3118
0.8031
1.2975
1.2587
1.215
1.1879
1.1643
1.1254
1.1137
1.0873
1.0649
1.0455
1.0227
1.0183
.9932
1.6127
2.1959
1.3881
1.8028
1.7990
2.1021
2.2005
2.0155
1.7904
2.1229
1.8744
2.4273
2.4166
2.1590
-16.6637
Table A.23 (RFC+ RCT) Results and compared with the results of each of (RFC) and (RCT).
I
CR
X
X1
PAPR
Y
Y1
CCDF OF
Z
R
.9
.8
.7
.6
.5
.4
.3
.2
.1
.9
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
3
8.7058
8.2277
7.2828
5.7647
5.6633
4.7000
3.2463
2.3157
0.9577
10.8872
1.0265
1.2804
3.3375
4.5938
5.9207
7.3546
8.8772
10.5107
12.2689
0.8431
13.1573
12.9034
10.8463
9.5900
8.2631
6.8292
5.3066
3.6731
1.9149
10.9759
3.7793
3.3454
3.2633
2.4276
2.1581
1.7575
1.3323
0.9217
0.3934
4.9102
A. 27
0.2943
0.7289
1.2703
1.8101
2.3881
3.0010
3.6873
4.4122
5.1904
0.2242
PAPR
5.7707
5.3361
4.7947
4.2549
3.6769
3.064
2.3777
1.6528
.8746
4.6398
5.7109
5.8086
5.9381
6.2980
6.0880
6.0777
5.6848
5.9429
5.5206
5.2180
-8.1541
-9.1849
-9.2442
-9.3740
-9.4709
-9.6525
-10.0575
-10.2576
-10.5001
-10.6986
-10.7564
-10.3842
-10.8820
-1.7800
Z1
-0.2943
-0.5071
-0.8043
-1.4307
-2.6907
-4.3960
-7.1689
-10.6358
-17.1081
-0.4200
16.5811
17.6119
17.6712
17.801
17.8979
18.0795
18.4845
18.6846
18.9271
19.1256
18.8112
19.1834
19.309
>30
SNR
(BER=
)
5.9656
6.1784
6.4756
7.102
8.362
10.0673
12.8402
16.3071
22.7794
6.4585
Appendix A:
.8
.7
.6
.5
.4
.3
.2
.1
.9
.8
.7
.6
.5
.4
.3
.2
.1
.9
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1.5
11.0343
9.0586
7.3092
6.9813
5.7331
4.0685
2.8625
1.2197
13.9172
13.9228
11.5339
9.4644
8.8441
7.2554
5.2124
3.6394
1.6257
15.9263
1.7222
2.7485
3.7735
4.8739
6.0229
7.3346
8.6927
10.1661
0.5341
1.2717
1.8848
2.5897
3.3977
4.2062
5.1395
6.1306
7.2331
0.4541
Tables of Results
10.0968
9.0705
8.0455
6.9451
5.7961
4.4844
3.1263
1.6529
7.9459
7.2083
6.5952
5.8903
5.0823
4.2738
3.3405
2.3494
1.2469
5.9368
4.3707
4.1650
3.2110
2.8005
2.2985
1.7236
1.1770
0.5409
6.4071
5.7633
5.4034
4.2677
3.7262
3.0466
2.2784
1.5677
0.7444
7.3321
0.5532
0.9710
1.3925
1.8295
2.3410
2.8776
3.4665
4.1369
0.1621
0.3868
0.6504
0.8902
1.1962
1.5301
1.8734
2.2982
2.7814
0.1979
4.3108
3.893
3.4715
3.0345
2.523
1.9864
1.3975
.7271
3.1429
2.9182
2.6546
2.4148
2.1088
1.7749
1.4316
1.0068
.5236
2.2179
5.4803
5.2811
5.4153
5.1927
5.1535
5.5226
5.3988
4.8168
2.6339
2.8523
2.9250
3.1766
3.0342
2.3582
2.8951
3.4017
2.6712
-17.0065
-0.4682
-1.0941
-1.9462
-3.2188
-4.9530
-6.9639
-10.8127
-17.4447
-0.6156
-0.7077
-1.0617
-1.7964
-2.9888
-5.3598
-7.2029
-10.4213
-17.2018
-0.4630
6.5067
7.1326
7.9847
9.2573
10.9915
13.0024
16.8512
23.4832
9.0426
9.1347
9.4887
10.2234
11.4158
13.7868
15.6299
18.8483
25.6288
28.683
Table A.24 (RFC+AEXP) Results and compared with the results of each of (RFC) and (AEXP companding)
AEXP
CR
X1
PAPR
Y1
2
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
1.9702
2.2773
1.8198
1.2434
1.1310
0.9692
3.0729
3.4371
3.8053
4.2099
4.6186
5.0866
11.1109
10.7467
10.3785
9.9739
9.5652
9.0972
0.3967
0.5200
0.4753
0.4379
0.4047
0.3714
1.3084
1.4450
1.6218
1.7329
1.8847
2.0784
A. 28
CCDF OF
PAPR
4.7566
4.62
4.4432
4.3321
4.1803
3.9866
Z1
7.5446
6.7516
7.3982
6.4435
6.2825
6.8105
-1.5141
-2.2771
-1.7885
-2.3352
-2.2462
-1.8320
SNR
(BER=
)
7.1854
7.9484
7.4598
8.0065
7.9175
7.5033
Appendix A:
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1
.9
.8
.7
.6
.5
.4
2
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1
.9
.8
.7
.6
.5
.4
2
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
0.9623
0.7656
0.7023
0.6813
0.6085
0.4981
0.3743
0.3806
0.2386
0.2162
0.1528
2.8409
3.1584
2.6683
2.0759
1.9290
1.6787
1.6218
1.4161
1.2859
1.2248
1.1195
0.9545
0.7515
0.7338
0.5422
0.4644
0.3578
4.4446
5.5316
5.9679
6.4361
6.9128
7.4149
7.9319
8.4775
9.0391
9.6332
10.2656
10.9327
1.5788
1.9534
2.2890
2.6776
3.0518
3.4313
3.8263
4.2536
4.6549
5.0915
5.5611
6.0235
6.4899
7.0275
7.5720
8.1490
8.7729
-0.1565
Tables of Results
8.6522
8.2159
7.7477
7.2710
6.7689
6.2519
5.7063
5.1447
4.5506
3.9182
3.2511
10.2402
9.8656
9.5300
9.1414
8.7672
8.3877
7.9927
7.5654
7.1641
6.7275
6.2579
5.7955
5.3291
4.7915
4.2470
3.6700
3.0461
8.6365
0.3238
0.3317
0.0659
0.3208
0.2994
0.3327
0.2977
0.2528
0.2178
0.2695
0.2031
0.8554
0.9622
0.8424
0.8486
0.8007
0.6796
0.6111
0.6129
0.5822
0.5470
0.5258
0.5417
0.5069
0.4166
0.3589
0.4074
0.3188
1.8041
2.2423
2.4167
2.3249
2.7863
2.9904
3.2057
3.4427
3.6808
3.9428
4.2270
4.5281
0.5661
0.6862
0.7879
0.9426
1.0797
1.1856
1.3286
1.4969
1.6402
1.8115
2.0158
2.2137
2.4509
2.6436
2.8829
3.1639
3.4428
-0.0442
A. 29
3.8227
3.6483
3.7401
3.2787
3.0746
2.8593
2.6223
2.3842
2.1222
1.838
1.5369
4.2979
4.1778
4.0761
3.9214
3.7843
3.6784
3.5354
3.3671
3.2238
3.0525
2.8482
2.6503
2.4131
2.2204
1.9811
1.7001
1.4212
3.3492
7.1086
7.0868
7.6358
6.8206
7.4259
7.5934
10.0902
19.5598
18.5802
15.5774
0
6.6001
6.4858
6.5050
6.2358
5.9424
5.9209
6.0119
5.7748
6.7358
6.2308
6.3021
7.0545
9.2588
19.1217
17.5183
1.3672
0
4.4356
-1.7886
-1.5419
-2.0229
-2.3581
-2.2028
-3.0353
-3.4835
-4.7689
-5.7485
-8.7513
-24.3287
-2.0914
-2.1757
-2.3145
-2.1757
-2.2191
-2.3544
-2.5181
-2.4867
-2.5557
-2.5807
-2.9594
-3.2070
-3.9477
-4.8398
-6.4432
-22.5943
-23.9615
-1.8674
7.4599
7.2132
7.6942
8.0294
7.8741
8.7066
9.1548
10.4402
11.4198
14.4226
>30
8.1299
8.2142
8.353
8.2142
8.2576
8.3929
8.5566
8.5252
8.5942
8.6192
8.9979
9.2455
9.9862
10.8783
12.4817
28.6328
>30
10.2944
Appendix A:
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1
.9
.8
.7
.6
.5
.4
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1.5
4.7584
4.2805
3.5883
3.4069
3.2267
3.0173
2.7391
2.6453
2.5080
2.2867
2.0616
1.7864
1.6340
1.3458
1.1395
0.9063
5.8486
0.2144
0.5622
0.8510
1.1907
1.6403
1.8828
2.2376
2.6753
3.0357
3.3893
3.7916
4.1858
4.5887
5.0366
5.4851
5.9824
-0.8416
Tables of Results
8.2656
7.9178
7.6290
7.2893
6.8397
6.5972
6.2424
5.8047
5.4443
5.0907
4.6884
4.2942
3.8913
3.4434
2.9949
2.4976
7.2325
1.9134
1.7817
1.6806
1.5898
1.5115
1.3648
1.3171
1.3019
1.2229
1.1397
1.1004
0.9863
0.8742
0.7287
0.7272
0.5759
2.6752
0.0784
0.1682
0.2156
0.3098
0.4585
0.5233
0.6421
0.8009
0.9284
1.0707
1.2134
1.3713
1.5422
1.6937
1.9247
2.1409
-0.0623
3.2266
3.1368
3.0894
2.9952
2.8465
2.7817
2.6629
2.5041
2.3766
2.2343
2.0916
1.9337
1.7628
1.6113
1.3803
1.1641
2.4781
2.6868
2.7087
1.2358
0.5798
0.8877
0.9430
0.6155
1.5764
1.1190
0.2170
2.2184
3.6618
12.9485
1.6400
0
0
-15.2700
-3.5862
-3.7223
-4.7872
-5.1932
-4.9991
-5.1985
-5.2575
-5.3266
-5.3040
-6.6560
-5.6546
-7.1562
-8.6245
-19.9330
-21.5730
-21.5730
-1.7800
12.0132
12.1493
13.2142
13.6202
13.4261
13.6255
13.6845
13.7536
13.731
15.083
14.0816
15.5832
17.0515
28.36
>30
>30
>30
Table A.25 (RFC+ cos) Results and compared with the results of each of (RFC) and (cos companding)
Cos y
CR
X1
PAPR
Y1
1
.9
.8
.7
.6
.5
.4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
3.3647
2.3785
2.4468
2.3786
2.0945
1.6828
1.2488
1.9879
2.1617
3.5211
4.8932
5.9725
7.0976
8.2264
12.1959
12.0221
10.6627
9.2906
8.2113
7.0862
5.9574
1.4804
1.4216
1.2605
1.1151
0.9266
0.7674
0.6048
0.6954
1.0706
1.4605
1.8986
2.3886
2.8774
3.3908
A. 30
CCDF OF
PAPR
5.3696
4.9944
4.6045
4.1664
3.6764
3.1876
2.6742
Z1
5.9268
6.1069
5.9421
6.1775
6.4601
6.2525
6.2306
-0.2019
-0.4468
-0.9666
-1.5352
-2.4071
-3.9362
-5.6581
SNR
(BER=
)
5.8732
6.1181
6.6379
7.2065
8.0784
9.6075
11.3294
Appendix A:
Tables of Results
.3
.2
.1
4
4
4
1.0157
9.6236
11.0172
12.5275
4.5602
3.1666
1.6563
0.5335
3.9985
4.6068
5.3006
2.0665
1.4582
.7644
7.6706
1
.9
.8
.7
.6
.5
.4
.3
.2
.1
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
5.3429
4.9243
4.4042
3.7962
3.3283
2.7294
2.1840
1.6589
1.6013
2.3427
3.1137
3.9460
4.8415
5.7794
6.7968
7.9020
9.0885
10.3771
10.2177
9.4763
8.7053
7.8730
6.9775
6.0396
5.0222
3.9170
2.7305
1.4419
2.3797
2.2367
2.0116
1.8062
1.4903
1.2001
1.0164
0.8270
0.3937
0.6847
1.0106
1.3887
1.7513
2.1091
2.6014
3.0910
3.6135
4.2062
4.4703
4.1793
3.8534
3.4753
3.1127
2.7549
2.2626
1.773
1.2505
.6578
5.5047
5.4913
5.5914
5.4577
5.9005
5.6383
5.8226
7.1450
1
.9
.8
.7
.6
.5
.4
.3
.2
.1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
8.4031
7.7215
6.8456
6.0573
5.2889
4.4202
3.5833
2.6995
1.3225
1.8009
2.2161
2.8681
3.4631
4.1312
4.8571
5.6036
6.4762
7.4125
7.1575
6.6791
6.2639
5.6119
5.0169
4.3488
3.6229
2.8764
2.0038
1.0675
3.7063
3.4932
3.1303
2.7832
2.3470
2.0022
1.6358
1.3013
0.1613
0.3822
0.5703
0.8067
1.0490
1.3522
1.6618
2.0063
2.3977
2.8196
3.1437
2.9228
2.7347
2.4983
2.256
1.9528
1.6432
1.2987
.9073
.4854
1.5
10.1993
1.0296
5.3613
4.5714
0.1372
2.2786
A. 31
-7.9581
>-23.9287
>>23.9287
-0.2568
-0.6952
-0.9501
-1.8878
-2.5995
-4.1832
-5.6989
-8.1165
-19.2430
-23.5615
13.6294
>30
>>30
3.3286
3.1239
2.5218
3.0995
2.6977
3.0493
2.9223
4.0627
-0.0444
-0.6741
-1.6312
-1.8575
-3.4138
-4.3837
-6.2107
-8.8103
-21.1730
-21.1730
8.4714
9.1011
10.0582
10.2845
11.8408
12.8107
14.6377
17.2373
29.6
29.6
-17.8000
-1.3800
6.2953
6.7337
6.9886
7.9263
8.638
10.2217
11.7374
14.155
25.2815
29.6
29.6
Appendix A:
Tables of Results
Table A.26 (RFC+NERF) Results and compared with the results of each of (RFC) and (NERF companding)
NERF
CR
X1
PAPR
Y1
4
4
4
4
4
4
3
2
1.75
1.5
0.9191
1.6395
2.7940
3.7575
3.0791
5.2328
3.7342
2.2218
9.0903
8.2522
6.9153
6.4220
5.7098
0.4355
0.8685
1.5235
2.1590
1.8955
2.4177
1.7880
1.2096
1.2825
1.0857
CCDF OF
PAPR
3.8875
3.4578
2.5844
2.2765
1.9541
Z1
3.2135
2.7780
-2.3220
-5.7976
-16.3220
-1.6966
-1.4860
-3.8720
-0.4000
SNR
(BER=
)
7.2096
7.7814
11.883
19.4756
>30
Table A.27 (RFC+tanhR) Results and compared with the results of each of (RFC) and (tanhR companding)
k
CR
X1
PAPR
Y1
5
5
5
5
10
10
10
10
15
15
15
15
20
20
20
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
2.6944
2.1182
1.2755
0.6910
-4.5995
-2.9960
-0.6902
0.4108
-7.5448
-5.2051
-1.6597
0.2390
-8.4594
-6.0915
-2.7713
0.1653
2.4548
6.5550
11.3302
0.6531
3.0398
7.0939
11.5444
1.4076
3.7358
7.5822
11.6791
2.3463
4.4973
7.6364
14.0185
11.7290
7.6288
2.8536
13.5307
11.1440
7.0899
2.6394
12.7762
10.4480
6.6016
2.5047
11.8375
9.6865
6.5474
1.2590
0.8791
0.4358
0.2234
-1.7440
-1.2074
-0.3799
0.1330
-3.0363
-2.1608
-0.7619
0.0530
-3.4260
-2.5352
-1.0317
-0.0836
0.8860
2.6147
4.7609
0.1120
1.0997
2.8570
4.8529
0.4300
1.3777
3.0710
4.9153
0.8162
1.6886
3.2438
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
A. 32
CCDF
OF
PAPR
6.1486
5.179
3.4503
1.3041
5.953
4.9653
3.208
1.2121
5.635
4.6873
2.994
1.1497
5.2488
4.3764
2.8212
Z1
6.3440
6.2949
6.8333
7.2231
8.8688
8.7788
8.5310
8.5822
23.6963
15.9471
11.7960
8.9374
23.5747
22.8019
19.6576
-0.1141
-0.7050
-3.0831
-11.8287
-0.1085
-0.4820
-3.4266
-11.7624
-0.2324
-0.8472
-4.0074
-11.9489
-0.3540
-1.1268
-4.2711
SNR
(BER=
)
5.7854
6.3763
8.7544
17.5
5.7798
6.1533
9.0979
17.4337
5.9037
6.5185
9.6787
17.6202
6.0253
6.7981
9.9424
Appendix A:
20
30
30
30
30
40
40
40
40
5
5
5
5
10
10
10
10
15
15
15
15
20
20
20
20
30
30
30
30
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
0.1722
5.0723
4.0340
2.4146
1.0832
-2.4226
-1.2989
0.3078
0.7564
-5.6505
-3.7325
-0.7879
0.5623
-6.7832
-4.7701
-1.5784
0.4900
11.7850
4.3979
5.9931
8.7585
11.9430
6.3037
7.3308
9.3689
12.0608
0.1784
2.0058
5.3293
9.3576
0.4652
2.3721
5.7271
9.5252
0.9371
2.8436
6.0892
9.6376
1.6577
3.4539
6.4645
9.7380
3.0272
4.4995
7.0108
9.8546
Tables of Results
2.3988
9.7859
8.1907
5.4253
2.2408
7.8801
6.8530
4.8149
2.1230
11.6406
9.8132
6.4897
2.4614
11.3538
9.4469
6.0919
2.2938
10.8819
8.9754
5.7298
2.1814
10.1613
8.3651
5.3545
2.0810
8.7918
7.3195
4.8082
1.9644
0.0269
2.4801
1.8728
1.0524
0.4255
-0.6289
-0.3228
0.1424
0.3116
-2.0568
-0.3544
-0.2991
0.2234
-2.6056
-1.8404
-0.6063
0.1826
A. 33
4.9604
1.5013
2.2362
3.5268
5.0263
2.2698
2.7876
3.7886
5.0792
-0.0635
0.6787
2.0303
3.7620
0.0261
0.7833
2.1783
3.8305
0.2085
1.9831
2.3328
3.8847
0.4356
1.1824
2.4682
3.9151
0.9312
1.5702
2.6746
3.9733
1.1046
4.5637
3.8288
2.5382
1.0387
3.7952
3.2774
2.2764
.9858
4.9275
4.1853
2.8337
1.102
4.8379
4.0807
2.6857
1.0335
4.6555
2.8809
2.5312
.9793
4.4284
3.6816
2.3958
.9489
3.9328
3.2938
2.1894
.8907
10.7485
5.9113
5.8850
6.4305
6.8634
8.6281
8.4958
7.5664
6.5865
23.2474
15.3959
11.6768
8.0920
22.9245
22.1648
19.1135
9.8503
-12.5194
-1.1109
-1.9585
-4.5051
-12.8835
-1.9663
-2.6475
-5.6472
-13.2070
-0.1796
-0.7477
-3.1187
-11.8212
0.0180
-0.3978
-4.0240
-13.3909
-0.3141
-1.0312
-3.7594
-12.4271
-0.6370
-1.3967
-4.4480
-13.0504
-0.8914
-2.1879
-5.1420
-12.8308
18.1907
6.7822
7.6298
10.1764
18.5548
7.6376
8.3188
11.3185
18.8783
6.2181
6.7862
9.1572
17.8597
6.0205
6.4363
10.0625
19.4294
6.3526
7.0697
9.7979
18.4656
6.6755
7.4352
10.4865
19.0889
6.9299
8.2264
11.1805
18.8693
Appendix A:
40
40
40
40
50
50
50
50
5
5
5
5
10
10
10
10
15
15
15
15
20
20
20
20
30
30
30
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
8.0411
6.4911
3.9618
1.6309
0.6809
1.2029
1.8224
1.2947
-2.8631
-1.5051
0.5603
1.0594
-4.3947
-2.8497
-0.3872
0.9528
4.5177
5.5636
7.5154
9.9583
5.8206
6.4840
7.9373
10.0415
-0.1918
1.1239
3.5375
6.5663
0.2297
1.5349
3.9027
6.7245
0.3855
1.7320
4.0984
6.7957
0.7072
2.0353
4.3167
6.8618
1.4478
2.6476
4.6783
Tables of Results
7.3013
6.2554
4.3036
1.8607
5.9984
5.3350
3.8817
1.7775
8.6718
7.3561
4.9425
1.9137
8.2503
6.9451
4.5773
1.7555
8.0945
6.7480
4.3816
1.6843
7.7728
6.4447
4.1633
1.6182
7.0322
5.8324
3.8017
4.0083
3.1445
1.8462
0.7088
0.9295
0.9545
0.9068
0.5888
-0.6314
-0.2065
0.4052
0.4813
-1.3229
-0.8356
0.0055
0.4239
A. 34
1.5349
2.0098
2.9066
4.0222
2.0640
2.3953
3.0958
4.0640
-0.0943
0.3914
1.2651
2.4863
0.0255
0.5016
1.3837
2.5487
0.0749
0.5720
1.4781
2.5836
0.1593
0.6282
1.5210
2.5974
0.3891
0.8513
1.6656
3.3291
2.8542
1.9574
.8418
2.8
2.4687
1.7682
.8
3.3993
2.9136
2.0399
.8187
3.2795
2.8034
1.9213
.7563
3.2301
2.733
1.8269
.7214
3.1457
2.6768
1.784
.7076
2.9159
2.4537
1.6394
3.4383
3.3481
3.0606
3.0185
6.0106
5.1929
4.9274
4.2034
20.9592
12.6710
8.2439
3.5147
20.4398
19.6499
16.6531
5.9826
-2.1879
-2.9035
-6.1790
-13.4003
-3.7195
-4.0708
-7.0648
-14.0866
-0.2641
-0.8961
-4.1001
-13.2776
-0.2110
-1.3122
-4.2745
-13.3855
-0.2138
-1.3676
-4.8038
-14.6159
-0.7332
-1.5231
-4.5199
-14.5296
-1.0211
-2.8904
-6.2576
8.2264
8.942
12.2175
19.4388
9.758
10.1093
13.1033
20.1251
8.6911
9.3231
12.5271
21.7046
8.638
9.7392
12.7015
21.8125
8.6408
9.7946
13.2308
23.0429
9.1602
9.9501
12.9469
22.9566
9.4481
11.3174
14.6846
Appendix A:
30
40
40
40
40
5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
2
2
2
2
2
1.5
10.4523
Tables of Results
6.9505
2.2898
3.2772
4.9997
7.0196
0.1303
1.5295
6.1902
5.2028
3.4803
1.4604
6.2606
4.9898
2.6311
0.6198
1.0325
1.7771
2.6697
-0.0020
.6739
2.6852
2.2725
1.5279
.6353
2.4178
-16.3460
-16.7147
-2.3539
-3.5287
-7.5339
