1 NURSING CARE OF PATIENTS WITH ENDOCRINE DISORDERS escalante-saac

Exocrine Glands
Exocrine Glands
Endocrine glands
Endocrine glands
Endocrine glands
Secretions of hormones
Hormone
Target tissue
Pituitary, Adrenal,
Thyroid
Islets of pancreas,
Parathyroid, Gonads
Neuroendocrine circulation

HYPOTHALAMUS
(anatomy)
endocrine glands
Flattened funnel
Third ventricle
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
HYPOPHYSIS (pituitary
gland)
infundibulum
Kidney bean
Adenohypophysis(anteri
or)
Neurohypophysis(poster
ior)
Anterior pituitary
AP cells
Posterior Pituitary
Nerve tissue
Posterior Pituitary
Hypothalamic hormones

*Gonadotropin Releasing
Hormone,*Thyrotropin
Releasing Hormone,
*Corticotrophin
Releasing Hormone,
*Prolactin Inhibiting
Hormone, *Growth
ReleasingHormone,*Som
atostatin
*Follicle Stimulating
Hormone,*Luteinizing
Hormone,*Thyroid
Stimulating
Hormone(Thyrotropin),
*Adrenocorticotropic
Hormone,
*Prolactin,*Growth

Ducts carry secretion to epithelial surface or mucosa of

digestive tract external secretions
Extracellular effect (food digestion)
Ductless that contains capillary network to allow easy uptake of
hormones into bloodstream internal secretions
Intracellular effects such as altering target cell metabolism
Interconnected network of glands and nervous system.
Key feature of endocrine glands
Biochemical that exert effect on target tissue
Located some distance from endocrine glands with no direct
physical connection between endocrine and target cells.
Endocrine glands must use circulatory system to transport
secreted hormone to target tissue such as:

Works with nervous system to regulate overall physiologic

function called_
Also regulate environmental changes
Regulate function of _
It is_ shaped
Forms floor and walls of the_ of brain
Regulate primitive function of body from water balance to sex
drive
Carried by_
Suspended from hypothalamus by stalk- _
Size and shape of a_
Composed of 2 structures with independent origins and
separate functions

Composed of of pituitary
Hypothalamic hormones that regulate_
Composed of of pituitary
Compose of_, not a true neuron gland
Hypothalamic secrete hormone that are stored in_ until released
to blood
There are 8 hormones, 6 of these regulate the Anterior P.
glands, and the other 2 hormones release into capillaries in the
Posterior P.
6 hormones releasing and inhibiting

Anterior lobe hormones

2 NURSING CARE OF PATIENTS WITH ENDOCRINE DISORDERS escalante-saac

Hormone

Oxytocin and
Antidiuretic
ANTERIOR PITUITARY
HORMONES
1. FSH (follicle stimulating
hormone)
2. LH (luteinizing hormone)
3.TSH (thyroid stimulating
hormone)
4. ACTH
(adrenocorticotropic
hormone)
5. PRL (prolactin)

2 other hypothalamic hormones

There are 2 gonadotropin hormone that target gonads:
*stimulates secretion of ovarian sex hormones and development
of ovarian follicles and sperm production.
*stimulates ovulation, stimulates corpus luteum to secret
progesterone, stimulates testes to secret testosterone.
*stimulates secretion of thyroid hormone.
*stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids.
*stimulates mammary glands to synthesize milk, enhance
secretion of testosterone by testes
*stimulates mitosis and cellular differentiation

6. GH (growth hormone)
POSTERIOR PITUITARY
HORMONES
1. ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
2. OT (oxytocin)

CONTROL OF PITUITARY
SECRETION

*not
*hypothalamus
Hypothalamic and cerebral
control

Posterior lobe control

GROWTH HORMONE
bones, muscle, cartilage
and fat
*liver
*insulin like growth
factor(IGF-I or IGF-II)
*increase protein
synthesis
*lipid metabolism
*Carbohydrate
metabolism
*electrolyte balance
*bone growth thickening
and remodeling
*secretion release
during first_ of sleep
*Gradually decrease
with age
*protein

Produced by hypothalamus, released when hypothalamic

neurons are stimulated.
*increases water retention, prevents dehydration
*released during sexual arousal, promotes feeling of sexual
satisfaction and emotional bonding between partners,
stimulates labor and contraction during childbirth, stimulates
flow of milk during lactation, causes uterine contraction.

*rate of secretions are_

*regulated by_ other brain center and feedback from target
organs
Anterior lobe control releasing hormone and inhibiting hormone
from hypothalamus.
Ex. In cold weather, pituitary stimulated by hypothalamus to
release TSH to generate body heat
Neuroendocrine reflex hormone release in response to N.S
signal
Ex. suckling infant-stimulates nerve endings-hypothalamusposterior lobe-oxytocin-milk ejection
Widespread effect of body tissue- _
Induces the _ to produce growth stimulants like_

*provides energy
*makes glucose available for glycogen synthesis and storage

*2 hrs.

