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Julia Vorholt
Lecture 9:
Phototrophy and autotrophy
Global carbon and nitrogen cycles
Nov 19, 2012
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ELQ = h c NA -1 = h v
ELQ, Free energy of light quanta
h, Planck constant (6.6 x 10-34 J s)
c, the speed of light (3 x 108 m s-1)
NA, Avogadros number (6 x 1023)
v, frequency
Types of Photosynthesis
Phototrophs
Purple and green bacteria
Oxygenic
Anoxygenic
Reducing power
Carbon
electrons
Energy
Reducing power
Carbon
Light
Energy
Light
PS I and II
PS I or II
Fig. 13.2
Groups of Phototrophs
Green
Sulfurbacteria
Green
Nonsulfurbacteria
Cyanobacteria
Heliobacteria
(Gram +)
Evolutionary Aspects
Eon
BYA Organisms,
events
0
Phanaerozoic
O2
level
Extinction of the
dinosaurs
0.5
Early animals
1.0
Multicellular
eukaryotes
Metabolic
highlights
Cambrian
Precambrian
20%
10%
Proterozoic
1.5
2.0
First eukaryotes
with organelles
Ozone shield
1%
2.5
Great oxidation
event
0.1%
Endosymbiosis?
Aerobic respiration
Oxygenic photosynthesis
(2H2O O2 4H)
Cyanobacteria
3.0
Archaean
Sulfate reduction
Fe3 reduction
3.5
Hadean
Anoxygenic photosynthesis
Anoxic
Bacteria/Archaea
divergence
Acetogenesis
4.0
Methanogenesis
4.5
Formation of Earth
Sterile Earth
Fig. 16.6
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Chap.
13.2 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 13.3
-carotene
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13.3 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 13.8
Anoxygenic Photosynthesis
Anoxygenic photosynthesis is
found in at least four phyla of
Bacteria
Electron transport reactions
occur in the reaction center of
anoxygenic phototrophs
Reducing power for CO2 fixation
comes from reductants present
in the environment (i.e., H2S,
Fe2+, or NO2-)
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Chap.
13.4 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 17.2
Fig. 17.6
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13.2 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 13.6
1988, Nobel prize for the structure of the reaction center of Rhodopseudomonas viridis:
J. Deisenhofer, H. Michel, and R. Huber
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Chap.
13.4 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 13.13
0.75
0.5
E0
(V)0.25
Cyclic electron
flow (generates
proton motive
force)
0.0
External electron
donors (H2S, S2O32-,
S0, Fe2+)
0.25
Poor
electron
donor
0.5
Red or infrared light
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2009
Pearson
Education
Inc.,
publishing
as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Chap. 13.4
Fig. 13.14
Light
Out
(periplasm)
Quinone
pool
ATPase
Photosynthetic
membrane
In
(cytoplasm)
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Chap.
13.4 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 13.15
Purple bacteria
Heliobacteria
1.25
1.0
0.75
0.5
E0 (V)
0.25
Reverse
electron
flow
0.25
0.5
Light
Light
Light
PSII
PSI
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Chap.
13.4 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
PSI
Fig. 13.17
The Z Scheme:
1.0
PSII PSI
0.75
Cyclic electron
flow (generates
proton motive
force)
0.5
0.25
E0
0.0
(V)
0.25
Noncyclic
electron flow
(generates
proton motive
force)
Light
0.5
Photosystem I
0.75
1.0
Photosystem II
Light
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Chap.
13.5 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 13.18
Oxygenic Photosynthesis
Oxygenic phototrophs use light to generate ATP and
NADPH
The two light reactions are called photosystem I and
photosystem II
Z scheme of photosynthesis
Photosystem II transfers energy to photosystem I
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Chap.
13.5 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Autotrophic CO2-fixation
Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle
Reductive citric acid cycle
Reductive acetyl-CoA pathway
3-Hydroxypropionate/malyl-CoA cycle
3-Hydroxypropionate/4-hydroxybutyrate cycle
Dicarboxylate/4-hydroxybutyrate cycle
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2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Chap.
13.12-13
12 3-PhosphoRubisCO
glycerate
(36 carbons)
6 Ribulose
1,5-bisphosphate
(30 carbons)
12 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate
(36 carbons)
Phosphoribulokinase
12 Glyceraldehyde
3-phosphate
(36 carbons)
6 Ribulose
5-phosphate
(30 carbons)
Sugar
rearrangements
10 Glyceraldehyde
3-phosphate
(30 carbons)
Fructose
6-phosphate
(6 carbons)
To biosynthesis
Overall stoichiometry:
6 CO2 12 NADPH 18 ATP
12 NADP 18 ADP 17 Pi
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2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Chap.