-16.0484
-0.2554
25.1417
10.7809
11.9557
15.9609
24.4754
28.4754
Table A.28 (RFC+logR) Results and compared with the results of each of (RFC) and (logR companding)
k
CR
5
5
5
5
10
10
10
10
20
20
20
20
30
30
30
30
40
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
X1
PAPR
2.7526
4.0614
2.7840
1.2286
2.3809
2.0822
1.8293
1.2155
2.3488
1.9860
2.0414
1.0410
1.6240
0.7014
3.0106
6.9250
11.2475
0.1944
3.5113
7.2254
11.3191
2.1476
3.4269
7.0989
11.2030
2.8223
4.6558
7.7912
11.4330
3.3488
13.4824
11.1732
7.2588
2.9363
13.9894
10.6725
6.9584
2.8647
12.0362
10.7569
7.0849
2.9808
11.3615
9.5280
6.3926
2.7508
10.8350
Y1
1.5031
1.6195
1.1077
0.4931
0.9625
1.0705
0.9371
0.6147
0.7103
0.7510
0.7017
0.4266
0.5382
0.1402
1.1054
2.7955
4.7255
0.2536
1.3070
2.9327
4.7581
0.7365
1.6055
3.0741
4.7877
1.0153
1.7960
3.1667
4.8056
1.1862
A. 35
CCDF OF
PAPR
5.9248
4.9596
3.2695
1.3395
5.8114
4.758
3.1323
1.3069
5.3285
4.4595
2.9909
1.2773
5.0497
4.269
2.8983
1.2594
4.8788
Z1
6.6311
6.5858
6.4264
6.4737
7.5177
7.1717
6.6767
6.5743
8.5090
7.5945
7.3627
6.3249
8.9930
-0.0429
-0.7108
-3.5314
-11.5564
-0.1976
-0.9429
-3.6523
-11.5050
-0.4270
-0.9950
-4.0852
-11.6544
-0.5580
-1.4342
-4.0488
-11.7838
-1.0222
SNR
(BER=
)
5.7142
6.3821
9.2027
17.2277
5.8689
6.6142
9.3236
17.1763
6.0983
6.6663
9.7565
17.3257
6.2293
7.1055
9.7201
17.4551
6.6935
Appendix A:
40
40
40
50
50
50
50
70
70
70
70
90
90
90
90
5
5
5
5
10
10
10
10
20
20
20
20
30
30
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
1.6777
2.1372
1.1544
1.2444
1.4152
1.6948
1.0611
0.6110
1.3851
1.7977
1.3230
0.4691
1.0355
1.3705
1.0737
5.9143
5.6943
3.8312
1.6255
4.2590
4.4077
3.2711
1.8024
4.0813
3.4342
5.0348
7.9675
11.4694
3.7747
5.3297
8.0978
11.4924
4.4392
5.7973
8.3065
11.5315
4.9538
6.1467
8.4617
11.5599
0.5230
2.4889
5.6872
9.3116
0.9913
2.7794
5.9078
9.3512
1.6609
3.3876
6.1759
9.4251
2.1900
3.7392
Tables of Results
9.1490
6.2163
2.7144
10.4091
8.8541
6.0860
2.6914
9.7446
8.3865
5.8773
2.6523
9.2300
8.0371
5.7221
2.6239
11.2960
9.3301
6.1318
2.5074
10.8277
9.0396
5.9112
2.4678
10.1581
8.4314
5.6431
2.3939
9.6290
8.0798
0.5574
0.7850
0.4373
0.4157
0.5253
0.6536
0.4371
0.2321
0.5107
0.6907
0.4884
0.2755
0.3334
0.5281
0.4024
2.6999
2.4796
1.6309
0.7015
1.9290
1.8493
1.4476
0.8319
1.5873
1.4834
A. 36
1.9224
3.2300
4.8238
1.4007
2.0983
3.3066
4.8341
1.7051
2.2757
3.3897
4.8484
1.9205
2.4484
3.4691
4.8674
0.0727
0.8322
2.1320
3.7351
0.2494
0.9661
2.2549
3.7655
0.5020
1.1833
2.3836
3.8039
0.6913
1.3274
4.1426
2.835
1.2412
4.6643
3.9667
2.7584
1.2309
4.3599
3.7893
2.6753
1.2166
4.1445
3.6166
2.5959
1.1976
4.7913
4.0318
2.732
1.1289
4.6146
3.8979
2.6091
1.0985
4.362
3.6807
2.4804
1.0601
4.1727
3.5366
8.7135
7.8613
6.3458
10.3272
9.0464
6.9655
6.8945
12.8556
10.3224
7.7414
6.1660
22.5168
12.1155
8.8508
6.5459
6.2141
6.3045
5.9720
5.5242
7.1443
6.7307
6.3066
6.2466
7.9106
6.9501
-1.6152
-4.0794
-11.8697
-0.5815
-1.5423
-4.7872
-11.8342
-1.4731
-1.7313
-4.7153
-12.0427
-1.8119
-2.2132
-4.4593
-12.1428
-0.2954
-1.0780
-3.8176
-11.9709
-0.2474
-0.8570
-3.7395
-12.0873
-0.4332
-1.0688
-4.0881
-11.6149
-0.7892
-1.7114
7.2865
9.7507
17.541
6.2528
7.2136
10.4585
17.5055
7.1444
7.4026
10.3866
17.7149
7.4832
7.8845
10.1306
17.8141
6.3339
7.1165
9.8561
18.0094
6.2859
6.8955
9.778
18.1258
6.4717
7.1073
10.1266
17.6534
6.8277
7.7499
Appendix A:
30
30
40
40
40
40
50
50
50
50
70
70
70
70
90
90
90
90
5
5
5
5
10
10
10
10
20
20
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2.9839
1.4195
3.1671
3.0396
3.0029
1.5260
2.7298
2.6866
2.5838
1.4481
1.9549
2.6206
2.6296
1.7008
1.7931
2.1595
2.1755
1.4527
8.8239
8.1036
5.3311
2.2409
6.7883
6.4508
6.3689
9.4467
2.5271
4.0319
6.4684
9.4762
2.8953
4.2363
6.6220
9.5146
3.4183
4.6680
6.7736
9.5445
3.9130
4.9059
6.9019
9.5741
0.2534
1.5881
3.8544
6.5880
0.5619
1.8497
4.0687
6.6276
0.8512
2.0917
Tables of Results
5.4501
2.3723
9.2919
7.7871
5.3506
2.3428
8.9237
7.5827
5.1970
2.3044
8.4007
7.1510
5.0454
2.2745
7.9060
6.9131
4.9171
2.2449
8.2266
6.8919
4.6256
1.8920
7.9181
6.6303
4.4113
1.8524
7.6288
6.3883
1.2057
0.6260
1.3860
1.2730
1.2607
0.6341
1.2264
1.1700
1.1024
0.6294
0.9412
1.1170
1.1271
0.6822
0.9073
0.9197
0.9443
0.5923
4.1088
3.6671
2.3911
1.0076
3.2716
2.9631
A. 37
2.4697
3.8040
0.8330
1.4370
2.5047
3.8196
1.0104
1.5420
2.5544
3.8254
1.2132
1.6810
2.6251
3.8412
1.3513
1.8337
2.6843
3.8563
-0.0018
0.5126
1.3946
2.4961
0.0993
0.5946
1.4561
2.5126
0.2856
0.7381
2.3943
1.06
4.031
3.427
2.3593
1.0444
3.8536
3.322
2.3096
1.0386
3.6508
3.183
2.2389
1.0228
3.5127
3.0303
2.1797
1.0077
3.3068
2.7924
1.9104
.8089
3.2057
2.7104
1.8489
.7924
3.0194
2.5669
6.8281
5.7628
8.5830
8.2716
6.8099
5.7427
9.2743
8.1233
6.8099
6.4055
12.6132
9.5620
6.9099
5.7203
22.0765
11.0954
7.7612
6.0773
3.8634
3.3864
2.5828
2.6103
4.5313
3.2202
-4.2162
-11.9787
-1.0650
-1.6899
-4.7636
-12.1056
-1.2672
-2.0982
-4.5756
-11.9560
-1.3483
-2.1245
-5.1796
-12.1212
-1.8850
-2.8661
-5.1817
-12.2442
0.1415
-0.8028
-4.3434
-13.2386
-0.2096
-1.3866
-4.7402
-12.6127
-0.6577
-2.1908
10.2547
18.0172
7.1035
7.7284
10.8021
18.1441
7.3057
8.1367
10.6141
17.9945
7.3868
8.163
11.2181
18.1597
7.9235
8.9046
11.2202
18.2827
8.2855
9.2298
12.7704
21.6656
8.6366
9.8136
13.1672
21.0397
9.0847
10.6178
Appendix A:
20
20
30
30
30
30
40
40
40
40
50
50
50
50
70
70
70
70
90
90
90
90
5
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1.5
4.6377
2.3661
6.3349
5.3149
4.2482
1.9742
5.2026
4.7025
4.3637
2.0398
4.9773
4.5914
3.8064
1.9923
3.9401
4.3097
3.8191
2.1731
3.5714
3.7503
3.3643
1.9762
4.2035
6.6498
1.1046
2.2809
4.2942
6.6624
1.2236
2.3558
4.4902
6.6510
1.8038
2.8021
4.5056
6.7198
2.0645
3.0181
4.6241
6.6778
2.3523
3.1577
4.7517
6.7586
0.0422
Tables of Results
4.2765
1.8302
7.3754
6.1991
4.1858
1.8176
7.2564
6.1242
3.9898
1.8290
6.6762
5.6779
3.9744
1.7602
6.4155
5.4619
3.8559
1.8022
6.1277
5.3223
3.7283
1.7214
6.3487
2.1625
1.1165
2.8383
2.5214
1.8696
0.9202
2.5925
2.2848
1.9292
0.9285
2.3391
2.1381
1.7476
0.9215
1.9476
2.0283
1.7605
0.9599
1.9041
1.7519
1.5721
0.8578
A. 38
1.5395
2.5295
0.3833
0.8064
1.5746
2.5392
0.4805
0.8898
1.6142
2.5550
0.5641
0.9511
1.6406
2.5585
0.6606
1.0333
1.6995
2.5599
0.7891
1.1069
1.7531
2.5628
0.1114
1.7655
.7755
2.9217
2.4986
1.7304
.7658
2.8245
2.4152
1.6908
.75
2.7409
2.3539
1.6644
.7465
2.6444
2.2717
1.6055
.7451
2.5159
2.1981
1.5519
.7422
2.3044
2.9487
2.0485
4.4838
3.8255
3.0074
1.9224
5.9716
4.2817
3.3653
1.5957
6.0264
4.6848
3.3485
2.5252
7.8528
5.0058
3.1049
2.0422
16.2341
7.4641
3.3538
1.4370
-5.0575
-13.4245
-1.8275
-2.4475
-5.6484
-13.4306
-1.2879
-3.2913
-5.8197
-13.8641
-2.1266
-3.1482
-5.6485
-13.4478
-3.7202
-4.2922
-6.5961
-13.4108
-5.3389
-4.1089
-7.2006
-14.4960
8.7803
13.4845
21.8515
10.2545
10.8745
14.0754
21.8576
9.7149
11.7183
14.2467
22.2911
10.5536
11.5752
14.0755
21.8748
12.1472
12.7192
15.0231
21.8378
13.7659
12.5359
15.6276
22.923
19.4397
Appendix A:
Tables of Results
CR
X1
PAPR
Y1
CCDF OF
PAPR
Z1
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DST
DST
DST
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
4
3
2
1.5
1.3
1.1
4
3
2
1.5
1.3
1.1
4
3
2
8.8659
11.4801
14.8677
16.6813
17.6205
18.3732
4.2276
6.9879
10.3525
12.1038
12.7949
13.3286
3.5817
6.3420
9.7467
0.1148
0.2126
0.2786
0.2274
13.9718
11.3576
7.9700
6.1564
5.2172
4.4645
13.8834
11.1231
7.7585
6.0072
5.3161
4.7824
13.8832
11.1229
7.7182
3.8833
5.1262
6.8155
7.8561
8.2340
8.6977
1.6434
2.8918
4.6089
5.6285
6.0657
6.4410
1.5024
2.7508
4.4656
0.0031
0.0066
0.0295
0.8515
6.0213
4.7784
3.0891
2.0485
1.6706
1.2069
6.0206
4.7722
3.0551
2.0355
1.5983
1.223
6.0206
4.7722
3.0574
-0.1058
-0.6262
-2.5798
-13.3450
-18.3700
-18.3700
0.0853
0.0641
-1.8862
-5.2472
-10.2117
-18.3720
-0.1290
-0.3210
-1.4552
0.0842
0.1149
0.1658
4.5250
0.2032
0.4471
0.4901
0.3766
0.2034
0.4473
0.5304
A. 39
0.0038
0.0128
0.0635
0.8645
0.0038
0.0128
0.0612
0.2773
0.8072
0.8614
12.6248
0.0630
0.4221
1.2924
SNR
(BER=
)
11.7358
12.2562
14.2098
24.975
>30
>30
11.5427
11.5639
13.5142
16.8752
21.8397
>30
11.757
11.949
13.0832
Appendix A:
DST
DST
DST
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DST
DST
DST
DST
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Pilot
Pilot
Pilot
Pilot
Pilot
Pilot
Pilot
Pilot
Pilot
Pilot
Pilot
Pilot
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1.5
1.3
1.1
4
3
2
1.5
1.3
1.1
4
3
2
1.5
4
3
2
1.5
4
3
2
1.5
4
3
2
1.5
4
3
2
1.5
11.6978
12.7190
13.0431
0.0069
0.0115
0.0008
1.7911
2.3945
0.0323
4.1673
6.7675
9.3391
10.5003
3.5404
6.1023
8.8583
9.9215
-6.9472
-4.2539
-1.3648
-0.5168
8.4655
10.7834
13.4396
14.6473
3.9078
6.3048
9.1329
10.1414
0.6167
7.1348
4.6230
1.2907
1.2162
0.2536
0.5734
0.6713
0.4001
0.2728
0.5543
0.8366
0.4674
0.2914
0.7043
1.1197
0.5353
0.1210
0.2199
0.2092
0.1925
0.2900
0.4680
0.6292
0.4133
Tables of Results
5.7671
4.7459
4.4218
6.9518
6.9472
6.9579
5.1676
4.5642
6.9264
13.9437
11.3435
8.7719
7.6107
13.9245
11.3626
8.6066
7.5434
13.9059
11.2126
8.3235
7.4755
14.3722
12.0543
9.3981
8.1904
14.2032
11.8062
8.9781
7.9696
5.4920
5.9291
6.3389
0.3397
0.3397
0.3397
1.4546
1.6229
1.4687
1.5259
2.6731
3.9837
4.5440
1.3769
2.4963
3.8617
4.4768
-2.7662
-1.6302
-0.2838
0.1727
3.5038
4.6331
5.9192
6.3965
1.3830
2.4546
3.6787
4.2608
A. 40
0.8690
3.0141
1.7747
0.1083
1.0046
0.1099
0.2341
0.1993
0.2368
0.1019
0.1983
0.2183
0.3106
0.1318
0.2448
0.2458
0.1795
0.0169
0.0835
0.1362
0.1176
0.1367
0.1456
0.1363
0.2225
2.031
1.5939
1.1841
3.0103
3.0103
3.0103
1.8954
1.7271
1.8813
6.1381
4.9909
3.6803
3.12
6.1461
5.0267
3.6613
3.0462
6.1162
4.9802
3.6338
3.1773
6.4008
5.2715
3.9854
3.5081
6.281
5.2094
3.9853
3.4032
-5.1509
-10.4894
-18.3720
0.0759
0.0272
-0.0615
-1.0130
-1.4779
-1.5015
2.4153
2.0345
-1.2236
-10.8087
2.2559
1.7912
-1.1227
-8.0414
1.9934
1.8664
0.2611
-2.5626
2.8937
1.9358
-0.8971
-18.3700
2.7806
2.3883
-0.3089
-7.3951
12.7211
0.3139
0.8163
2.7321
16.9050
0.1473
0.2480
0.1484
7.1633
-0.0121
0.0047
0.2493
9.9306
-0.2286
0.1259
1.6791
15.4554
0.0316
-0.2802
-0.3991
-0.4000
-0.0795
0.1743
0.1911
10.5769
16.7789
22.1174
>30
11.5061
11.5548
11.6435
12.595
13.0599
13.0835
9.2127
9.5935
12.8516
22.4367
9.3721
9. 8368
12.7507
19.6694
9.5886
9.7156
11.3209
14.1446
8.7363
9.6942
12.5271
>30
8.8474
9.2397
11.9369
19.0231
Appendix A:
DST
DST
DST
DST
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
4
3
2
1.5
4
3
2
1.5
3.2174
5.7121
8.4680
9.5290
-7.2690
-4.7567
-1.9188
-0.5578
0.2457
0.5214
0.6104
0.4470
0.2655
0.5588
0.7298
0.8664
Tables of Results
14.2475
11.7528
8.9969
7.9359
14.2277
11.7154
8.8775
7.5165
1.2382
2.3688
3.6055
4.1101
-2.9015
-1.7979
-0.6022
-0.0681
0.1329
0.2008
0.2041
0.2128
0.1662
0.2071
0.1694
0.2076
6.2848
5.1542
3.9175
3.4129
6.2515
5.1479
3.9522
3.4181
2.8864
2.6270
-0.3350
-7.2475
2.7701
2.6878
0.7115
-0.8762
0.0263
0.4130
0.1650
10.7245
-0.0440
0.5198
1.2575
17.1418
8.7416
9.001
11.963
18.8755
8.8119
8.8942
10.8705
12.4582
X1
PAPR
Y1
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
5
10
15
20
30
35
40
6.4003
8.2527
9.0269
9.4809
10.0185
10.1382
10.2848
2.4687
0.1067
0.5157
1.0833
-0.9647
0.2105
0.0499
16.4374
14.5850
13.8108
13.3568
12.8192
12.6995
12.5529
4.2596
5.5140
6.0383
6.3435
6.7024
6.9423
7.0335
0.9950
0.3394
0.2597
0.1239
0.1178
0.4507
0.3889
A. 41
CCDF OF
PAPR
5.645
4.3906
3.8663
3.5611
3.2022
2.9623
2.8711
Z1
-2.2393
-4.7003
-6.2322
-6.6714
-8.0292
-8.1607
-8.5875
-0.2693
-0.2103
-0.2862
-0.3014
-0.4592
-0.5907
-0.4605
SNR
(BER=
)
13.8693
16.3303
17.8622
18.3014
19.6592
19.7907
20.2175
Appendix A:
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
50
70
87.6
100
120
5
10
15
20
30
35
40
50
70
87.6
100
120
5
10
15
20
30
35
40
50
70
87.6
100
10.5114
10.8155
10.9967
11.0811
11.2105
6.2514
7.7579
8.3981
8.7766
9.5223
9.6724
9.5424
9.9838
9.9556
10.1086
10.6923
10.3032
6.1302
7.6475
8.2865
8.6628
9.1103
8.2173
8.3394
8.5285
8.7829
8.9348
9.1724
0.2643
0.1281
-0.0591
-0.4023
-0.2171
7.0465
4.3386
4.6136
5.1057
3.2658
4.4714
4.0342
4.4634
3.9949
3.7795
3.9356
3.6023
7.5714
4.8743
5.1481
5.6380
3.4999
3.6624
3.4773
3.6542
3.4683
3.2518
3.0618
Tables of Results
12.3263
12.0222
11.8410
11.7566
11.6272
11.8596
10.3531
9.7129
9.3344
8.5887
8.4386
8.5686
8.1272
8.1554
8.0024
7.4187
7.8078
11.3347
9.8174
9.1784
8.8021
8.3546
9.2476
9.1255
8.9364
8.6820
8.5301
8.2925
7.1740
7.3616
7.4729
7.5333
7.6154
3.4636
4.3642
4.7366
4.9509
5.2077
5.2937
5.4200
5.4722
5.5693
5.6578
5.7713
5.7703
3.3458
4.2613
4.6392
4.8599
5.1202
5.1115
5.1855
5.2998
5.4526
5.5434
5.6106
A. 42
0.3694
0.2940
0.2913
0.2087
0.2458
2.4396
1.4302
1.1986
0.9719
0.8637
1.0427
1.0160
0.9082
0.7423
0.7168
0.6873
0.6413
2.4628
1.4683
1.2422
1.0219
0.9172
1.0015
0.9225
0.8768
0.7666
0.7434
0.6676
2.7306
2.543
2.4317
2.3713
2.2892
4.2004
3.2998
2.9274
2.7131
2.4563
2.3703
2.244
2.1918
2.0947
2.0062
1.8927
1.8937
4.1772
3.2617
2.8838
2.6631
2.4028
2.4115
2.3375
2.2232
2.0704
1.9796
1.9124
-10.0027
-9.5360
-10.0027
-10.6669
-10.9249
-2.4773
-4.6072
-6.0249
-6.7160
-7.3912
-7.7982
-8.0486
-8.6099
-9.0955
-9.5582
-9.7262
-10.0745
-2.7785
-4.8245
-6.4536
-7.0850
-8.3413
-8.2486
-8.4777
-9.0263
-9.6570
-10.1584
-10.2688
-1.5167
-0.0360
-0.2607
-0.6769
-0.6919
-0.5053
-0.1152
-0.0769
-0.3440
0.1808
-0.2262
0.0804
-0.1219
0.4065
0.1858
0.2658
0.1605
-0.8065
-0.3325
-0.5056
-0.7130
-0.7693
-0.6766
-0.3487
-0.5383
-0.1550
-0.4144
-0.2768
21.6327
21.166
21.6327
22.2969
22.5549
14.1053
16.2352
17.6529
18.344
19.0192
19.4262
19.6766
20.2379
20.7235
21.1862
21.3542
21.7025
14.4065
16.4525
18.0816
18.713
19.9693
19.8766
20.1057
20.6543
21.285
21.7864
21.8968
Appendix A:
DST
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
120
5
10
15
20
30
35
40
50
70
87.6
100
120
9.2816
2.2752
2.6637
2.8227
2.9158
3.0324
3.0690
3.0988
3.1450
3.2239
3.2613
3.2819
3.3088
3.2268
14.2226
10.3967
10.1905
10.3972
7.9282
9.0203
8.7429
8.7769
8.4155
8.0845
7.6775
7.7602
Tables of Results
8.1833
4.6835
4.2950
4.1360
4.0429
3.9263
3.8897
3.8599
3.8137
3.7348
3.6974
3.6768
3.6499
5.6740
0.9293
1.0712
1.1343
1.1712
1.1238
1.1358
1.1456
1.1608
1.1915
1.2050
1.2125
1.2224
0.6860
4.2193
2.4512
1.9103
1.5062
1.0938
1.1988
1.0556
0.9108
0.6785
0.5780
0.4425
0.4074
1.849
2.4207
2.2788
2.2157
2.1788
2.2262
2.2142
2.2044
2.1892
2.1585
2.145
2.1375
2.1276
-10.5360
-0.8663
-1.5606
-2.2378
-2.7303
-3.4581
-3.6582
-3.7728
-4.0772
-4.4893
-4.6584
-4.7606
-4.9040
-0.3010
1.1517
2.9774
3.7562
3.6877
4.1599
3.9598
4.4022
4.4568
5.0587
5.1316
5.2774
5.3770
22.164
12.4483
13.1426
13.8198
14.3123
15.0401
15.2402
15.3548
15.6592
16.0713
16.2404
16.3426
16.486
Table A.31(Pre-coding + ) Results and compared with the results of each of (Pre-coding) and ( companding).
