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Mid term exam 1 (Notes, books, and calculators are not authorized)
Show all your work in the blank space you are given on the exam sheet. Always justify your
answer. Answers with no justification will not be graded.
Question 1: Find a parametric representation of the line in R4 that passes through P =
(1, 2, 3, 4) and is orthogonal to the hyperplane x1 2x2 + 3x3 4x4 = 5.
A normal vector to the hyperplane x1 2x2 + 3x3 4x4 = 5 is u := (1, 2, 3, 4). The line in
question is the collection of points X = (x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) so that X P is parallel to u. This means
that there is a real number t so that
X P = tu = (t, 2t, 3t, 4t).
The parametric representation of the line is
x1 = 1 + t,
x2 = 2 2t,
x3 = 3 + 3t,
x4 = 4 4t.
(2)
Question 3: Find an equation of the hyperplane in R4 that passes through P = (0, 1, 2, 3) and
is normal to u = (1, 1, 1, 1).
By definition H is the collection of points X = (x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) so that (X P )u. This means
0 =(X P )(1, 1, 1, 1) = (x1 , x2 1, x3 2, x4 3)(1, 1, 1, 1)
= x1 (x2 1) + (x3 2) + (x4 3) = x1 x2 + x3 + x4 4.
The equation of the hyperplane in question
0 = x1 x2 + x3 + x4 4.
Question 4: Prove the triangle inequality: ku + vk kuk + kvk for all u, v Rn .
By definition of the dot product, we have the following equality:
ku + vk2 := (u + v)2 = (u + v)(u + v) = uu + uv + vu + vu.
Using the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality, we obtain
ku + vk2 kuk2 + kukkvk + kvkkuk + kvk2 = (kuk + kvk)2 .
Taking the square root gives the triangle inequality:
ku + vk kuk + kvk.
Last name:
name:
1
3
2
4
1 1 1
1 2 3
B=
. Find (a) 3A 4B (b) AT (c) AT B.
1 1 1
3 2 1
3 3 3
4 8 12
1 11 9
3A 4B =
+
=
3 3 3
12 8 4
15 5 7
1 1
T
1
1
A =
1 1
2 0 2
AT B = 2 0 2
2 0 2
Question 6: Let A =
Question 7: Let A be a square matrix. Assume that A has the following property: X T AX
2kXk2 for all column vector X. Prove that A is invertible.
Consider X so that AX = 0. Then 0 = X T AX 2kXk2 . This proves that kXk = 0, which in
turn proves that X = 0. As a result the solution set of AX = 0 is {0}. This proves that A is
invertible since A is square.
Question 8: Find 2 2 nonzero matrices A and B such that AB = 0.
Consider the following matrix:
A=
0
0
1
,
0
Then
AB = 0
B=A
Last name:
name:
3
13 . Find the LU factorization of A.
5
1
Question 9: Let A = 3
2
2
4
1
1
A 3
2
of A to get U and L
2 3
1 2
4 13 0 2
1 5
0 3
1
l1 = 3 ,
2
3
1
4 0
1
0
0
l2 = 1 ,
23
2
2
0
0
l3 = 0
1
Finally we have
1
L = 3
2
0
1
32
0
0 ,
1
1
U = 0
0
2
2
0
3
4
7
3
4
7
Question 10: Let u1 = (1, 2, 4), u2 = (2, 3, 1), u3 = (2, 1, 1) in R3 . (a) Show that u1 , u2 ,
u3 are orthogonal.
We compute ui uj for i 6= j, i, j {1, 2, 3}.
u1 u2 = 2 6 + 4 = 0,
u1 u3 = 2 + 2 4 = 0,
u2 u3 = 4 3 1 = 0.
1
X = 12 .
3
2