HSDPA Principles

p
Seminar
Corrado Carbone - RO/QoS South

Agenda

1 O
1.
Overview
i
2. Architecture
3. Channel Structure
4. Accessibility & Mobility Principles
5. InterFrequency Mobility Principles
6 Capacity
6.
C
it Management
M
t
7. KPIs
2

Outline

Lets get used with the main concepts of the HSDPA.

HSDPA introduces new technologies in the UMTS world and consequently

a new way to manage PS traffic
traffic.
The most important impacts of it are on:

Modulation
Retransmission schemes
Scheduling
Usage
g of Power and Code

This presentation reports an overview of the main issues to take in mind.

HSDPA Basic Principles

1 - Shared Channel Transmission (1/2)

Shared-channel transmission implies that a certain amount of radio resources of a cell

( d and
(codes
d power)) is
i seen as a common resource th
thatt is
i d
dynamically
i ll shared
h db
between
t
users.
The idea is that a part of the total downlink code resource is dynamically shared between a set
of p
packet-data users,, primarily
p
y in the time domain.
The codes are allocated to a user only when they are actually to be used for transmission,
leading to efficient code and power utilization.

For P4 onlyy 5 codes ((SF = 16)) will be available for the HSDPA feature and they
y will be
shared on a time base.
SF=1
SF 2
SF=2
SF=4

Channelization codes allocated

for HS-DSCH transmission
5 codes (example)

SF=8
SF=16

TTI
Shared
channelization
codes

User #1

User #2

User #3

User #4

1 - Shared Channel Transmission (2/2)

The
Th Shared-channel
Sh d h
l transmission
i i allows:
ll
Higher peak bit rate: all the resource can be allocated to a single user in case of low
load.

Better application performance being closer to the model TCP has being designed
for.

More efficient utilization of available code resources compared to the use of a

dedicated channel, i.e. reduced risk for code-limited downlink.

The Shared
Shared-channel
channel transmission impacts:
Scheduling become more complex

2 - Short 2 ms TTI (1/2)

2 ms

Th
The Transmission
T
i i Time
Ti
Interval
I t
l becomes
b
extremely
t
l short
h t in
i HSDPA;
HSDPA 2 ms
compared to the 10 ms used by R99 high bit rate radio bearer.
The HS channels are organised in sub-frame of 3 slots each; this means that
the slot time 2/3 ms/slot is the same as for R99 slots (10/15 ms/slot).
The scheduling and the link adaptation algorithms work at this frequency!

Rel 5 (HS-DSCH)
2 ms

Earlier releases
10 ms
20 ms
40 ms
80 ms

2 - Short 2 ms TTI (2/2)

2 ms

The shorter TTI allows:

Reduced air-interface delay: this is required by the the TCP at high data
rates to Improved end-user performance

The shorter TTI is necessary to benefit from other HSDPA features:

Fast Link Adaptation
Fast hybrid ARQ with soft combining
Fast
F t Channel-dependent
Ch
ld
d tS
Scheduling
h d li

3 - HSDPA Power Allocation

HS-DSCH allocated power is decided by the RNC, prioritizing the DCH channel
HS-DSCH adjusts the data rate to match the instantaneous radio conditions and the
available
il bl transmission
t
i i power in
i the
th RBS
No closed loop power control is specified for HS-DSCH, unlike the DCH channel

The system adjusts the data rate by

varying the effective code rate
changing the modulation scheme

This leads to a higher efficiency in the usage of power.

P
Power

P
Power

3GPP Release 99

3GPP Release 5

Tota
al cell power

Tota
al cell powerr

Unused power

Dedicated channels (power controlled)

Common channels
Power usage with dedicated channels
channels

HS-DSCH
HS
DSCH (rate controlled)

Dedicated channels (power controlled)

Common channels

t
HS-DSCH with dynamic power allocation

4 - Fast Link Adaptation (1/3)

The target for the link adaptation is to select a TFRC (Transport Format and
Resource Combination) resulting in transmitting an as large transport block as
possible with a reasonable error probability.

Channel Condition
Coding
Available Power

Li k
Link
Adaptation

UE category
Traffic ((buffers state))
10

Modulation
TFC

Bit
Rate

4 - Fast Link Adaptation (2/3)

Adjust
j
transmission p
parameters to match instantaneous channel conditions
HSDPA: Adapt on 2 ms TTI basis the Rate (constant power)
Adaptive coding
Adaptive
Ad ti modulation
d l ti (QPSK or 16QAM)

Link adaptation is implemented by allowing the MAC-hs to set the TFRC

(Transport Format and Resource Combination) independently for each 2 ms
HS DSCH TTI
HS-DSCH

feedback
High data rate
Low data rate

11

4 - Fast Link Adaptation (3/3)

In order to estimate current channel conditions, an estimate of the Channel

Quality is reported by the UE to RBS (CQI).
Based on the channel conditions and the available power
power, the network will
select the Transport Format to have the maximum throughput achievable

feedback
High data rate
Low data rate

12

5 - Fast Channel-dependent Scheduling (1/2)

Scheduling = which UE to transmit to at a given time

instant

User1

User2

User3 User4
2 ms

2 ms

time

There is a main tradeoff to choose between:

fairness vs. cell throughput

Every user has the

same rights to
access the resource
13

The user with better

radio condition
transmit more

5 - Fast Channel-dependent Scheduling (1/2)

2 opposite strategies are:

Round Robin: radio resources are allocated to communication links on a sequential
basis.
Proportional Fair: transmit at fading peaks. This may lead to large variations in data rate
between users.

Scheduled
user
ser

high data rate

User 1
low data rate
User 2

Time
#1

14

#2

#1

#2

#1

#2

#1

6 - Fast Hybrid ARQ with Soft Combining (1/2)

HSDPA iintroduces
t d
a new retransmission
t
i i llevell under
d th
the RLC scheme
h
iin th
the
RNC.
This new level allows rapid
p retransmissions of erroneous data:
Hybrid ARQ protocol terminated in RBS
short RTT (typical example: 12 ms)
Soft combining in UE of multiple transmission attempts
reduced
d
d error rates
t ffor retransmissions
t
i i

P1,1

P1,2

P2,1

P2,2

P3,1

Transmitter

P1,1
Receiver
15

P1,2
+
P1,1

P2,1

P2,2
+
P2,1

P3,1

6 - Fast Hybrid ARQ with Soft Combining (2/2)

A fundamental difference between conventional ARQ (used in RLC) and
HARQ is
i that:
th t
in the latter case received data blocks that cannot be correctly decoded are not
discarded but buffered
They are soft combined with later received retransmissions of the same set of
information bits.
Finally, decoding is applied to the combined signal.

16

7 - UE capabilities
The UE capabilities are divided into a number of parameters:
Total RLC AM and MAC-hs buffer size
Maximum number of HS-DSCH transport channel bits received within a HS-DSCH
TTI
Support
S
t off HS-PDSCH
HS PDSCH Yes/No
Y /N
Maximum number of HS-DSCH codes received
Total number of soft channel bits in HS-DSCH
Minimum inter-TTI interval in HS-DSCH
Supporting 16QAM

These physical layer UE capabilities can be translated in a limit on the

requirements for 3 different UE resources:
the de-spreading resource (codes decoded in parallel)
the soft buffer memoryy used by
y the hybrid
y
ARQ functionality
y
the turbo decoding speed (the maximum number of transport channel bits received
within an HS-DSCH TTI and the minimum inter-TTI interval).

17

Throughput level: UE type cat 12

There are several levels for throughput calculation: lets clarify!
The biggest MAC-HS transport block size is 3440 including HS header and padding bits:

X 10 =
RLC SDU
= 320

RLC
head = 16

+
MAC- HS SDU
head = 3360

MAC- HS
head = 21

= 3440 bits
Padding
bits = 59

That means the DSCH max scheduled bit rate could be 1720 kb/s:
That is including headers, padding and every type of retransmission

This is the level used by the RBS counters and Couei!

This corresponds to a max RAB bit rate of 1600

kb/s =320*10/2

In reality considering at least the HS retransmissions at this level the maximum bit rate could not be higher
than 1600*0.9 =1440 bit/s

18

Agenda

1 O
1.
Overview
i
2. Architecture
3. Channel Structure
4. Accessibility & Mobility Principles
5. InterFrequency Mobility Principles
6 Capacity
6.
C
it Management
M
t
7. KPIs
19

Protocol stacks (1/4)

UE

RBS

Uu

User Data
RLC
MAC
MAC-hs
MAC
hs
L1

SRNC

Iub

Iu

CN
User Data

RLC
MAC

L1

GTP-U
UDP/IP

GTP-U
UDP/IP

FP

FP

AAL2
ATM

AAL2
ATM

AAL5
ATM

AAL5
ATM

PHY

PHY

PHY

PHY

The figure
g
shows the R99 pprotocol stack.
Note in particular that MAC is a protocol between the RNC and the
UE

20

Protocol stacks (2/4)

UE

RBS

Uu

Iub

User Data
RLC
MAC-d

SRNC

Iu

CN
User Data

MAC hs
MAC-hs

MAC hs
MAC-hs

HS-DSCH
FP
AAL2
ATM

L1

L1

PHY

RLC
MAC-d
HS-DSCH
FP
AAL2
ATM
PHY

GTP-U
UDP/IP

GTP-U
UDP/IP

AAL5
ATM

AAL5
ATM

PHY

PHY

The new radio interface layer 2 functionality required by the HSDSCH (hybrid ARQ signaling, scheduling, etc) was placed in a new
functional entity of the MAC layer, called MAC-hs.
The physical layer was updated with new functionalities for HSDSCH ((soft
ft combining
bi i off retransmitted
t
itt d transport
t
t blocks,
bl k new
physical channels, etc.).
21

Protocol stacks (3/4)