Precoding
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
5
10
20
30
40
50
60
X1
PAPR
Y1
6.3192
8.7224
9.9641
8.8772
9.2710
10.2718
8.9088
0.9147
2.4317
4.3837
0.6751
0.2786
1.2963
-0.1962
16.5185
14.1153
12.8736
13.9605
13.5667
12.5659
13.9289
4.1987
5.1385
5.8731
6.1212
6.3771
6.6101
6.4984
0.7101
1.0039
1.0465
0.6166
0.4725
0.5055
0.2538
A. 43
CCDF OF
PAPR
5.7059
4.7661
4.0315
3.7834
3.5275
3.2945
3.4062
Z1
-1.8052
-3.1978
-4.9404
-5.8312
-6.7931
-7.0780
-7.2855
-0.0989
-0.1878
-0.3204
-0.2962
-0.6731
-0.4380
-0.1385
SNR
(BER=
)
13.4352
14.8278
16.5704
17.4612
18.4231
18.708
18.9155
Appendix A:
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
70
80
90
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
250
255
260
280
300
320
500
700
1000
5
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
9.0814
11.7882
11.9079
10.9096
11.5372
11.6736
9.8688
9.9644
11.3965
11.5960
11.6595
12.1288
12.1429
11.3810
11.8364
11.8831
11.8574
12.1312
12.4720
13.5600
5.2168
6.4678
6.0880
9.0769
8.2610
8.7019
8.8635
8.3644
0.4674
5.5006
1.9286
0.4861
0.8137
1.5738
-0.7606
-0.2875
0.8011
0.0305
4.7362
1.7269
1.0486
0.5296
0.5878
0.9527
1.3900
0.4886
0.4561
3.6176
4.5390
4.9038
5.2343
5.6015
3.9953
4.4531
4.4852
4.4771
Tables of Results
13.7563
11.0495
10.9298
11.9281
11.3005
11.1641
12.9689
12.8733
11.4412
11.2417
11.1782
10.7089
10.6948
11.4567
11.0013
10.9546
10.9803
10.7065
10.3657
9.2777
12.8942
11.6432
12.0230
9.0341
9.8500
9.4091
9.2475
9.7466
6.6125
7.0090
7.0824
6.9954
7.1759
7.2552
7.1305
7.1930
7.3336
7.3780
7.4171
7.5244
7.5329
7.5448
7.4979
7.5278
7.5393
7.7131
7.8745
8.0035
3.2318
3.8305
4.1559
4.7366
4.8099
5.0522
5.1270
5.1100
A. 44
0.3539
0.4344
0.4778
0.2108
0.2713
0.4106
0.0919
0.1684
0.1890
0.1184
0.3625
0.3428
0.3083
0.3062
0.1933
0.2332
0.3347
0.1085
0.1399
0.3789
1.9838
1.9365
1.5699
1.4726
1.1459
1.1882
1.1230
1.0920
3.2921
2.8956
2.8222
2.9092
2.7287
2.6494
2.7741
2.7116
2.571
2.5266
2.4875
2.3802
2.3717
2.3598
2.4067
2.3768
2.3653
2.1915
2.0301
1.9011
4.4322
3.8335
3.5081
2.9274
2.8541
2.6118
2.537
2.554
-7.4804
-8.0466
-8.1737
-8.4410
-9.1505
-9.4242
-9.2081
-9.8181
-10.0901
-10.3356
-10.5607
-10.3413
-10.4272
-10.3295
-10.6842
-10.8583
-11.0382
-11.5297
-11.9464
-12.5842
-1.8527
-3.3271
-4.7831
-5.5879
-6.2800
-6.7103
-7.2375
-7.4138
-0.1104
-0.2026
-0.2037
-0.0710
-0.5005
-0.5542
-0.3631
-0.3981
-0.7201
-0.7271
-0.5907
-0.3713
-0.5892
-0.2595
-0.4142
-0.4883
-0.5432
-0.2397
-0.0764
-0.4502
-0.1444
-0.3151
-0.1611
-0.0509
-0.1580
-0.0683
-0.0885
-0.0418
19.1104
19.6766
19.8037
20.071
20.7805
21.0542
20.8381
21.4481
21.7201
21.9656
22.1907
21.9713
22.0572
21.9595
22.3142
22.4883
22.6682
23.1597
23.5764
24.2142
13.4807
14.9551
16.4111
17.2159
17.908
18.3383
18.8655
19.0418
Appendix A:
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
80
90
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
250
255
260
280
300
320
500
700
1000
5
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
9.4263
9.7652
9.4938
8.9284
10.3110
9.7695
10.1595
10.2138
9.3948
10.3095
9.0514
10.4596
9.5897
10.6507
9.8587
10.7427
10.1111
10.8348
11.1737
5.4486
6.8133
6.7980
8.3677
7.6474
9.2676
9.0030
9.2551
9.2642
7.8654
4.5126
3.7970
2.9316
4.9379
3.8668
4.6343
4.3451
2.5560
8.1129
3.3762
4.0920
3.4650
4.1288
3.6550
5.0020
3.1952
3.5456
5.9580
5.4169
5.8954
6.5904
5.5384
4.0278
5.6649
5.2708
6.0139
8.3494
Tables of Results
8.6847
8.3458
8.6172
9.1826
7.8000
8.3415
7.9515
7.8972
8.7162
7.8015
9.0596
7.6514
8.5213
7.4603
8.2523
7.3683
7.9999
7.2762
6.9373
12.0163
10.6516
10.6669
9.0972
9.8175
8.1973
8.4619
8.2098
8.2007
5.3400
5.3276
5.3421
5.3968
5.5709
5.5726
5.6011
5.5775
5.6864
5.6913
5.7476
5.7487
5.6988
5.8074
5.7534
5.8207
5.9902
6.0670
6.1554
3.0512
3.7000
4.1850
4.6087
4.7031
5.0013
5.0522
5.1230
5.2023
A. 45
1.0060
0.9636
0.7981
0.7328
0.9669
0.7746
0.8171
0.6735
0.6674
0.8773
0.8066
0.7647
0.7008
0.7434
0.6994
0.8567
0.6262
0.5730
0.7714
1.9442
1.9470
1.7400
1.4857
1.1801
1.2783
1.1892
1.2460
1.0093
2.324
2.3364
2.3219
2.2672
2.0931
2.0914
2.0629
2.0865
1.9776
1.9727
1.9164
1.9153
1.9652
1.8566
1.9106
1.8433
1.6738
1.597
1.5086
4.4718
3.823
3.338
2.9143
2.8199
2.5217
2.4708
2.4
2.3207
-7.4558
-8.0063
-8.2689
-8.6476
-8.9126
-8.9073
-9.0835
-9.6093
-9.1604
-9.7126
-9.8144
-9.8207
-10.0232
-10.0021
-10.2307
-10.4537
-10.8432
-11.7915
-12.0486
-2.3432
-3.5551
-5.0565
-6.3507
-6.8122
-6.9744
-7.7744
-8.1161
-8.4165
0.3902
-0.0343
0.1031
0.0044
-0.0406
-0.0603
0.3385
-0.2373
0.4501
0.2594
0.1576
0.0193
0.0488
0.2699
0.1413
0.0433
0.4488
0.0805
0.0874
-0.6349
-0.5431
-0.4345
-0.8137
-0.6902
-0.3324
-0.6254
-0.7441
-0.5705
19.0838
19.6343
19.8969
20.2756
20.5406
20.5353
20.7115
21.2373
20.7884
21.3406
21.4424
21.4487
21.6512
21.6301
21.8587
22.0817
22.4712
23.4195
23.6766
13.9712
15.1831
16.6845
17.9787
18.4402
18.6024
19.4024
19.7441
20.0445
Appendix A:
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
90
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
250
255
260
280
300
320
500
700
1000
5
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
9.4738
9.3820
9.7971
9.7060
10.0042
9.8794
10.1197
9.5615
10.2651
9.6395
9.5708
8.1344
9.7061
8.2172
9.1446
10.3526
8.6398
10.6545
1.9728
2.3552
2.6599
2.8047
2.8756
2.9382
2.9855
3.0230
3.0564
3.0824
4.8673
4.3313
4.4464
4.9790
4.7476
5.0003
4.8971
3.3688
8.7146
4.6104
3.8493
2.6558
3.8303
2.6596
4.0500
4.0828
1.9967
6.0849
12.4473
11.9435
12.9585
10.4816
9.7622
9.8417
9.7595
10.2880
12.6478
8.9821
Tables of Results
7.9911
8.0829
7.6678
7.7589
7.4607
7.5855
7.3452
7.9034
7.1998
7.8254
7.8941
9.3305
7.7588
9.2477
8.3203
7.1123
8.8251
6.8104
4.9859
4.6035
4.2988
4.1540
4.0831
4.0205
3.9732
3.9357
3.9023
3.8763
5.2485
5.3318
5.3680
5.4550
5.4857
5.5538
5.5763
5.6042
5.6338
5.6467
5.6370
5.5533
5.6830
5.6017
5.6361
5.8364
5.8487
6.0095
0.7742
0.9217
1.0222
1.0703
1.0526
1.0762
1.0940
1.1081
1.0898
1.0982
A. 46
1.0255
0.9288
0.8450
0.9920
0.8287
0.9108
0.8133
0.7262
0.9608
0.8467
0.7940
0.6963
0.7600
0.6887
0.8131
0.6134
0.4957
0.7665
3.8402
3.3417
2.7502
2.1203
1.7026
1.5262
1.4040
1.4041
1.0698
1.0482
2.2745
2.1912
2.155
2.068
2.0373
1.9692
1.9467
1.9188
1.8892
1.8763
1.886
1.9697
1.84
1.9213
1.8869
1.6866
1.6743
1.5135
2.5758
2.4283
2.3278
2.2797
2.2974
2.2738
2.256
2.2419
2.2602
2.2518
-8.5426
-8.6108
-9.0312
-9.3167
-9.6425
-9.7710
-10.0101
-10.1189
-10.4585
-10.3842
-10.4538
-10.7142
-10.7494
-10.8662
-10.8145
-11.6766
-11.6894
-12.5300
-0.7449
-1.2059
-2.1132
-2.4565
-2.7943
-3.3194
-3.5662
-3.7728
-3.7046
-3.7978
-0.5706
-0.2388
-0.3792
-0.4447
-0.7955
-0.3490
-0.6381
-0.5084
-0.4865
-0.4122
-0.6138
-0.6422
-0.4774
-0.4942
-0.3175
-0.3846
0.1826
-0.3940
1.0094
1.8521
2.5548
3.1265
3.3737
3.3686
3.6288
3.6452
4.1874
4.2202
20.1706
20.2388
20.6592
20.9447
21.2705
21.399
21.6381
21.7469
22.0865
22.0122
22.0818
22.3422
22.3774
22.4942
22.4425
23.3046
23.3174
24.158
12.3269
12.7879
13.6952
14.0385
14.3763
14.9014
15.1482
15.3548
15.2866
15.3798
Appendix A:
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
250
255
260
280
300
320
500
700
1000
3.0929
3.1412
3.1703
3.1929
3.2132
3.2306
3.2458
3.2399
3.2541
3.2490
3.2519
3.2708
3.2715
3.2898
3.3475
3.3767
3.4307
8.5484
8.2967
8.9495
8.4425
8.8403
8.5142
7.5593
12.1956
8.7312
8.0337
8.2795
7.9012
8.2201
8.7014
7.5839
7.2398
9.3673
Tables of Results
3.8658
3.8175
3.7884
3.7658
3.7455
3.7281
3.7129
3.7188
3.7046
3.7097
3.7068
3.6879
3.6872
3.6689
3.6112
3.5820
3.5280
1.1892
1.1173
1.1267
1.2065
1.2134
1.2193
1.2244
1.1561
1.2272
1.1591
1.1600
1.2337
1.2504
1.2412
1.2639
1.2848
1.3010
0.9592
0.7673
0.8367
0.7225
0.7434
0.6293
0.5194
0.6561
0.6002
0.4891
0.4760
0.4837
0.5104
0.5912
0.2139
0.1048
0.2310
2.1608
2.2327
2.2233
2.1435
2.1366
2.1307
2.1256
2.1939
2.1228
2.1909
2.19
2.1163
2.0996
2.1088
2.0861
2.0652
2.049
-3.7443
-4.0950
-4.2397
-4.2496
-4.3751
-4.4275
-4.5322
-4.8847
-4.9731
-5.2350
-5.2350
-5.0874
-5.0789
-5.3548
-5.7347
-5.7148
-6.0038
4.6737
4.6030
4.6783
4.6434
5.0929
4.9905
5.1243
5.1333
5.0449
4.6510
4.8830
5.2306
5.3391
5.1882
5.6033
6.2032
6.1782
15.3263
15.677
15.8217
15.8316
15.9571
16.0095
16.1142
16.4667
16.5551
16.817
16.817
16.6694
16.6609
16.9368
17.3167
17.2968
17.5858
Table A.32 (Pre-coding + RCT) Results and compared with the results of each of (Pre-coding) and (RCT)
Pre-coding
X1
PAPR
Y1
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
.9
.8
.7
.6
.5
.4
.3
3.3459
5.1820
6.1784
8.2743
10.1461
13.2863
15.4834
2.3713
3.4754
1.4698
0.7913
1.2348
1.9778
1.1986
19.4918
17.6557
16.6593
14.5634
12.6916
9.5514
7.3543
1.3932
2.1560
2.6885
3.5811
4.3915
5.6906
6.6295
1.0386
0.9329
0.8419
0.3590
0.3219
0.6075
0.4349
A. 47
CCDF OF
PAPR
8.5114
7.7486
7.2161
6.3235
5.5131
4.214
3.2751
Z1
-0.1006
-0.2737
-1.0924
-1.9051
-3.0635
-4.9407
-7.1992
-0.0541
0.0833
-0.3087
-0.1351
-0.2435
-0.4257
-0.3042
SNR
(BER=
)
11.7306
11. 9037
12.7224
13.5351
14.6935
16.5707
18.8292
Appendix A:
WHT
WHT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
.2
.1
.9
.8
.7
.6
.5
.4
.3
.2
.1
.9
.8
.7
.6
.5
.4
.3
.2
.1
.9
.8
.7
.6
.5
.4
.3
.2
.1
17.7489
20.1831
2.6159
4.0365
5.5106
6.0660
7.8308
9.6726
11.9638
13.6369
15.8025
1.7433
3.1975
4.7059
6.2744
7.9097
9.1755
11.0822
13.0856
15.2166
0.3560
0.7383
1.1257
1.5174
1.9183
2.3380
2.7565
3.1938
3.6504
0.9000
0.2180
6.3680
7.0566
5.5287
3.3097
3.6462
3.0908
2.4057
1.5147
0.5641
6.1415
6.8637
5.3701
4.1642
4.3712
3.2398
2.1702
1.6095
0.6243
15.2604
14.9107
12.2961
9.9134
8.8860
6.9085
4.3507
2.2239
-0.4357
Tables of Results
5.0888
2.6546
15.4951
14.0745
12.6004
12.0450
10.2802
8.4384
6.1472
4.4741
2.3085
15.7216
14.2674
12.7590
11.1905
9.5552
8.2894
6.3827
4.3793
2.2483
6.6027
6.2204
5.8330
5.4413
5.0404
4.6207
4.2022
3.7649
3.3083
7.6444
8.7120
0.8902
1.5129
2.1557
2.5025
3.2498
4.0337
4.9843
5.7340
6.6729
0.7555
1.3692
2.0010
2.6500
3.3369
3.9292
4.7562
5.6273
6.5535
0.1052
0.2788
0.5084
0.6703
0.7518
0.8374
1.0510
1.0568
1.2249
A. 48
0.3143
0.0754
2.7762
2.5304
2.5497
1.5210
1.4208
1.1912
1.0303
0.6445
0.2769
2.7825
2.5277
2.5360
1.8095
1.6489
1.2277
0.9432
0.6788
0.2985
6.3052
5.6103
5.2164
4.0028
3.2368
2.3089
1.4110
0.2813
-0.8571
2.2602
1.1926
6.7738
6.1511
5.5083
5.1615
4.4142
3.6303
2.6797
1.93
.9911
6.7675
6.1538
5.522
4.873
4.1861
3.5938
2.7668
1.8957
.9695
3.2448
3.0712
2.8416
2.6797
2.5982
2.5126
2.299
2.2932
2.1251
-10.7564
-17.0412
-0.0147
-0.3815
-1.0401
-1.8911
-3.0857
-4.7014
-6.6401
-10.2162
-16.5112
-0.0393
-0.3827
-0.9126
-1.8332
-2.9499
-4.6498
-7.0794
-10.5597
-16.8057
0.0718
-0.2792
-0.6722
-1.1254
-1.5191
-2.5360
-3.4451
-5.8003
-9.5778
-0.1364
-0.3712
0.0338
-0.0225
-0.2544
-0.1191
-0.2637
-0.1844
0.2569
0.4058
0.1608
0.0092
-0.0237
-0.1269
-0.0612
-0.1279
-0.1328
-0.1824
0.0623
-0.1337
0.1663
0.1258
0.1595
0.6926
1.3489
2.0270
3.4979
4.8677
7.1402
22.3864
28.6712
11.6427
12.0095
12.6681
13.5191
14.7137
16.3294
18.2681
21.8442
28.1392
11.6673
12.0107
12.5406
13.4612
14.5779
16.2778
18.7074
22.1877
28.4337
11.5102
11.8612
12.2542
12.7074
13.1011
14.118
15.0271
17.3823
21.1598
Appendix A:
Tables of Results
Table A.33(Pre-coding +AEXP) Results and compared with the results of each of (Pre-coding) and (AEXP companding).
Precoding
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
AEXP d
X1
PAPR
Y1
2
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1
.9
.8
.7
.6
.5
.4
.3
.2
.1
2
1.9
1.8
1.7
10.7804
11.3253
11.7057
12.2595
12.3909
12.9152
13.4360
14.2743
14.8045
15.2924
15.8627
16.4192
17.0353
17.4907
18.2253
18.8350
19.5373
20.2553
21.0167
21.8494
6.7007
7.1704
7.6401
8.2400
1.0238
1.5116
1.0663
0.6391
0.2494
0.1439
0.2128
0.4181
0.4168
0.4070
0.4024
0.3315
0.2782
0.1783
0.1768
0.1317
0.1035
0.0694
0.0148
-0.0193
1.6708
2.0834
1.7274
1.3463
12.0573
11.5124
11.1320
10.5782
10.4468
9.9225
9.4017
8.5634
8.0332
7.5453
6.9750
6.4185
5.8024
5.3470
4.6124
4.0027
3.3004
2.5824
1.8210
0.9883
11.4103
10.9406
10.4709
9.8710
4.9111
5.0575
5.2111
5.4254
5.5148
5.6605
5.8436
6.0031
6.2983
6.4313
6.6393
6.8279
7.1031
7.2846
7.6039
7.9506
8.2612
8.5546
8.9118
9.3313
2.9261
3.0746
3.2279
3.4745
0.1598
0.2929
0.2250
0.2908
0.1952
0.1139
0.0855
0.0785
0.1997
0.1262
0.1087
0.1153
0.1185
0.0170
0.0393
0.1535
0.0966
-0.0228
-0.0503
-0.0617
0.4154
0.5506
0.4824
0.5805
A. 49
CCDF OF
PAPR
4.9935
4.8471
4.6935
4.4792
4.3898
4.2441
4.061
3.9015
3.6063
3.4733
3.2653
3.0767
2.8015
2.62
2.3007
1.954
1.6434
1.35
.9928
.5733
4.7379
4.5894
4.4361
4.1895
Z1
-4.3415
-4.5962
-5.3536
-4.7950
-4.3508
-5.2656
-4.0073
-4.0536
-4.1271
-4.4413
-4.2999
-4.2078
-5.5993
-6.5697
-9.5950
-18.3700
-18.3700
-18.3700
-18.3700
-18.3700
-3.9507
-3.9175
-3.8548
-3.1582
-1.2415
-1.5262
-2.1256
-1.9750
-1.7808
-2.5818
-1.0688
-1.3836
-0.4271
-1.2213
-0.6299
0.4622
2.0157
11.8003
8.7750
0
0
0
0
0
-0.8487
-0.8455
-0.6248
-0.3362
SNR
(BER=
)
15.9715
16.2262
16.9836
16.425
15.9808
16.8956
15.6373
15.6836
15.7571
16.0713
15.9299
15.8378
17.2293
18.1997
21.225
>30
>30
>>30
>>30
>>>30
15.5787
15.5455
15.4828
14.7862
Appendix A:
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1
.9
.8
.7
.6
.5
.4
.3
.2
.1
2
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1
.9
.8
8.5743
9.0476
9.5246
10.0065
10.4319
10.9577
11.4605
11.9813
12.5214
13.1121
13.6710
14.2768
14.9229
15.6162
16.3628
17.1819
5.7603
6.2487
6.7376
7.4201
7.9659
8.2102
8.6838
9.2006
9.6836
10.2053
10.6868
11.3528
11.9005
1.1595
1.0030
1.0281
0.8770
0.7709
0.7990
0.7269
0.6203
0.4910
0.5264
0.3492
0.3002
0.2158
0.1570
0.0876
0.0399
1.3765
1.8078
1.4710
1.1725
1.1972
0.8117
0.8334
0.7172
0.6687
0.6927
0.5993
0.6379
0.5162
Tables of Results
9.5367
9.0634
8.5864
8.1045
7.6791
7.1533
6.6505
6.1297
5.5896
4.9989
4.4400
3.8342
3.1881
2.4948
1.7482
0.9291
11.7046
11.2162
10.7273
10.0448
9.4990
9.2547
8.7811
8.2643
7.7813
7.2596
6.7781
6.1121
5.5644
3.6095
3.7703
3.9270
4.0957
4.5142
4.3928
4.5868
4.8018
5.0146
5.3103
5.5512
5.8225
6.1132
6.4346
6.8036
7.1850
2.8291
2.9692
3.1148
3.3569
3.4962
3.5812
3.7896
3.9663
4.1170
4.3442
4.5007
4.7532
4.9746
A. 50
0.5305
0.4643
0.4095
0.4117
0.6562
0.3283
0.2968
0.3298
0.2706
0.2833
0.2272
0.2660
0.1892
0.0978
0.0821
0.0326
0.4594
0.5862
0.5103
0.6039
0.5582
0.4162
0.4131
0.4233
0.4000
0.4207
0.3517
0.4222
0.3716
4.0545
3.8937
3.737
3.5683
3.1498
3.2712
3.0772
2.8622
2.6494
2.3537
2.1128
1.8415
1.5508
1.2294
.8604
.479
4.6939
4.5538
4.4082
4.1661
4.0268
3.9418
3.7334
3.5567
3.406
3.1788
3.0223
2.7698
2.5484
-3.2536
-2.9112
-2.7500
-2.6924
-2.4536
-2.4922
-3.0850
-3.7744
-5.2869
-6.8777
-18.3720
-18.3720
-18.3720
-18.3720
-18.3720
-18.3720
-3.4924
-2.9424
-1.7942
-2.1349
-1.5678
-1.8026
-2.0358
-2.4312
-3.5155
-4.6118
-17.9720
-18.3720
-18.3720
-0.6816
-0.2254
0.1905
-0.0204
1.2484
0.7298
0.5870
0.8976
2.3301
11.4943
0
0
0
0
0
0
-0.3904
0.1296
1.4358
0.6871
1.0042
0.8832
0.9047
0.2408
0.1865
-1.3898
-14.3000
-13.7000
-10.7550
14.8816
14.5392
14.378
14.3204
14.0816
14.1202
14.713
15.4024
16.9149
18.5057
>30
>30
>30
>>30
>>30
>>>30
15.1204
14.5704
13.4222
13.7629
13.1958
13.4306
13.6638
14.0592
15.1435
16.2398
29.6
>30
>30
Appendix A:
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
.7
.6
.5
.4
.3
.2
.1
2
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1
.9
.8
.7
.6
.5
.4
.3
.2
.1
12.4544
13.0419
13.6703
14.3023
15.0261
15.7624
16.5640
-0.6937
-0.4865
-0.3933
-0.2155
0.0648
0.3050
0.2838
0.5355
0.8006
1.1528
1.5750
1.8437
2.1033
2.3210
2.5943
2.8462
3.1118
3.3695
3.6525
3.8711
0.5148
0.3662
0.3398
0.2413
0.2130
0.1333
0.0681
5.4287
5.5788
4.8463
4.0431
3.8023
3.4127
2.9396
2.5583
2.2919
2.1464
1.9937
1.6350
1.2252
0.8876
0.4248
0.0219
-0.4430
-0.9374
-1.4704
-2.1186
Tables of Results
5.0105
4.4230
3.7946
3.1626
2.4388
1.7025
0.9009
7.6524
7.4452
7.3520
7.1742
6.8939
6.6537
6.6749
6.4232
6.1581
5.8059
5.3837
5.1150
4.8554
4.6377
4.3644
4.1125
3.8469
3.5892
3.3062
3.0876
5.2316
5.4339
5.6985
5.9822
6.3203
6.6784
7.0644
0.1988
0.2950
0.3265
0.3825
0.5006
0.5780
0.6027
0.6680
0.7343
0.7608
0.9006
0.9706
1.0415
1.0391
1.1280
1.1485
1.2126
1.2777
1.3818
1.3298
A. 51
0.3456
0.2509
0.2830
0.1992
0.1245
0.0979
0.0530
2.0021
2.0850
1.8950
1.8025
1.7356
1.5860
1.3992
1.2980
1.1903
1.0103
0.9246
0.8126
0.6115
0.3261
0.1180
-0.0940
-0.3974
-0.7451
-1.0257
-1.5086
2.2914
2.0891
1.8245
1.5408
1.2027
.8446
.4586
3.1512
3.055
3.0235
2.9675
2.8494
2.772
2.7473
2.682
2.6157
2.5892
2.4494
2.3794
2.3085
2.3109
2.222
2.2015
2.1374
2.0723
1.9682
2.0202
-18.3720
-18.3720
-18.3720
-18.3720
-18.3720
-18.3720
-18.3720
-1.9173
-1.5431
-1.5752
-1.0598
-0.8207
-0.8038
-1.0845
-1.0560
-0.8581
-0.3896
-0.5745
-0.6731
-0.8873
-1.4496
-1.7265
-2.3714
-3.0057
-4.1479
-18.4180
-18.4180
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.2307
1.5749
1.7008
1.8082
1.7973
1.9280
1.9020
1.6620
2.8899
2.8784
3.1435
4.0449
6.7757
6.9684
16.6915
16.0466
15.4123
14.2701
0
0
>30
>>30
>>30
>>30
>>30
>>>30
>>>30
13.4993
13.1251
13.1572
12.6418
12.4027
12.3858
12.6665
12.638
12.4401
11.9716
12.1565
12.2551
12.4693
13.0316
13.3085
13.9534
14.5877
15.7299
17.8183 -30
>>30
Appendix A:
Tables of Results
Table A.34 (Pre-coding +cos) Results and compared with the results of each of (Pre-coding) and (cos companding).
