Chapter 1

THE WORLD THROUGH OUR SENSES

is the

Responses in Man
Epidermis

are the detection of

which are

whose structure is
made up of the

Stimuli

Skin

which contains
the receptors for

Dermis

by

Light
Sound
Chemicals
Touch
Heat
Cold
Pain

is the

Fatty tissue

consisting of the

Sensory organs

Outer layer of the skin

transmitted to the

as the sensory organ for

Nose

Smell

Touch
Pain
Heat
Cold
Pressure

which sensitivity
depends on

Thickness of the epidermis

Number of receptors

Layer for insulation and storage of nutrients

which detects

Chemicals in the air

Brain
which produces a

Tongue

as the sensory organ for

Taste

which detects

Chemicals in food

Response
Eyes
called

Responses in Plants

called

positive
phototropism by

Water

called

negative
phototropism by

Root

Hydrotropism

Sclera
Choroid
Retina
Cornea
Eye lens
Suspensory ligament
Ciliary body
Pupil
Aqueous humour
Vitreous humour

Long-sightedness

Gravity

caused by

caused by

Eye lens too thin

Eyeball too short

Eye lens too thick

Eyeball too long

corrected with

Touch

Travels in a straight line

Is reflected off smooth and
shiny surfaces
Is refracted when travelling
through medium of different
densities

corrected with

Concave lens

Cylindrical lens

positive
hydrotropism by

called

Root

Light
which

Short-sightedness

Convex lens
Root

which detects

which can develop

Phototropism

Shoot

Sight

whose structure is made up of

Tropism

include the detection of

Light

as the sensory organ for

Astigmatism

Geotropism

positive
geotropism by

called

corrected with

negative
geotropism by

Shoot

as the sensory organ for

whose structure is made up of

Thigmotropism
Shoot, tendrils

positive
thigmotropism by

Arah Pendidikan Sdn. Bhd.

Ears

Pinna
Auditory canal
Ear drum
Ossicles

Cochlea
Semi-circular canals
Auditory nerve
Eustachian tube

Concept Maps

Hearing

caused by

which detects

Uneven thickness of the cornea

Sound
which

Is vibration of matter
Is reflected off flat and hard
surfaces causing echoes

Science Form 2

Chapter 2

NUTRITION
Starch

tested using

Iodine solution

which include
based on

Consumption of each of the food groups

in the correct amount and proportions

provides

Carbohydrates

which is the

Age
Body size
Sex
Type of job
Climate
State of health

needed for

Proteins

Balanced diet
by taking a

Glucose

Growth and repair damaged cells

needed for

Fats

tested using

tested using

Warmth and energy

tested using

Benedicts solution

Millons reagent

Alcohol emulsion test

Healthy body
the intake of which is important for

is digested by

Food

needed for

Vitamins

Maintaining a healthy body

is classified into seven classes

needed for

Minerals

Digestive system

Energy

Growth and proper functioning of the body

made up of the

Food is broken down

physically and
chemically into smaller
molecules with the help
of enzymes

needed for

Fibres

where

Proper bowel movement

Water

Mouth

where

needed for

Food is broken down physically

and

Metabolic processes
Digestion of food
Blood flow
Regulating body temperature
Excretion

Chemical digestion of food begins

to allow

The absorption of the

smaller food molecules
through the walls of the
intestine

Oesophagus

Stomach

Small intestine
Ileum
Duodenum
Jejunum

Colon

Rectum

Arah Pendidikan Sdn. Bhd.

where

where

where

Food is brought to the stomach

by

Peristalsis

The food is stored and fed slowly into the small intestine

Final digestion of food occurs

and

and

The digestion of proteins begins

The absorption of the final products of digestion occurs

which are

Glucose (from carbohydrates)

Amino acids (from proteins)
Fatty acids and glycerol (from fats)

through

where

where

The walls of the intestine

where the

Water is reabsorbed

Undigested food is stored

and later

Expelled through the anus

Concept Maps

in a process called

Surface area is increased by the

presence of structures called villi

Defecation

Science Form 2

Chapter 3

BIODIVERSITY

Biodiversity
is the

Diversity of living things in a habitat

which is made up of

Animals

Plants
which are classified into

which are classified into

Vertebrates

Invertebrates

which are further

classified into

Fish

Non-flowering

which have the

characteristics

Cold-blooded
Body covered with slimy scales
Breathe with gills
Carry out external fertilisation
Lay eggs without shells

Animals with
jointed legs
which can be grouped into
invertebrates that have

Three pairs of legs

which have the
characteristics

Amphibians

Reptiles

Birds

which have the

characteristics

which have the

characteristics

Cold-blooded
Body covered with moist skin
Breathe with lungs
Carry out external fertilisation
Lay eggs without shells

Cold-blooded
Body covered with dry scales
Breathe with lungs
Carry out internal fertilisation
Lay eggs with tough leathery
shells

Warm-blooded
Body covered with feathers
Breathe with lungs
Carry out internal fertilisation
Lay eggs with hard shells