UE

RBS

Uu

Iub

SRNC

RRC

RRC

RLC
MAC-d

RLC
MAC-d
HS-DSCH
FP
AAL2
ATM
PHY

MAC hs
MAC-hs

MAC hs
MAC-hs

HS-DSCH
FP
AAL2
ATM

L1

L1

PHY

Iu

CN

GTP-U
UDP/IP

GTP-U
UDP/IP

AAL5
ATM

AAL5
ATM

PHY

PHY

A new user-plane frame-handling protocol (UP FP) between the

SRNC DRNC and Node B needed to be developed for the radio
SRNC,
network layer (RNL). It was based on the release 99 DSCH UP FP
used over Iur.
The layer 3 control-plane protocols (RRC, RNSAP and NBAP)
needed to be updated with control procedures, handling HS-DSCH.
22

Protocol stacks (4/4)

UE

RBS

Uu

Iub

SRNC

Iu

TCP/IP

CN
TCP/IP

RLC
MAC-d
MAC hs
MAC-hs

MAC hs
MAC-hs

HS-DSCH
FP
AAL2
ATM

L1

L1

PHY

RLC
MAC-d
HS-DSCH
FP
AAL2
ATM
PHY

GTP-U
UDP/IP

GTP-U
UDP/IP

AAL5
ATM

AAL5
ATM

PHY

PHY

Note that RLC does not have significant impact

When the HS-DSCH transport channel is used with AM RLC,
RLC it is
expected that RLC re-transmissions will be required only in rare
circumstances where the inner hybrid
y
ARQ
Q fails.
E.g. in handover situations, the transmit and receive buffers in the
MAC-hs layer may need to be re-initialized. This may cause data
l
loss,
which
hi h would
ld be
b taken
k care off by
b RLC retransmission.
i i
23

General impacts of the new architecture

There will be impacts on the buffer capabilities

for data in the RBS a new buffer is needed to store data of different users
The mobile has to store erroneous PDU for Soft Combining
Requirements on buffer could be different due to the new amount of
transmitted data

Algorithms have to be adapted:

Admission and Congestion Control for example need new way to

estimate the load and accept new users.
Closed loop power control does not apply to HS.
New algorithms that manage the new functionalities have to be
introduced (buffer, scheduling).

Mobility algorithm in particular is conditioned since the fast link

adaptation does not allow the Soft Handover anymore
anymore.

The e2e performance of the PS users significantly improves due to a

smaller RTT.

24

HSDPA Basics: Node Impacts

RBS
New TX board in RBS

RNC
No HW upgrades
Only SW!!
Setup of HS-DSCH/HS-SCCH

R99:
Scheduling,
TF selection,
Link layer
retransmission
(ARQ)

HSDPA:
Scheduling,
g
Link
Adaptation,
Hybrid ARQ
25

Core
Network
RNC

Node B

Node Functionality

Iu

RNC Function:

RNC

Iur

RAB establishment & release

Channel switching
Mobility

Iub

Resource handling
Associated
Dedicated
Ch
Channels
l

Capacity management
L2 (MAC-d)
UL HS control channel power control
Certain flow control

26

Node Functionality

Iu

RBS Function:

RNC

Iur

L2 (MAC-hs)
Scheduling

Iub

HARQ process handling

Associated
Dedicated
Ch
Channels
l

Transport format selection

Certain flow control
DL HS shared control power control

27

Agenda

1 O
1.
Overview
i
2. Architecture
3. Channel Structure
4. Accessibility & Mobility Principles
5. InterFrequency Mobility Principles
6 Capacity
6.
C
it Management
M
t
7. KPIs
28

HSDPA new channels

HSDPA introduces specific channels, 1transport and 3 physical channels:
The transport channel High Speed Downlink Shared Channel (HS-DSCH) is a
resource existing only in downlink and carries user data in HSDPA.
The High Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel (HS-PDSCH) is a downlink
physical channel
channel, to which the HS
HS-DSCH
DSCH channels are mapped
mapped.
The High-Speed Shared Control Channels (HS-SCCH) is used for downlink
control signaling and carries indication about UE scheduling.
One Associated Dedicated Channel (A-DCH)
(A DCH) pair (UL & DL) per HSDPA user in
connected state, used for control signaling and uplink data transmission. The
uplink control information is carried by the Uplink High Speed Dedicated Physical
Control Channel (HS-DPCCH).

A-DCH

29

Channel Structure
Associated
Dedicated
Channels

Control Channel
HS-DSCH High-Speed Downlink Shared Channel (Transport)
HS-SCCH High-Speed Shared Control Channel(s) (Physical)
A-DCH Associated Dedicated Channel A-DCH (Transport)
HS-DPCCH High-Speed (related uplink) Dedicated Physical Control Channel
(Physical)
HS-PDSCH High-Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel (Physical)

30

An overview of HS-DSCH and its associated channels

CN

RNC

UE

RBS

DCCH

RRC
For each
user

DPCCH

DCCH

DCH

NAS
DCCH

DCH

DPCH

DPDCH
HS
- DPCCH

NAS
DCCH

HS SCCH
HS-SCCH
Interactive PS RAB
DTCH

User 1
Interactive PS RAB

DTCH

User 2

Interactive PS RAB
User n

- Interactive
- Background

31

HS-PDSCH

DTCH

Iu
Radio Access Bearers:

HS -DSCH

Iub
Logical Channels:
-Dedicated Control Channel, DCCH
-Dedicated Traffic Channel, DTCH

Transport Channels:
-Dedicated Channel, DCH
-High-Speed Downlink Shared Channel, HS-DSCH

Uu
Physical Channels:
-Dedicated Physical Channel, DPCH
-DPCCH, Dedicated Physical Control Channel
-DPDCH, Dedicated Physical Data Channel
-HS-DPCCH, HS-DSCH Dedicated Physical Control Channel
-HS-DSCH
HS DSCH Shared Control Channel
Channel, HS-SCCH
-High Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel, HS-PDSCH

HS-DSCH : High-Speed Dedicated Shared Channel

HS-DSCH is the transport channel used for data transmission on the
d
downlink
li k and
d iis shared
h db
by allll users iin th
the cell.
ll IIn th
the HSDPA fifirstt phase
h
product release:
the sharing of code resource is done in the time domain on a 2 ms time basis
(TTI).
(TTI)
The shared code resource consists of 5 channelization codes with fixed
spreading factor SFHS-DSCH = 16, in this time frame.

The HS
HS-DSCH
DSCH cannot be in soft/softer handover and no fast power
control is used.
The HS-DSCH uses all the excess power from the available transmission
power att the
th base
b
station
t ti left
l ft from
f
the
th common and
d dedicated
d di t d channels
h
l

32

HS-SCCH: High-Speed Shared Control Channel

HS-SCCH is a downlink physical channel used to carry HS-DSCH related
control signaling (Physical Layer signaling)
signaling).
It is shared among the HSDPA users on time division basis (TTI), with the
same scheduling as for HS-DSCH.
All UEs listen to the same HS-SCCH channel and after decoding, decide
whether the information to start listening the HS-PDSCH was intended to
that UE.
Informs the UE about:
HS-DSCH code set
Modulation scheme (QPSK/16QAM)
HS-DSCH
HS DSCH transport
t
t format
f
t (number
(
b off transport
t
t blocks
bl k per TTI and
d number
b off
bits per transport block)
Hybrid ARQ information

Never
Ne er in soft hando
handover
er
The HS-SCCH has a spreading factor SFHS-DSCH = 128

33

A-DCH: Associated Dedicated Channel

One A-DCH pair is set up for every HSDPA user in connected state.
It is used for control signaling (RRC and NAS) in UL and DL.
It is a new Radio Bearer corresponding to a 3.4 kbps SRB in the DL (Sf
256).
256)
In the uplink A-DCH is also used as the channel for data transmission,
where the rate can be either 384 kbps or 64 kbps.
The uplink data rate 384 kbps is selected as first priority and 64 kbps is used as a
fall back rate if the path loss is judged to be too large or 384 kbps radio bearer
setup fails for any reason (e.g. lack of radio or hardware resources).

The uplink A-DCH channel also contains the High-Speed Dedicated

Physical Control Channel (HS-DPCCH), the new physical channel that
carries the L1 related signaling in UL.

34

HS-DPCCH: High-Speed Dedicated Physical Control

Ch
Channel
l
It is used for transmitting the following information from UE to RBS:
HARQ acknowledgement (1 bit coded in 10)
Channel quality indicator (5 bits coded to 20 bits in 2 slots)
channel quality measurements based on CPICH
reporting
ti rate
t is
i configurable
fi
bl through
th
h RRC/NBAP signaling
i
li
information reflecting the instantaneous downlink radio channel conditions to assist the RBS
in the transport format selection (fast link adaptation) and the scheduling
The HS-DPCCH has a spreading factor SFHS-DSCH = 256

The A-DCH both UL and DL can be in soft/softer handover whilst the HSDPCCH can never be in soft handover (softer is possible).
HS
HS-DPCCH
DPCCH (UL) iis ttransmitted
itt d within
ithi a dedicated
d di t d channel.
h
l Th
The main
i id
idea
is that it is power controlled from the other part of the A-DCH.

35

HSDPA Channel Operation

Physical Channels:
-Dedicated
Dedicated Physical Channel, DPCH
-DPCCH, Dedicated Physical Control Channel
-DPDCH, Dedicated Physical Data Channel
-HS-DPCCH, HS-DSCH Dedicated Physical Control Channel
-HS-DSCH
HS DSCH Shared
Sh
dC
Control
t l Ch
Channel,l HS-SCCH
HS SCCH
-High Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel, HS-PDSCH

HS-DPCCH: CQI
HS-SCCH: DL Transfer Information
HS-DSCH: Data Transfer
HS-DPCCH: ACK/NACK

36

UserPlane: Overview
There are 8 steps to transmit on the HS-DSCH:
In the RNC, the Interactive RAB is mapped to a radio bearer to be transmitted on
the HS-DSCH.
The radio bearer is then processed by the RLC and MAC-d layer 2 protocols in
the RNC.
RNC
The resulting MAC-d PDUs are transmitted over Iub to the RBS using the HSDSCH frame protocol.
The MAC
MAChs
hs receive the Channel Quality Indicator adjusted
adjusted by the Node B
The MAC-hs scheduling function selects in each TTI the user to which the HSDSCH is transmitted.
Following
g the selection of a user, the user data to transmit on the HS-DSCH is p
put
into one of several HARQ processes in the MAC-hs HARQ protocol.
The amount of data to transmit is determined by the TFRC selection algorithm.
Hence the data is transmitted to the UE over the air interface.