Precoding
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
Cos
X1
PAPR
Y1
1
.9
.8
.7
.6
.5
.4
.3
.2
.1
1
.9
.8
.7
.6
.5
.4
.3
.2
.1
1
.9
.8
.7
.6
7.3889
8.6546
9.9471
11.3571
12.8150
14.2197
15.7226
17.3259
19.0411
20.8281
4.5103
5.5939
6.7188
7.8898
9.1125
10.0773
11.4935
12.9874
14.5824
16.2663
3.4964
5.0333
6.0390
7.0375
8.3999
0.1118
0.2175
0.2189
0.1886
0.2831
0.1510
0.0911
0.0641
15.4488
14.1831
12.8906
11.4806
10.0227
8.6180
7.1151
5.5118
3.7966
2.0096
13.6007
12.5171
11.3922
10.2212
8.9985
8.0337
6.6175
5.1236
3.5286
1.8447
13.9685
12.4316
11.4259
10.4274
9.0650
3.0367
3.5637
4.2290
4.7941
5.4976
6.0483
6.6971
7.4495
8.1231
8.9201
1.7336
2.2109
2.6944
3.1956
3.7198
4.1538
4.7682
5.4192
6.0790
6.8477
1.4699
2.0815
2.5870
3.0940
3.5805
-0.0179
0.0751
0.1894
0.1710
0.1960
0.0987
0.0715
0.1449
1.9599
1.8835
1.7173
1.4480
1.3073
0.7353
0.5887
0.4523
1.5921
1.9690
1.6836
1.2418
1.2408
A. 52
0.9196
0.9629
0.8954
0.8131
0.6588
0.4448
0.3832
0.3552
0.7969
0.9745
0.9290
0.8525
0.6605
CCDF of
PAPR
6.8679
6.3409
5.6756
5.1105
4.407
3.8563
3.2075
2.4551
1.7815
.9845
5.9304
5.4531
4.9696
4.4684
3.9442
3.5102
2.8958
2.2448
1.585
.8163
6.0531
5.4415
4.936
4.429
3.9425
Z1
-0.0936
-0.3785
-0.8393
-1.5116
-2.6935
-3.9494
-6.0413
-9.0243
-18.3700
-18.3700
-0.0147
-0.3795
-1.0026
-1.5364
-2.5236
-3.9940
-5.9277
-11.3055
-18.3720
-18.3720
-0.5719
-0.6383
-1.3140
-2.1014
-3.0753
0.0764
0.2165
0.1107
0.2424
0.2150
0.2806
-0.1113
0.6457
0.1573
0.2175
-0.0506
0.2196
0.3869
0.2380
0.0043
-1.6335
-0.3999
-0.0413
-0.3620
-0.3454
-0.1648
SNR
(BER=
)
11.7236
12.0085
12.4693
13.1416
14.3235
15.5794
17.6713
20.6543
>30
>>30
11.6427
12.0075
12.6306
13.1644
14.1516
15.622
17.5557
22.9335
>30
>>30
12.1999
12.2663
12.942
13.7294
14.7033
Appendix A:
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
.5
.4
.3
.2
.1
1
.9
.8
.7
.6
.5
.4
.3
.2
.1
9.6431
11.1108
12.4423
13.9884
15.6603
-0.8692
-0.3893
0.0275
0.5943
1.2213
1.6803
2.1705
2.6262
3.1364
3.6225
Tables of Results
0.9472
0.8521
0.5533
7.8218
6.3541
5.0226
3.4765
1.8046
7.8279
7.3480
6.9312
6.3644
5.7374
5.2784
4.7882
4.3325
3.8223
3.3362
7.7327
7.0526
6.1783
5.3048
4.5684
3.4906
2.4180
1.2434
4.1717
4.6548
5.3188
5.9826
6.7346
0.2092
0.3310
0.4508
0.5863
0.6807
0.7570
0.8625
1.0832
1.2095
1.3423
0.6037
0.4108
0.3958
3.7092
3.3970
2.9658
2.5178
1.9337
1.3620
0.7915
0.3332
3.3513
2.8682
2.2042
1.5404
.7884
3.1408
3.019
2.8992
2.7637
2.6693
2.593
2.4875
2.2668
2.1405
2.0077
-4.0155
-6.3518
-8.6413
-17.8447
-18.3720
-0.1667
-0.3262
-0.5046
-0.9311
-1.1133
-2.2444
-2.6397
-4.0128
-18.4180
-18.4180
0.2165
-0.4198
1.0307
0.0513
0.3168
0.4934
0.8709
1.8432
2.0336
3.3383
5.7052
15.6435
17.9798
20.2693
29.4727
>>>30
11.7487
11.9082
12.0866
12.5131
12.6953
13.8264
14.2217
15.5948
30
>>30
Table A.35 (Pre-coding +NERF) Results and compared with the results of each of (Pre-coding) and (NERF companding).
Precoding
NERF
WHT
DCT
DST
DHT
X1
PAPR
Y1
12.7937
9.0407
8.4569
1.1145
0.3968
1.3705
1.4328
4.5966
10.0440
9.0703
9.0080
5.8442
5.6684
3.7171
3.6090
0.6177
0.2838
0.5731
0.6060
1.7877
CCDF of
PAPR
4.2362
3.9469
3.914
2.7323
Z1
-2.1831
-1.7823
-0.4681
-0.0653
SNR
(BER=
)
13.8131
13.4103
non-NaN.
non-NaN
Table A.36 (Pre-coding + tanhR) Results and compared with the results of each of (Pre-coding) and (tanhR companding).
Precoding
X1
PAPR
A. 53
Y1
CCDF of
Z1
SNR
Appendix A:
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
5
5
5
5
10
10
10
10
15
15
15
15
20
20
20
20
30
30
30
30
40
40
40
40
5
5
5
5
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
-0.1807
3.7573
10.6855
18.3499
0.0656
4.2484
11.1658
18.6064
0.3235
4.9015
10.8964
18.7511
0.0789
5.7588
12.0332
19.1134
2.9821
6.1658
12.9867
18.9871
4.2670
7.5802
13.8960
19.3685
4.9948
7.4490
11.3493
15.4567
-6.3055
-5.2332
-3.2479
-0.9432
-13.8409
-10.4413
-5.2722
-1.1811
-17.2828
-12.6933
-6.9994
-1.3429
-19.3807
-13.4839
-7.0284
-1.1533
3.5967
3.1852
2.1426
0.8903
Tables of Results
23.0184
19.0804
12.1522
4.4878
22.7721
18.5893
11.6719
4.2313
22.5142
17.9362
11.9413
4.0866
22.7588
17.0789
10.8045
3.7243
19.8556
16.6719
9.8510
3.8506
18.5707
15.2575
8.9417
3.4692
13.1162
10.6620
6.7617
2.6543
0.2938
2.2354
4.7480
7.9541
0.3874
2.1231
4.9280
8.0609
0.4487
2.3646
5.1420
8.1767
0.3788
2.6213
5.1936
8.2956
1.4998
2.7222
5.6462
8.2285
1.8924
3.4669
5.9673
8.3837
1.8882
2.9477
4.6478
6.4640
A. 54
-2.2032
-1.6111
-1.2705
-0.4230
-5.3082
-4.0236
-2.1485
-0.4986
-6.8572
-5.0135
-2.5305
-0.5252
-7.7030
-5.4421
-2.9215
-0.4775
1.6318
1.3418
0.8699
0.3275
PAPR
9.6108
7.6692
5.1566
1.9505
9.5172
7.7815
4.9766
1.8437
9.4559
7.54
4.7626
1.7279
9.5258
7.2833
4.711
1.609
8.4048
7.1824
4.2584
1.6761
8.0122
6.4377
3.9373
1.5209
5.7758
4.7163
3.0162
1.2
0.1112
-0.6251
-3.0382
-10.9634
0.1112
-0.4102
-3.1630
-11.2273
-0.0924
-0.6197
-3.2753
-11.4066
-0.2736
-0.7083
-3.4580
-11.7669
0.1416
-0.6555
-3.4154
-12.3505
0.0095
-0.6978
-3.9522
-12.5536
-0.2843
-1.2305
-4.0362
-12.4393
0.6106
0.4161
0.9195
2.1297
3.1298
2.8919
2.8359
3.1586
17.8776
10.2159
6.5694
3.5210
17.6964
17.2617
14.5120
5.5423
0.2171
-0.1873
-0.0765
0.6558
(BER=
)
11.5188
12.2551
14.6682
22.5934
11.5188
12.0402
14.793
22.8573
11.7224
12.2497
14.9053
23.0366
11.9036
12.3383
15.088
23.3969
11.4884
12.2855
15.0454
23.9805
11.6205
12.3278
15.5822
24.1836
11.9123
12.8585
15.6642
24.0673
Appendix A:
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
10
10
10
10
15
15
15
15
20
20
20
20
30
30
30
30
40
40
40
40
.5
.5
.5
.5
1
1
1
1
5
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
10.0154
10.8270
12.7260
15.6243
13.2826
13.3063
13.9101
15.8469
14.9735
14.7766
14.7322
16.0073
16.4535
16.2397
15.7594
16.2183
17.0593
16.9063
16.3777
16.3828
2.7791
5.6384
10.1178
14.6923
7.7531
9.1948
11.8357
15.0636
16.5353
0.8356
0.8640
1.0147
0.5635
0.4030
0.4382
0.7410
0.4796
0.2406
0.2606
0.3973
0.4673
15.7833
Tables of Results
8.0956
7.2840
5.3850
2.4867
4.8284
4.8047
4.2009
2.2641
3.1375
3.3344
3.3788
2.1037
1.6575
1.8713
2.3516
1.8927
1.0517
1.2047
1.7333
1.7282
14.6858
11.8265
7.3471
2.7726
9.7118
8.2701
5.6292
2.4013
0.9296
4.0445
4.4516
5.3042
6.5815
5.2743
5.3592
5.7489
6.6630
5.9965
5.9706
6.1017
6.7400
6.6685
6.5711
6.5149
6.8333
6.9437
6.9363
6.7772
6.8898
1.2087
2.4243
4.3530
6.3053
3.1540
3.7915
4.9741
6.4409
6.8695
A. 55
0.5895
0.5455
0.4683
0.2626
0.2090
0.2217
0.3170
0.2017
0.1553
0.1478
0.2272
0.2075
6.7541
3.6195
3.2124
2.3598
1.0825
2.3897
2.3048
1.9151
1.001
1.6675
1.6934
1.5623
.924
.9955
1.0929
1.1491
.8307
.7203
.7277
.8868
.7742
6.3143
5.0987
3.17
1.2177
4.369
3.7315
2.5489
1.0821
.6535
-2.1407
-2.6784
-6.2448
-13.8424
-7.3080
-7.1678
-8.8231
-14.9256
-18.3720
-18.3720
-13.4514
-16.1143
-18.3720
-18.3720
-18.3720
-17.5814
-18.3720
-18.3720
-18.3720
-18.3720
-18.3720
-18.3720
-18.3720
-18.3720
-18.3720
-18.3720
-18.3720
-18.3720
-18.3720
0.8799
0.6257
-0.2439
0.5455
10.6640
3.6698
1.0236
0.0040
-0.4000
-0.4000
4.5206
1.1969
-17.8706
13.7687
14.3064
17.8728
25.4704
18.936
18.7958
20.4511
26.5536
>30
>30
25.0794
27.7423
>>30
>>30
>30
29.2094
>>30
>>30
>>30
>30
>30
>>30
>>>30
>>>30
>30
>30
>>>30
>>>30
>>>30
Appendix A:
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
5
5
5
10
10
10
10
15
15
15
15
20
20
20
20
30
30
30
30
40
40
40
40
5
5
5
5
10
10
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
16.3710
15.8264
15.8076
17.1973
17.1359
16.8045
16.1937
17.3352
17.3044
17.1086
16.3513
17.3829
17.3648
17.2385
16.4904
17.4153
17.4074
17.3451
16.6910
17.4283
17.4237
17.3863
16.7987
4.0819
4.0969
3.9269
3.8097
4.1283
4.1282
12.7533
7.2658
1.8873
8.6636
7.8190
5.7393
1.7790
5.1017
5.0824
4.5856
1.6301
3.2961
3.4949
3.5497
1.5965
13.8361
10.9854
5.8725
0.3956
6.1008
5.3175
Tables of Results
1.0939
1.6385
1.6573
0.2676
0.3290
0.6604
1.2712
0.1297
0.1605
0.3563
1.1136
0.0820
0.1001
0.2264
0.9745
0.0496
0.0575
0.1198
0.7739
0.0366
0.0412
0.0786
0.6662
2.8768
2.8618
3.0318
3.1490
2.8304
2.8305
6.8535
6.6730
6.7862
7.2727
7.2537
7.1194
6.9533
7.3498
7.3447
7.2769
7.0354
7.4045
7.3987
7.3456
7.0845
7.4273
7.4277
7.3967
7.1582
7.4550
7.4562
7.4420
7.2140
1.4368
1.4315
1.4552
1.3754
1.4791
1.4791
A. 56
5.3886
3.0361
0.7907
3.9587
3.4886
2.4245
0.7754
2.4255
2.3482
1.9860
0.7151
1.7043
1.7169
1.6121
0.6930
5.4944
4.1396
1.9913
-0.4471
2.3381
1.8870
.6695
.85
.7368
.2503
.2693
.4036
.5697
.1732
.1783
.2461
.4876
.1185
.1243
.1774
.4385
.0957
.0953
.1263
.3648
.068
.0668
.081
.309
1.9132
1.9185
1.8948
1.9746
1.8709
1.8709
-18.3720
-18.3720
-18.3720
-18.3720
-18.3720
-18.3720
-18.3720
-18.3720
-18.3720
-18.3720
-18.3720
-18.3720
-18.3720
-18.3720
-18.3720
-18.3720
-18.3720
-18.3720
-18.3720
-18.3720
-18.3720
-18.3720
-18.3720
-1.4034
-0.9347
-1.3122
-5.7323
-1.5015
-1.0322
-17.3288
-14.4123
-5.2769
-15.3514
-15.0679
-12.3711
-3.9841
-0.4000
-7.5344
-8.5253
-3.4424
-0.4000
-0.4000
-0.4000
-1.0608
-0.8560
0.1545
2.6935
7.4088
1.5651
2.3179
>>>30
>>30
>30
>>>30
>>>30
>>>30
>>30
>>>30
>>>30
>>>30
>>30
>>>30
>>>30
>>>30
>>30
>>>30
>>>30
>>>30
>>>30
>>>30
>>>30
>>>30
>>>30
12.9854
12.5167
12.8942
17.3143
13.0835
12.6142
Appendix A:
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
10
10
15
15
15
15
20
20
20
20
30
30
30
30
40
40
40
40
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
4.0944
3.8978
4.1283
4.1283
4.1193
3.9387
4.0983
4.0983
4.0954
3.9368
4.1032
4.1264
4.1028
3.9758
4.1264
4.1024
4.1263
4.0197
Tables of Results
3.5354
-0.0107
2.4010
2.4125
2.1025
-0.2763
0.5177
0.7346
0.9128
-0.4509
2.8643
3.0609
2.8304
2.8304
2.8394
3.0200
2.8604
2.8604
2.8633
3.0219
2.8555
2.8323
2.8559
2.9829
2.8323
2.8563
2.8324
2.9390
1.4683
1.4054
1.4791
1.4791
1.4762
1.4185
1.5718
1.5619
1.5609
1.5058
1.5600
1.5207
1.4790
1.4365
1.5207
1.5619
1.5207
1.4816
0.9464
-0.5995
0.7278
0.6556
0.3583
-0.7288
0.0446
0.0531
0.0004
-0.7127
1.8817
1.9446
1.8709
1.8709
1.8738
1.9315
1.7782
1.7881
1.7891
1.8442
1.79
1.8293
1.871
1.9135
1.8293
1.7881
1.8293
1.8684
-1.1244
-5.7624
-1.5015
-1.0322
-1.0754
-5.7564
-1.3866
-0.6494
-1.2818
-5.5015
-1.3244
-0.8384
-1.0972
-5.7159
-1.4180
-0.8458
-1.2255
-5.5194
4.9225
8.6715
16.5165
9.8514
8.8173
9.2192
16.6314
17.3686
16.7362
11.8557
12.7064
17.3444
13.0835
12.6142
12.6574
17.3384
12.9686
12.2314
12.8638
17.0835
12.9064
12.4204
12.6792
17.2979
13
12.4278
12.8075
17.1014
Table A.37 (Pre-coding +logR) Results and compared with the results of each of (Pre-coding) and (logR companding).