Warm-blooded
Body covered with hair or fur
Breathe with lungs
Carry out internal fertilisation
Give birth to live young

Mammals

Arah Pendidikan Sdn. Bhd.

which are further

classified into

Algae
which have the
characteristics

Four pairs of legs

More than four pairs

of legs

Monocotyledons

Have no stems, leaves and roots

Grows only in water
Reproduce by binary fission

Mosses
which have the
characteristics

Have stems and leaves

but no roots
Grow on wet and moist
surfaces
Reproduce by spores

which have the

characteristics

Seeds with one

cotyledon
Fibrous roots
Leaf with parallel veins
Most have non-woody
stems

Dicotyledons
which have the
characteristics

Ferns
Animals without
jointed legs
which can be grouped into
invertebrates that are

Worm-like

Not worm-like
which have the
characteristics

Flowering

which are further

classified into

which are further

classified into

which have the

characteristics

Have stems, leaves and

roots
Grow on wet and moist
surfaces
Reproduce by spores

Seeds with two

cotyledons
Tap roots
Leaf with network
veins
Most have woody
stems

Conifers
which have the
characteristics

Have true roots, stems and needle-like leaves

Reproduce by seeds formed into a cone

Concept Maps

Science Form 2

Chapter 4
Ecosystem

is always in

INTERDEPENDENCE AMONG LIVING ORGANISMS AND THE ENVIRONMENT

can be represented by

Food Webs

Equilibrium

Pyramid of numbers

which shows

are made up of many

is made up of the

Non-living components

Living components

such as

which consist of the

containing

Community

Food chains

Air
Soil
Rocks
Water
Sunlight
Minerals

The number of
organisms at each
level
The flow of energy
The size of the
organism

where each of them has a

which is

Producer

Green plant

carries out

is eaten by

All the populations of

plants and animals living
together in a habitat

which is

Primary consumer

Herbivore

Photosynthesis

is made up of different
is a process
where

is eaten by

Populations

Secondary consumer
to create an

which are

Groups of organisms
of the same species

which can

which is

Carnivore

is eaten by

Tertiary consumer

Reproduce

Green plants synthesise

food
using

which is

Carnivore

Light energy from the

sun
to

Interaction among
Living Things

involves

Make food (glucose)

includes

Mutualism

where

from

Both organisms benefit

Water and carbon
dioxide

Living things of different

species compete with
each other

where

Competition

Prey-predator

Symbiosis
Commensalism

where

where

for

Food
Shelter

One organism benefits

and the other neither
gains or loses

and

Release oxygen

made up of

Living things of the same

species compete with
each other
for

Food
Shelter
Mates
Arah Pendidikan Sdn. Bhd.

where

One species eats another

species as a source of
food

Parasitism

where

One organism benefits

and the other is harmed

which is used in

which is used in

Biological control

Biological control

Concept Maps

Science Form 2

Chapter 5

Are corrosive
Are bitter to the taste
Are slippery to the touch
Change red litmus paper blue
Have a pH more than 7
Are oxides or hydroxides of a
metal called base which
releases hydroxide ions
React with ammonium salts to
release ammonia gas

Are corrosive
Are sour to the taste
Change blue litmus paper red
Have a pH less than 7
Are compounds that
release hydrogen ions
React with active metals
to release hydrogen gas
React with carbonates to
release carbon dioxide gas

WATER AND SOLUTION

when dissolved in water

Coagulation of latex
Making fertilisers
Preserving food
Battery acids

used for

when dissolved in water

neutralise each other

Acids

used for

Alkalis
to form

Making soap
Manufacturing cement
Prevent the coagulation of latex
Making toothpaste
Antacid
Making cloth dye

Salt + water

Neutral
Colourless
Odourless
A poor conductor of heat
A poor conductor of electricity

is needed to show
the properties of
is

Water

can be chemically separated by

to separate

Electrolysis through
electric current

is purified through

Water molecules into

hydrogen gas and
oxygen gas in the
ratio of 2 : 1

has

Boiling point of 100 C

Freezing point of 0 C
Density of 1 g cm3

Water Purification
is the process
of removing

can be used to make

becomes steam during the process of

is treated
for human
use by

Solution
is a mixture of a

Evaporation

Boiling

is

Liquid (solvent)

dissolves the

Solid (solute)

where the rate of solubility is

affected by

State of the solute

Amount of solute
Amount of solvent
Temperature of solvent
Nature of solvent
Rate of stirring

Arah Pendidikan Sdn. Bhd.