37

RAB/RB Combination Overview

Interactive and background Packet Service
New RABs defined:
Interactive PS 64/HS
PS 384/HS (optional)

DL bit rate up to 4.32 Mbps in P4 (user data rate)

About
bout HS-DSCH:
S SC

38

Max. 5 codes
DL: QPSK or
DL: 16QAM (optional)
UL 64 kbps interactive radio bearer
Supported by symmetric 3.4 kbps signaling radio bearer (SRB)

Agenda

1 O
1.
Overview
i
2. Architecture
3. Channel Structure
4. Accessibility & Mobility Principles
5. InterFrequency Mobility Principles
6 Capacity
6.
C
it Management
M
t
7. KPIs
39

Accessibility:
Call setup phases

Radio network functions

Iu

Iu

RNC

RNC

Iur

Camping in idle

Access the HSDPA system

3
4

Move within the system

Iub
Iub

3
f2 HS

f2 HS

f1
f1

f2 HS 2
f1

f1

f1

f1

1
40

Iub

Associated
Dedicated
Channels

Move out of the system

Control the power

Decide which mobile and

how much to transmit to it

RRM policy

State Diagram non HSDPA-P4

SRB

Speech

CS Streaming

New!

Other int. RAB state

Int. 64/384
SP64
PS Streaming+Int 8/8
Int. 64/128

SP0

Int. 64/64

UDI (CS64)

UDI+Int. 8/8

New!

New!
SP0 not available
RAB Release
RAB Establishment
E t bli h
t
Channel Switching

41

Int. FACH

SRB

Note 1: It is possible to go to Idle from all states (Signaling connection release)

Note 2: QoS profiling on the PS Int RAB is handled by Channel Switching
Note 3: Same transitions is valid for PS Streaming 16/64 and PS Streaming 16/128
Note 4: RAB establishment on FACH depending on the setting for parameter PacketEstMode

RAB est on FACH

State Diagram only HSDPA

The diagram is clearly much

easier. What does it means?
Few transitions

HS-DSCH
(uplink 64 or 384)

RAB
Establishment

RAB Release
SRBDCH

Signaling
Connection
handling
Idl
e

42

Only 2 HS RABs exist

The choice between 64 or 384
is done at the beginning
g
g and
cannot be changed during the
connection.

Idle mode & RRC Connection Establishment

Ec/No

HS+f1

f2 HS

f2 HS

f2 HS

f1

f1

f1

HS+ f1

f2
f1

In idle mode there is no difference between a user with HSDPA capability

or not.
The UEs select the the cell with best Ec/N0 with the procedure cell
reselection as in R99.
In
I second
d carrier
i sites,
it
HSDPA iis d
deployed
l
d iin th
the second
d carrier
i only
l
Most idle UEs will camp on f1
Most HS users must be moved to f2 in order to get the HS service

There is no difference in the RRC Connection Establishment procedure

between a user with HSDPA capability or not
RRC Connection Request
q
and Radio Connection Setup
p Complete
p
contains
information about the UE capability
43

RAB establishment
UTRAN

UE

SGSN

SRB - DCH

RANAP: RAB Assignment Request

( t bli h PS Interactive/Background
(establish
I t
ti /B k
d RAB)

HSDPA
S
capab
capability
ya
analysis
a ys s

Serving HS-DSCH cell selection

2
Possible Inter frequency hard handover

3
Radio Bearer setup

RANAP: RAB Assignment Response

44

Capability analysis

At the reception of RANAP RAB Assignment Request, if:

the present UE state is SRB-DCH and if the RAB mapping gives as result PS interactive
or PS background
the Access stratum release indicator received from UE indicates Rel-5 or later release,
the Physical channel capability received from UE indicates that the UE supports FDD
HS-PDSCH (any HS-DSCH-physical-layer-category shall be supported),
if the existing
g UE capability
p
y check for L2 are successful

UE

UTRAN

SGSN

SRB - DCH
RANAP: RAB Assignment Request
(establish PS Interactive/Background RAB)

HSDPA capability analysis

The RNC performs the

Serving HS
HS-DSCH
DSCH cell selection

Serving HS-DSCH cell selection

Otherwise the RAB is established in design base system.

45

Serving HS-DSCH cell selection

When, at RAB establishment, the UE starts the procedure

3 results are possible:

If the HS-DSCH is enabled in the best cell, the connection is

set up in that cell.

Current active set

Otherwise the RNC check the coverage relation of the best

cell.

46

If the
h HS-DSCH
HS DSCH iis enabled
bl d iin th
the ttargett cell,
ll an hard
h dh
handover
d
New active set
is tried to the new selected cell.

If no cells
ll are available
il bl and
d th
the connection
ti iis established
t bli h d on an
interactive DCH.

DCH

Coverage relations
The coverage relation is a unique uni-directional relation between two
cells,
ll a source and
d a ttargett cell.
ll
The purpose of the coverage relation is to give the operator a possibility to
distribute HSDPA downlink traffic among the cells of an RNC.
The target cell covers almost the same area and can be assigned the
same frequency or different ones. Typically the cells will be co-located.

A coverage relation is
defined for a source cell
with the parameters (3GPP
R5 25.423):
25 423):
hsPathLossThreshold
utranCellRef (the target cell)
coverageIndicator

47

Two Carriers scenario: IF HO

In case the HSDPA is deployed on a second layer and the mobile access the
network from the first layer the step will be the following:

The mobile ask for a SRB establishment on a cell of Carrier 1

2nd carrier

Start the RAB establishment and the Cell Selection procedure..

When the attempt on the AS cells fails, check the coverage relation of
the best cell and its path loss

f2
HS
f2 HS

f2 HS

f2 HS

If everything is ok, perform a BLIND IF-HO

ff1
1

If the IF HO succeed continue the RB set up on the new carrier..

f1

f1
f1

f1

Otherwise the RNC try to establish a R99 PS

RAB on the first carrier
48

1st carrier

Interfrequency load distribution

It adds the possibility to configure a "load-sharing margin" which can be
used
d tto reserve output
t t power, for
f e.g. HSDPA ttraffic,
ffi in
i selected
l t d cells
ll
It makes the cell appear more loaded than it actually is
It can be used to push traffic on a specific carrier

49

UE

RB setup (1/2)

If the result gives that no

Serving HS
HS-DSCH
DSCH cell is
selected, but UE connection is
still maintained

SRNC
2. Allocate resources

3. NBAP: Radio Link Reconfiguration Prepare

If the result from the Serving

HS DSCH cell selection
HS-DSCH
selection gives
that a Serving HS-DSCH cell
is selected
-> the
e RB se
setup,
up, S
SRB-DCH
C to
o PS
S
interactive (64 or 384)/HS - HSDSCH transition is performed

DRNC
DRNC

1. Admission request
q

RBS
RBS

4. RNSAP: Radio Link Reconfiguration Prepare

4. Admission request
4. Allocate resources
4. NBAP: Radio Link Reconfiguration
g
Prepare
p
5. Allocate resources
5. Allocate resources
6. NBAP: Radio Link Reconfiguration Ready

6. RNSAP: Radio Link Reconfiguration Ready

7. NBAP: Radio Link Reconfiguration Ready

8. Iub and Iur Transport Bearer setup, AAL2 Connection setup
9. Set Activation time

-> the RAB establishment is

9.RNSAP: Radio Link Reconfiguration Commit

performed as in the design base.

9. NBAP: Radio Link Reconfiguration Commit

9. NBAP: Radio Link Reconfiguration Commit
10 RRC: Radio Bearer Setup R5
10.
11. Perform actions at Activation time
12. RRC: Radio Bearer Setup Complete
13. Release resources
50

RB setup (2/2)
Different levels of Admission control runs in the RNC
For the selected serving HS-DSCH cell, run Admission Control algorithm for the
A-DCH configuration and for HS-DSCH configuration (number of serving links).
For the other cells within SRNC, run Admission Control algorithm for the A-DCH
configuration.
configuration

The RANAP RAB Assignment Response is sent to the CN when the Radio
Bearer Setup Complete has been received.
The handling of UL/DL user data on RLC level is done as in the R99 for
PS interactive RB.

51

UL: 64 or 384?
Which UL A-DCH to set is decided during the AC phase.
From an AC point of view, there are 2 guaranteed-hs service types:
PS64/HS Interactive PS service with rate 64 kbps in uplink and HS-DSCH using
p to 5 HS-PDSCH codes in downlink.
up
PS384/HS Interactive PS service with rate 384 kbps in uplink and HS-DSCH
using up to 5 HS-PDSCH codes in downlink.

A part from the other AC check there are 2 special checks for the UL AA
DCH:
Histogram Admission Policy: requests demanding spreading factor 4 in uplink
(PS384/HS radio connection type) are compared with sf4AdmUl.
The path loss is checked in order to understand if a 384 UL bearer can be
sustained.

If the 384 RB is denied ((or is accepted

p
but the RBS dont find the
synchronization in the establishment phase) the connection is established
on the 64 RB.

52

Release of Iu-PS connection due to inactivity in HSDSCH state

t t (1/2)
When a user finishes its
t
transmission
i i h
has tto release
l
th
the
resources.
The procedure is really simple:
An "HS-DSCH inactivity" timer is
started when there is no data to
transmit.
When
Wh th
the titimer expires
i
a IIu
Release request is sent and the
resources are released.

The value of the timer is a system

parameter hsdschInactivityTimer

53

Please note that..

No Channel Switching, cell_DCH -> Idle:

No cell_FACH for HS users.

No soft switch between HSDPA and DCH
No transition between the UL rate is possible
The UE can regulate its rate in UL depending
on the cell interference level. Hence a 384 RB
in UL has to be considered as the maximum bit
rate.