Precoding
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
5
5
5
5
10
1
.8
.5
.2
1
0.4263
4.6287
11.9168
18.3833
1.0356
X1
PAPR
-5.0601
22.4114
18.2090
10.9209
4.4544
21.8021
0.5366
2.2852
5.1927
7.9769
0.7807
A. 57
Y1
-1.8094
CCDF of
PAPR
9.368
7.6194
4.7119
1.9277
9.1239
Z1
0.0852
-0.4767
-3.2966
-11.4059
0.0587
0.9287
SNR
(BER=
)
11.5448
12.1067
14.9266
23.0359
11.5713
Appendix A:
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
WHT
DCT
10
10
10
20
20
20
20
30
30
30
30
40
40
40
40
50
50
50
50
70
70
70
70
90
90
90
90
5
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
5.2030
11.7711
18.4830
1.9256
5.9356
12.1732
18.5564
2.8015
6.5904
12.4999
18.6257
4.7516
8.0905
13.3591
18.9242
4.2553
7.6258
12.9890
18.7335
5.1623
8.2282
13.2299
18.7585
5.9939
8.7922
13.4752
18.8058
4.0783
-2.9008
-1.3242
-0.2614
-6.4950
-4.0630
-1.7503
-0.0850
-6.3259
-4.7333
-1.9038
-0.4202
-5.6271
-3.9205
-1.1251
-0.0447
-6.9289
-4.9426
-2.0679
-0.3517
-7.3198
-4.8379
-1.9328
-0.1039
-7.1447
-4.9729
-2.2699
-0.3343
Tables of Results
17.6347
11.0666
4.3547
20.9121
16.9021
10.6645
4.2813
20.0362
16.2473
10.3378
4.2120
18.0861
14.7472
9.4786
3.9135
18.5824
15.2119
9.8487
4.1042
17.6754
14.6095
9.6078
4.0792
16.8438
14.0455
9.3625
4.0319
14.0327
2.5204
5.1833
8.0193
1.4846
3.0211
5.4977
8.1109
1.4262
3.0154
5.5439
8.1529
2.1352
3.5446
5.7738
8.2183
2.0956
3.4779
5.6726
8.1261
2.6547
3.8796
5.9123
8.1934
2.7271
3.9383
5.9566
8.2281
1.5751
A. 58
-1.0067
-0.4813
-0.0853
-2.1290
-1.3535
-0.4789
0.0983
-2.7184
-1.8692
-0.7607
-0.0657
-2.3524
-1.6600
-0.5108
-0.0078
-2.7290
-1.9347
-0.8200
-0.1105
-2.6579
-1.7250
-0.6263
-0.0062
-2.7575
-2.0163
-0.8240
-0.0765
7.3842
4.7213
1.8853
8.42
6.8835
4.4069
1.7937
8.4784
6.8892
4.3607
1.7517
7.7694
6.36
4.1308
1.6863
7.809
6.4267
4.232
1.7785
7.2499
6.025
3.9923
1.7112
7.1775
5.9663
3.948
1.6765
6.0889
-0.5679
-3.3075
-11.4272
-0.2059
-0.7820
-3.4292
-11.4118
-0.2365
-0.8880
-3.4371
-11.8373
0.0341
-0.8033
-3.5819
-11.7032
-0.1544
-0.9347
-3.9124
-11.5775
-0.4487
-1.1765
-4.1543
-11.6655
-0.6104
-1.3420
-4.0355
-12.0414
-0.4586
1.0021
0.8125
0.5928
1.7801
1.4260
1.3740
0.8582
2.8718
2.1820
2.0157
0.3127
4.0906
3.5667
2.4001
0.5536
4.7956
3.6953
1.8816
1.1925
7.9213
4.9185
2.3437
0.5845
17.7596
7.0280
3.3159
0.6886
12.1979
14.9375
23.0572
11.8359
12.412
15.0592
23.0418
11.8665
12.518
15.0671
23.4673
11.5959
12.4333
15.2119
23.3332
11.7844
12.5647
15.5424
23.2075
12.0787
12.8065
15.7843
23.2955
12.2404
12.972
15.6655
23.6714
12.0866
Appendix A:
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
DCT
5
5
5
10
10
10
10
20
20
20
20
30
30
30
30
40
40
40
40
50
50
50
50
70
70
70
70
90
90
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
5.8776
10.1251
14.7651
5.2700
7.5462
10.9668
14.9984
6.4419
8.8030
11.5302
15.1147
8.4747
9.6024
11.9149
14.9918
8.4754
9.4797
11.6821
15.0467
9.6001
9.8944
11.8863
15.0848
9.7691
10.4531
12.1597
15.2596
10.5879
11.1396
3.9010
4.1691
2.5982
0.9807
2.7480
3.5311
2.3334
1.2000
4.0740
3.0054
2.2379
0.6726
2.8234
2.1954
1.9246
0.8045
3.1426
2.0527
1.5561
0.7263
2.0137
2.1137
1.7237
1.1239
2.1760
2.1012
Tables of Results
12.2334
7.9859
3.3459
12.8410
10.5648
7.1442
3.1126
11.6691
9.3080
6.5808
2.9963
9.6363
8.5086
6.1961
3.1192
9.6356
8.6313
6.4289
3.0643
8.5109
8.2166
6.2247
3.0262
8.3419
7.6579
5.9513
2.8514
7.5231
6.9714
2.4715
4.2709
6.2418
2.0919
3.0042
4.5075
6.2912
2.7293
3.5713
4.7449
6.3263
3.3960
3.8900
4.9083
6.3167
3.4950
3.9296
4.8823
6.3449
3.8828
4.0978
4.9704
6.3745
4.0838
4.3864
5.1309
6.4068
4.3312
4.5770
A. 59
1.7424
1.7177
1.0835
0.4272
1.3563
1.4373
1.0089
0.5543
1.4920
1.2460
0.8443
0.3387
1.2480
0.9656
0.8383
0.3594
1.2988
0.9258
0.7184
0.3785
1.0118
1.0224
0.8329
0.4478
1.0872
0.8630
5.1925
3.3931
1.4222
5.5721
4.6598
3.1565
1.3728
4.9347
4.0927
2.9191
1.3377
4.268
3.774
2.7557
1.3473
4.169
3.7344
2.7817
1.3191
3.7812
3.5662
2.6936
1.2895
3.5802
3.2776
2.5331
1.2572
3.3328
3.087
-0.8859
-4.2414
-11.6890
-0.7392
-1.4409
-4.2249
-11.9552
-1.6394
-2.3940
-5.0332
-12.1126
-2.4175
-2.9251
-5.0536
-12.0250
-3.5951
-3.7052
-5.4937
-12.5112
-3.6787
-3.9254
-6.2297
-12.2911
-5.0376
-4.8662
-6.3668
-13.0394
-6.3649
-5.9901
0.1328
0.1311
-0.1029
0.0668
0.3486
-0.1840
-0.2280
0.1594
0.6928
0.1469
0.4012
0.1270
0.4634
0.6668
0.4903
-0.2524
1.2733
0.7066
-0.4337
0.4809
3.3344
1.2308
0.1332
-0.7874
12.0071
2.3819
12.5139
15.8694
23.317
12.3672
13.0689
15.8529
23.5832
13.2674
14.022
16.6612
23.7406
14.0455
14.5531
16.6816
23.653
15.2231
15.3332
17.1217
24.1392
15.3067
15.5534
17.8577
23.9191
16.6656
16.4942
17.9948
24.6674
17.9929
17.6181
Appendix A:
DCT
DCT
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
90
90
5
5
5
5
10
10
10
10
15
15
15
15
20
20
20
20
30
30
30
30
40
40
40
40
50
50
50
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
12.5958
15.3170
8.5202
9.3524
11.4249
14.5077
9.8718
10.0125
11.7969
14.6244
10.4876
10.8296
12.3484
14.6892
10.9548
11.2190
12.3938
14.6429
11.6232
11.7005
12.5336
14.7947
11.9575
12.1610
12.9059
14.8824
11.9685
12.1433
12.8274
1.5774
0.9036
9.1489
7.2815
4.0744
1.2528
7.9070
6.5932
3.8431
1.3743
7.8686
5.7496
3.5027
1.1216
6.9516
5.5228
3.7945
1.2863
6.1571
4.9477
3.1433
Tables of Results
5.5152
2.7940
8.9447
8.1125
6.0400
2.9572
7.5931
7.4524
5.6680
2.8405
6.9773
6.6353
5.1165
2.7757
6.5101
6.2459
5.0711
2.8220
5.8417
5.7644
4.9313
2.6702
5.5074
5.3039
4.5590
2.5825
5.4964
5.3216
4.6375
5.2242
6.4156
3.6111
4.0014
4.8296
6.2632
4.1997
4.3860
5.0592
6.3016
4.5158
4.6424
5.2379
6.2822
4.6516
4.8452
5.2302
6.3268
4.9818
5.0121
5.3564
6.3350
5.0939
5.1844
5.5148
6.3855
5.1368
5.2135
5.5130
A. 60
0.6842
0.3516
3.9912
3.2405
1.7762
0.5786
3.4196
2.8522
1.6352
0.6958
3.2188
2.5091
1.4334
0.4980
2.9879
2.3614
1.6118
0.5410
2.6938
2.1825
1.4020
2.4398
1.2484
3.9119
3.5216
2.6934
1.2598
3.3233
3.137
2.4638
1.2214
3.0072
2.8806
2.2851
1.2408
2.8714
2.6778
2.2928
1.1962
2.5412
2.5109
2.1666
1.188
2.4291
2.3386
2.0082
1.1375
2.3862
2.3095
2.01
-6.7500
-12.6807
-2.6156
-3.4388
-5.9240
-13.2083
-5.1839
-5.3699
-7.6083
-13.0385
-7.2293
-6.8672
-8.0515
-13.6972
-8.9870
-8.1981
-8.7103
-13.8951
-15.0476
-11.0759
-9.2805
-13.9518
-18.3720
-13.6810
-9.9412
-13.8786
-18.3720
-17.2375
-10.5717
0.6034
0.0513
-4.3119
-3.7979
-3.4863
-1.0165
-6.9990
-5.9881
-3.9051
-1.6231
-11.9373
-8.0039
-3.8257
-1.7998
-14.3135
-9.3090
-3.9572
-1.6198
-13.4200
-12.6055
-4.7757
18.378
24.3087
14.2436
15.0668
17.552
24.8363
16.8119
16.9979
19.2363
24.6665
18.8573
18.4952
19.6795
25.3252
20.615
19.8261
20.3383
25.5231
26.6756
22.7039
20.9085
25.5798
>30
25.309
21.5692
25.5066
>30
28.8655
22.1997
Appendix A:
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
DST
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
50
70
70
70
70
90
90
90
90
5
5
5
5
10
10
10
10
20
20
20
20
30
30
30
30
40
40
40
40
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
14.8421
12.3682
12.5000
13.0636
14.7955
12.8291
12.9326
13.4032
14.9895
2.1510
2.3800
2.8097
3.4943
2.5046
2.6241
2.9457
3.5365
2.7535
2.8192
3.0364
3.5319
2.8996
2.9317
3.1032
3.5497
2.9635
3.0145
3.1604
3.5777
1.1297
5.2589
4.8067
3.2737
1.3059
5.0633
4.5403
3.0309
1.2222
12.2879
10.3993
5.7294
0.6711
10.2119
8.6996
4.9919
0.7695
9.6512
7.4870
4.5785
0.3828
8.4638
6.8825
4.5552
0.4878
Tables of Results
2.6228
5.0967
4.9649
4.4013
2.6694
4.6358
4.5323
4.0617
2.4754
4.8077
4.5787
4.1490
3.4644
4.4541
4.3346
4.0130
3.4222
4.2052
4.1395
3.9223
3.4268
4.0591
4.0270
3.8555
3.4090
3.9952
3.9442
3.7983
3.3810
6.3588
5.2927
5.3530
5.6055
6.4405
5.4648
5.5119
5.7247
6.4377
0.8595
0.9299
1.0939
1.3200
0.9697
1.0064
1.1058
1.2908
1.1068
1.1329
1.2124
1.3662
1.0915
1.0909
1.1471
1.2944
1.1013
1.1159
1.1686
1.3201
A. 61
0.5038
2.3617
2.1300
1.4485
0.6225
2.3618
1.9389
1.3257
0.5147
4.9342
4.0339
1.9958
-0.2592
4.0478
3.3129
1.7904
-0.0918
3.5015
2.7609
1.3971
-0.3696
3.1683
2.4659
1.4386
-0.3514
1.1642
2.2303
2.17
1.9175
1.0825
2.0582
2.0111
1.7983
1.0853
2.4905
2.4201
2.2561
2.03
2.3803
2.3436
2.2442
2.0592
2.2432
2.2171
2.1376
1.9838
2.2585
2.2591
2.2029
2.0556
2.2487
2.2341
2.1814
2.0299
-13.7840
-18.3720
-18.3720
-11.9018
-14.2162
-18.3720
-18.3720
-11.9831
-14.6467
-0.3995
-0.4631
-1.8985
-6.1537
-0.8641
-0.5591
-1.5443
-6.0508
-0.5381
-0.4235
-1.4934
-5.6755
-1.0229
-0.5152
-1.3132
-5.8967
-1.0149
-0.4055
-1.4070
-5.5958
-1.0120
-10.0000
-12.2750
-5.4018
-1.9642
0
-10.0000
-4.6297
-1.9147
0.0539
1.0589
2.6237
6.0172
1.4959
1.8325
3.3578
6.6425
2.1334
2.6028
4.1876
6.3013
3.0896
4.0125
4.6230
6.7090
25.412
>30
>30
23.5298
25.8442
>30
>30
23.6111
26.2747
11.9815
12.0451
13.4805
17.7357
12.4461
12.1411
13.1263
17.6328
12.1201
12.0055
13.0754
17.2575
12.6049
12.0972
12.8952
17.4787
12.5969
11.9875
12.989
17.1778
Appendix A:
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
DHT
50
50
50
50
70
70
70
70
90
90
90
90
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
1
.8
.5
.2
3.0338
3.0455
3.1724
3.5636
3.0908
3.1424
3.2468
3.6069
3.1589
3.1763
3.2661
3.6028
7.7286
6.3561
3.9945
0.3574
6.4877
5.9553
3.9631
0.6235
5.8993
5.2902
3.4000
0.3417
Tables of Results
3.9249
3.9132
3.7863
3.3951
3.8679
3.8163
3.7119
3.3518
3.7998
3.7824
3.6926
3.3559
1.1228
1.1738
1.2150
1.3427
1.1885
1.1830
1.2180
1.3394
1.1722
1.1776
1.2057
1.3118
A. 62
2.8528
2.3158
1.2770
-0.3393
2.4305
2.1330
1.2340
-0.3056
2.2422
1.7776
0.9797
-0.4382
2.2272
2.1762
2.135
2.0073
2.1615
2.167
2.132
2.0106
2.1778
2.1724
2.1443
2.0382
-0.9711
-0.5152
-1.3591
-6.0558
-0.8581
-0.6713
-1.2287
-5.5747
-1.1746
-0.6321
-1.3063
-5.9216
4.0269
4.1628
4.4829
6.7622
7.5599
5.4717
5.3173
6.7233
17.2434
7.7859
6.0931
6.8564
12.5531
12.0972
12.9411
17.6378
12.4401
12.2533
12.8107
17.1567
12.7566
12.2141
12.8883
17.5036
Appendix B
MATLAB Code
Appendix B
MATLAB Code
% -----------------% TRANSMITTER
% -----------------% Generate 1 x 128 vector of random data points
source = randsrc(1, 128*(nsym-2), 0:M-1); %the data source
cp_length = .25*fft_size; % length of cyclic prefix
sp = reshape(source , 128 , nsym-2);% s/p
s = size (sp);
tx = [];
for i=2:nsym-1
% QPSK modulation (mapping)
qpsk_mod = pskmod(sp(:,i-1), M);
% making s/p
serial_to_paralle = reshape(qpsk_mod, fft_size, 1); % s/p
% to know the start and end of cp
cp_start = fft_size-cp_length;
cp_end = fft_size;
% make ifft to each block and add CP
ifft_data_matrix = ifft(serial_to_paralle,fft_size);
% Compute and append Cyclic Prefix
for j=1:cp_length,
B. 1
Appendix B
MATLAB Code
cp(j,1) = ifft_data_matrix(j+cp_start,1);
end
% Append the CP to the existing block to create the actual OFDM block
ifft_data = vertcat(cp,ifft_data_matrix);
% s/p for transmission
[rows_ifft_data, cols_ifft_data]=size(ifft_data);
length_ofdm_data = rows_ifft_data*cols_ifft_data;
pilot = zeros(1,length_ofdm_data);
ofdm_signal = reshape(ifft_data, 1, length(ifft_data)); %p/s
Signal_Power = abs(ofdm_signal.^2);
Peak_Power = max(Signal_Power,[],2);
Mean_Power = mean(Signal_Power,2);
PAPR_Orignal(i) = 10*log10(Peak_Power./Mean_Power);
tx = [tx ofdm_signal];
end
[cdf0, PAPR0] = ecdf(PAPR_Orignal);
%-------------------------------------------------------------------------semilogy(PAPR0,1-cdf0,'-b')
legend('Orignal')
xlabel('PAPR0 [dB]');
ylabel('CCDF (Pr[PAPR>PAPR0])');
tt =[ pilot tx pilot];
x_abs=abs(tt);
papr=10*log(max(x_abs.^2)/mean(x_abs.^2))
% -----------% CHANNEL
% -----------% Create Rayleigh fading channel object.
% Frequency selective channel with 4 taps
tau = [0 .2e-9 .5e-9 1.6e-9 2.3e-9 5e-9];
pdb = [0.189 0.379 0.239 0.095 0.061 0.037];
power gains
h = rayleighchan(Ts, Fd,tau,pdb);
h.StoreHistory = 0;
h.StorePathGains = 1;
h.ResetBeforeFiltering = 1;
% --------------% RECEIVER
% -----------no_of_error=[];
ratio=[];
B. 2
% Path delays
% Avg path
Appendix B
MATLAB Code
for ii=1:length(snr)
rx= [];
rx_signal_matrix = reshape(tt,length(ifft_data),nsym);
[~, c] = size(rx_signal_matrix);
for j = 2: nsym-1
hx = filter(h,rx_signal_matrix(:,j).');
% Pass through Rayleigh channel
a = h.PathGains;
AM = h.channelFilter.alphaMatrix;
g = a*AM;
% Channel coefficients
G(j,:) = fft(g,fft_size);
% DFT of channel coefficients
% Add AWGN no
rx_signal = awgn(hx,snr(ii),'measured');
d=size(rx_signal);
% Convert Data back to "parallel" form to perform FFT
con=reshape( rx_signal , length(ifft_data),1);
% Remove CP
con(1:cp_length,:)=[];
% Perform FFT
% FFT
fft_data_matrix = fft(con,fft_size);
% p/s
rx_serial_data = reshape(fft_data_matrix, 1,fft_size);
fftrx = rx_serial_data./G(j,:);
% Demodulate the data
qpsk_dem_data = pskdemod(fftrx,M);
rx =[rx qpsk_dem_data];
end
figure(2)
[no_of_error(ii),ratio(ii)]=biterr(source , rx); % error rate calculation
end
semilogy(snr,ratio,'--*r','linewidth',1);
hold on;
axis([0 30 10^-4 1])
legend('simulated')
grid on
xlabel('snr');
ylabel('BER')
title('Bit error probability curve for qpsk using OFDM');
B. 3
Appendix B
MATLAB Code
B. 4
Appendix B
MATLAB Code
Appendix B
MATLAB Code
semilogy(PAPR0,1-cdf0,'-b',PAPR1,1-cdf1,'-r',PAPR2,1-cdf2,'-g',PAPR3,1-cdf3,'c',PAPR4,1-cdf4,'-m')
legend('Orignal','One clip and filter','Two clip and filter','Three clip and filter','Four
clip and filter')
xlabel('PAPR0 [dB]');
ylabel('CCDF (Pr[PAPR>PAPR0])');
tt =[ pilot tx pilot];
x_abs=abs(tt);
papr=10*log(max(x_abs.^2)/mean(x_abs.^2))
% -----------% CHANNEL
% -----------% Create Rayleigh fading channel object.
% Frequency selective channel with 6 taps
tau = [0 .2e-9 .5e-9 1.6e-9 2.3e-9 5e-9];
pdb = [0.189 0.379 0.239 0.095 0.061 0.037];
gains
h = rayleighchan(Ts, Fd,tau,pdb);
h.StoreHistory = 0;
h.StorePathGains = 1;
h.ResetBeforeFiltering = 1;
% Path delays
% Avg path power
% --------------% RECEIVER
% -----------no_of_error=[];
ratio=[];
for ii=1:length(snr)
rx= [];
rx_signal_matrix =reshape(tt,length( ifft_data_cp),nsym);
[~, c] = size(rx_signal_matrix);
for j = 2: nsym-1
hx = filter(h,rx_signal_matrix(:,j).');
% Pass through Rayleigh channel
a = h.PathGains;
AM = h.channelFilter.alphaMatrix;
g = a*AM;
% Channel coefficients
G(j,:) = fft(g,K);
% DFT of channel coefficients
% Add AWGN no
rx_signal = awgn(hx ,snr(ii),'measured');
% Convert Data back to "parallel" form to perform FFT
con=reshape( rx_signal, length( ifft_data_cp),1);
%
Remove CP
B. 6
Appendix B
MATLAB Code
con(1:cp_length,:)=[];
% Perform FFT
% FFT
fft_data_matrix = fft(con,fft_size);
du = [fft_data_matrix(1:K/2) ; [];fft_data_matrix(mm:fft_size)];
% p/s
rx_serial_data = reshape(du, 1,K);
fftrx = rx_serial_data./G(j,:);
% Demodulate the data
qpsk_dem_data = pskdemod(fftrx,M);
rx =[rx qpsk_dem_data];
end
figure(2)
[no_of_error(ii),ratio(ii)]=biterr(source , rx); % error rate calculation
end
ofdm_signal = size (source);
v = size(rx);
semilogy(snr,ratio,'--*r','linewidth',1);
hold on;
axis([0 30 10^-4 1])
legend('simulated')
grid on
xlabel('SNR');
ylabel('BER')
title('Bit error probability curve for qpsk using OFDM');
Appendix B
MATLAB Code
% TRANSMITTER
% -----------------% Generate 1 x 128 vector of random data points
source = randsrc(1, fft_size*(nsym-2), 0:M-1); %the data source
cp_length = .25*fft_size; % length of cyclic prefix
sp = reshape(source , fft_size , nsym-2);% s/p
s = size (sp);
tx = [];
PAPR_Orignal = zeros(1,nsym);
PAPR_RCF = zeros(ITERATE_NUM,nsym);
for i=2:nsym-1
% QPSK modulation (mapping)
qpsk_mod = pskmod(sp(:,i-1), M);
% making s/p
serial_to_paralle = reshape(qpsk_mod, fft_size , 1);% s/p
% PAPR Compute
Signal_Power = abs(ofdm_signal.^2);
Peak_Power = max(Signal_Power,[],2);
Mean_Power = mean(Signal_Power,2);
PAPR_RCF(nIter,i) = 10*log10(Peak_Power./Mean_Power);
end
% make ifft to each block and add CP
serial_to_paralle2 = reshape(ofdm_signal,fft_size , 1);% s/p
B. 8
Appendix B
MATLAB Code
% Path delays
% Avg path
Appendix B
MATLAB Code
h.StorePathGains = 1;
h.ResetBeforeFiltering = 1;
% --------------% RECEIVER
% -----------no_of_error=[];
ratio=[];
for ii=1:length(snr)
rx= [];
rx_signal_matrix =reshape(tt,length( ifft_data_cp),nsym);
[~, c] = size(rx_signal_matrix);
for j = 2: nsym-1
hx = filter(h,rx_signal_matrix(:,j).');
% Pass through Rayleigh channel
a = h.PathGains;
AM = h.channelFilter.alphaMatrix;
g = a*AM;
% Channel coefficients
G(j,:) = fft(g,fft_size);
% DFT of channel coefficients
% Add AWGN no
rx_signal = awgn(hx ,snr(ii),'measured');
% Convert Data back to "parallel" form to perform FFT
con=reshape( rx_signal, length( ifft_data_cp),1);
% Remove CP
con(1:cp_length,:)=[];
% Perform FFT
% FFT
fft_data_matrix = fft(con,fft_size);
% p/s
rx_serial_data = reshape(fft_data_matrix, 1,fft_size);
fftrx = rx_serial_data./G(j,:);
% Demodulate the data
qpsk_dem_data = pskdemod(fftrx,M);
rx =[rx qpsk_dem_data];
end
figure(2)
[no_of_error(ii),ratio(ii)]=biterr(source , rx); % error rate calculation
end
ofdm_signal = size (source);
v = size(rx);
semilogy(snr,ratio,'--*r','linewidth',1);
hold on;
axis([0 30 10^-4 1])
legend('simulated')
B. 10
Appendix B
MATLAB Code
grid on
xlabel('snr');
ylabel('BER')
title('Bit error probability curve for qpsk using OFDM');
Appendix B
MATLAB Code
Signal_Power = abs(ofdm_signal.^2);
Peak_Power = max(Signal_Power,[],2);
Mean_Power = mean(Signal_Power,2);
PAPR_Orignal(i) = 10*log10(Peak_Power./Mean_Power);
for nIter=1:ITERATE_NUM
% Clipping
x_tmp = ofdm_signal(Signal_Power>CR*Mean_Power);
x_tmp = sqrt(CR*Mean_Power)*x_tmp./abs(x_tmp);
ofdm_signal(Signal_Power>CR*Mean_Power) = x_tmp;
% Filtering
XX = fft(ofdm_signal,[],2);
XX(K/2+(1:fft_size-K)) = zeros(1,fft_size-K);
ofdm_signal = ifft(XX,[],2);
% PAPR Compute
Signal_Power = abs(ofdm_signal.^2);
Peak_Power = max(Signal_Power,[],2);
Mean_Power = mean(Signal_Power,2);
PAPR_RCF(nIter,i) = 10*log10(Peak_Power./Mean_Power);
end
% make ifft to each block and add CP
serial_to_paralle2 = reshape(ofdm_signal,fft_size , 1);% s/p
% to know the start and end of cp
cp_start = fft_size-cp_length;
cp_end = fft_size;
% Compute and append Cyclic Prefix
for j=1:cp_length,
cp(j,1) =serial_to_paralle2(j+cp_start,1);
end
% Append the CP to the existing block to create the actual OFDM block
ifft_data_cp = vertcat(cp,serial_to_paralle2);
ofdm = reshape(ifft_data_cp, 1, length(ifft_data_cp));%p/s
pilot = zeros(1,length(ifft_data_cp));
tx = [tx ofdm];
end
figure(1)
[cdf0, PAPR0] = ecdf(PAPR_Orignal);
[cdf1, PAPR1] = ecdf(PAPR_RCF(1,:));
[cdf2, PAPR2] = ecdf(PAPR_RCF(2,:));
[cdf3, PAPR3] = ecdf(PAPR_RCF(3,:));
[cdf4, PAPR4] = ecdf(PAPR_RCF(4,:));
%-------------------------------------------------------------------------B. 12
Appendix B
MATLAB Code
semilogy(PAPR0,1-cdf0,'-b',PAPR1,1-cdf1,'-r',PAPR2,1-cdf2,'-g',PAPR3,1-cdf3,'c',PAPR4,1-cdf4,'-m')
legend('Orignal','One clip and filter','Two clip and filter','Three clip and filter','Four
clip and filter')
xlabel('PAPR0 [dB]');
ylabel('CCDF (Pr[PAPR>PAPR0])');
tt =[ pilot tx pilot];
t = size (tx);
Q = size(tt);
x_abs=abs(tt);
papr=10*log(max(x_abs.^2)/mean(x_abs.^2))
% -----------% CHANNEL
% -----------% Create Rayleigh fading channel object.
