LTE Systems &

Architecture

OBJECTIVES
o Introduction
Wireless Technology Evolution
Mobile Evolution
Data Forecast
4th Generation Mobile System
o Network Architecture
4G Mobile System
E-UTRAN Architecture
UE
eNodeB
E-UTRAN Interfaces and Protocols

OBJECTIVES
o LTE Air Interface Principle
Principles of OFDM
LTE Channel Structure
LTE Frame Structure
o Evolved Packet Core Architecture (SAE)
Mobility Management Entity
Serving Gateway
Packet Data Network Gateway
IMS

INTRODUCTION

Wireless Technology Evolution

Mobile Evolution

World Data Forecast

4th Generation Mobile System

Key IMT Advance Features

A high degree of common functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a
wide range of services and applications in a cost efficient manner
Compatibity of services within IMT and fixed networks
Capability of interworking with other radio access systems
High quality mobile services
User equipment suitable for worldwide use
User-friendly applications, services and equipment
Worldwide roaming
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100Mbits/s for
high and 1Gbits/s for low mobility were identified as targets)

3GPP RELEASE

4th Generation Mobile System

Phase 2+(R97) R99

GPRS
171.2kbps

UMTS
2Mbps

R6

R8

HSUPA
5.76Mbps

LTE
+300Mbps

R9/10
LTE Advanced
GSM
9.6kbps

EDGE
473.6kbps

HSDPA
14.4Mbps

HSPA+
28.8Mbps

Phase 1

R99

R5

R7/8

E-UTRAN
ARCHITECTURE

E-UTRAN ARCHITECTURE
UE
eNODEB

E-UTRAN ARCHITECTURE

IMS
CSCF

HSS

Video AS

E-UTRAN

EPC

MME
UE

eNB

eNB

S-GW

PDN-GW

USER
EQUIPMENT

FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS
UE CATEGORIES
UE IDENTITIES

USER EQUIPMENT (UE)

LTE SIM
USIM

FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS:
RADIO RESOURCE
EMM(EPS Mobility Management)
ESM(EPS Session Management)

Mobile Equipment (ME)

UE FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS
EPS Mobility Management
Registration
Tracking Area Update
Handover

Control
Plane
User
Plane

EPS Mobility & EPS

Session
Management

IP Adaptation
Function

Radio Resource
RRC, PDCP, RLC, MAC & Phy
Layer Protocols

EPS Session Management

Bearer Activation
Bearer Modification
Bearer Deactivation

UE

RADIO
RESOURCE

UE FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS

UE
Maximum
Category Downlink
Data Rate
1
2
3
4
5

10.3Mbits/s
51.0Mbits/s
102.0Mbits/s
150.8Mbits/s
302.8Mbits/s

Number of
Downlink
Data
Streams
1
2
2
2
4

Maximum Support
Uplink Data for Uplink
Rate
64QAM
5.2Mbits/s
25.5Mbits/s
51.0Mbits/s
51.0Mbits/s
75.4Mbits/s

No
No
No
No
Yes

USER EQUIPMENT (UE)

IDENTITIES
Globally Unique
Temporary Identification

GUTI

Globally Unique MME

Identity + MME-TMSI

MME Global Identity

MME Identity + MME

Codes

GUMMEI

MCC

M-TMSI

MNC

MMEGI

MMEI

MMEC

eNODEB

FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS
eNODEB CATEGORIES

GSM / UMTS Network

Architecture

LTE Network Architecture

E-UTRAN

EPC

MME

eNB
UE

eNB

S-GW

eNODEB Functional Elements

Packet Classification and

QoS Policy Enforcement

Radio Resource
Management
UL/DL Resources Allocation
Access Control
Mobility Control

Data Compression

Routing
S1-C (MME)
S1-U (S-GW)

eNB

Data Protection

eNODEB Identities
TAI (Tracking Area Identities) ~ RAI
ECGI (Evolved Cell Data Identity)
MCC+MNC+ECI