HS-DSCH
HS
DSCH
(uplink 64 or
384)
SRB
DC
H

Idle

RAB Combinations:
Interactive 64/HS kbps PS RAB
UL: Interactive 64 kbps PS RB + 3.4 kbps
SRBs on DPCH
DL: Interactive PS RB on HS-PDSCH + 3.4
kbps SRBs on DPCH

Interactive 384/HS kbps PS

UL: Interactive 384 kbps PS RB + 3.4 kbps
SRBs on DPCH
DL: Interactive PS RB on HS-PDSCH + 3.4
kbps SRBs on DPCH

54

Please note that..

Iu
RNC

Speech
call

Incoming CS call

A critical issue for the HSDPA in P4 is the

managementt off the
th incoming
i
i call.
ll

Iub

Subsequent RAB assignments are

rejected by RNC

no multi RABs

UE

f f HSf2 HS f HS

UTRAN

MSC SGSN

PS Interactive 64/HS - HS-DSCH

1. RANAP: RAB Assignment Request

(CS RAB)

2. RANAP: RAB Assignment Response

If the current PS Interactive RB is allocated HS-DSCH resources,, the RAB Assignment

g
response includes the unmapped RAB IDs in the RABs failed to setup or modify IE.
55

Agenda

1 O
1.
Overview
i
2. Architecture
3. Channel Structure
4. Accessibility & Mobility Principles
5. InterFrequency Mobility Principles
6 Capacity
6.
C
it Management
M
t
7. KPIs
56

Mobility:
Intra--HSDPA
Intra

HSDPA Mobility: introduction (1/3)

After the cell selection, the network has
to guarantee the mobility of the HSDPA
users

2 algorithms are interested in the

mobility of HSDPA users in connected
mode:
Serving HS-DSCH Cell Change
A-DCH Soft/Softer HO

Since No Soft/Softer HO exist for HSDSCH there will be only one serving
DSCH,
Iu
cell for the HS-DSCH.

Iu

RNC

RNC

Iur

Iub
Iub

57

Associated
Dedicated
Channels

Iub

HSDPA Mobility: introduction (2/3)

The HSDPA mobility will
b splitted
be
litt d h
here iin
different issues:
Measurement reporting
handling
Handover for A-DCH
Serving HSDPA cell
g
change

58

HSDPA Mobility: introduction (3/3)

Note that when the UE is PS Interactive using HSDPA

HSDPA, the
MEASUREMENT CONTROL includes only neighbor cells of type intrafrequency and no Compressed Mode is triggered, that means that Interq
y and Inter-RAT Handover are not p
possible to be p
performed
Frequency
What happens when the mobile move to area without HSDPA coverage?

1 layer
f

59

HS

f2 HS

HS

f2 HS
f

f2 HS

f1
f1

2 layers

f2 HS
f1

f1

f1
f1

Measurement reporting (1/2)

While user moves in the network, it continues to perfom measurement on
th CPICH off th
the
the detected
d t t d cells.
ll
When a UE is setup on a dedicated channel:
the SRNC sends a MEASUREMENT CONTROL (some information are
broadcasted in the system information on the BCCH channel) orders the UE to
start Intra frequency measurement.
As soon as the triggering conditions are fullfilled, the UE sends a
MEASUREMENT REPORT message to the SRNC indicating which event
occurred and which among the measured cells fulfilled the event criteria.

60

Measurement reporting
4 types of intra-frequency measurements are defined in the 3GPP:
Event 1a: Add cell
Event 1b: Delete cell
Event 1c: Replace cell

- A primary CPICH enters the reporting range

- A primary CPICH leaves the reporting range
- A Non-active primary CPICH becomes better
th an active
than
ti primary
i
CPICH
Event 1d: Change of best cell - A primary CPICH becomes better than
the previously best primary CPICH
Event 1e: A primary CPICH becomes better than an absolute threshold
Event 1f: A primary CPICH becomes worse than an absolute threshold

Note that the RNC can configure more than 1 measurement report for the
same event.

61

Mobility Example
2

Active set handling:

(Max active set = 3)

0
cell 1
cell 2
cell 3

event 1a:
Add cell 2, to the AS
Add cellll 3
3, tto th
the AS

-5
Ec/N0 [dB]

event 1b:
Delete cell2

-10

-15

event 1d:
Change of best cell, to cell 3
-20
0

10
time [s]

62

15

Measurement reporting for HSDPA

When PS Interactive using HSDPA is started, an extra MEASUREMENT
CONTROL related
l t d only
l tto th
the eventt 1d HS , is
i sentt to
t the
th UE h
having
i
another MEASUREMENT ID than the ones dealing with the conventional
event 1d for Soft Handover evaluation.
The reason for having a separate event 1d HS is
to be able to get UE reports triggered by only Active Set cells
to be able to use different hysteresis and time to trigger parameters to trigger HSDSCH C
Cellll Ch
Change.
to use a different quality criteria (RSCP of the cells in the Active Set)

Since the 1d Hs reported

p
cell is already
y a member of the current Active
Set, this event do not trigger any change in the AS.

63

A-DCH handover
In the previous slide it is stated that there will be only one serving cell for
th HS-DSCH.
the
HS DSCH Thi
This d
does nott mean th
thatt th
the UE iis connected
t d tto only
l one
cell.
For what concerns the A-DCH they continue to perfrom soft and softer
hand-over as in normal R99 case.
Note that HS-DPCCH can be only in softer HO.
In
I the
th example
l supposing
i the
th b
bestt server d
does nott change...
h
A-DCH
HS--DSCH
HS

R99
64

R99

HS
R99
HS
S
HS

HS
HS
HS

HS

HS

Serving HSDPA Cell Change (1/2)

When the UE moves between cells, the HSDPA connection is maintained
b means off iintra
by
t ffrequency serving
i HS
HS-DSCH
DSCH C
Cellll Ch
Change.
HS-DSCH Cell Change evaluation performs the evaluation of a valid target
cell within the current Active Set, only towards a suitable HS-DSCH
cells.
A suitable HS-DSCH Cell is a cell that satisfies the following conditions:
Cell in the current Active Set
Set.
Internal UTRAN cell.
Cell having HS-DSCH enabled.

65

Serving HSDPA Cell Change (2/2)

Serving HS-DSCH cell change is triggered by:
Change of Best cell as indicated by receiving an event 1d, UE measurement
report
Removal of the Serving HS-DSCH cell from the active set due to receiving an
event 1b
1b, UE measurement report
report.
Removal of the Serving HS-DSCH cell from the active set due to receiving an
event 1c, UE measurement report.
any other reason where the current serving HS-DSCH
HS DSCH cell is to be removed from
the active set.

No support for HS-DSCH over Iur:

RRC Directed Signaling Connection Re
Re-establishment
establishment

66

Soft/softer HO for A-DCH and cell change for HSDPA

channels
h
l
Note, there is of course a time-toNote
trigger also for event 1d-hs

Measurement
quantity

IInitially
iti ll A
A-DCH
DCH and
d HSDPA
both only on cell 1 P_CPICH 1

Rep. Range 1b

Rep. Range 1a

P_CPICH 2

h
hysteresis
i _ 1d hs
h

A-DCH on cell 2
only

Reporting
event 1a

A-DCH in SHO with cell 1 and 2

67

Reporting
event 1d-hs

Reporting
event 1b

time

HSDPA channels cell

change from cell 1 to cell 2

Serving HSDPA Cell Change

If a suitable HS-DSCH cell can not be found within the current RNS a RRC
connection release is triggered.
After this a new cell selection can follow:
Another connection establishment with a new Cell selection
normal connection establishment on R99
A connection establishment on GSM

Ex1

f HS
f2 HS2 f2 HS

R99

Cell Selection
f HS
f HS
f1 HS2 f1 HS f1 HS2 f1 HS

RNC

RNC
Cell Selection

f HS
R99 2
R99
HS
HS
68

f HS
R99 2
HS
HS

Ex3

f2 HSf2 HSf2 HS
R99

R99
R99

f2 HSf2 HSf2 HS

Ex 2

R99
R99

Ex 4

GSM
GSM
GSM
GSM
GSM
GSM

Ex 5
R99f2 HS HS
R99
HS
R99
R99
R99
R99

Radio Connection Supervision

Whatever case
f HS
f2 HS2 f2 HS

Radio Connection supervision is the

algorithm monitoring the
synchronization of a mobile, that is, if
the mobile is still connected or not.

GSM
GSM
GSM
GSM
GSM
GSM

Separate parameter hsdschRcLostT determines how long time a HS user

can be out-of-sync before the connection is released
For
o HS
S use
users
so
only
y the
e RL in the
e se
serving
g HS-DSCH
S SC cell
ce iss supervised.
supe sed
Sync status may change at serving HS-DSCH cell change

69

Agenda

1 O
1.
Overview
i
2. Architecture
3. Channel Structure
4. Accessibility & Mobility Principles
5. InterFrequency Mobility Principles
6 Capacity
6.
C
it Management
M
t
7. KPIs
70

Carrier mobility
A user conected with a UMTS network on a certain carrier can move out of
the its layer coverage
coverage.
There are 2 mechanisms to avoid the drop, at least for some services:
Inter-RAT
Inter RAT Handover
Inter-Frequency Handover

f2 HS

Most of the time anyway the

passage between carriers
h
happens
iin idl
idle mode
d

f2 HS

f1

f2 HS
f1

f1

f1

f1
f1

GSM
GSM GSM
GSM
GSM
GSM
GSM GSM
GSM
GSM
GSM
GSM
71

IRAT/IF Handover in five steps

(IRAT HO in the example)

UE moves to poor
carrier coverage area
and reports to UTRAN

UTRAN
UTRAN commands
CM measurements

UE finds suitable cells in another layer

and when coverage is even
worse it reports the candidates

UTRAN evaluates the

candidates and
commands the HO

5
72

Core
Network

UE gets access to the new LAYER

GSM/
Other Carrier

IF&IRAT Handover: basic

Main steps
When the quality of the connection overcomes a certain thresholds (event 2d or
6a) UE reports a Measurement report and the network orders the UE to activate
the CM and check the other layer.
If the connection quality further degrades and the other layer has a quality high
enough the HO is triggered (events 3a and 2b).
If the connection quality turns out to be good, the UE signals it to the network and
the mobile stops the CM (events 2f or 6b).

