Sync N Droop

Synchronising and Load Sharing
This presentation will deal with three phase

machines and for ease of reference will
assume alternators are four pole and engines
are running at 1500rpm giving 50Hz
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Synchronising
The easy bit


Synchronising is NOT load sharing.
To synchronise generators the engines and alternators
need not be of equal size, speed or number of poles
The phase to phase angles need to be zero
The frequency needs to be equal
The voltages need to be equal

The three phases are commonly referred to as R S T

or UVW (also historically red, yellow and blue).
As a three phase machine rotates each phase is passed
by an alternator pole in turn every 120 of rotation,
when two machines are in sync, like phases are at the
same angle relative to each other and each machine.


In the example below imagine generators a and b
are rotating in the same direction, at similar speeds.
On the left the alternators are out of phase whilst on
the right they are in phase, providing the engine
speed difference is not too great a circuit breaker
could be closed connecting the units together. The
coupled generating sets are then in parallel.


Synchronisation is achieved by adjusting engine speed,
therefore frequency, and alternator voltage by either
electronic or manual means, then closing a circuit
breaker to connect two generators together.
The method normally adopted is to close the lead
engine circuit breaker onto the bus bars (bus) and all
other generators are then individually synchronised to
the bus.
There is no real limit to the quantity of units that can
be connected together.


Automatic synchronisation is carried out by a
synchroniser unit, this compares the bus and incoming
generator voltage, frequency and difference of phase
angle. The unit will adjust speed about a set point but
will generally not adjust voltage, this is an alternator
AVR or voltage matching device rather than governor
system function. The phase angle is reduced by speed
variation to a preset level (<5 for diesel, greater for
gas due to instability). If it remains within that 5
window for a preset time and the phase to phase
voltages are equal then the unit gives a signal to
enable incoming generator circuit breaker closure.

generator
setpoint (mains)
allowed phase error

voltage difference for
synchronization window
sine.exe

Manual synchronising can be carried out in two basic
ways,
A synchroscope which is in the form of a meter
and indicates synchronisation when the pointer is at
12 oclock.
Lamps cross connected between phases R to R, S to
T and T to S, these form a triangle with the R to R at
the apex. When in sync The top lamp will be off
whilst the two bottom lamps will be bright.
Paralleling is then a matter of closing a circuit breaker
by whatever means available.

Mis-synchronising will cause high mechanical stresses

and may lead to serious damage. For this reason it is
normal to include a sync check device in the control
circuit of a manual synchronising system to prevent
operator error.

Any Questions?

Load Sharing
The difficult bit


Defining Load
Load can be discussed in two ways, true power (kW)
and reactive power (kVa) As engine manufacturers kW
is the only unit that can be dealt with.
Load is often referred to in amperes, this may as well
be ducks or elephants, it means nothing in terms of
power without either a kW value or known voltage and
cos (power factor).


The formula to work out load is
V x I x 3
= kVa x cos = kW
1000
For a generating set running at 415 Volts, and 700
Amps the reactive load is 502 kVa, if the power factor
is introduced into the equation then the true active
power (kW) can be seen.
@ cos 0.7 true power is 502 x 0.7 =
351kW
@ cos 0.95 true power is 502 x 0.95 = 476kW
From this it can be seen for the same voltage and
current true power (kW) varies widely


Cos is dependent on three things;
The power factor of the load if the application is

island operation.
The difference in voltage between the generators in
parallel with each other and the load.
The difference in voltage between a generator and
grid when paralleled together.
What the figures in the previous slide indicate is that if

two or more generators are in parallel and they show
the same current they are not necessarily sharing load

There are two methods of load sharing
Droop
A decrease of desired speed for an increase in load
A increase of desired speed for an decrease in load
Isochronous
No change of desired speed with a change of load


Reactive load sharing
Like an engine, an alternator requires voltage droop to
share load, in this case reactive (kVa) load sharing. As
kVa is affected by power factor the closer the power
factor is to cos =1 then the better the reactive load
sharing is.
Even if a group of generators are running with
isochronous load sharing, alternator voltage droop is
still required.


To successfully load share there must be
Engine droop or an isochronous load sharing device
to share active (kW) load
AND
Alternator voltage droop or, when parallel with the
grid, a power factor controlling device to share
reactive (kVa) load


Load Sharing With Droop
The origins of droop lie in the mechanical losses
associated with purely mechanical governing systems.
With the advent of electronic and hydraulic governors
droop could be set to zero however to share load in a
simple group of generating sets droop is required.


Droop is expressed as a percentage and is the
difference between no load speed and full load speed,
droop is calculated thus,
No load speed - full load speed
Full load speed
1560 - 1500
1500
x 100 = Droop %
x 100 = 4 %


Droop will give a fixed load for a given speed.
For example;
If an engine, regardless of power output, with a rated
speed of 1500 rpm has 4% droop then with no load the
engine will run at 1560 rpm, at 1530 rpm the load will
be 50% and at 1500 rpm the load will be 100%.

If this engine is connected to a generator and is in

parallel with another engine driven generator with the
same droop setting then at no load the engines will run
at 1560 rpm, as load is added and speed droops to
1530 both engines will be at 50% load, as more load
is added the speed will droop to 1500 rpm at 100% of
rated load for each engine.


Droop gives stability to a system, higher droop settings
result in more accurate load sharing, normally droop
will be set in the region of 4 5%.
Without droop 1500 rpm could equate to any load
between 0 and 100%. If two or more generators were
connected in parallel the result would be very unstable
load sharing.
Electronic load sharing systems do not rely on
droop and can control engine output by means of
continual measurement and adjustment of output
power.
1500 +
% D ro o p
D ro o p
1500
Speed
Is o c h ro n o u s
100%
L o ad


Isochronous Load Sharing
Isochronous load sharing allows generators to run in
parallel at a constant speed regardless of the load on
each engine. The kW output from each engine is
measured by a load sharing device, generally these
devices talk to each other and continually adjust
engine fuelling to maintain an equal percentage kW
load on each engine.

Any Questions?


Poles v Hz v Speed
Number of pairs of poles x speed = Hz
60
Example for a four pole machine running at 1500 rpm
2 x 1500 = 3000 = 50Hz
60
60


Sync N Droop

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Synchronising and Load Sharing

This presentation will deal with three phase

Name of Meeting (Date)

Synchronising and Load Sharing

Name of Meeting (Date)

Synchronising and Load Sharing

Name of Meeting (Date)

Synchronising and Load Sharing

The three phases are commonly referred to as R S T

Name of Meeting (Date)

Synchronising and Load Sharing

Name of Meeting (Date)

Synchronising and Load Sharing

Name of Meeting (Date)

Synchronising and Load Sharing

Synchronising and Load Sharing

allowed phase error

Synchronising and Load Sharing

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Synchronising and Load Sharing

Mis-synchronising will cause high mechanical stresses

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Synchronising and Load Sharing

Name of Meeting (Date)

Synchronising and Load Sharing

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Synchronising and Load Sharing

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Synchronising and Load Sharing

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Synchronising and Load Sharing

The power factor of the load if the application is

What the figures in the previous slide indicate is that if

Synchronising and Load Sharing

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Synchronising and Load Sharing

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Synchronising and Load Sharing

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Synchronising and Load Sharing

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Synchronising and Load Sharing

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Synchronising and Load Sharing

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Synchronising and Load Sharing

If this engine is connected to a generator and is in

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Synchronising and Load Sharing

Synchronising and Load Sharing

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Synchronising and Load Sharing

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Synchronising and Load Sharing

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Synchronising and Load Sharing

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