E-UTRAN
INTERFACE AND
PROTOCOLS

Uu Interfaces

eNODEB Identities
E-UTRAN
S1-MME

Uu

eNB
UE

EPC

S1-U

S1-MME

MME

X2

S1-U

eNB

S-GW

UU INTERFACE

eNODEB Identities
E-UTRAN
S1-MME

Uu

eNB
UE

EPC

S1-U

S1-MME

MME

X2

S1-U

eNB

S-GW

LTE AIR
INTERFACE

Radio Interface Techniques

4G and future wireless systems optimize a

combination of frequency, time and coding
e.g. OFDMA & SC-FDMA
FDMA: frequency domain multiple access
TDMA: time domain multiple access
CDMA: code domain multiple access

What is OFDM
Subcarriers used.

The subcarriers are orthogonal to

each other and can be overlapped.

Suitable for multipath fading

channels and high data rates`

OFDM Orthogonal Frequency

Division Multiplexing
o Many closely-spaced sub-carriers, chosen to be
orthogonal, thus eliminating inter-carrier interference
o Varies bits per sub-carrier based on instantaneous
received power

LTE OFDM

Statistical Multiplexing ( in
OFDMA)
Dynamically allocates user data to sub-carriers based on
instantaneous data rates and varying sub-carrier capacities
Highly efficient use of spectrum
Robust against fading, e.g. for mobile operation

Orthogonal Frequency Division

Multiple Access ( OFDMA )
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
Supercedes CDMA used in all 3G variants
OFDMA = Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
(OFDM) plus statistical multiplexing
Optimization of time, frequency & code multiplexing
OFDMA already deployed in 802.11a & 802.11g
Took Wi-Fi from 11 Mbps to 54 Mbps & beyond

FDMA vs. OFDMA

OFDMA more frequency efficient
OFDMA Dynamically maps traffic to
frequencies based on their
instantaneous throughput
Guard
band

Channel

FDMA

OFDMA

OFDMA
Each user allocated a
different resource which
can vary in time and
frequency

Power

Frequency

LTE Air Interface

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple
Access

eNB
Single Carrier-Frequency Division
Multiple Access

UE

OFDMA and SC-FDMA

OFDMA and SC-FDMA

ADVANTAGE:

High spectrum utilization efficiency due to orthogonal

subcarriers need no protection bandwidth
(SC-FDMA) can release the (LTE)UE PA limitation
caused by high PAPR(Peak to Average Power)

OFDMA Orthogonal FDMA

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
Supercedes CDMA used in all 3G variants
OFDMA = Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
(OFDM) plus statistical multiplexing
Optimization of time, frequency & code multiplexing
OFDMA already deployed in 802.11a & 802.11g
Took Wi-Fi from 11 Mbps to 54 Mbps & beyond

OFDMA Subcarrier
Orthogonal
Subcarrier

Center Subcarrier
Not Orthogonal

Frequency

Channel
Bandwidth

OFDM:
Spectral efficiency is achieved by reducing the spacing between FDM
subcarrier
Subcarrier overlap due to their orthogonally with other subcarrier thus
reduce adjacent channel interference

Fast Fourier Transform

Subcarrier
Modulation

Coded
Bits

SERIAL
TO
PARALLEL

Inverse Fast
Fourier
Transform

IFFT

RF

Complex
Waveform

LTE FFT Sizes

Channel
FFT Size
Bandwidth
1.4Mhz
3Mhz
5Mhz
10Mhz
15Mhz
20Mhz

128
256
512
1024
1536
2048

EXAMPLE:
For BW=10Mhz

15.36Mhz/15Khz=1024

Subcarrier
Sampling Rate
Bandwidth

15Khz

1.92Mhz
3.84Mhz
7.68Mhz
15.36Mhz
23.04Mhz
30.72Mhz

OFDMA Symbol Mapping

Amplitude

Modulated
OFDM
Symbol

Time

Frequency

CALCULATIONS:
1 OFDM Symbol = 12 Subcarriers
1 Subcarrier = 15Khz (BW)
12 SC x 15Khz = 180Khz (OFDM Symbol BW)
For a 10Mhz LTE Carrier:
10Mhz/180Khz ~ 55 (Rows of 12 OFDM
Symbols)