Layer Quality
Threshold 1
Threshold 2
Threshold 3
time

The p
problem is that there are several thresholds
73

L1

CM
HOCompressed Mode

L2

IRAT & IFHO procedures

The evaluation process for HO execution depends on the quantity that
started
t t d measurements
t (CPM) among:
CPICH RSCP
CPICH Ec/Io
U
UE TX po
power
e

Evaluated In parallel

At the same time, the cell in the target layer should have the quality good
enough. That means:
For GSM: the quality of the measured GSM cells is above a gsmThresh3a.
gsmThresh3a
For the second UMTS layer: the measured best cell on unused frequency is
above both the thresholds nonUsedFreqThresh4_2bEcno and
q
_
p
nonUsedFreqThresh4_2bRscp

Both of the HO are hard HO:

This means that there will be small interruptions in the data flow to and from the
UE.
UE

74

CPM start and HO trigger

gg
Target
Layer

CPICH
Ec/No
CPICH
RSCP
Start
CPM

UE TX

Initial
Cell

75

power

Start
CPM

Other layer
ggood enough
g

St t
HO Start
trigg CPM

HO
trigg
HO
trigg
gg

IRAT HO and Cell Change

Until here, concerning 3G to 2G switch, only IRAT HO has been
mentioned.
ti
d Anyway
A
when
h the
th UE is
i in
i connected
t d mode
d with
ith a PS RAB
RAB,
the switching procedure to 2G is called IRAT Cell Change.
Compared to IRAT HO:
There is no difference in the evaluation procedure.
In the Inter-RAT Cell Change case there are no resources reserved in the target
cell before the Inter-RAT Cell Change is executed.
There is significant outage period and a certain number of lost packets when
moving toward 2G that have to be carefully evaluated
(If the Inter-RAT Cell Change is evaluated and executed by the UE in Idle mode
or connected mode on common channels it is denoted Cell Reselection or InterRAT Cell Reselection, see Idle Mode and Common Channel Behaviour for more
details)

76

IF or IRAT?

A decision has to be made to evaluate either Inter-Frequency

handover or Inter-RAT Handover/Cell Change. This decision is based
parameters on RNC level, cell level, and UeRc state.
on p

Inter-Frequency handover is only attempted if

C_IfHoAllowed is set to Allowed for the current UeRc state,
and FddIfHoSupp (RNC) is set to On .
Inter-RAT handover is only attempted if C_GsmHoAllowed
is set to Allowed for the current UeRc state, and
FddGsmHoSupp (RNC) is set to On.
If both the conditions are verified the decision is based on a
configurable parameter, hoType (cell), defined per cell
(IFHO preferred, GSM preferred, None).

Hence, for a certain cell only one of the 2 Handover types will
be allowed.

Where?

f2 HS

f1
f1

GSM
GSM

77

CIPICH dimensioning
Dimensioning example

CPICH power = 0.87 W

In the dimensioning process the power found

with CPICH is done in order to guarantee an
adeguate
d
t CPICH llevell (Ec/N0
(E /N0 > -16)
16) within
ithi the
th
cell area (Range = 1.17 km).

Does that mean that the

b
boundary
d
off a UMTS cell
ll
corresponds to
CIPICH EC/N0 = -16?
CIPICH_EC/N0
16?
78

Which is the real area of a UMTS cell?

When a GSM network or a second carrier is deployed the

question is not easy to be answered.
Only looking at the Ec/N0 suggested threshold for IF/IRAT
HO we note that:
usedFreqThresh2dEcno
dF Th h2dE
= -12
12
utranRelThresh3aEcno = -1 (relative to 2d thr.) = -13

Different terminals have different behaviours.

The load changes the cell border.

79

Impact on coverage

New area the cell

CM start Tx Pwr
HO RSCP

CM start Ec/No
Area
WCDMA RBS
without
CM

HO Ec/N0

CM start RSCP
HO RSCP
80

Notes for HSDPA

HSDPA users, when in connected mode with a HSDSCH:
will not
ot be a
allowed
o ed to perform
pe o
IF and
a d IRAT HO.
O
will not experience CM.

Anyway:
th
they can experiment
i
t it when
h in
i connected
t d mode
d with
ith a R99 RAB or iin other
th d
dedicated
di t d
connection.
They can impact on other users behavior

Dontt forget idle mode!

Don
Users change
g carrier or network even in idle mode and the
coprresponding parameters have to be carefully tuned as well.

81

IRAT Cell Reselection

Overall description of thresholds
Ec/No>qQualMin

WCDMA acceptable area

RSCP>qRxLevMin +P

GSM->WCDMA
entering area

RSCP+qHyst1 > GSM_RSSI-qOffset1

WCDMA Service
WCDMA RBS

WCDMA->GSM normal
reselection area

Unstable areas

Ec/No>FDDQMIN
RSCP>GSM_RLA +FDDQOFF

WCDMA unacceptable area

because of low RSCP

Ec/No>qQualMin+sRATsearch

WCDMA unacceptable area

because of low Ec/No
GSM only area

GSM coverage
82

Agenda

1 O
1.
Overview
i
2. Architecture
3. Channel Structure
4. Accessibility & Mobility Principles
5. InterFrequency Mobility Principles
6 Capacity
6.
C
it Management
M
t
7. KPIs
83

Capacity Management
Algorithm

Capacity Management (Overview)

Capacity Management solution controls the load in the WCDMA cells.
It includes 3 main algorithms:
Admission Control controls the utilization of
dedicated monitored resources by accepting or
refusing requests for utilization of these resources
Congestion Control detects overload situations on
some dedicated monitored resources and initiates
congestion resolve actions to decrease the load
Dedicated Monitored Resource Handling gathers
and provides information about the current usage of
critical resources

84

Dedicated Resources

The Dedicated Monitored Resource Handling function collects and provides

information about the current usage of resources that are critical to the load of the cell.
There are three reasons for blocking:

RF POWER:
the total transmitted carrier power is constantly monitored by the algorithm. When the value exceeds some
configurable thresholds the admission/congestion take decisions for guaranteed and non-guaranteed service
class connections

CODE
Code Usage: the total number of codes is monitored.
Code Hystogram: the number of codes used for each SF are monitored. The max number of code for
each SF is configurable. A control is also done on the maximum number of compressed mode connections

ASE (Air
(Air-Speech
Speech Equivalent):
This monitor is based on the estimation of the air-interface usage per radio link type (RB type) in a cell.
Thresholds can be defined separately for the uplink and downlink, for guaranteed or non-guaranteed
connections

85

Admission Control Algorithm

Requests arrive to the AC at

several moments:

Downlink Transmitted Carrier Power

M it (for
Monitor
(f Admission
Ad i i purpose))

Radio Link Setup

Radio Link Addition
Radio Link Reconfiguration
Compressed
C
dM
Mode
d Command
C
d

Different thresholds exist for

different types of request:
(g,ho) guaranteed, handover
(g,nho) guaranteed, non-handover
(ng,ho) non-guaranteed, handover
(ng,nho)
(
h ) non-guaranteed, non-handover

The AC accepts requests until a

certain threshold on a monitored
resource (power in this case) is
reached.

86

85%
35%

75%

default values

Congestion Control Algorithm

The congestion control has an

unique
q threshold for all the
service types (pwrAdm+
pwrAdmOffset +pwrOffset) to
regard the cell as congested.

The action to decrease the load

in the cell considers instead the
different priorities of the services.

Downlink Transmitted Carrier Power

M it (for
Monitor
(f Congestion
C
ti
control)
t l)

Default values:
pwrOffset = +5% 90%
pwrHyst = 600 ms

87

Traffic Algorithms

The PS traffic (non-guaranteed) is

managed by the RRM algorithms with
a lower priority at several levels:
Lower threshold on AC
First user to be considered for Congestion
actions

Besides RRM algorithms, even the

Channel Switching algorithm acts to
control the PS traffic.

88

HSDPA Monitored Resource Handling

The way of measuring the resources has to be adapted to the HSDPA:
The monitored power in the RNC keeps track only of the usage of total non-HS
downlink transmitted carrier power.
The reports of the power measurements are adapted to the capability of a cell:
HSDPA capable Transmitted carrier power of all codes not used for HS-PDSCH or
HS-SCCH transmission
HSDPA not capable Transmitted carrier power

2 new dedicated monitored resource is introduced:

the number of HS-serving links in a cell.
The usage of SF 4 in uplink (the usage of the optional PS384/HS radio connection type)

The measurement of code tree utilization considers the codes allocated for HSPDSCH and HS-SCCH channels.

89

HSDPA Admission Control Algorithm

Iu
AC

The AC receives requests from a HS

users in
i 2 moments:
t

RNC

Iur

At RAB establishment; in particular after

the serving HS-DSCH
HS DSCH cell selection
selection.
For mobility, e.g. A Radio link Addition
for A-DCH handover
Iub

No AC is performed within a Cell Change

procedure

Associated
Dedicated
Channels

Note that there are neither Compressed

Mode requests nor Radio Link
Reconfiguration

f HS
R99
90

f2 HS
R99

f2 HS1
R99

HSDPA Admission Control Algorithm

The AC performs several types of check:
A-DCH:

Total available codes (for A-DCH only).

ASE (for A-DCH
A DCH only)
only).
Power (for A-DCH)
Code with SF=4 in UL (for A-DCH PS 384 in UL)
(H d
(Hardware,
new iin P4)

HS-DSCH:

91

Number of HS-serving links (for RAB set up only)

HSDPA - Code Control

SF
1

16
C om m on
C h a n n els;
H S -S C C H

D e d ica te d
C h a n n els

H S -P D S C H
(d e fa u lt)

There is no check on HSDSCH and HSSCCH codes done by the AC.