in which

A slow process
Occurs at any temperature
Occurs only at the surface
of a liquid

The process is fast

Occurs only at the boiling
point of the liquid

Coagulation
Sedimentation
Filtration
Chlorination

by

Boiling
Filtration
Chlorination
Distillation

is affected by

is affected by

Suspended particles
Dissolved minerals
Microorganisms

Surface area
Humidity
Air movement
Temperature

Air pressure

Concept Maps

Science Form 2

Chapter 6

AIR PRESSURE

Air Pressure

Kinetic theory of gas

where

Air pressure is caused by the

force exerted on a surface

which states that

Gases are made up of

tiny discrete particles
which are always moving
about at random

Put near heat sources

due to

Drinking straw
Syringe
Siphon
Spraying pump

A stuck drain pipe

Problem in pouring milk
from a tin

The collision of the gas particles

on the surface
is affected by

where the concept

is used to

where it must not be

Compress gas

Volume

in order to

because

The gas pressure will

increase further, causing an
explosion

used to
overcome

is applied in
appliances such as

can be explained using

Fill more gas into a

container, changing it into a
liquid under pressure

whereby

Air pressure increases when

volume decreases
because

Temperature
whereby

Air pressure increases when

temperature increases
because

which is found in

The gas particles move a

shorter distance

Liquefied Petroleum Gas

Spray paint cans
Hair sprays
Insecticide sprays

and

Strike a surface more often

The kinetic energy of the gas

particles increases
and

The particles move faster

to

Strike a surface with greater

force

Arah Pendidikan Sdn. Bhd.

Concept Maps

Science Form 2

Chapter 7

DYNAMICS

Magnitude

involves

Push or pull

measured by

Extension of a spring

which is

has

Force

Directly proportional to the

magnitude of the force

and the unit is

which causes

Newton (N)
Direction

A stationery object to
move
A change in the speed of
a moving object
A moving object to stop
A moving object to
change direction
A change in the shape of
an object
A change in the size of
an object

is applied to do

relates to

Work
is done when

A force moves an object

is classified into

calculated using
the formula

Force (N) Distance moved (m)

and the unit is

Electromagnetic force

Electrical force

Newton-metre (Nm)

Gravitational force

or

Electrostatic force

Magnetic force

Frictional force

Joule (J)

Power
is the

Amount of work done in

one second
calculated using
the formula

Work done (J)

Time taken (s)
and the unit is

Joules per second (J s1)

or

Watt (W)
which
and its magnitude depends on

Nature of the surface area

in contact
which increases with a

Rougher surface

Arah Pendidikan Sdn. Bhd.

Opposes motion

Mass of the moving

object
which increases with a

Heavier mass

Concept Maps

Science Form 2

Chapter 8

SUPPORT AND MOVEMENT

Animals
are classified into

Vertebrates

Invertebrates
are further classified into

which have an

which have

Endoskeleton
Terrestrial vertebrates

Aquatic vertebrates

Exoskeleton

Hydrostatic skeleton

made up of
which have

made up of

which have

which uses

Calcium carbonate
which

Large pectoral and pelvic

girdles

Fluid pressure

Small pectoral and pelvic

girdles

Cuticle

Calcium carbonate
which

Supports the body weight

Protects important organs
Provides attachment of
muscles
Allows movement of limbs

mainly supported by

Supports the body weight

Shapes the organisms
Allows movements

Water buoyancy

Plants
are classified into

Aquatic plants

Terrestrial plants
are further classified into

supported by

Water buoyancy
due to

Woody plants
supported by

Air spaces in the stems or

leaves

Secondary xylem tissue

which contains

Lignin (wood)

Arah Pendidikan Sdn. Bhd.

Concept Maps

Herbaceous plants

may be supported by
special structures like

Twining stems
Tendrils
Thorns
Clasping roots

supported by

Cell turgidity
due to

Fluid pressure

Science Form 2

Chapter 9

STABILITY

Stability
is dependent on the
which is also the

Centre of gravity

Equilibrium point

which is determined by the

where

Base area of an object

Height of an object
whereby

whereby

An object becomes more stable

when the base area is increased

An object becomes more stable

when the height is decreased

and

Stays horizontal when supported

at this point

because

because

The centre of gravity is lower

The centre of gravity is over

a wider base area

Arah Pendidikan Sdn. Bhd.

The weight of an object acts

Concept Maps

Science Form 2

Chapter 10

SIMPLE MACHINES

Simple Machines
are

A rigid bar
A turning point (fulcrum)

Machines that simplify work

Turning effect of a force

which include

which is the

made up of

Levers

based on

where

The clockwise moment

depends on

The moment of force

is equal to

The anti-clockwise moment

The magnitude of the force

The perpendicular distance of
the line of force to the fulcrum

which use a
calculated by

Small effort to overcome a

large load

Small movement of the

effort to produce a large
movement of the load

Product of the magnitude of

force with the perpendicular
distance of the force from
the fulcrum

as found in
as found in

First-class levers

Second-class levers
where the middle
of the bar is the

where the middle

of the bar is the

Fulcrum

used in

Scissors
Pliers
See-saw
Lever balance

Arah Pendidikan Sdn. Bhd.

where the middle

of the bar is the

Load

Effort

and the ends of

the bar are the

and the ends of

the bar are the

Effort and load

Third-class levers

and the ends of

the bar are the

Effort and fulcrum

Fulcrum and load

used in

used in

Wheelbarrow
Stapler
Bottle opener
Nutcracker

10

Concept Maps

Door
Fishing rod
Ice tongs
Broom

Science Form 2