% Frequency selective channel with 6 taps
tau = [0 .2e-9 .5e-9 1.6e-9 2.3e-9 5e-9];
pdb = [0.189 0.379 0.239 0.095 0.061 0.037];
power gains
h = rayleighchan(Ts, Fd,tau,pdb);
h.StoreHistory = 0;
h.StorePathGains = 1;
h.ResetBeforeFiltering = 1;
% Path delays
% Avg path
% --------------% RECEIVER
% -----------no_of_error=[];
ratio=[];
for ii=1:length(snr)
rx= [];
rx_signal_matrix =reshape(tt,length( ifft_data_cp),nsym);
[~, c] = size(rx_signal_matrix);
for j = 2: nsym-1
hx = filter(h,rx_signal_matrix(:,j).');
% Pass through Rayleigh channel
a = h.PathGains;
AM = h.channelFilter.alphaMatrix;
g = a*AM;
% Channel coefficients
G(j,:) = fft(g,K);
% DFT of channel coefficients
% Add AWGN no
rx_signal = awgn(hx ,snr(ii),'measured');
% Convert Data back to "parallel" form to perform FFT
con=reshape( rx_signal, length( ifft_data_cp),1);
B. 13
Appendix B
MATLAB Code
% Remove CP
con(1:cp_length,:)=[];
% Perform FFT
% FFT
fft_data_matrix = fft(con,fft_size);
du = [fft_data_matrix(1:K/2) ; [];fft_data_matrix(91:fft_size)];
% p/s
rx_serial_data = reshape(du, 1,K);
fftrx = rx_serial_data./G(j,:);
% Demodulate the data
qpsk_dem_data = pskdemod(fftrx,M);
rx =[rx qpsk_dem_data];
end
% r = rx(1,(K+1:length(rx)-K));
figure(2)
[no_of_error(ii),ratio(ii)]=biterr(source , rx); % error rate calculation
end
ofdm_signal = size (source);
v = size(rx);
semilogy(snr,ratio,'--*r','linewidth',1);
hold on;
axis([0 30 10^-4 1])
legend('simulated')
grid on
xlabel('snr');
ylabel('BER')
title('Bit error probability curve for qpsk using OFDM');
B. 14
Appendix B
MATLAB Code
ITERATE_NUM = 4;
K = 76;
% SIZE OF OFDM Symbol
% -----------------% TRANSMITTER
% -----------------% Generate 1 x 128 vector of random data points
source = randsrc(1, K*(nsym-2), 0:M-1); %the data source
cp_length = .25*K; % length of cyclic prefix
sp = reshape(source , K , nsym-2);% s/p
s = size (sp);
tx = [];
PAPR_Orignal = zeros(1,nsym);
PAPR_RCF = zeros(ITERATE_NUM,nsym);
for i=2:nsym-1
% QPSK modulation (mapping)
qpsk_mod = pskmod(sp(:,i-1), M);
% making s/p
serial_to_paralle = reshape(qpsk_mod, K , 1);% s/p
xy = [serial_to_paralle(1:K/2) ; zeros(fft_size-K,1); serial_to_paralle(K/2+1:K)];
ifft_data_matrix = ifft(xy,fft_size);
% s/p for transmission
pilot = zeros(1,length(ifft_data_matrix));
ofdm_signal = reshape(ifft_data_matrix, 1, length(ifft_data_matrix));%p/s
Signal_Power = abs(ofdm_signal.^2);
Peak_Power = max(Signal_Power,[],2);
Mean_Power = mean(Signal_Power,2);
PAPR_Orignal(i) = 10*log10(Peak_Power./Mean_Power);
for nIter=1:ITERATE_NUM
% Filtering
XX = fft(ofdm_signal,[],2);
XX(K/2+(1:fft_size-K)) = zeros(1,fft_size-K);
ofdm_signal = ifft(XX,[],2);
% Clipping
x_tmp = ofdm_signal(Signal_Power>CR*Mean_Power);
x_tmp = sqrt(CR*Mean_Power)*x_tmp./abs(x_tmp);
ofdm_signal(Signal_Power>CR*Mean_Power) = x_tmp;
% PAPR Compute
Signal_Power = abs(ofdm_signal.^2);
Peak_Power = max(Signal_Power,[],2);
Mean_Power = mean(Signal_Power,2);
B. 15
Appendix B
MATLAB Code
PAPR_RCF(nIter,i) = 10*log10(Peak_Power./Mean_Power);
end
% make ifft to each block and add CP
serial_to_paralle2 = reshape(ofdm_signal,fft_size , 1);% s/p
% to know the start and end of cp
cp_start = fft_size-cp_length;
cp_end = fft_size;
% Compute and append Cyclic Prefix
for j=1:cp_length,
cp(j,1) =serial_to_paralle2(j+cp_start,1);
end
% Append the CP to the existing block to create the actual OFDM block
ifft_data_cp = vertcat(cp,serial_to_paralle2);
ofdm = reshape(ifft_data_cp, 1, length(ifft_data_cp));%p/s
pilot = zeros(1,length(ifft_data_cp));
tx = [tx ofdm];
end
[cdf0, PAPR0] = ecdf(PAPR_Orignal);
[cdf1, PAPR1] = ecdf(PAPR_RCF(1,:));
[cdf2, PAPR2] = ecdf(PAPR_RCF(2,:));
[cdf3, PAPR3] = ecdf(PAPR_RCF(3,:));
[cdf4, PAPR4] = ecdf(PAPR_RCF(4,:));
figure(1)
%-------------------------------------------------------------------------semilogy(PAPR4,1-cdf4,'-b')
legend('I =pilot ','1.125','I =1.25 ','I =1.5 ','I= 2','I =3','I =4')
xlabel('PAPR0 [dB]');
ylabel('CCDF (Pr[PAPR>PAPR0])');
tt =[ pilot tx pilot];
t = size (tx);
Q = size(tt);
figure(2)
plot(real(tt)); xlabel('Time'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('OFDM Signal');grid on;
x_abs=abs(tt);
papr=10*log(max(x_abs.^2)/mean(x_abs.^2))
% -----------% CHANNEL
% -----------% Create Rayleigh fading channel object.
% Frequency selective channel with 6 taps
tau = [0 .2e-9 .5e-9 1.6e-9 2.3e-9 5e-9];
% Path delays
B. 16
Appendix B
MATLAB Code
% Avg path
% --------------% RECEIVER
% -----------no_of_error=[];
ratio=[];
for ii=1:length(snr)
rx= [];
rx_signal_matrix =reshape(tt,length( ifft_data_cp),nsym);
[~, c] = size(rx_signal_matrix);
for j = 2: nsym-1
hx = filter(h,rx_signal_matrix(:,j).');
% Pass through Rayleigh channel
a = h.PathGains;
AM = h.channelFilter.alphaMatrix;
g = a*AM;
% Channel coefficients
G(j,:) = fft(g,K);
% DFT of channel coefficients
% Add AWGN no
rx_signal = awgn(hx ,snr(ii),'measured');
% Convert Data back to "parallel" form to perform FFT
con=reshape( rx_signal, length( ifft_data_cp),1);
% Remove CP
con(1:cp_length,:)=[];
% Perform FFT
% FFT
fft_data_matrix = fft(con,fft_size);
du = [fft_data_matrix(1:K/2) ; [];fft_data_matrix(91:fft_size)];
% p/s
rx_serial_data = reshape(du, 1,K);
fftrx = rx_serial_data./G(j,:);
% Demodulate the data
qpsk_dem_data = pskdemod(fftrx,M);
rx =[rx qpsk_dem_data];
end
figure(2)
[no_of_error(ii),ratio(ii)]=biterr(source , rx); % error rate calculation
end
ofdm_signal = size (source);
B. 17
Appendix B
MATLAB Code
v = size(rx);
semilogy(snr,ratio,'--*b','linewidth',1);
hold on;
axis([0 30 10^-4 1])
legend('I =pilot ','1.125','I =1.25 ','I =1.5 ','I= 2','I =3','I =4')
grid on
xlabel('snr');
ylabel('BER')
title('Bit error probability curve for qpsk using OFDM');
% -----------------% TRANSMITTER
% -----------------% Generate 1 x 128 vector of random data points
source = randsrc(1, 128*(nsym-2), 0:M-1); %the data source
%figure(1)
cp_length = .25*128 ; % length of cyclic prefix
sp = reshape(source , 128 , nsym-2);% s/p
s = size (sp);
tx = [];
for i=2:nsym-1
% QPSK modulation (mapping)
qpsk_mod = pskmod(sp(:,i-1), M);
% making s/p
serial_to_paralle = reshape(qpsk_mod, fft_size, 1); % s/p
B. 18
Appendix B
MATLAB Code
Appendix B
MATLAB Code
papr=10*log(max(x_abs.^2)/mean(x_abs.^2));
disp('PAPR of original signal in dB');
disp(papr);
% -----------% CHANNEL
% -----------% Create Rayleigh fading channel object.
% Frequency selective channel with 4 taps
tau = [0 .2e-9 .5e-9 1.6e-9 2.3e-9 5e-9];
pdb = [0.189 0.379 0.239 0.095 0.061 0.037];
power gains
h = rayleighchan(Ts, Fd,tau,pdb);
h.StoreHistory = 0;
h.StorePathGains = 1;
h.ResetBeforeFiltering = 1;
% Path delays
% Avg path
% --------------% RECEIVER
% -----------no_of_error=[];
ratio=[];
for ii=1:length(snr)
rx= [];
rx_signal_matrix = reshape(tt,length(ifft_data),nsym);
[~, c] = size(rx_signal_matrix);
for j = 2: nsym-1
hx = filter(h,rx_signal_matrix(:,j).');
% Pass through Rayleigh channel
a = h.PathGains;
AM = h.channelFilter.alphaMatrix;
g = a*AM;
% Channel coefficients
G(j,:) = fft(g,fft_size);
% DFT of channel coefficients
% Add AWGN no
rx_signal = awgn(hx ,snr(ii),'measured');
V = max(abs(rx_signal));
compsig = compand(rx_signal,A, V,'A/expander');
% Convert Data back to "parallel" form to perform FFT
con=reshape( compsig, length(ifft_data),1);
% Remove CP
con(1:cp_length,:)=[];
% Perform FFT
% FFT
fft_data_matrix = fft(con,fft_size);
% p/s
B. 20
Appendix B
MATLAB Code
semilogy(snr,ratio,'--*r','linewidth',1);
hold on;
axis([0 30 10^-4 1])
legend('simulated')
grid on
xlabel('snr');
ylabel('BER')
title('Bit error probability curve for qpsk using OFDM');
&&
CODE
clear all
clc
close
% --------------% Parameters
% --------------M = 4;
fft_size = 128;
fspacing=15000;
fs=15000*128;
Ts = 1/fs;
Fd = 0;
nsym = 1000;
snr = 0:0.8:30;
% -----------------% TRANSMITTER
% -----------------% Generate 1 x 128 vector of random data points
source = randsrc(1, 128*(nsym-2), 0:M-1); %the data source
cp_length = .25*fft_size; % length of cyclic prefix
sp = reshape(source , 128 , nsym-2);% s/p
s = size (sp);
tx = [];
B. 21
Appendix B
MATLAB Code
for i=2:nsym-1
% QPSK modulation (mapping)
qpsk_mod = pskmod(sp(:,i-1), M);
%scatterplot(qpsk_mod);
%title('MODULATED TRANSMITTED DATA');
% making s/p
serial_to_paralle = reshape(qpsk_mod, fft_size, 1); % s/p
% to know the start and end of cp
cp_start = fft_size-cp_length;
cp_end = fft_size;
% make ifft to each block and add CP
ifft_data_matrix = ifft(serial_to_paralle,fft_size);
% Compute and append Cyclic Prefix
for j=1:cp_length,
cp(j,1) = ifft_data_matrix(j+cp_start,1);
end
% Append the CP to the existing block to create the actual OFDM block
ifft_data = vertcat(cp,ifft_data_matrix);
% s/p for transmission
[rows_ifft_data, cols_ifft_data]=size(ifft_data);
length_ofdm_data = rows_ifft_data*cols_ifft_data;
pilot = zeros(1,length_ofdm_data);
ofdm_signal = reshape(ifft_data, 1, length(ifft_data)); %p/s
ofdm_signal = reshape(ifft_data, 1, length(ifft_data));%p/
Signal_Power = abs(ofdm_signal.^2);
Peak_Power = max(Signal_Power,[],2);
Mean_Power = mean(Signal_Power,2);
PAPR_Orignal(i) = 10*log10(Peak_Power./Mean_Power);
Mu = 700; % Parameter for mu-law compander
V = max(abs(ofdm_signal));
x = compand(ofdm_signal,Mu,V,'mu/compressor');
Signal_Power = abs(x.^2);
Peak_Power = max(Signal_Power,[],2);
Mean_Power = mean(Signal_Power,2);
PAPR_Orignal1(i) = 10*log10(Peak_Power./Mean_Power);
tx = [tx x];
end
figure(1)
[cdf0, PAPR0] = ecdf(PAPR_Orignal);
[cdf1, PAPR1] = ecdf(PAPR_Orignal1);
%-------------------------------------------------------------------------B. 22
Appendix B
MATLAB Code
semilogy(PAPR0,1-cdf0,'-b',PAPR1,1-cdf1,'-r')
xlabel('PAPR0 [dB]');
ylabel('CCDF (Pr[PAPR>PAPR0])');
tt =[ pilot tx pilot];
x_abs=abs(tt);
papr=10*log(max(x_abs.^2)/mean(x_abs.^2));
disp('PAPR of original signal in dB');
disp(papr);
% -----------% CHANNEL
% -----------% Create Rayleigh fading channel object.
% Frequency selective channel with 6 taps
tau = [0 .2e-9 .5e-9 1.6e-9 2.3e-9 5e-9];
pdb = [0.189 0.379 0.239 0.095 0.061 0.037];
power gains
h = rayleighchan(Ts, Fd,tau,pdb);
h.StoreHistory = 0;
h.StorePathGains = 1;
h.ResetBeforeFiltering = 1;
% Path delays
% Avg path
% --------------% RECEIVER
% -----------no_of_error=[];
ratio=[];
for ii=1:length(snr)
rx= [];
rx_signal_matrix = reshape(tt,length(ifft_data),nsym);
[~, c] = size(rx_signal_matrix);
for j = 2: nsym-1
hx = filter(h,rx_signal_matrix(:,j).');
% Pass through Rayleigh channel
a = h.PathGains;
AM = h.channelFilter.alphaMatrix;
g = a*AM;
% Channel coefficients
G(j,:) = fft(g,fft_size);
% DFT of channel coefficients
% Add AWGN no
rx_signal = awgn(hx ,snr(ii),'measured');
V = max(abs(rx_signal));
xx = compand(rx_signal,Mu,V,'mu/expander');
% Convert Data back to "parallel" form to perform FFT
con=reshape(xx , length(ifft_data),1);
%
Remove CP
B. 23
Appendix B
MATLAB Code
con(1:cp_length,:)=[];
% Perform FFT
% FFT
fft_data_matrix = fft(con,fft_size);
% p/s
rx_serial_data = reshape(fft_data_matrix, 1,fft_size);
fftrx = rx_serial_data./G(j,:);
% Demodulate the data
qpsk_dem_data = pskdemod(fftrx,M);
rx =[rx qpsk_dem_data];
end
figure(2)
[no_of_error(ii),ratio(ii)]=biterr(source , rx); % error rate calculation
end
x = size (source);
v = size(rx);
semilogy(snr,ratio,'--*r','linewidth',1);
hold on;
axis([0 30 10^-4 1])
legend('simulated')
grid on
xlabel('snr');
ylabel('BER')
title('Bit error probability curve for qpsk using OFDM');
Appendix B
MATLAB Code
Appendix B
MATLAB Code
semilogy(PAPR0,1-cdf0,'-b',PAPR1,1-cdf1,'-r')
xlabel('PAPR0 [dB]');
ylabel('CCDF (Pr[PAPR>PAPR0])');
tt =[ pilot tx pilot];
t = size (tx);
Q = size(tt);
x_abs=abs(tt);
papr=10*log(max(x_abs.^2)/mean(x_abs.^2));
disp('PAPR of original signal in dB');
disp(papr);
% -----------% CHANNEL
% -----------% Create Rayleigh fading channel object.
% Frequency selective channel with 4 taps
tau = [0 .2e-9 .5e-9 1.6e-9 2.3e-9 5e-9];
pdb = [0.189 0.379 0.239 0.095 0.061 0.037];
power gains
h = rayleighchan(Ts, Fd,tau,pdb);
h.StoreHistory = 0;
h.StorePathGains = 1;
h.ResetBeforeFiltering = 1;
% Path delays
% Avg path
% --------------% RECEIVER
% -----------no_of_error=[];
ratio=[];
for ii=1:length(snr)
rx= [];
rx_signal_matrix = reshape(tt,length(ifft_data),nsym);
[~, c] = size(rx_signal_matrix);
for j = 2: nsym-1
hx = filter(h,rx_signal_matrix(:,j).');
% Pass through Rayleigh channel
a = h.PathGains;
AM = h.channelFilter.alphaMatrix;
g = a*AM;
% Channel coefficients
G(j,:) = fft(g,fft_size);
% DFT of channel coefficients
% Add AWGN no
rx_signal = awgn(hx ,snr(ii),'measured');
aa =abs (rx_signal);
bb =aa.^(1/y);
xx= complex(bb.*cos(angle(rx_signal)),bb.*sin(angle(rx_signal)));
% Convert Data back to "parallel" form to perform FFT
B. 26
Appendix B
MATLAB Code
con=reshape(xx , length(ifft_data),1);
% Remove CP
con(1:cp_length,:)=[];
% Perform FFT
% FFT
fft_data_matrix = fft(con,fft_size);
% p/s
rx_serial_data = reshape(fft_data_matrix, 1,fft_size);
fftrx = rx_serial_data./G(j,:);
% Demodulate the data
qpsk_dem_data = pskdemod(fftrx,M);
rx =[rx qpsk_dem_data];
end
figure(2)
[no_of_error(ii),ratio(ii)]=biterr(source , rx); % error rate calculation
end
x = size (source);
v = size(rx);
semilogy(snr,ratio,'--*r','linewidth',1);
hold on;
axis([0 30 10^-4 1])
legend('simulated')
grid on
xlabel('snr');
ylabel('BER')
title('Bit error probability curve for qpsk using OFDM');
% -----------------B. 27
Appendix B
MATLAB Code
% TRANSMITTER
% -----------------% Generate 1 x 128 vector of random data points
source = randsrc(1, 128*(nsym-2), 0:M-1); %the data source
cp_length = .25*fft_size; % length of cyclic prefix
sp = reshape(source , 128 , nsym-2);% s/p
s = size (sp);
tx = [];
for i=2:nsym-1
% QPSK modulation (mapping)
qpsk_mod = pskmod(sp(:,i-1), M);
% making s/p
serial_to_paralle = reshape(qpsk_mod, fft_size, 1); % s/p
% to know the start and end of cp
cp_start = fft_size-cp_length;
cp_end = fft_size;
% make ifft to each block and add CP
ifft_data_matrix = ifft(serial_to_paralle,fft_size);
% Compute and append Cyclic Prefix
for j=1:cp_length,
cp(j,1) = ifft_data_matrix(j+cp_start,1);
end
% Append the CP to the existing block to create the actual OFDM block
ifft_data = vertcat(cp,ifft_data_matrix);
% s/p for transmission
[rows_ifft_data, cols_ifft_data]=size(ifft_data);
length_ofdm_data = rows_ifft_data*cols_ifft_data;
pilot = zeros(1,length_ofdm_data);
ofdm_signal = reshape(ifft_data, 1, length(ifft_data)); %p/s
Signal_Power = abs(ofdm_signal.^2);
Peak_Power = max(Signal_Power,[],2);
Mean_Power = mean(Signal_Power,2);
PAPR_Orignal(i) = 10*log10(Peak_Power./Mean_Power);
b =erf(((abs(ofdm_signal)))./(sqrt(2).*std(ofdm_signal)));
f= (((2).*std(ofdm_signal).*b));
h= sign(ofdm_signal).*f;
Signal_Power = abs(h.^2);
Peak_Power = max(Signal_Power,[],2);
Mean_Power = mean(Signal_Power,2);
PAPR_Orignal1(i) = 10*log10(Peak_Power./Mean_Power);
B. 28
Appendix B
MATLAB Code
tx = [tx h];
end
tt =[ pilot tx pilot];
t = size (tx);
[cdf0, PAPR0] = ecdf(PAPR_Orignal);
[cdf1, PAPR1] = ecdf(PAPR_Orignal1);
%-------------------------------------------------------------------------semilogy(PAPR0,1-cdf0,'-b',PAPR1,1-cdf1,'-r')
xlabel('PAPR0 [dB]');
ylabel('CCDF (Pr[PAPR>PAPR0])');
x_abs=abs(tt);
papr=10*log(max(x_abs.^2)/mean(x_abs.^2));
disp('PAPR of original signal in dB');
disp(papr);
% -----------% CHANNEL
% -----------% Create Rayleigh fading channel object.
% Frequency selective channel with 6 taps
tau = [0 .2e-9 .5e-9 1.6e-9 2.3e-9 5e-9];
pdb = [0.189 0.379 0.239 0.095 0.061 0.037];
power gains
h = rayleighchan(Ts, Fd,tau,pdb);
h.StoreHistory = 0;
h.StorePathGains = 1;
h.ResetBeforeFiltering = 1;
% Path delays
% Avg path
% --------------% RECEIVER
% -----------no_of_error=[];
ratio=[];
for ii=1:length(snr)
rx= [];
rx_signal_matrix = reshape(tt,length(ifft_data),nsym);
[~, c] = size(rx_signal_matrix);
for j = 2: nsym-1
hx = filter(h,rx_signal_matrix(:,j).');
% Pass through Rayleigh channel
a = h.PathGains;
AM = h.channelFilter.alphaMatrix;
g = a*AM;
% Channel coefficients
G(j,:) = fft(g,fft_size);
% DFT of channel coefficients
% Add AWGN no
B. 29
Appendix B
MATLAB Code
rx_signal = awgn(hx,snr(ii),'measured');
a =abs(rx_signal);
dd=erfinv((a)./(2).*std(rx_signal));
v =sqrt(2).*std(rx_signal);
s =(v.*dd);
ff=abs(s);
rr =sign(rx_signal).*ff;
% Convert Data back to "parallel" form to perform FFT
con=reshape( rr , length(ifft_data),1);
% Remove CP
con(1:cp_length,:)=[];
% Perform FFT
% FFT
fft_data_matrix = fft(con,fft_size);
% p/s
rx_serial_data = reshape(fft_data_matrix, 1,fft_size);
fftrx = rx_serial_data./G(j,:);
% Demodulate the data
qpsk_dem_data = pskdemod(fftrx,M);
rx =[rx qpsk_dem_data];
end
figure(2)
[no_of_error(ii),ratio(ii)]=biterr(source , rx); % error rate calculation
end
x = size (source);
v = size(rx);
semilogy(snr,ratio,'--*r','linewidth',1);
hold on;
axis([0 30 10^-4 1])
legend('simulated')
grid on
xlabel('snr');
ylabel('BER')
title('Bit error probability curve for qpsk using OFDM');
Appendix B
fft_size = 128;
fspacing=15000;
fs=15000*128;
Ts = 1/fs;
Fd = 0;
nsym = 1000;
snr = 0:0.8:30;
MATLAB Code
% have 128 data point
% -----------------% TRANSMITTER
% -----------------% Generate 1 x 128 vector of random data points
source = randsrc(1, 128*(nsym-2), 0:M-1); %the data source
cp_length = .25*fft_size; % length of cyclic prefix
sp = reshape(source , 128 , nsym-2);% s/p
s = size (sp);
tx = [];
for i=2:nsym-1
% QPSK modulation (mapping)
qpsk_mod = pskmod(sp(:,i-1), M);
% making s/p
serial_to_paralle = reshape(qpsk_mod, fft_size, 1); % s/p
% to know the start and end of cp
cp_start = fft_size-cp_length;
cp_end = fft_size;
% make ifft to each block and add CP
ifft_data_matrix = ifft(serial_to_paralle,fft_size);
% Compute and append Cyclic Prefix
for j=1:cp_length,
cp(j,1) = ifft_data_matrix(j+cp_start,1);
end
% Append the CP to the existing block to create the actual OFDM block
ifft_data = vertcat(cp,ifft_data_matrix);
% s/p for transmission
[rows_ifft_data, cols_ifft_data]=size(ifft_data);
length_ofdm_data = rows_ifft_data*cols_ifft_data;
pilot = zeros(1,length_ofdm_data);
ofdm_signal = reshape(ifft_data, 1, length(ifft_data)); %p/s
Signal_Power = abs(ofdm_signal.^2);
Peak_Power = max(Signal_Power,[],2);
Mean_Power = mean(Signal_Power,2);
PAPR_Orignal(i) = 10*log10(Peak_Power./Mean_Power);
B. 31
Appendix B
MATLAB Code
d =1.4;
a =var(abs(ofdm_signal))+ mean(abs(ofdm_signal));
b =exp(-((abs(ofdm_signal)).^2)./var(ofdm_signal));
c =(1-b).^2;
e =(c).^(d/2);
E =( a./mean(e)).^(d/2);
f= (E.*(1-b)).^(d/2);
h= sign(ofdm_signal).*f;
Signal_Power = abs(h.^2);
Peak_Power = max(Signal_Power,[],2);
Mean_Power = mean(Signal_Power,2);
PAPR_Orignal1(i) = 10*log10(Peak_Power./Mean_Power);
tx = [tx h];
end
tt =[ pilot tx pilot];
t = size (tx);
[cdf0, PAPR0] = ecdf(PAPR_Orignal);
[cdf1, PAPR1] = ecdf(PAPR_Orignal1);
%-------------------------------------------------------------------------semilogy(PAPR0,1-cdf0,'-b',PAPR1,1-cdf1,'-r')
xlabel('PAPR0 [dB]');
ylabel('CCDF (Pr[PAPR>PAPR0])');
x_abs=abs(tt);
papr=10*log(max(x_abs.^2)/mean(x_abs.^2));
disp('PAPR of original signal in dB');
disp(papr);
% -----------% CHANNEL
% -----------% Create Rayleigh fading channel object.