The operator configure and reserve the number of HS-PDSCH codes allocated in a
cell for HSDPA (numHsPdschCodes)
(
)

Increase lock of the cell and release of traffic

Decrease no effect on ongoing traffic

The number of HS-SCCH (SF=128) codes is one

92

HSDPA Number of HS users

The operator
p
can limit the number
of users that can be allocated to the
HS-DSCH cell (hsdpaUsersAdm)

This limit enables the users

allocated to the HS-DSCH
HS DSCH (shared
channel) to experience a sufficient
end-to-end quality

The new policy is only applied to

requests for new HSDPA
connections

93

# users on HS-PDSCH / HS-SCCH

Only serving cell

change of HSDPA
admitted
hsdpaUsersAdm
Request for
HSDPA resources
always
y admitted

HSDPA UL Histogram AC
The operator can set a limit for the guaranteed-hs admission requests
demanding spreading factor 4 in uplink that can be accepted (in cells where the
PS384/HS is activated)
The threshold is set according to the parameter sf4AdmUl
This policy allows the operator to disable the PS384/HS feature on a cell basis
sf4AdmUl can be reduced if the uplink is experienced as problematic, for
example due to high Received Total Wideband Power or transport network
problems

94

guaranteeed-hs / handover
Reject
Admisssion Granteed

guaranteeed-hs / non
n-handover
Reject

95

Admisssion
Granteed

pwrAdm beMarginPwrAdm

Admisssion Granteed

pwrAdm + pwrAdmOffset
pwrAdm
p

guaranteeed / handoveer

pwrAdm + pwrAdmOffset + pwrOffset

Reject

Power

Admisssion Granteed

Soft congestion is not affected by

the introduction of HSDPA

guaranteeed / non-han
ndover

Admisssion Granteed Reject

Highest priority for guaranteed-hs

service class in admission decisions
to enable HSDPA users to use the
excess power in high loaded (noncongested) cells

non-guarranteed / han
ndover

Admisssion Granteed Reject

New service class, guaranteed-hs,

g
to the A-DCHs
assigned

Reject

non-guarranteed /
non-hand
dover

HSDPA DL Power Admission

HSDPA Link Power Admission

HSDPA
To
otal availab
ble cell pow
wer

While the admission control on a

session level is performed by the
RNC it is important to take in mind
RNC,
that the RBS control the HS access to
the shared resources.

Dedicated channels

Common channels

96

HSDPA - Congestion Control

guaranteed-hs service class gets intermediate
priority (between non-guaranteed and
guaranteed)
guaranteed )
tmInitialGhs minimum time between start of DL
congestions and initiation of congestion resolve
action on HSDPA users

ttmInitialG
I iti lG
tmInitialGhs
tmCongActionNg
Release non-guaranteed traffic
tmCongActionGhs
Release guaranteed HS traffic
tmCongAction
Release guaranteed traffic

Power
tmCongActionGhs time interval between congestion
release actions on HSDPA
releaseAseDIGhs amount of ASE to be released at
congestion resolve action

Congestion threshold
All non-guaranteed traffic
released.
g
is restarted as
tmCongActionGhs
tmInitialGhs has not expired.

Time
This policy enforces the higher retention priority of
CS services compared
p
to interactive services
97

Agenda

1 O
1.
Overview
i
2. Architecture
3. Channel Structure
4. Accessibility & Mobility Principles
5. InterFrequency Mobility Principles
6 Capacity
6.
C
it Management
M
t
7. KPIs
98

Load Sharing
Techniques

Load Sharing (1/2)

Load sharing features pool together

resources from different parts of the
entire network.

2 load-sharing features are available

in the WCDMA RAN:
Inter-Frequency Load
Sharing
Directed Retr
Retry to GSM

Both load-sharing features redirect calls during the connection setup phase:
RRC connection setup for IF load Sharing
RAB setup for Directed retry

Both IF HO and Directed retry will be present at the same time but IF will act first!

99

Load Sharing (2/2)

The load sharing algorithm acts only when the load

of a cell overcomes a certain threshold:

IF
50%

Time

Cell Lo
oad

For IF, the threshold is set to 50%

For directed retry both the threshold and the percentage
of users to be redirected can be tuned

Cell Load = Tx_power/PwrAdm

Ce
ell Load

For load sharing purposes, cell load is defined as

the ratio between the downlink transmitted carrier
power and the admission limit,
limit as given by the cell
parameter pwrAdm.

DR
thr

Time

For HSDPA cells, only the non-HSDPA part is counted

100

Directed Retry algorithm

Speech call (without packet connection) is the only service that is targeted since
it is also the only one that is safe to divert to GSM

Directed Retry is performed during the RAB establishment procedure;

This handover is a blind HO since the target cell is chosen not based on UE
measurements Therefore
measurements.
Therefore, the target cell must be co
co-located
located with the WCDMA
cell.
There are 2 control parameters:

l dSh i G Th h ld specifies
loadSharingGsmThreshold
the minimum cell load at which off-loading to GSM
begins.

loadSharingGsmFraction specifies
ifi

Cell Load
C
d

the first request will be rejected with cause "Directed retry

a request is made to the core network to relocate the UE to a specific GSM cell
cell,
using the Inter-RAT handover procedure.

DR
loadSharingGsmThreshold

the percentage of Directed Retry candidates to be diverted

to GSM
Time
101

Inter-Frequency Load Sharing (1/2)

1

The mobile starts a RRC connection establishment procedure ( NO distinction in RRC cause is made)

If the cell load is higher than 50%, the load of the co-located load-sharing neighbor is compared with
the accessed cell and the least loaded cell is chosen as target.
g

If the target cell is less loaded, the UE will not be instructed directly to go to the target cell but it will
be told to scan for a suitable cell in the frequency of the target cell, by sending an RRC Connection
Reject message.

UMTS L1

3
1

>=<
Cell 2

2
Load
d

UMTS L2

Load
L

50%
Cell 1

GSM
102

IF Load Sharing
Here an example of comparison between 2 different frequency is reported.
L[2]
L[2] == 33%
33%----L[1]
L[1]= =60%
60%
L[1]
L[2]
R[2],
L[1]
L[2]>
Select
R[2]
Second Carrier
L[1] <
> 50
% ->20%
Select
Second
-> Dont
Compare
do anything
the
load Carrier
with the

Layer 2

Power/
pwrAdm
100%

33%

Layer 1

33% candidate
load sharing

loadSharingThreshold
(20%)
First
Carrier

Load

Load

Free
[ ]
ee Resource
esou ce = R[2]

>=<
C ll 2
Cell

Free
Resource
Free
Resource

33%
60%

Cell 1

DL power in use

100%

To minimize excessive load sharing a hysteresis is used in the comparison,

loadSharingThreshold.
103

Power/
P
pwrAdm

HSDPA IF Load Sharing

loadSharingMargin is a cell-specific parameter that specifies the amount of resource excluded from
load-sharing use (as a percentage of pwrAdm).
pwrAdm)
When loadSharingMargin is greater than 0, the cell appears to be more loaded than it really is, resulting
in more traffic being directed away from it

L[2] = 33% + 10% -- L[1] = 60%

L[1] - 20%
Layer
2 < L[2] 40% < 43%Second Carrier
Stay on the First Carrier

loadSharingMargin (10%)

33%

Layer 1

100%

Load

Loa
ad

Free Resource = R[2]

>=<
Cell 2

Power/
pwrAdm

loadSharingThreshold
Free Resource
(20%)

50%
Cell 1

60%
DL power in use

100%

Power/
pwrAdm

This parameter gives the operator the possibility to reserve a higher priority to the HSDPA users on
the second carriers (in case this is deployed and HSDPA is introduced there)
104

Inter-Frequency Load Sharing

Apart from the load sharing algorithm, other aspects have to be managed
and tuned with the introduction of the second layer:

Mobility:

Accessibility:

The first IF Load Sharing will increase the call set up time.

Terminal equipment limitations:

105

IF HO procedure is more critical compared to a normal SHO and has to be

verified and tuned.
The compressed mode activity increases in the border cells.

At them moment, there are several terminal types not fully supporting the
features to manage a second layer. In particular several models are not IF
HO capable.

Agenda

1 O
1.
Overview
i
2. Architecture
3. Channel Structure
4. Accessibility & Mobility Principles
5. InterFrequency Mobility Principles
6 Capacity
6.
C
it Management
M
t
7. KPIs
106

Cell Breathing

Coverage vs. traffic load

A well known effect of WCDMA CPICH coverage is that it
changes
h
d
depending
di on the
h load.
l d

The DL coverage (considering the

Ec/N0 of the CPICH) in particular
decreases with the DL total power
(hence with the load).
CPICH_Ec/N0 in a point:

UL
high
Loa
d

DL
high
Load

WCDMA RBS

UL low
load

Ec/N0Cpich = RSCP/RSSI
= Pcpich/( (PtotIntra + Ptotinter + Noise)
(*P = received power)
107

DL low
load

DL Problem CPICH Ec/N0 triggering

Expected cell area

Low load CM Area
UL
high
Load

DL
hi h
high
Load

CM start
IRAT
WCDMA RBS

High load CM Area

CM start
IRAT
108

Agenda

1. Overview
2 Architecture
2.
3. Channel Structure
4. Accessibility & Mobility Principles
5. InterFrequency Mobility Principles
6. Capacity Management
6 KPIs
6.
109

Accessibility KPI

Accessibility
y ((CSSR)) KPI
CSSR is currently calculated by two factors:
RRC Establishment Success Rate = RRC_Success / RRC_Attempts *
RAB Establishment Success Rate = RAB_Success
RAB Success / RAB
RAB_Attempts
Attempts
The IF Load Sharing feature impacts on the RRC Establishment Success Rate
since several RRC Connection Attempts are rejected to be redirected towards the
other frequency. So it is expected that, in case of IFLS activated, the number of
RRC Connection Success will be reduced because of the Load Sharing Reject
events To take into account this fact the LoadSharingRejects must be subtracted
events.
from the total number of RRC_Attempts:
RRC Establishment Success Rate (IFLS) =
RRC_Success / ( RRC_Attempts LoadSharingRejects)
However the counter for Load Sharing Rejects (pmNoLoadSharingRrcConn)
is unique and it does not distinguish between CS, PS or any other kind of RRC
Connection cause.
This make not easy to adjust the RRC Success Rate for CS and for PS in
case off IFLS.
IFLS
110