*lack of_ synthesis contributes to aging of tissue and wrinkling

of the skin

3 NURSING CARE OF PATIENTS WITH ENDOCRINE DISORDERS escalante-saac

PINEAL GLAND
corpus callosum
Involution(shrinkage)
Circadian rhythm
Melatonin, serotonin
Puberty
THYMUS
Bilobed, superior
Immune defense
Hormone
thymus
THYROID GLAND
*butterfly
*left and right
*T3 (triiodothyronine),T4
(thyroxine)
*calcitonin
*osteoblast
PARATHYROID GLAND
4, posterior
PTH or parathyroid
Hormone
Hypercalcemia
Hypocalcemia
*increase blood calcium
levels
*promotes synthesis of
calcitriol
*increase absorption of
calcium
*decrease urinary excretion
*increase bone
reabsorption
ADRENAL GLANDS
Above(suprarenal) or top
Adrenal cortex and medulla
Medulla
Medulla
Catecholamine, dopamine
Hypertension, increase
digestion
ADRENAL CORTEX
Corticosteroids and
corticoids
1.
mineralocorticosteroids
(aldosterone)
2. glucocorticoids
(cortisol)
3. sex steroids
(androgen)
ALDOSTERONE

Attached to roof of 3rd ventricle beneath the posterior end of _

After age 7, undergoes_
May synchronize physiologic function with 24-hour_of daylight
and darkness
Synthesize _ from_ during the night
Regulate timing of_ in humans
Plays a role in three system- Endocrine, Lymphatic and
Immune
_glands in the mediastinum_ to the heart
Important in_
Secretes_ that affect immune activity
Gland that relate to myasthenia gravis
>_shaped glands
>There are two lobe the_
>Secretes_ and_.
>Para follicular C or clear cells secretes_ with rising blood
calcium.
>stimulates_ activity and bone formation
Are _ glands that are embedded to the _surface of thyroid gland
Release_
Calcitonin is released when there is_. And the effect is to
decrease calcium in blood
PTH id released when there is_. And the effect is to increase
calcium in blood
PT gland uses:

Located_ the kidney

These are formed_
Inner core, 10-20% of gland
Has dual nature, endocrine glands and sympathetic ganglion of
the SNS
When stimulates, releases_ (epinephrine, norepinephrine) and
trace of_ into the bloodstream
Catecholamine causes_

Surrounds medulla and produces more than 25 steroid

hormones called_
Secretes 3 classes of steroid hormones, the_
*sodium retention and water balance
*sugar level
*sexual development

*electrolyte balance
*stimulates sodium retention and potassium secretion

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CORTISOL

CATEGORIES OF
CORTICOSTEROIDS

1. sex steroids
(androgen)
2. estradiol
PANCREAS
PANCRATIC HORMONE
1-2
98%, digestive enzymes
1. INSULIN
>BETA
>glucose and amino acid
>nutrients
>glycogen, fat and protein
>suppresses
>DM
2. GLUCAGON
>ALPHA
>blood glucose
>glucose
>increase
>fat catabolism
3. SOMATOSTATIN
>DELTA
>glucagon and insulin
>nutrient digestion and
absorption
4. GASTRIN
>GAMMA
>acid secretion
GONADS

*regulates metabolism of glucose and other fuels

*stimulates release of fuels in blood
*helps adapt stress and tissue repair
*anti-inflammatory effect can become immunosuppression in
long term use
*sets libido, prenatal development
*small quantity but important after menopause
Exocrine digestive gland and endocrine cell duster(pancreatic
islets)
_ million pancreatic islets Langerhans produces hormone
Other _ of pancreas cells produces_
*secreted by_ cells
*secreted during and after meals when _blood levels are
RISING
*stimulates cell to absorb_
*promotes synthesis of_
*_use of already used stored fluids
*insufficiency of inactivity causes_
*secreted by_ cells
*released between meals when_ concentration is FALLING
*in liver, stimulates release of_ into circulation
*_blood glucose level in adipose
*stimulates_
*stored by_ cells
*particularly suppresses secretion of_
*inhibits_ which prolongs absorption of nutrients

*secreted by_ cells

*stimulates stomach_ motility and emptying
Ovaries and testes are both endocrine and exocrine

Whole cells eggs and sperm

Exocrine product

Gonadal hormone mostly

steroids
Estradiol and progesterone

Endocrine products

Testosterone,weaker
androgen, estrogen and
inhibin
PROSTAGLANDINS
>PLASMA
>fertility,blood clotting and
body temp

Testicular hormone

Ovarian hormone

Work locally
Released by _ cells

5 NURSING CARE OF PATIENTS WITH ENDOCRINE DISORDERS escalante-saac