Cyclic
Prefix

OFDM
Symbol

OFDMA Structure
Frequency

Device is allocated one

or more PRB (Physical
Resource Blocks)

Channel
Bandwidth

OFDMA
PRB consist of 12
Subcarrier for 0.5ms

Time

Channel
Bandwidth
(Mhz)

PRB

1.4
3
5
10
15
20

6
15
25
50
75
100

Physical Resource Block and

Resource Element
Radio Frame=10ms

Subframe

Slot 8

Slot 9

Subcarrier

Physical Resource
Block (PRB)

Physical Resource
Block (PRB)
1 2
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

CALCULATIONS:
12x7=84 RE

Resource Element
(RE)
Symbols

LTE Physical Signals

PCI, Physical Channel Id

= 0~503
= PSS+SSS
Where:
PSS= 0,1,2
SSS= 0~167

Synchronization Sequence
Extended CP 0

PSS(Primary
Synchronization
Sequence)

Bandwidth

Normal CP 0

62

72 Subcarriers

Bandwidth
SSS(Secondary
Synchronization
Sequence)

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

Repeated in
slots 0 and 10

SCFDMA Single Carrier FDMA

Single carrier multiple access
Used for LTE uplinks
Being considered for 802.16m uplink
Similar structure and performance to OFDMA
Single carrier modulation with DFT-spread
orthogonal frequency multiplexing and FD
equalization
Lower Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR)
Improves cell-edge performance
Transmit efficiency conserves handset battery life

SCFDMA Signal Generation

Frequency Domain

Time Domain

DFT

Symbols

Subcarrier
Mapping

Time Domain

IDFT

CP
Insertion

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
dr4YQAfifKA

MIMO

Multiple Input Multiple Output

(MIMO)
o
o

Multiple Input Multiple Output smart antenna

technology
Multiple paths improve link reliability and
increase spectral efficiency (bps per Hz),
range and directionality

Multiple Input Multiple Output

(MIMO)
LTE supports MIMO as the base option, with multiple
transmitter and receiver antennas in a same eNode-B.
Up to four antennas can be used by a single LTE cell
(gain: spatial multiplexing)
MIMO is considered to be the core technology to
increase spectral efficiency.
Rake receiver are use to efficiently received transmitted
RF signal from eNODEB to UE ( User Equipment )

MIMO Category
Increase capacity
since a single user
benefits from multiple
data streams.
SU-MIMO
Increase sector
capacity by allowing
users to share
streams.

eNB

MU-MIMO

eNB

Spatial Multiplexing

2X2 Spatial Multiplexing

eNB

TB

Port 0

TB

Port 1

TB

MIMO
TB

Space Time Coding

Increase Robustness

eNB

Port 0

1 2 3 4 5 6

TB

1 2 3 4 5 6

TB

MIMO
Port 1

3 6 5 2 1 4
Interference
TB still recoverable

Adaptive MIMO Switch

Efficiency

Spatial
Multiplexing
AMS Point

Space Time
Coding

Low SNR

High SNR

eNB

TRANSMISSION
MODES

LTE Types
o LTE FDD (Type 1)
Long Term Evolution Frequency Division Duplex
Evolved from 3G HSPA
o LTE TDD (Type 2)
Long Term Evolution Time Division Duplex
Evolved from WiMAX

FDD vs. TDD

o Differences between TDD and FDD
These two standards are based on LTE network
technology and are similar in nature. The main
difference is in the actual physical layer.
FDD LTE is able to be linked to a subframe from an
uplink.
the amount of uplink and downlink subframes differs
which means that such associative links cannot be
made in TDD LTE

TDD LTE performance is less efficient because of guard

periods.