Proposed
p
new formulae
Here we tried to evaluate the performance of some formulae to derive the
RRC_Estab_Succ_Rate for PS and CS in case of IFLS.
((The results are taken from RNC???))
The tested formulae are:
RRC _ Succ _ CS =

pmTotNoRrcConnectReqCsSucc
pmTotNoRrcConnectReqCs
pmTotNoRrcConnectReqCs - pmNoLoadSharingRrcConn
pmTotNoRrcConnectReq

RRC _ Succ _ PS =

pmTotNoRrcConnectReqPsSucc
pmTotNoRrcConnectReqPs
pmTotNoRrcConnectReqPs - pmNoLoadSharingRrcConn
pmTotNoRrcConnectReq

The basic
Th
b i idea
id iis tto calculate
l l t th
the lload
d sharing
h i reject
j t ffor PS and
d CS b
by a
wheight factor given by the fraction of the RRC_CS (or PS) respect to the total
number of RRCs. In case of RRC Succ general the formula is muche more
simple instead
instead....
RRC _ Succ _ general =

111

pmTotNoRrcConnectReqSucc
pmTotNoRrcConnectReq - pmNoLoadSharingRrcConn

Load Sharing Impact on Accessibility (CSSR) KPI - Results

RRC Connection Establishment Success Rate CS and PS in case of Load Sharing
10000

120%

9000
100%
8000

7000
80%
6000

The RRC Succ estimation CS and PS are

disturbed by the Load Sharing rejects.
rejects
We registered strong fluctuations of
values expecially in case of high IFLS
activity....

5000

4000

LoadSharingReject
60%

RRC_SUC_PS_LS

40%
3000

2000
20%
1000

0%
Days

112

RRC_SUC_CS_LS

Load Sharing Impact on Accessibility (CSSR) KPI - Results

RRC Connection Establishment Success Rate General in case of Load Sharing
10000

120.0%

9000
100.0%
8000

7000
80.0%

In case of RRC Succ Rate calculated for all

kinds of RRC, the estimation is much more
stable instead and not affected by IFLS!

6000

5000

60.0%

4000
40 0%
40.0%
3000

2000
20.0%
1000

0.0%
Days

113

L dSh i E t
LoadSharingEvents
RRC_SUC_LS

Load Sharing Impact on Accessibility (CSSR) KPI - Results

RRC Connection Estab.
Estab Succ.
Succ Rate comparison (General
(General, CS
CS, PS) including Load Sharing
110.0%

>100% values
105.0%

100.0%

RRC_SUC_LS
95.0%

Here it is quite evident the noise introduced by

the load sharing in CS and PS RRC Succ
estimations.

RRC_SUC_CS_LS
RRC_SUC_PS_LS

90 0%
90.0%

85.0%

Strong KPI
deterioration
80.0%
D
Days

114

Please consider that the values are calculated on daily base. So they
should be quite stable

Conclusions (1/2)
When Load sharing is introduce the accessibility formulae should be updated to
take into consideration the RRC Connection Attempts rejected to be redirected
towards the other frequency ()
().
While no problem should exist for the tot accessibility formula:
RRC _ Succ _ general =

pmTotNoRrcConnectReqSucc
pmTotNoRrcConnectReq - pmNoLoadSharingRrcConn

2 new formulae are proposed for the CS and PS specific KPIs:

RRC _ Succ _ CS =

pmTotNoRrc
T N R ConnectReq
C
R CsSucc
CS
pmTotNoRrcConnectReqCs
pmTotNoRrcConnectReqCs - pmNoLoadSharingRrcConn
pmTotNoRrcConnectReq

RRC _ Succ _ PS =

pmTotNoRrcConnectReqPsSucc
pmTotNoRrcConnectReqPs
pmTotNoRrcConnectReqPs - pmNoLoadSharingRrcConn
ppmTotNoRrcConnectReqq

However the estimation given by this KPI is not extremely stable/reliable and
accurate (the average error seems to be acceptable compared to the error that
affects the other formulae but the fluctuation are high).
115

Conclusions
An alternative suggestion could be to use the following formula for CSSR
CSSR_CS
CSSR
CS = RRC
RRC_Succ_Global
Succ Global x RAB_CS_Succ
RAB CS Succ
CSSR_PS = RRC_Succ_Global x RAB_PS_Succ
The estimation given by this KPI is much more stable/reliable and the average
error seems to be acceptable compared to the error that affects the other
formulae.
The main drawback of this solution is that the Global RRC Succ is often a little bit
worse compared with the real CS and PS values.
((This is probably
p
y related to different radio environment: i.e. the major
j p
part
of RRC Connections are established for registration purpose, when the
UE is entering back to 3G coverage; those radio procedures often occur
at cell coverage borders and so are affected by a worse performance.)

116

Agenda
1. Overview
2. Architecture
3. Channel Structure
4. Accessibility & Mobility Principles
5. InterFrequency Mobility
bili Principles
i i l
RBS KPI
6. Capacity Management
6. KPIs
117

RBS Counters KPIs

This appendix reports the main KPIs that could be used for HS testing
divided by:
y

Throughput
Scheduling Ratio and Transmission efficiency
CQI/ACK/NACK
Power
RBS RSSI

Note that performing tests with a single HS user in a unloaded network is

useful to:
H
Have specific
ifi user iinformation
f
ti ffor a user
Verify counters/KPI meanings and compare them with UE based KPI

118

Throughput Counters
Counters:
pmSumAckedBits: the number of Media Access Control high
high-speed
speed (MAC-hs)
(MAC hs) bits received and
acknowledged by the UE.
pmSumTransmittedBits: the number of transmitted bits at MAC-hs, level including retransmissions
pmSumNonEmptyUserBuffers: The number of user buffers containing high-speed data.
pmNoActiveSubFrames:
N A ti S bF
the
th number
b off subframes
bf
containing
t i i hi
high-speed
h
dd
data
t ttransmitted
itt d b
by th
the
RBS.
pmNoInactiveRequiredSubFrames: the number of empty subframes transmitted even though data is
scheduled for priority queue.

Still not used:

pmAverageUserRate (PDF): The distribution of the average user rate among all users allocated to
hi h
high-speed-DSCH
d DSCH iin th
the cell.
ll

119

Throughput KPIs
DSCH UE Thr. NET = Av. Throughput (PS-HS) without retransmission:
Sum(pmSumAckedBits)/(Sum(pmSumNonEmptyUserBuffers)*0
Sum(pmSumAckedBits)/(Sum(pmSumNonEmptyUserBuffers)
0.002s)
002s)

DSCH UE Thr. GROSS = Av. Throughput (PS-HS) with retransmission:

Sum(pmSumTransmittedBits)/(Sum(pmSumNonEmptyUserBuffers)*0.002)

DSCH Cell Thr. NET = The MAC-hs throughput on cell level

pmSumAckedBits / (0.002s * pmNoActiveSubFrame)

DSCH Cell Thr

Thr. GROSS = The MAC
MAC-hs
hs data rate on cell level
pmSumTransmittedBits / (0.002 s* pmNoActiveSubFrame)

Cell Thr.
Thr NET = The MAC-hs throughput on cell level
pmSumAckedBits / (ROP period)

Cell Thr. GROSS = The MAC-hs data rate on cell level

pmSumTransmittedBits / (ROP period)

120

Throughput KPIs Values Live Network

RBS Name

RBS32601-01
RBS05314-01
RBS37058-01
RBS00003-01
RBS34645-01
RBS01281-01
RBS37058 01
RBS37058-01
RBS01780-01
RBS00357-01
RBS00429-01
RBS37242-01
RBS34375-01
RBS01263-01
RBS23074-01
RBS23066-01
RBS04995-01
RBS00370-01
RBS01546-01
RBS01281-01
RBS34375-01
RBS23025-01
RBS37058-01
RBS00353-01
RBS34645-01
RBS23025-01
RBS05314-01
RBS00429-01
RBS01164 01
RBS01164-01
RBS01164-01
121

Average
RBS
DSCH UE
RBS
Number
Sector
Throughput
Sector
Of UE In
Carrier
NET
a Queue
3
2
1
3
2
3
2
1
2
1
3
2
1
3
2
1
1
2
1
3
3
3
1
1
2
1
2
3
2

1
2
2
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
2
2
2

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1 01
1.01
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1.01
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

92.32
164.11
183.97
218.77
242.96
248.4
324 44
324.44
352.6
389
399.94
424.5
449 73
449.73
456.78
509.66
518.67
556.41
632.88
652.58
662.62
710.73
734.94
764.56
770.18
828.63
881.87
1,183.36
1,200.85
1 285 29
1,285.29
1,318.85

DSCH UE
Throughput
GROSS
148.32
221.32
202.45
259.69
350.73
405.3
405 58
405.58
566.15
518.5
542.16
500.75
749 43
749.43
565.98
552.27
518.67
648.95
838.31
878.57
1,142.64
1,071.00
901.09
995.06
1,170.15
1,319.63
1,205.44
1,390.58
1,605.63
1 503 11
1,503.11
1,537.49

DSCH Cell DSCH Cell

Throughput Throughput
NET
GROSS
194.89
265.44
292.65
218.77
242.96
248.4
324 79
324.79
491.79
389
399.94
424.5
461 94
461.94
456.78
509.66
518.67
557.03
632.88
751.29
662.62
710.73
828.62
817.15
775.24
933.18
913.16
1,193.88
1,200.85
1 285 65
1,285.65
1,354.04

313.11
357.98
322.04
259.69
350.73
405.3
406 02
406.02
789.63
518.5
542.16
500.75
769 76
769.76
565.98
552.27
518.67
649.67
838.31
1,011.47
1,142.64
1,071.00
1,015.96
1,063.51
1,177.84
1,486.14
1,248.20
1,402.94
1,605.63
1 503 53
1,503.53
1,578.52