% Frequency selective channel with 6 taps
tau = [0 .2e-9 .5e-9 1.6e-9 2.3e-9 5e-9];
pdb = [0.189 0.379 0.239 0.095 0.061 0.037];
power gains
h = rayleighchan(Ts, Fd,tau,pdb);
h.StoreHistory = 0;
h.StorePathGains = 1;
h.ResetBeforeFiltering = 1;
% --------------% RECEIVER
% -----------no_of_error=[];
B. 32
% Path delays
% Avg path
Appendix B
MATLAB Code
ratio=[];
for ii=1:length(snr)
rx= [];
rx_signal_matrix = reshape(tt,length(ifft_data),nsym);
[~, c] = size(rx_signal_matrix);
for j = 2: nsym-1
hx = filter(h,rx_signal_matrix(:,j).');
% Pass through Rayleigh channel
a = h.PathGains;
AM = h.channelFilter.alphaMatrix;
g = a*AM;
% Channel coefficients
G(j,:) = fft(g,fft_size);
% DFT of channel coefficients
% Add AWGN no
rx_signal = awgn(hx,snr(ii),'measured');
a =abs(rx_signal);
c =a.^(2/d);
aa =var(abs(rx_signal))+ mean(abs(rx_signal));
b =exp(-((abs(rx_signal)).^2)./var(rx_signal));
cc =(1-b).^2;
e =(cc).^(d/2);
E =( aa./mean(e)).^(d/2);
dd=log(1-(c./E));
v =var(rx_signal);
s =sqrt(-v.*dd);
ff=abs(s);
rr =sign(rx_signal).*ff;
Appendix B
MATLAB Code
v = size(rx);
semilogy(snr,ratio,'--*r','linewidth',1);
hold on;
axis([0 30 10^-4 1])
legend('simulated')
grid on
xlabel('snr');
ylabel('BER')
title('Bit error probability curve for qpsk using OFDM');
% -----------------% TRANSMITTER
% -----------------% Generate 1 x 128 vector of random data points
source = randsrc(1, 128*(nsym-2), 0:M-1); %the data source
cp_length = .25*fft_size; % length of cyclic prefix
sp = reshape(source , 128 , nsym-2);% s/p
s = size (sp);
tx = [];
for i=2:nsym-1
% QPSK modulation (mapping)
qpsk_mod = pskmod(sp(:,i-1), M);
% making s/p
serial_to_paralle = reshape(qpsk_mod, fft_size, 1); % s/p
% to know the start and end of cp
cp_start = fft_size-cp_length;
cp_end = fft_size;
% make ifft to each block and add CP
B. 34
Appendix B
MATLAB Code
ifft_data_matrix = ifft(serial_to_paralle,fft_size);
% Compute and append Cyclic Prefix
for j=1:cp_length,
cp(j,1) = ifft_data_matrix(j+cp_start,1);
end
% Append the CP to the existing block to create the actual OFDM block
ifft_data = vertcat(cp,ifft_data_matrix);
% s/p for transmission
[rows_ifft_data, cols_ifft_data]=size(ifft_data);
length_ofdm_data = rows_ifft_data*cols_ifft_data;
pilot = zeros(1,length_ofdm_data);
ofdm_signal = reshape(ifft_data, 1, length(ifft_data));%p/
Signal_Power = abs(ofdm_signal.^2);
Peak_Power = max(Signal_Power,[],2);
Mean_Power = mean(Signal_Power,2);
PAPR_Orignal(i) = 10*log10(Peak_Power./Mean_Power);
a =abs (ofdm_signal );
b =sqrt(a);
x= complex(b.*cos(angle(ofdm_signal )),b.*sin(angle(ofdm_signal )));
Signal_Power = abs(x.^2);
Peak_Power = max(Signal_Power,[],2);
Mean_Power = mean(Signal_Power,2);
PAPR_Orignal1(i) = 10*log10(Peak_Power./Mean_Power);
tx = [tx x];
end
[cdf0, PAPR0] = ecdf(PAPR_Orignal);
[cdf1, PAPR1] = ecdf(PAPR_Orignal1);
%-------------------------------------------------------------------------semilogy(PAPR0,1-cdf0,'-b',PAPR1,1-cdf1,'-r')
xlabel('PAPR0 [dB]');
ylabel('CCDF (Pr[PAPR>PAPR0])');
tt =[ pilot tx pilot];
t = size (tx);
Q = size(tt);
x_abs=abs(tt);
papr=10*log(max(x_abs.^2)/mean(x_abs.^2));
disp('PAPR of original signal in dB');
disp(papr);
% -----------% CHANNEL
% -----------% Create Rayleigh fading channel object.
% Frequency selective channel with 6 taps
B. 35
Appendix B
MATLAB Code
% Path delays
% Avg path
% --------------% RECEIVER
% -----------no_of_error=[];
ratio=[];
for ii=1:length(snr)
rx= [];
rx_signal_matrix = reshape(tt,length(ifft_data),nsym);
[~, c] = size(rx_signal_matrix);
for j = 2: nsym-1
hx = filter(h,rx_signal_matrix(:,j).');
% Pass through Rayleigh channel
a = h.PathGains;
AM = h.channelFilter.alphaMatrix;
g = a*AM;
% Channel coefficients
G(j,:) = fft(g,fft_size);
% DFT of channel coefficients
% Add AWGN no
rx_signal = awgn(hx ,snr(ii),'measured');
aa =abs (rx_signal);
bb =aa.^2;
xx= complex(bb.*cos(angle(rx_signal)),bb.*sin(angle(rx_signal)));
% Convert Data back to "parallel" form to perform FFT
con=reshape(xx , length(ifft_data),1);
% Remove CP
con(1:cp_length,:)=[];
% Perform FFT
% FFT
fft_data_matrix = fft(con,fft_size);
% p/s
rx_serial_data = reshape(fft_data_matrix, 1,fft_size);
fftrx = rx_serial_data./G(j,:);
% Demodulate the data
qpsk_dem_data = pskdemod(fftrx,M);
rx =[rx qpsk_dem_data];
end
figure(2)
B. 36
Appendix B
MATLAB Code
$$ tanhR CODE:
clear all
clc
close
% --------------% Parameters
% --------------M = 4;
fft_size = 128;
fspacing=15000;
fs=15000*128;
Ts = 1/fs;
Fd = 0;
nsym = 10;
snr = 0:0.8:30;
k=5;
k1 =1;
y = 1;
% -----------------% TRANSMITTER
% -----------------% Generate 1 x 128 vector of random data points
source = randsrc(1, 128*(nsym-2), 0:M-1); %the data source
cp_length = .25*fft_size; % length of cyclic prefix
sp = reshape(source , 128 , nsym-2);% s/p
s = size (sp);
tx = [];
for i=2:nsym-1
% QPSK modulation (mapping)
qpsk_mod = pskmod(sp(:,i-1), M);
% making s/p
serial_to_paralle = reshape(qpsk_mod, fft_size, 1);% s/p
B. 37
Appendix B
MATLAB Code
Appendix B
MATLAB Code
% CHANNEL
% -----------% Create Rayleigh fading channel object.
% Frequency selective channel with 4 taps
tau = [0 .2e-9 .5e-9 1.6e-9 2.3e-9 5e-9];
pdb = [0.189 0.379 0.239 0.095 0.061 0.037];
power gains
h = rayleighchan(Ts, Fd,tau,pdb);
h.StoreHistory = 0;
h.StorePathGains = 1;
h.ResetBeforeFiltering = 1;
% Path delays
% Avg path
% --------------% RECEIVER
% -----------no_of_error=[];
ratio=[];
for ii=1:length(snr)
rx= [];
rx_signal_matrix = reshape(tt,length(ifft_data),nsym);
[~, c] = size(rx_signal_matrix);
for j = 2: nsym-1
hx = filter(h,rx_signal_matrix(:,j).');
% Pass through Rayleigh channel
a = h.PathGains;
AM = h.channelFilter.alphaMatrix;
g = a*AM;
% Channel coefficients
G(j,:) = fft(g,fft_size);
% DFT of channel coefficients
% Add AWGN no
rx_signal = awgn(hx,snr(ii),'measured');
xx = abs((atanh(abs(rx_signal)./(k))).^(1/y))./((k1).^(1/y)) .* sign(rx_signal);
% Convert Data back to "parallel" form to perform FFT
con=reshape(xx , length(ifft_data),1);
% Remove CP
con(1:cp_length,:)=[];
% Perform FFT
% FFT
fft_data_matrix = fft(con,fft_size);
% p/s
rx_serial_data = reshape( fft_data_matrix, 1,fft_size);
fftrx = rx_serial_data./G(j,:);
% Demodulate the data
qpsk_dem_data = pskdemod(fftrx,M);
rx =[rx qpsk_dem_data];
B. 39
Appendix B
MATLAB Code
end
figure(2)
[no_of_error(ii),ratio(ii)]=biterr(source , rx); % error rate calculation
end
x = size (source);
v = size(rx);
semilogy(snr,ratio,'--*r','linewidth',1);
hold on;
axis([0 30 10^-4 1])
legend('simulated')
grid on
xlabel('snr');
ylabel('BER')
title('Bit error probability curve for qpsk using OFDM');
% -----------------% TRANSMITTER
% -----------------% Generate 1 x 128 vector of random data points
source = randsrc(1, 128*(nsym-2), 0:M-1); %the data source
cp_length = .25*fft_size; % length of cyclic prefix
sp = reshape(source , 128 , nsym-2);% s/p
s = size (sp);
tx = [];
for i=2:nsym-1
% QPSK modulation (mapping)
qpsk_mod = pskmod(sp(:,i-1), M);
%scatterplot(qpsk_mod);
%title('MODULATED TRANSMITTED DATA');
% making s/p
serial_to_paralle = reshape(qpsk_mod, fft_size, 1); % s/p
B. 40
Appendix B
MATLAB Code
Appendix B
MATLAB Code
x_abs=abs(tt);
papr=10*log(max(x_abs.^2)/mean(x_abs.^2));
disp('PAPR of original signal in dB');
disp(papr);
% -----------% CHANNEL
% -----------% Create Rayleigh fading channel object.
% Frequency selective channel with 6 taps
tau = [0 .2e-9 .5e-9 1.6e-9 2.3e-9 5e-9];
pdb = [0.189 0.379 0.239 0.095 0.061 0.037];
power gains
h = rayleighchan(Ts, Fd,tau,pdb);
h.StoreHistory = 0;
h.StorePathGains = 1;
h.ResetBeforeFiltering = 1;
% Path delays
% Avg path
% --------------% RECEIVER
% -----------no_of_error=[];
ratio=[];
for ii=1:length(snr)
rx= [];
rx_signal_matrix = reshape(tt,length(ifft_data),nsym);
[~, c] = size(rx_signal_matrix);
for j = 2: nsym-1
hx = filter(h,rx_signal_matrix(:,j).');
% Pass through Rayleigh channel
a = h.PathGains;
AM = h.channelFilter.alphaMatrix;
g = a*AM;
% Channel coefficients
G(j,:) = fft(g,fft_size);
% DFT of channel coefficients
% Add AWGN no
rx_signal = awgn(hx ,snr(ii),'measured');h;
xx = abs((exp(abs(rx_signal)./k)-1).^(1/y))./((k1).^(1/y)) .* sign(rx_signal);
% Convert Data back to "parallel" form to perform FFT
con=reshape(xx , length(ifft_data),1);
% Remove CP
con(1:cp_length,:)=[];
% Perform FFT
% FFT
fft_data_matrix = fft(con,fft_size);
% p/s
B. 42
Appendix B
MATLAB Code
B. 43
Appendix B
MATLAB Code
% -----------------% TRANSMITTER
% -----------------% Generate 1 x 128 vector of random data points
source = randsrc(1, 128*(nsym-2), 0:M-1); %the data source
cp_length = .25*fft_size; % length of cyclic prefix
sp = reshape(source , 128 , nsym-2);% s/p
s = size (sp);
tx = [];
for i=2:nsym-1
% QPSK modulation (mapping)
qpsk_mod = pskmod(sp(:,i-1), M);
% making s/p
serial_to_paralle = reshape(qpsk_mod, fft_size, 1);% s/p
ddg = dht(serial_to_paralle);
% ddg = fft(serial_to_paralle); % for DFT precoding
% ddg = dct(serial_to_paralle); % for DCT precoding
% ddg = dst(serial_to_paralle); % for DST precoding
% ddg = fwht(serial_to_paralle); % for WHT precoding
% to know the start and end of cp
cp_start = fft_size-cp_length;
cp_end = fft_size;
% make ifft to each block and add CP
ifft_data_matrix = ifft(ddg,fft_size);
% Compute and append Cyclic Prefix
for j=1:cp_length,
cp(j,1) = ifft_data_matrix(j+cp_start,1);
end
B. 44
Appendix B
MATLAB Code
% Append the CP to the existing block to create the actual OFDM block
ifft_data = vertcat(cp,ifft_data_matrix);
% s/p for transmission
[rows_ifft_data, cols_ifft_data]=size(ifft_data);
length_ofdm_data = rows_ifft_data*cols_ifft_data;
pilot = zeros(1,length_ofdm_data);
ofdm_signal = reshape(ifft_data, 1, length(ifft_data)); %p/s
Signal_Power = abs(ofdm_signal.^2);
Peak_Power = max(Signal_Power,[],2);
Mean_Power = mean(Signal_Power,2);
PAPR_Orignal(i) = 10*log10(Peak_Power./Mean_Power);
tx = [tx ofdm_signal];
end
[cdf0, PAPR0] = ecdf(PAPR_Orignal);
%-------------------------------------------------------------------------semilogy(PAPR0,1-cdf0,'-b')
legend('Orignal')
xlabel('PAPR0 [dB]');
ylabel('CCDF (Pr[PAPR>PAPR0])');
tt =[ pilot tx pilot];
x_abs=abs(tt);
papr=10*log(max(x_abs.^2)/mean(x_abs.^2))
% -----------% CHANNEL
% -----------% Create Rayleigh fading channel object.
% Frequency selective channel with 6 taps
tau = [0 .2e-9 .5e-9 1.6e-9 2.3e-9 5e-9];
pdb = [0.189 0.379 0.239 0.095 0.061 0.037];
power gains
h = rayleighchan(Ts, Fd,tau,pdb);
h.StoreHistory = 0;
h.StorePathGains = 1;
h.ResetBeforeFiltering = 1;
% --------------% RECEIVER
% -----------no_of_error=[];
ratio=[];
for ii=1:length(snr)
rx= [];
rx_signal_matrix = reshape(tt,length(ifft_data),nsym);
B. 45
% Path delays
% Avg path
Appendix B
MATLAB Code
[~, c] = size(rx_signal_matrix);
for j = 2: nsym-1
hx = filter(h,rx_signal_matrix(:,j).');
% Pass through Rayleigh channel
a = h.PathGains;
AM = h.channelFilter.alphaMatrix;
g = a*AM;
% Channel coefficients
G(j,:) = fft(g,fft_size);
% DFT of channel coefficients
% Add AWGN no
rx_signal = awgn(hx,snr(ii),'measured');
d=size(rx_signal);
% Convert Data back to "parallel" form to perform FFT
con=reshape( rx_signal , length(ifft_data),1);
% Remove CP
con(1:cp_length,:)=[];
% Perform FFT
% FFT
fft_data_matrix = fft(con,fft_size);
dg = idht(fft_data_matrix);
% dg = ifft(fft_data_matrix); % for DFT precoding
% ddg = idct(serial_to_paralle); % for DCT precoding
% ddg = idst(serial_to_paralle); % for DST precoding
% ddg = ifwht(serial_to_paralle); % for WHT precoding
% p/s
rx_serial_data = reshape(dg, 1,fft_size);
fftrx = rx_serial_data./G(j,:);
% Demodulate the data
qpsk_dem_data = pskdemod(fftrx,M);
rx =[rx qpsk_dem_data];
end
figure(2)
[no_of_error(ii),ratio(ii)]=biterr(source , rx); % error rate calculation
end
x = size (source);
v = size(rx);
semilogy(snr,ratio,'--*r','linewidth',1);
hold on;
axis([0 30 10^-4 1])
legend('simulated')
grid on
xlabel('snr');
ylabel('BER')
title('Bit error probability curve for qpsk using OFDM');
B. 46
Appendix B
MATLAB Code
hybrid
&& precoding + RCF CODE:
clear all
clc
close
% --------------% Parameters
% --------------M = 4;
% QPSK signal constellatio
fft_size = 128;
% have 128 data point
fspacing=15000;
fs=15000*128;
Ts = 1/fs;
% Sampling period of channel
Fd = 0;
% Max Doppler frequency shift
nsym = 1000;
snr = 0:0.8:30;
CR =4;
ITERATE_NUM = 4;
K = 128;
% SIZE OF OFDM Symbol
IF = 2;
% Interpolation factor (Oversampling factor)
fft_size = K*IF;
% SIZE OF FFT
mm=193;
%when IF =1.125 =81 ;when IF =1.25 =97 ;when IF =1.5 =129;
when IF = 2 =193; when IF =3 =321; when IF = 4=449
% -----------------% TRANSMITTER
% -----------------% Generate 1 x 128 vector of random data points
source = randsrc(1, K*(nsym-2), 0:M-1); %the data source
cp_length = .25*K; % length of cyclic prefix
sp = reshape(source , K , nsym-2);% s/p
s = size (sp);
tx = [];
PAPR_Orignal = zeros(1,nsym);
PAPR_RCF = zeros(ITERATE_NUM,nsym);
for i=2:nsym-1
% QPSK modulation (mapping)
qpsk_mod = pskmod(sp(:,i-1), M);
% making s/p
serial_to_paralle = reshape(qpsk_mod, K , 1);% s/p
ddg = dht(serial_to_paralle);
% ddg = fft(serial_to_paralle); % for DFT precoding
% ddg = dct(serial_to_paralle); % for DCT precoding
% ddg = dst(serial_to_paralle); % for DST precoding
% ddg = fwht(serial_to_paralle); % for WHT precoding
B. 47
Appendix B
MATLAB Code
Appendix B
MATLAB Code
% Path delays
% Avg path
% --------------% RECEIVER
% -----------no_of_error=[];
ratio=[];
for ii=1:length(snr)
rx= [];
rx_signal_matrix =reshape(tt,length( ifft_data_cp),nsym);
[~, c] = size(rx_signal_matrix);
for j = 2: nsym-1
hx = filter(h,rx_signal_matrix(:,j).');
a = h.PathGains;
Appendix B
MATLAB Code
AM = h.channelFilter.alphaMatrix;
g = a*AM;
% Channel coefficients
G(j,:) = fft(g,K);
% DFT of channel coefficients
% Add AWGN no
rx_signal = awgn(hx ,snr(ii),'measured');
% Convert Data back to "parallel" form to perform FFT
con=reshape( rx_signal, length( ifft_data_cp),1);
% Remove CP
con(1:cp_length,:)=[];
% Perform FFT
% FFT
fft_data_matrix = fft(con,fft_size);
du = [fft_data_matrix(1:K/2) ; [];fft_data_matrix(mm:fft_size)];
dg = idht(du);
You can use
% ddg = ifft(du);
% for DFT precoding
another type of
% ddg = idct(du); % for DCT precoding
precoding
% ddg = idst(du); % for DST precoding
% ddg = ifwht(du); % for WHT precoding
compnding
% p/s
rx_serial_data = reshape(dg, 1,K);
fftrx = rx_serial_data./G(j,:);
% Demodulate the data
qpsk_dem_data = pskdemod(fftrx,M);
rx =[rx qpsk_dem_data];
end
% r = rx(1,(K+1:length(rx)-K));
figure(2)
[no_of_error(ii),ratio(ii)]=biterr(source , rx); % error rate calculation
end
ofdm_signal = size (source);
v = size(rx);
semilogy(snr,ratio,'--*r','linewidth',1);
hold on;
axis([0 30 10^-4 1])
legend('simulated')
grid on
xlabel('snr');
ylabel('BER')
title('Bit error probability curve for qpsk using OFDM');
B. 50
Appendix B
MATLAB Code
Appendix B
MATLAB Code
Appendix B
MATLAB Code
semilogy(PAPR0,1-cdf0,'-b',PAPR1,1-cdf1,'-r',PAPR2,1-cdf2,'-g',PAPR3,1-cdf3,'c',PAPR4,1-cdf4,'-m')
legend('Orignal','One clip and filter','Two clip and filter','Three clip and filter','Four
clip and filter')
xlabel('PAPR0 [dB]');
ylabel('CCDF (Pr[PAPR>PAPR0])');
tt =[ pilot tx pilot];
t = size (tx);
Q = size(tt);
x_abs=abs(tt);
papr=10*log(max(x_abs.^2)/mean(x_abs.^2))
% -----------% CHANNEL
% -----------% Create Rayleigh fading channel object.
% Frequency selective channel with 6 taps
tau = [0 .2e-9 .5e-9 1.6e-9 2.3e-9 5e-9];
pdb = [0.189 0.379 0.239 0.095 0.061 0.037];
power gains
h = rayleighchan(Ts, Fd,tau,pdb);
h.StoreHistory = 0;
h.StorePathGains = 1;
h.ResetBeforeFiltering = 1;
% Path delays
% Avg path
% --------------% RECEIVER
% -----------no_of_error=[];
ratio=[];
for ii=1:length(snr)
rx= [];
rx_signal_matrix =reshape(tt,length( ifft_data_cp),nsym);
[~, c] = size(rx_signal_matrix);
for j = 2: nsym-1
hx = filter(h,rx_signal_matrix(:,j).');
% Pass through Rayleigh channel
a = h.PathGains;
AM = h.channelFilter.alphaMatrix;
g = a*AM;
% Channel coefficients
G(j,:) = fft(g,fft_size);
% DFT of channel coefficients
% Add AWGN no
rx_signal = awgn(hx ,snr(ii),'measured');
% Convert Data back to "parallel" form to perform FFT
con=reshape( rx_signal, length( ifft_data_cp),1);
B. 53
Appendix B
MATLAB Code
% Remove CP
con(1:cp_length,:)=[];
% Perform FFT
% FFT
fft_data_matrix = fft(con,fft_size);
dg = idht(fft_data_matrix);
% dg = ifft(fft_data_matrix); % for DFT precoding
% dg = idct(fft_data_matrix); % for DCT precoding
% dg = idst(fft_data_matrix); % for DST precoding
% dg = ifwht(fft_data_matrix); % for WHT precoding
% p/s
rx_serial_data = reshape(dg, 1,fft_size);
fftrx = rx_serial_data./G(j,:);
% Demodulate the data
qpsk_dem_data = pskdemod(fftrx,M);
rx =[rx qpsk_dem_data];
end
% r = rx(1,(K+1:length(rx)-K));
figure(2)
[no_of_error(ii),ratio(ii)]=biterr(source , rx); % error rate calculation
end
ofdm_signal = size (source);
v = size(rx);
semilogy(snr,ratio,'--*r','linewidth',1);
hold on;
axis([0 30 10^-4 1])
legend('simulated')
grid on
xlabel('snr');
ylabel('BER')
title('Bit error probability curve for qpsk using OFDM');
Appendix B
MATLAB Code
nsym = 1000;
snr = 0:0.8:30;
CR = 1.5;
ITERATE_NUM = 4;
K = 76;
% SIZE OF OFDM Symbol
% -----------------% TRANSMITTER
% -----------------% Generate 1 x 128 vector of random data points
source = randsrc(1, K*(nsym-2), 0:M-1); %the data source
%figure(1)
cp_length = .25*K; % length of cyclic prefix
sp = reshape(source , K , nsym-2);% s/p
s = size (sp);
tx = [];
PAPR_Orignal = zeros(1,nsym);
PAPR_RCF = zeros(ITERATE_NUM,nsym);
for i=2:nsym-1
% QPSK modulation (mapping)
qpsk_mod = pskmod(sp(:,i-1), M);
% making s/p
serial_to_paralle = reshape(qpsk_mod, K , 1);% s/p
ddg = dht(serial_to_paralle);
% ddg = fft(serial_to_paralle); % for DFT precoding
% ddg = dct(serial_to_paralle); % for DCT precoding
% ddg = dst(serial_to_paralle); % for DST precoding
% ddg = fwht(serial_to_paralle); % for WHT precoding
xy = [ddg(1:K/2) ; zeros(fft_size-K,1); ddg(K/2+1:K)];
ifft_data_matrix = ifft(xy,fft_size);
% s/p for transmission
pilot = zeros(1,length(ifft_data_matrix));
ofdm_signal = reshape(ifft_data_matrix, 1, length(ifft_data_matrix));%p/s
Signal_Power = abs(ofdm_signal.^2);
Peak_Power = max(Signal_Power,[],2);
Mean_Power = mean(Signal_Power,2);
PAPR_Orignal(i) = 10*log10(Peak_Power./Mean_Power);
for nIter=1:ITERATE_NUM
% Clipping
x_tmp = ofdm_signal(Signal_Power>CR*Mean_Power);
x_tmp = sqrt(CR*Mean_Power)*x_tmp./abs(x_tmp);
ofdm_signal(Signal_Power>CR*Mean_Power) = x_tmp;
% Filtering
XX = fft(ofdm_signal,[],2);
B. 55
Appendix B
MATLAB Code
XX(K/2+(1:fft_size-K)) = zeros(1,fft_size-K);
ofdm_signal = ifft(XX,[],2);
% PAPR Compute
Signal_Power = abs(ofdm_signal.^2);
Peak_Power = max(Signal_Power,[],2);
Mean_Power = mean(Signal_Power,2);
PAPR_RCF(nIter,i) = 10*log10(Peak_Power./Mean_Power);
end
% make ifft to each block and add CP
serial_to_paralle2 = reshape(ofdm_signal,fft_size , 1);% s/p
% to know the start and end of cp
cp_start = fft_size-cp_length;
cp_end = fft_size;
% Compute and append Cyclic Prefix
for j=1:cp_length,
cp(j,1) =serial_to_paralle2(j+cp_start,1);
end
% Append the CP to the existing block to create the actual OFDM block
ifft_data_cp = vertcat(cp,serial_to_paralle2);
ofdm = reshape(ifft_data_cp, 1, length(ifft_data_cp));%p/s
pilot = zeros(1,length(ifft_data_cp));
tx = [tx ofdm];
end
figure(7)
[cdf0, PAPR0] = ecdf(PAPR_Orignal);
[cdf1, PAPR1] = ecdf(PAPR_RCF(1,:));
[cdf2, PAPR2] = ecdf(PAPR_RCF(2,:));
[cdf3, PAPR3] = ecdf(PAPR_RCF(3,:));
[cdf4, PAPR4] = ecdf(PAPR_RCF(4,:));
%-------------------------------------------------------------------------semilogy(PAPR0,1-cdf0,'-b',PAPR1,1-cdf1,'-r',PAPR2,1-cdf2,'-g',PAPR3,1-cdf3,'c',PAPR4,1-cdf4,'-m')
legend('Orignal','One clip and filter','Two clip and filter','Three clip and filter','Four
clip and filter')
xlabel('PAPR0 [dB]');
ylabel('CCDF (Pr[PAPR>PAPR0])');
tt =[ pilot tx pilot];
t = size (tx);
Q = size(tt);
x_abs=abs(tt);
papr=10*log(max(x_abs.^2)/mean(x_abs.^2))
B. 56
Appendix B
MATLAB Code
% -----------% CHANNEL
% -----------% Create Rayleigh fading channel object.
