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CHAPTER
11
DYNAMICS
Ferdinand P. Beer
E. Russell Johnston, Jr.
Phillip J. Cornwell
Lecture Notes:
Brian P. Self
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Fdrag
Flift
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x 6t t
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Average velocity
Dt
Dx
lim
Instantaneous velocity
Dt 0 D t
dt
Dt 0 Dt
e.g., x 6t 2 t 3
dx
v
12t 3t 2
dt
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11 - 7
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2
dt dt
Dt 0 Dt
e.g. v 12t 3t 2
a
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dv
12 6t
dt
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x 6t 2 t 3
v
dx
12t 3t 2
dt
dv d 2 x
a
12 6t
dt dt 2
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a spring
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drag
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a a x
Kinematic relationship
dt
dx
dv
and a
v
dt
dv
a (v )
dt
dv
v
a v
dx
v0
dv a t dt
dv
a (t )
dt
v dv a x dx
a a v
Integrate
v0
x0
v dv a x dx
v
dv
v a v 0 dt
0
x
v dv
x dx v a v
0
0
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Determine:
velocity and elevation above ground at
time t,
highest elevation reached by ball and
corresponding time, and
time when ball will hit the ground and
corresponding velocity.
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vt 10
dy
v 10 9.81t
dt
y t
t
dy 10 9.81t dt
y0
m
m
9.81 2 t
s
s
y t y0 10t 12 9.81t 2
m
m
y t 20 m 10 t 4.905 2 t 2
s
s
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m
m
9.81 2 t 0
s
s
t 1.019 s
m
y 20 m 10 1.019 s 4.905 2 1.019 s 2
s
s
y 25.1 m
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vt 10
m
m
9.81 2 t
s
s
v3.28 s 10
m
m
9.81 2 3.28 s
s
s
v 22.2
m
s
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dv
a
kv
dt
dv
v v k 0 dt
0
ln
v t
v0
kt
vt v0 e kt
Integrate v(t) = dx/dt to find x(t).
v t
dx
v0e kt
dt
kt
dx
v
e
0
dt
x t v0 e kt
k
0
xt
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v0
1 e kt
k
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dv k dx
v0
dv k dx
v v0 kx
v v0 kx
Alternatively,
with
and
then
xt
v0
1 e kt
k
vt
vt v0 e kt or e kt
v0
v vt
xt 0 1
k
v0
v v0 kx
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+y
(a)
(b)
dv a t dt
v0
v dv
x dx v a v
0
0
(c)
v0
x0
v dv a x dx
v
(d)
dv
v a v 0 dt
0
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a 3 0.001v
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dv
v
a v
dx
v dv
x dx v a v
0
0
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v dv
dx
x
v a v
0
0
628.32
v
dv
2
3 0.001v
0
dx
3 0.001v 2 e 0.15802
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3 0.001v 2 e 0.15802
3 e0.15802
v
2146.2
0.001
2
v 46.3268 m/s
How do you determine the maximum speed the car can reach?
a 3 0.001v 2
0.001v 2 3
vmax
0.001
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dx
v constant
dt
x
x0
dx v dt
x x0 vt
x x0 vt
Careful these only apply to
uniform rectilinear motion!
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dv
a constant
dt
dx
v0 at
dt
dv a dt
v0
dx v0 at dt
x0
dv
v a constant
dx
v v0 at
x x0 v0t 12 at 2
v0
x0
v dv a dx
v 2 v02 2a x x0
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xB
v B v A relative velocity of B
with respect to A
vB v A vB A
vB
a B a A relative acceleration of B
with respect to A
aB a A aB A
aB
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m
m
9.81 2 t
s
s
m
m
y B y0 v0t 12 at 2 12 m 18 t 4.905 2 t 2
s
s
m
s
m
y E y0 v E t 5 m 2 t
s
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y B E 12 18t 4.905t 2 5 2t 0
t 0.39 s meaningles s
t 3.65 s
y E 12.3 m
v B E 18 9.81t 2
16 9.813.65
v B E 19.81
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m
s
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mm
300
2a A 200 mm
s
mm
a A 225 2
s
v A = (v A )0 + a At
300
mm
mm
= 225 2 t
s
s
t = 1.333 s
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x D = ( x D ) 0 + vD t
mm
xD - ( xD ) 0 = 75
(1.333s) = 100 mm
s
Block B motion is dependent on motions of collar
A and pulley D. Write motion relationship and
solve for change of block B position at time t.
x A 2 xD xB x A 0 2 x D 0 x B 0
x A x A 0 2 xD xD 0 xB x B 0 0
200 mm 2 100 mm xB xB 0 0
xB - (xB )0 = - 400mm
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mm
300
2 75
vB 0
s
s
vB = - 450
mm
mm
= 450
s
s
a A 2 aD aB 0
mm
225
2(0) aB 0
2
s
aB = - 225
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mm
mm
=
225
s2
s2
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Solution steps
Sketch your system and choose
coordinate system
Write out constraint equation
Differentiate the constraint equation to
get velocity
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x A 3 yB constants L
Differentiate the constraint equation to
get velocity
6 m/s + 3vB 0
v B 2 m/s
Note that as xA gets bigger, yB gets smaller.
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Acceleration data
from a head impact
during a round of
boxing.
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Acceleration (g)
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120
100
80
60
40
20
0
47.76
47.77
47.78
47.79
47.8
47.81
Time (s)
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