Load Flow (Studi Aliran Daya)

Load Flow
Studi aliran beban, u/ mendapatkan :
P
Q
|V|

pada bus yang belum diketahui nilainya

First step in solving the power flow is to create

what is known as the bus admittance matrix,
often call the Ybus.
Second step is to define the type of the bus

Three Types of Power Flow Buses

There are three main types of power flow
buses
Load (PQ) at which P/Q are fixed; iteration solves
for voltage magnitude (|V|) and angle ().
Slack at which the voltage magnitude and angle
are fixed; iteration solves for P/Q injections
Generator (PV) at which P and |V| are fixed;
iteration solves for voltage angle () and Q
injection

y = admitansi saluran

Gauss Power Flow

We first need to put the equation in the correct form
n

Vi YikVk Vi Yik*Vk*
k 1

k 1

Si Vi I i*
*
Si

S*i

*
Vi

Vi

*
Vi I i

YikVk

k 1

YikVk

k 1

YiiVi

Vi

YikVk

k 1

k 1,k i

1 S*i
Vi
* YikVk

Yii V
k 1,k i

YikVk
Y = elemen pada matriks Ybus

Modeling Shunts in the Ybus

Ykc
Since I ij (Vi V j )Yk Vi
2
Ykc
Yii
Yk
2
Rk jX k Rk jX k
1
1
Note Yk

2
Z k Rk jX k Rk jX k Rk X k2
Yiifrom other lines

Two Bus System Example

1

Yc
(V1 V2 )
I1
V1
Z
2

1/Z

1
12 j16
0.03 j 0.04

I1
12 j15.9 12 j16 V1
I 12 j16 12 j15.9 V

2
2

Gauss Two Bus Power Flow Example

2

A 100 MW, 50 Mvar load is connected to a generator

through a line with z = 0.02 + j0.06 p.u. and line charging of 5 Mvar
on each end (100 MVA base). Also, there is a 25 Mvar capacitor at
bus 2. If the generator voltage is 1.0 p.u., what is V2?

Yc/2=j0.05
V1 = 10o

SLoad = 1.0 + j0.5 p.u.

Gauss Two Bus Example, contd

The unknown is the complex load voltage, V2 .
To determine V2 we need to know the Ybus .
1
5 j15
0.02 j 0.06
5 j14.95 5 j15
Hence Ybus

j
15
5

j
14.70

( Note B22 - j15 j 0.05 j 0.25)

Gauss Two Bus Example, contd

1 S*2
V2
* YikVk
Y22 V2 k 1,k i

-1 j 0.5

1
V2
(5 j15)(1.00)

*
5 j14.70 V2

Guess V2(0) 1.00 (this is known as a flat start)

v
0
1
2

V2( v )
1.000 j 0.000
0.9671 j 0.0568
0.9624 j 0.0553

v
3
4

V2( v )
0.9622 j 0.0556
0.9622 j 0.0556

Gauss Two Bus Example, contd

V2 0.9622 j 0.0556 0.9638 3.3
Once the voltages are known all other values can
be determined, such as the generator powers and the
line flows
S1* V1* (Y11V1 Y12V2 ) 1.023 j 0.239
In actual units P1 102.3 MW, Q1 23.9 Mvar
2

The capacitor is supplying V2 25 23.2 Mvar

Gauss with Many Bus Systems

With multiple bus systems we could calculate
new Vi ' s as follows:
Vi( v 1)

n
1 S*i
( v )* YikVk( v )

Yii V
k

1,
k

i
i

hi (V1( v ) ,V2( v ) ,...,Vn( v ) )

But after we've determined Vi( v 1) we have a better

estimate of its voltage , so it makes sense to use this
new value. This approach is known as the
Gauss-Seidel iteration.

Gauss-Seidel Iteration
Immediately use the new voltage estimates:
V2( v 1) h2 (V1 ,V2( v ) ,V3( v ) ,,Vn( v ) )
V3( v 1) h2 (V1 ,V2( v 1) ,V3( v ) ,,Vn( v ) )
V4( v 1) h2 (V1 ,V2( v 1) ,V3( v 1) ,V4( v ) ,Vn( v ) )
Vn( v 1) h2 (V1 ,V2( v 1) ,V3( v 1) ,V4( v 1) ,Vn( v ) )
The Gauss-Seidel works better than the Gauss, and
is actually easier to implement. It is used instead
of Gauss.

Inclusion of PV Buses in G-S

To solve for Vi at a PV bus we must first make a
guess of Qi :
n

Si* Vi* YikVk Pi jQi

k 1

Hence Qi( v )

( v )* n
(v )
Im Vi YikV
k

k 1

In the iteration we use Si( v ) Pi jQi( v )

Inclusion of PV Buses, cont'd

Tentatively solve for Vi(v 1)
Vi( v 1)

n
1 Si( v )*
( v )* YikVk( v )

Yii V
k

1,
k

i
i

But since Vi is specified, replace Vi(v 1) by Vi

Two Bus PV Example

3

Consider the same two bus system from the previous

example, except the load is replaced by a generator
z = 0.02 + j 0.06

Bus 1
(slack bus)

V1 = 1.0

Bus 2
P2 = 0 MW

V2 = 1.05

Two Bus PV Example, cont'd

1 S2*
V2
* Y21V1
Y22 V2

Q2 Im[Y21V1V2* Y22V2V2* ]
Guess V2 1.050
v

S2(v )

V2( v 1)

V2( v 1)

0 0 j 0.457 1.045 0.83 1.050 0.83

1 0 j 0.535 1.049 0.93 1.050 0.93
2 0 j 0.545 1.050 0.96 1.050 0.96

Generator Reactive Power Limits

The reactive power output of generators varies
to maintain the terminal voltage; on a real
generator this is done by the exciter
To maintain higher voltages requires more
reactive power
Generators have reactive power limits, which
are dependent upon the generator's MW
output
These limits must be considered during the
power flow solution.

Generator Reactive Limits, cont'd

During power flow once a solution is obtained
check to make generator reactive power output is
within its limits
If the reactive power is outside of the limits, fix Q
at the max or min value, and resolve treating the
generator as a PQ bus
this is know as "type-switching"
also need to check if a PQ generator can again
regulate

Rule of thumb: to raise system voltage we need

to supply more vars