13.12
Fig. 13.30
(Oxidized)
(Reduced)
Overall reaction
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2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Chap.
13.14
Soy bean
Root nodules
N2
NH3
with
Bradyrhizobium
(Alphaproteobacterium)
without
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25.3 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
(Fig. 25.7)
Fig. 25.8
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25.3 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Energy
sources
Carbon
sources
CO2
Human
activities
Respiration
Land
plants
Animals and
microorganisms
Aquatic
CO2
plants and
phytoplankton Biological pump
Fossil
fuels
Humus
Soil formation
Death and
mineralization
Earths crust
Aquatic
animals
CO2
Rock formation
Carbon is cycled through all of Earths major carbon reservoirs, i.e., atmosphere, land, oceans, sediments,
rocks, and biomass
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24.1 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 24.1
Methane hydrate
A methane hydrate is a cage-like
lattice of ice, inside of which are
trapped molecules of methane.
(CH2O)n
Cyanobakterien
Pflanzen
Oxygene
Photosynthese
Tiere,
verschiedene
Mikroorganismen
(Paracoccus, E. coli)
Aerobe Atmung
(Chemolithotrophe)
Aerobe
Methanoxidation
CH4
CO2
Anaerobe
Methanoxidation
Oxisch
Anoxisch
Methanogenese
Anoxygene
Photosynthese
Anaerobe Atmung
Brock Biology
of Microorganisms, Twelfth Edition
Purpurbakterien
Madigan / Martinko / Dunlap / Clark
(CH O)
2
n
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24.1 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
E. coli
Paracoccus denitrificans
(Fig. 24.2)
Assimilation/Baustoffwechsel
Anaerober Prozess
Aerober Prozess
Dissimilation/
Energiestoffwechsel
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24.1 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Rhizobien
Cyanobakterien
N2-Fixierung
Org. N
(NH2-Gruppen
N2
NH3
N2O
Ammonifikation
E. coli
Denitrifikation
Pseudomonas
Paracoccus
NO
Nitrifikation
Nitrosobakterien
(z.B. Nitrosomonas)
Nitrobakterien
(z.B. Nitrobacter)
NO3-
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24.3 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
(Fig. 24.7)
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24.3 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 24.7
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24.3 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Chemolithotrophe
S-Oxidation
H 2S
Diss. S0
reduktion
Beggiatoa
Photolithotrophe
Dissimilatorische
Sulfatreduktion
Assimilatorische
Sulfatreduktion
Desulfovibrio
S0
SchwefelPurpurbakterien
SchwefelGrne Bakterien
(Fig. 24.8)
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24.4 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Catabolic Diversity
Fermentation
Carbon flow
Organic compound
Carbon flow in
respirations
Electron transport/
generation of pmf
Biosynthesis
Aerobic respiration
Chemotrophs
Electron
acceptors
Anaerobic respiration
Chemoorganotrophy
Electron transport/
generation of pmf
Electron
acceptors
Biosynthesis
Aerobic respiration
Anaerobic respiration
Chemolithotrophy
Light
Phototrophs
Photoheterotrophy
Organic
compound
Photoautotrophy
Electron
transport
e
donor
Generation of pmf
and reducing power
Biosynthesis
Biosynthesis
Phototrophy
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4.12 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 4.22
Chemoorganotrophy
Chemoorganotrophy
Energy and carbon
source:
organic compound(s)
Chemotrophs
Fermentation
Carbon flow in
respirations
Carbon flow
Organic compound
Electron transport/
generation of pmf
Biosynthesis
Aerobic respiration
Electron
acceptors
Anaerobic respiration
Chemoorganotrophy
Anaerobic respiration, alternative electron
acceptors (not O2)
Energy generating process:
Electron transport phosphorylation (and SLP)
Catabolic end product: CO2
(exception: methanogenesis -> CH4)
Example: Escherichia coli with nitrate
Chemolithotrophy
Energy source: reduced inorganic compound
Electron acceptor, mostly O2
Energy generating process: Electron transport phosphorylation
Catabolic end product: oxidized inorganic compound
Example: Nitrification of Nitro(so)bacteria
Carbon source: CO2 (in most bacteria/archaea)
Electron transport/
generation of pmf
Electron
acceptors
Biosynthesis
Aerobic respiration
Anaerobic respiration
Phototrophy
Light
Photoheterotrophy
Organic
compound
Photoautotrophy
Electron
transport
e
donor
Generation of pmf
and reducing power
Biosynthesis
Biosynthesis