FDD vs. TDD

o Advantage of TDD
Channel estimations that are used for beam-forming
or similar antenna techniques have to apply for the
downlink and uplink

o Advantage of FDD
The benefits of FDD only become apparent in cases
where both the downlink and uplink transmissions of
data are symmetrical in nature which makes
communication much more streamlined

Type 1 (LTE FDD)

LTE Band
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

Uplink
(MHz)
1920 1850 1710 1710 824 830 2500 880 1749.9 1710 1427.9 698 777 788 1900 2010 704 815 830 832 1447.9 3410 2000 1625.5 1850 -

1980
1910
1785
1755
849
840
2570
915
1784.9
1770
1452.9
716
787
798
1920
2025
716
830
845
862
1462.9
3500
2020
1660.5
1915

Downlink
Width of Band
(MHz)
(MHz)
2110 - 2170
60
1930 - 1990
60
1805 -1880
75
2110 - 2155
45
869 - 894
25
875 - 885
10
2620 - 2690
70
925 - 960
35
1844.9 - 1879.9
35
2110 - 2170
60
1475.9 - 1500.9
20
728 - 746
18
746 - 756
10
758 - 768
10
2600 - 2620
20
2585 - 2600
15
734 - 746
12
860 - 875
15
875 - 890
15
791 - 821
30
1495.5 - 1510.9
15
3510 - 3600
90
2180 - 2200
20
1525 - 1559
34
1930 - 1995
65

Type 1 (LTE FDD)

Downlink
Channel
Bandwidth

Uplink
Channel
Bandwidth

Frequency
Duplex Spacing

Type 1 (LTE TDD)

LTE Band
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43

Allocation
(MHz)
1900 - 1920
2010 - 2025
1850 - 1910
1930 - 1990
1910 - 1930
2570 - 2620
1880 - 1920
2300 - 2400
2496 - 2690
3400 - 3600
3600 - 3800

Width of Band
(MHz)
20
15
60
60
20
50
40
100
194
200
200

Downlink
and Uplink

Frequency
TDD

Asymmetric
Allocation
Downlink

TDD Frame

Uplink

Time

LTE CHANNEL
STRUCTURE

Logical
Transport
Physical
Radio

Control Logical Channels

System Information
Messages

BCCH
PCCH
Paging Devices

SRB 0

CCCH

SRB 0

CCCH

SRB 1

DCCH

SRB 2

DCCH
Low Priority
NAS Signaling

Traffic Logical Channel

DRB

DTCH
Carries AM or UM
RLC Traffic

Transport Channel

BCH
PCH

DL-SCH
RACH
UL-SCH

Evolved Packet
Core

Simplified LTE Architecture

IMS
CSCF

HSS

Video AS

E-UTRAN

EPC

MME
UE

eNB

eNB

PDN-GW

S-GW
SAE

MME Mobility Management

Entity
NAS Signaling
and Security

Authentication

S-GW and
PDN-GW
Selection

MME
Inter MME
Mobility

Tracking Area List

Management and
Paging

Serving - Gateway

Mobility Anchor

GTP/PMIP
Support

Downlink
Packet
Buffering

S-GW
Lawful
Interception
Packet Routing and
Forwarding

PDN - Gateway

Packet Filtering

Accounting

Lawful
Interception

PDN-GW
Transport Level
Packet Marking
IP Address
Allocation

IMS IP Multimedia Subsystem

IMS
HSS

CSCF

Video AS

o IP Multimedia Subsystem
The IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) is a concept for
an integrated network of telecommunications carriers
that would facilitate the use of IP (Internet Protocol)
for packet communications

Additional Network Elements

and Interface
CDMA
2000
S6a
S13

HSS
S101

EPC

EIR

S10
S3

Gx
MME

PCRF

MME
S11

SGSN

S2a

S5/S8

S4
S-GW

PDN-GW

S12
S2b

S103
CDMA
2000
RNC

Wn
ePDG

Untrusted
Non 3GPP
IP Access

Trusted
Non 3GPP
IP Access

Additional Network Elements

and Interface
7
5

LTE Network Elements

3G Network Diagram
Node B

RNC

SGSN

GGSN

IP

IP

BACKBON

BACKBONE

EPC

LTE Network Diagram

MME

eNode B
IP
BACKBONE

S-GW/P-GW

S1 C
S1 - MME
Data
S1 U

THANK YOU!!!