% Frequency selective channel with 6 taps
tau = [0 .2e-9 .5e-9 1.6e-9 2.3e-9 5e-9];
pdb = [0.189 0.379 0.239 0.095 0.061 0.037];
power gains
h = rayleighchan(Ts, Fd,tau,pdb);
h.StoreHistory = 0;
h.StorePathGains = 1;
h.ResetBeforeFiltering = 1;
% Path delays
% Avg path
% --------------% RECEIVER
% -----------no_of_error=[];
ratio=[];
for ii=1:length(snr)
rx= [];
rx_signal_matrix =reshape(tt,length( ifft_data_cp),nsym);
[~, c] = size(rx_signal_matrix);
for j = 2: nsym-1
hx = filter(h,rx_signal_matrix(:,j).');
% Pass through Rayleigh channel
a = h.PathGains;
AM = h.channelFilter.alphaMatrix;
g = a*AM;
% Channel coefficients
G(j,:) = fft(g,K);
% DFT of channel coefficients
% Add AWGN no
rx_signal = awgn(hx ,snr(ii),'measured');
% Convert Data back to "parallel" form to perform FFT
con=reshape( rx_signal, length( ifft_data_cp),1);
% Remove CP
con(1:cp_length,:)=[];
% Perform FFT
% FFT
fft_data_matrix = fft(con,fft_size);
du = [fft_data_matrix(1:K/2) ; [];fft_data_matrix(91:fft_size)];
dg = idht(du);
% ddg = ifft(du);
% for DFT precoding
% ddg = idct(du); % for DCT precoding
% ddg = idst(du); % for DST precoding
B. 57
Appendix B
MATLAB Code
% p/s
rx_serial_data = reshape(dg, 1,K);
fftrx = rx_serial_data./G(j,:);
% Demodulate the data
qpsk_dem_data = pskdemod(fftrx,M);
rx =[rx qpsk_dem_data];
end
figure(2)
[no_of_error(ii),ratio(ii)]=biterr(source , rx); % error rate calculation
end
ofdm_signal = size (source);
v = size(rx);
semilogy(snr,ratio,'--*r','linewidth',1);
hold on;
axis([0 30 10^-4 1])
legend('simulated')
grid on
xlabel('snr');
ylabel('BER')
title('Bit error probability curve for qpsk using OFDM');
Appendix B
MATLAB Code
tx = [];
for i=2:nsym-1
% QPSK modulation (mapping)
qpsk_mod = pskmod(sp(:,i-1), M);
% making s/p
serial_to_paralle = reshape(qpsk_mod, fft_size, 1); % s/p
You can use
ddg = dht(serial_to_paralle);
another type of
% ddg = fft(serial_to_paralle); % for DFT precoding
precoding
% ddg = dct(serial_to_paralle); % for DCT precoding
% ddg = dst(serial_to_paralle); % for DST precoding
compnding
% ddg = fwht(serial_to_paralle); % for WHT precoding
% to know the start and end of cp
cp_start = fft_size-cp_length;
cp_end = fft_size;
% make ifft to each block and add CP
ifft_data_matrix = ifft(ddg,fft_size);
% Compute and append Cyclic Prefix
for j=1:cp_length,
cp(j,1) = ifft_data_matrix(j+cp_start,1);
end
% Append the CP to the existing block to create the actual OFDM block
ifft_data = vertcat(cp,ifft_data_matrix);
% s/p for transmission
[rows_ifft_data, cols_ifft_data]=size(ifft_data);
length_ofdm_data = rows_ifft_data*cols_ifft_data;
pilot = zeros(1,length_ofdm_data);
ofdm_signal = reshape(ifft_data, 1, length(ifft_data));%p/s
Signal_Power = abs(ofdm_signal.^2);
Peak_Power = max(Signal_Power,[],2);
Mean_Power = mean(Signal_Power,2);
PAPR_Orignal(i) = 10*log10(Peak_Power./Mean_Power);
A = 10; % Parameter for A-law compander
V = max(abs(ofdm_signal));
compsig = compand(ofdm_signal,A,V,'A/compressor');
Signal_Power = abs(compsig.^2);
Peak_Power = max(Signal_Power,[],2);
Mean_Power = mean(Signal_Power,2);
PAPR_Orignal1(i) = 10*log10(Peak_Power./Mean_Power);
tx = [tx compsig];
B. 59
Appendix B
MATLAB Code
end
figure(1)
[cdf0, PAPR0] = ecdf(PAPR_Orignal);
[cdf1, PAPR1] = ecdf(PAPR_Orignal1);
%-------------------------------------------------------------------------semilogy(PAPR0,1-cdf0,'-b',PAPR1,1-cdf1,'-r')
xlabel('PAPR0 [dB]');
ylabel('CCDF (Pr[PAPR>PAPR0])');
tt =[ pilot tx pilot];
t = size (tx);
Q = size(tt);
x_abs=abs(tt);
papr=10*log(max(x_abs.^2)/mean(x_abs.^2));
disp('PAPR of original signal in dB');
disp(papr);
% -----------% CHANNEL
% -----------% Create Rayleigh fading channel object.
% Frequency selective channel with 6 taps
tau = [0 .2e-9 .5e-9 1.6e-9 2.3e-9 5e-9];
pdb = [0.189 0.379 0.239 0.095 0.061 0.037];
h = rayleighchan(Ts, Fd,tau,pdb);
h.StoreHistory = 0;
h.StorePathGains = 1;
h.ResetBeforeFiltering = 1;
% Path delays
% Avg path power gains
% --------------% RECEIVER
% -----------no_of_error=[];
ratio=[];
for ii=1:length(snr)
rx= [];
rx_signal_matrix = reshape(tt,length(ifft_data),nsym);
[~, c] = size(rx_signal_matrix);
for j = 2: nsym-1
hx = filter(h,rx_signal_matrix(:,j).');
% Pass through Rayleigh channel
a = h.PathGains;
AM = h.channelFilter.alphaMatrix;
g = a*AM;
% Channel coefficients
G(j,:) = fft(g,fft_size);
% DFT of channel coefficients
% Add AWGN no
B. 60
Appendix B
MATLAB Code
% Remove CP
con(1:cp_length,:)=[];
% Perform FFT
% FFT
fft_data_matrix = fft(con,fft_size);
dg = idht(fft_data_matrix);
% dg = ifft(fft_data_matrix); % for DFT precoding
% dg = idct(fft_data_matrix); % for DCT precoding
% dg = idst(fft_data_matrix); % for DST precoding
% dg = ifwht(fft_data_matrix); % for WHT precoding
% p/s
rx_serial_data = reshape(dg, 1,fft_size);
fftrx = rx_serial_data./G(j,:);
% Demodulate the data
qpsk_dem_data = pskdemod(fftrx,M);
rx =[rx qpsk_dem_data];
end
figure(2)
[no_of_error(ii),ratio(ii)]=biterr(source , rx); % error rate calculation
end
x = size (source);
v = size(rx);
semilogy(snr,ratio,'--*r','linewidth',1);
hold on;
axis([0 30 10^-4 1])
legend('simulated')
grid on
xlabel('snr');
ylabel('BER')
title('Bit error probability curve for qpsk using OFDM');
Appendix B
MATLAB Code
% --------------M = 4;
% QPSK signal constellatio
fft_size = 128;
% have 128 data point
fspacing=15000;
fs=15000*128;
Ts = 1/fs;
% Sampling period of channel
Fd = 0;
% Max Doppler frequency shift
nsym = 1000;
snr = 0:0.8:30;
CR = 4;
ITERATE_NUM = 4;
K = 128;
% SIZE OF OFDM Symbol
IF = 2;
% Interpolation factor
(Oversampling factor)
fft_size = K*IF; % SIZE OF FFT
% -----------------% TRANSMITTER
% -----------------% Generate 1 x 128 vector of random data points
source = randsrc(1, K*(nsym-2), 0:M-1); %the data source
cp_length = .25*K; % length of cyclic prefix
sp = reshape(source , K , nsym-2);% s/p
s = size (sp);
tx = [];
PAPR_Orignal = zeros(1,nsym);
PAPR_RCF = zeros(ITERATE_NUM,nsym);
for i=2:nsym-1
% QPSK modulation (mapping)
qpsk_mod = pskmod(sp(:,i-1), M);
% making s/p
serial_to_paralle = reshape(qpsk_mod, K , 1);% s/p
xy = [serial_to_paralle(1:K/2) ; zeros(fft_size-K,1); serial_to_paralle(K/2+1:K)];
ifft_data_matrix = ifft(xy,fft_size);
% s/p for transmission
pilot = zeros(1,length(ifft_data_matrix));
ofdm_signal = reshape(ifft_data_matrix, 1, length(ifft_data_matrix));%p/s
Signal_Power = abs(ofdm_signal.^2);
Peak_Power = max(Signal_Power,[],2);
Mean_Power = mean(Signal_Power,2);
PAPR_Orignal(i) = 10*log10(Peak_Power./Mean_Power);
for nIter=1:ITERATE_NUM
% Clipping
x_tmp = ofdm_signal(Signal_Power>CR*Mean_Power);
B. 62
Appendix B
MATLAB Code
x_tmp = sqrt(CR*Mean_Power)*x_tmp./abs(x_tmp);
ofdm_signal(Signal_Power>CR*Mean_Power) = x_tmp;
% Filtering
XX = fft(ofdm_signal,[],2);
XX(K/2+(1:fft_size-K)) = zeros(1,fft_size-K);
ofdm_signal = ifft(XX,[],2);
% PAPR Compute
Signal_Power = abs(ofdm_signal.^2);
Peak_Power = max(Signal_Power,[],2);
Mean_Power = mean(Signal_Power,2);
PAPR_RCF(nIter,i) = 10*log10(Peak_Power./Mean_Power);
end
% make ifft to each block and add CP
serial_to_paralle2 = reshape(ofdm_signal,fft_size , 1);% s/p
% to know the start and end of cp
cp_start = fft_size-cp_length;
cp_end = fft_size;
% Compute and append Cyclic Prefix
for j=1:cp_length,
cp(j,1) =serial_to_paralle2(j+cp_start,1);
end
% Append the CP to the existing block to create the actual OFDM block
ifft_data_cp = vertcat(cp,serial_to_paralle2);
ofdm = reshape(ifft_data_cp, 1, length(ifft_data_cp));%p/s
pilot = zeros(1,length(ifft_data_cp));
k= 5;
k1 =1;
y = 1;
x = k1.*tanh((((abs(ofdm).*k).^(y)))).* sign(ofdm);
Signal_Power = abs(x.^2);
Peak_Power = max(Signal_Power,[],2);
Mean_Power = mean(Signal_Power,2);
PAPR_Orignal1(i) = 10*log10(Peak_Power./Mean_Power);
tx = [tx x];
end
figure(1)
[cdf0, PAPR0] = ecdf(PAPR_Orignal);
[cdf1, PAPR1] = ecdf(PAPR_RCF(1,:));
[cdf2, PAPR2] = ecdf(PAPR_RCF(2,:));
[cdf3, PAPR3] = ecdf(PAPR_RCF(3,:));
[cdf4, PAPR4] = ecdf(PAPR_RCF(4,:));
B. 63
Appendix B
MATLAB Code
% Path delays
% Avg path
% --------------% RECEIVER
% -----------no_of_error=[];
ratio=[];
for ii=1:length(snr)
rx= [];
rx_signal_matrix =reshape(tt,length( ifft_data_cp),nsym);
[~, c] = size(rx_signal_matrix);
for j = 2: nsym-1
hx = filter(h,rx_signal_matrix(:,j).');
% Pass through Rayleigh channel
a = h.PathGains;
AM = h.channelFilter.alphaMatrix;
g = a*AM;
% Channel coefficients
G(j,:) = fft(g,K);
% DFT of channel coefficients
% Add AWGN no
rx_signal = awgn(hx ,snr(ii),'measured');
B. 64
Appendix B
MATLAB Code
xx = abs((atanh(abs(rx_signal)./(k))).^(1/y))./((k1).^(1/y)) .* sign(rx_signal);
% Convert Data back to "parallel" form to perform FFT
con=reshape(xx , length(ifft_data_cp),1);
% Remove CP
con(1:cp_length,:)=[];
% Perform FFT
% FFT
fft_data_matrix = fft(con,fft_size);
du = [fft_data_matrix(1:K/2) ; [];fft_data_matrix((fft_size/2+K/2)+1:fft_size)];
% p/s
rx_serial_data = reshape(du, 1,K);
fftrx = rx_serial_data./G(j,:);
% Demodulate the data
qpsk_dem_data = pskdemod(fftrx,M);
rx =[rx qpsk_dem_data];
end
figure(2)
[no_of_error(ii),ratio(ii)]=biterr(source , rx); % error rate calculation
end
ofdm_signal = size (source);
v = size(rx);
semilogy(snr,ratio,'--*r','linewidth',1);
hold on;
axis([0 30 10^-4 1])
legend('simulated')
grid on
xlabel('snr');
ylabel('BER')
title('Bit error probability curve for qpsk using OFDM');
Appendix B
nsym = 1000;
snr = 0:0.8:30;
CR = 3;
ITERATE_NUM = 4;
K = 128;
IF = 2;
factor)
fft_size = K*IF; % SIZE OF FFT
d =.8;
MATLAB Code
% -----------------% TRANSMITTER
% -----------------% Generate 1 x 128 vector of random data points
source = randsrc(1, K*(nsym-2), 0:M-1); %the data source
cp_length = .25*K; % length of cyclic prefix
sp = reshape(source , K , nsym-2);% s/p
s = size (sp);
tx = [];
PAPR_Orignal = zeros(1,nsym);
PAPR_RCF = zeros(ITERATE_NUM,nsym);
for i=2:nsym-1
% QPSK modulation (mapping)
qpsk_mod = pskmod(sp(:,i-1), M);
% making s/p
serial_to_paralle = reshape(qpsk_mod, K , 1);% s/p
xy = [serial_to_paralle(1:K/2) ; zeros(fft_size-K,1); serial_to_paralle(K/2+1:K)];
ifft_data_matrix = ifft(xy,fft_size);
% s/p for transmission
pilot = zeros(1,length(ifft_data_matrix));
ofdm_signal = reshape(ifft_data_matrix, 1, length(ifft_data_matrix));%p/s
Signal_Power = abs(ofdm_signal.^2);
Peak_Power = max(Signal_Power,[],2);
Mean_Power = mean(Signal_Power,2);
PAPR_Orignal(i) = 10*log10(Peak_Power./Mean_Power);
for nIter=1:ITERATE_NUM
% Filtering
XX = fft(ofdm_signal,[],2);
XX(K/2+(1:fft_size-K)) = zeros(1,fft_size-K);
ofdm_signal = ifft(XX,[],2);
% Clipping
x_tmp = ofdm_signal(Signal_Power>CR*Mean_Power);
x_tmp = sqrt(CR*Mean_Power)*x_tmp./abs(x_tmp);
B. 66
Appendix B
MATLAB Code
ofdm_signal(Signal_Power>CR*Mean_Power) = x_tmp;
% PAPR Compute
Signal_Power = abs(ofdm_signal.^2);
Peak_Power = max(Signal_Power,[],2);
Mean_Power = mean(Signal_Power,2);
PAPR_RCF(nIter,i) = 10*log10(Peak_Power./Mean_Power);
end
% make ifft to each block and add CP
serial_to_paralle2 = reshape(ofdm_signal,fft_size , 1);% s/p
% to know the start and end of cp
cp_start = fft_size-cp_length;
cp_end = fft_size;
% Compute and append Cyclic Prefix
for j=1:cp_length,
cp(j,1) =serial_to_paralle2(j+cp_start,1);
end
% Append the CP to the existing block to create the actual OFDM block
ifft_data_cp = vertcat(cp,serial_to_paralle2);
ofdm = reshape(ifft_data_cp, 1, length(ifft_data_cp));%p/s
pilot = zeros(1,length(ifft_data_cp));
a =var(abs(ofdm))+ mean(abs(ofdm));
bb =cos(-((abs(ofdm)))./std(ofdm));
b =exp(-((abs(ofdm)))./std(ofdm));
c =(1-b).^2;
e =(c).^(d/2);
E1 =( a./mean(e)).^(d/2);
f= (E1.*(1-bb)).^(d/2);
h= sign(ofdm).*f;
Signal_Power = abs(h.^2);
Peak_Power = max(Signal_Power,[],2);
Mean_Power = mean(Signal_Power,2);
PAPR_Orignal1(i) = 10*log10(Peak_Power./Mean_Power);
tx = [tx h];
end
figure(1)
[cdf0, PAPR0] = ecdf(PAPR_Orignal);
[cdf1, PAPR1] = ecdf(PAPR_RCF(1,:));
[cdf2, PAPR2] = ecdf(PAPR_RCF(2,:));
[cdf3, PAPR3] = ecdf(PAPR_RCF(3,:));
[cdf4, PAPR4] = ecdf(PAPR_RCF(4,:));
[cdf5, PAPR5] = ecdf(PAPR_Orignal1);
B. 67
Appendix B
MATLAB Code
%-------------------------------------------------------------------------semilogy(PAPR0,1-cdf0,'-b',PAPR1,1-cdf1,'-r',PAPR2,1-cdf2,'-g',PAPR3,1-cdf3,'c',PAPR4,1-cdf4,'-m',PAPR5,1-cdf5,'-k')
legend('Orignal','One clip and filter','Two clip and filter','Three clip and filter','Four
clip and filter','COS')
xlabel('PAPR0 [dB]');
ylabel('CCDF (Pr[PAPR>PAPR0])');
tt =[ pilot tx pilot];
t = size (tx);
Q = size(tt);
x_abs=abs(tt);
papr=10*log(max(x_abs.^2)/mean(x_abs.^2))
% -----------% CHANNEL
% -----------% Create Rayleigh fading channel object.
% Frequency selective channel with 4 taps
tau = [0 .2e-9 .5e-9 1.6e-9 2.3e-9 5e-9];
pdb = [0.189 0.379 0.239 0.095 0.061 0.037];
power gains
h = rayleighchan(Ts, Fd,tau,pdb);
h.StoreHistory = 0;
h.StorePathGains = 1;
h.ResetBeforeFiltering = 1;
% Path delays
% Avg path
% --------------% RECEIVER
% -----------no_of_error=[];
ratio=[];
for ii=1:length(snr)
rx= [];
rx_signal_matrix =reshape(tt,length( ifft_data_cp),nsym);
[~, c] = size(rx_signal_matrix);
for j = 2: nsym-1
hx = filter(h,rx_signal_matrix(:,j).');
% Pass through Rayleigh channel
a = h.PathGains;
AM = h.channelFilter.alphaMatrix;
g = a*AM;
% Channel coefficients
G(j,:) = fft(g,K);
% DFT of channel coefficients
% Add AWGN no
rx_signal = awgn(hx ,snr(ii),'measured');
B. 68
Appendix B
MATLAB Code
a =abs(rx_signal);
c =a.^(2/d);
aa =var(abs(rx_signal))+ mean(abs(rx_signal));
b =exp(-((abs(rx_signal)).^2)./var(rx_signal));
cc =(1-b).^2;
e =(cc).^(d/2);
E =( aa./mean(e)).^(d/2);
dd=acos(1-(c)./E);
v =std(rx_signal);
s =(-v.*dd);
ff=abs(s);
rr =sign(rx_signal).*ff;
B. 69
( )OFDM ,
OFDM .
( )ADSL / ()LANs
(.)LTE
) (PAPR OFDM
.OFDM PAPR
.
PAPR OFDM
( .)HPA
.
PAPR
( )RFC
( RFC .)RCF RCF I
.
PAPR
) .(BER BER CR = 4 I = 4
) (SNR )
( BER (.6
) ( )CCDF PAPR (.66
) PAPR ( .66).
CCDF of PAPR PAPR BER I = 4
.CR = 1.75 8.681( = PAPR)(=CCDF of PAPR
8.0187) )
( SNR at BER = ( .).
( )RFC companding
- .- compandings A
compandings A companding ))AEXP
CCDF of PAPR PAPR .. =d
6.1( = PAPR) 7.2405( = CCDF of PAPR )
)
( SNR at BER= ( .8-).
( )precoding
. precoding BER PAPR
) (DFT (.(WHT
B. 70
.PAPR :
RCF . WHT) precodings ) (DCT
( )DST (.))DHT
RCF . . ( compandings compandings -
.)compandings A-
RFC . . ( compandings compandings -
)compandings A-
. .)DHT DST DCT WHT) precodings ( compandings
compandings -)compandings A-
( RFC )AEXP CCDF of PAPR
.BER PAPR CCDF of PAPR, PAPR . = d
.CR = 4 .1( = PAPR)8.7178(= CCDF of PAPR,
) )
( .( = SNR at BER).
DHT ( )tanhR PAPR
CCDF of PAPR BER .
CCDF of PAPR, PAPR .DHT .8 = y = k
.66( = PAPR) 8.9691(=CCDF of PAPR )
)
( SNR at BER = ( .88-).
.
B. 71
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( )
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