Transmission efficiency KPIs

MAC Tx efficiency (or Efficiency factor ) =
Sum(pmNoActiveSubFrame
(p
))/ ((Sum(pmNoActiveSubFrame)+Sum(pmNoInactiveRequiredSubFrame))
(p
)
(p
q
))

Scheduling Ratio = This KPI simply highlights the percentage of time the HS-DSCH is used
Sum(pmNoActiveSubFrame)*0
Sum(pmNoActiveSubFrame)
0.002/
002/ (ROP period)

Transmission ratio = This highlight the percentage of time there is something to transmit. This is a good index
on how efficiently the application level can exploit DSCH capabilities
(Sum(pmNoActiveSubFrame)+Sum(pmNoInactiveRequiredSubFrame))*0.002 /
(ROP period)

Av.#
Av # UEs in queue
Sum(pmSumNonEmptyUserBuffers) / ( Sum(pmNoActiveSubFrame)+ Sum(pmNoInactiveRequiredSubFrames) )

122

Transmission Efficiency (1/2)

The first index to look at when talking about transmission efficiency is the ratio
between the used TTI (the one where something is transmitted) and the total
#TTI in the test period

Scheduling Ratio = 81.3%

(

PDU is transmitted
Nothing transmitted

Mac Tx Efficiency = 99.05%

(

Buffer not empty but PDU not transmitted

Transmission Ratio = 82.8%

82 8%
(
+
)
(
123

Transmission Efficient KPIs Values Live Network

RBS Name
RBS32601-01
RBS05314-01
RBS37058-01
RBS00003-01
RBS34645-01
RBS01281-01
RBS37058 01
RBS37058-01
RBS01780-01
RBS00357-01
RBS00429-01
RBS37242-01
S3 3 5 0
RBS34375-01
RBS01263-01
RBS23074-01
RBS23066-01
RBS04995-01
RBS00370-01
RBS01546-01
RBS01281-01
RBS34375-01
RBS23025-01
RBS37058-01
RBS00353 01
RBS00353-01
RBS34645-01
RBS23025-01
RBS05314-01
RBS00429-01
RBS01164-01
RBS01164
01
RBS01164-01
124

%
%
Sector Carrier Scheduling Tranmission
Ratio
Ratio
3
2
1
3
2
3
2
1
2
1
3
2
1
3
2
1
1
2
1
3
3
3
1
1
2
1
2
3
2

1
2
2
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
2
2
2

0.00%
1.54%
0.01%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0 11%
0.11%
0.00%
0.00%
0.03%
0.00%
0.00%
0
00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.12%
0.02%
0.06%
0.00%
0.15%
0.11%
0.01%
0 03%
0.03%
0.34%
0.09%
0.06%
0.07%
0 03%
0.03%
0.14%

0.00%
2.49%
0.02%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0 11%
0.11%
0.00%
0.00%
0.03%
0.00%
0.00%
0
00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.12%
0.02%
0.07%
0.00%
0.15%
0.12%
0.01%
0 03%
0.03%
0.38%
0.09%
0.06%
0.07%
0 03%
0.03%
0.15%

CQI/ACK/NACK counters

pmReportedCqi: the Channel Quality Indicators (CQI) reported by the UE in

the cell and received by the RBS.

pmUsedCqi: the CQI, used by the RBS for scheduling the priority queue for
the HS-DSCH.

Within the reportedCQI tables, there is a column called InvalidCQI. This

counter will be used as well

pmAckReceived: The number of Acknowledgements (ACK) that the RBS

receives from the User Equipment (UE) over the High-Speed Downlink
Shared Channel (HS
(HS-DSCH).
DSCH)

pmNackReceived: The number of Negative-Acknowledgements (NACK) that

the RBS receives from the User Equipment (UE) over the High-Speed
Downlink Shared Channel (HS
(HS-DSCH).
DSCH)

125

CQI/ACK/NACK KPIs
HS-BLER: pmNackReceived /(pmNackReceived + pmAckReceived)
RtxOverhead = Percentage
g of the Retransmitted bits over the total
100*(pmSumTransmittedBits - pmSumAckedBits) /(pmSumTransmittedBits)

CQI specific

Av. Reported
Av. USed CQI
Delta CQI = Difference between the 2 averaged
g values above. This is an index of how much CQI adjustment
j
acts.
CQIequalTo0 = Count(CQIreported=0)/Count(CQIreported). This is the main reason of MAC inefficiency
InvalidCQI = invalideCQI/Count(CQIreported). Not clear what invlid means

Proposal: (ACK+NACK)/ActiveTTI: still not clear WHAT WE CAN SEE FROM IT

(pmNackReceived+pmAckReceived)/ActiveFrame

126

HS scheduling

The BLER is the ratio between NACK

and (ACK + NACK)

Baseline
R
Reported
t d BLER [%]
RtxOverhead [%]
Av Reported CQI
Av Used CQI
Delta CQI
(ACK+NACK)/Active [%]
CQI = 0 [%]

12,6
12
6
14,8
10,1
9,8
0,32
98,68
0,79

Test 2

12,5
12
5
15,0
17,0
16,5
0,48
97,29
0,01

The Rtx overhead is the ratio between

the transmitted and the acked bits
Delta CQI could be seen as index of the
CQI adjustment impact
When 0 is received no transmission will
be allowed to the mobile for the following
TTI

The CQI=0 percentage drop to 0.01%, almost nothing.

The BLER and the Retransmission rate are almost identical, that means the CQI adjustment
has been able to reach the target

127

Integrity KPIs Values Live Network

RBS
RBS
Name
Sector
RBS23066
RBS37058
RBS37242
RBS23074
RBS05314
RBS04995
RBS01164
RBS05314
RBS01164
RBS01263
RBS23025
RBS37058
RBS00003
RBS37058
RBS34375
RBS01546
RBS00370
RBS00429
RBS32601
RBS23025
RBS34375
RBS01780
RBS00429
RBS00357
RBS34645
RBS00353
RBS34645
RBS01281
RBS01281
128

RBS
Sector
Carrier
2
1
3
3
2
1
2
1
3
1
3
2
3
3
2
2
1
1
3
2
3
1
2
2
1
1
2
3
1

1
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1

MAC
% HS% Rtx
Transmission
BLER
Overhead Efficiency
0.00%
0.00%
100.00%
4.14%
9.13%
62.87%
8.85%
15.23%
100.00%
9.43%
7.72%
100.00%
10.01%
25.85%
61.83%
11.74%
14.26%
99.89%
12 03%
12.03%
14 22%
14.22%
97 41%
97.41%
12.99%
14.90%
99.12%
13.28%
14.49%
99.97%
13.64%
19.29%
100.00%
14.18%
18.44%
89.32%
14 34%
14.34%
20 01%
20.01%
99 89%
99.89%
15.38%
15.76%
100.00%
18.06%
23.16%
93.56%
18.24%
39.99%
98.14%
18.33%
25.72%
87.02%
18.44%
24.51%
100.00%
19.62%
26.23%
100.00%
21.05%
37.76%
47.37%
22.70%
26.84%
96.60%
23.36%
33.64%
100.00%
23.64%
37.72%
71.70%
24 27%
24.27%
25 21%
25.21%
100 00%
100.00%
25.00%
24.98%
100.00%
27.50%
37.21%
88.80%
28.36%
34.18%
99.35%
30.77%
30.73%
100.00%
33 68%
33.68%
38 71%
38.71%
100 00%
100.00%
38.09%
42.01%
100.00%

RBS power
pmTransmittedCarrierPowerNonHs: The transmitted carrier power for all
non high-speed
hi h
d codes
d iin th
the cell.
ll
pmTransmittedCarrierPower: the transmitted carrier power measured at
the TX reference point every 4 seconds.
Notes:
Every 100 ms the transmitted carrier power for all non high
high-speed
speed codes in the
cell are sampled. The problem is that there are not necessary data enough to
transmit in every slot: hence some kind of normalization should be investigated.

129

Tx Power examples
(almost 100% of Scheduling Ratio)

The power is calculated at the antenna reference point

0 .6

0 .5

T xCa rrie rPow er

R 99 Po wer

0 .4

0 .3

0 .2

0 .1

130

CCH power = 1.7

The Max power = 8.7

.0
20

.8
15

.6
12

.0
10

9
7.

0
5.

6.

0
4.

2
3.

5
2.

2.
0

6
1.

3
1.

1.
0

Transmitted Power (2/2)

The Average Tx power is:

Total Carrier = 4.85 W
R99 power = 1.63 W
TotalHS_power = 3.22 W

Note that the HS power is an estimation of the power transmitted for the HS on average
during the test period but it is NOT an estimate of the power that HS required in the cell!
The activity of the HS (when we transmit something) is still low (80%).
Maybe a more interesting KPI could be:
TotalHS_power/SchedulingRatio*100
= 100
100*3.22/81.3
3.22/81.3 = 3.96 W

It is interesting to notice anyway that even with a single user the MaxTxPower is
reached.

131

RBS list of counters

pmTransmittedCarrierPowerNonHs: The transmitted carrier power for all non high-speed codes in the cell.
pmTransmittedCarrierPower: the transmitted carrier power measured at the TX reference point every 4 seconds
pmNoActiveSubFrames: the number of subframes containing high-speed data transmitted by the RBS.
pmNoInactiveRequiredSubFrames:
q
the number of empty
p y subframes transmitted even though
g data is scheduled for p
priority
yq
queue.
p
pmSumNonEmptyUserBuffers: The number of user buffers containing high-speed data.
pmSumAckedBits:the number of Media Access Control high-speed (MAC-hs) bits received and acknowledged by the UE.
pmSumTransmittedBits: Description The number of transmitted bits at MAC-hs, level including retransmissions
pmReportedCqi: the Channel Quality Indicators (CQI) reported by the UE in the cell and received by the RBS
RBS.
pmUsedCqi: the CQI, used by the RBS for scheduling the priority queue for the HS-DSCH. pmAckReceived: The number of
Acknowledgements (ACK) that the RBS receives from the User Equipment (UE) over the High-Speed Downlink Shared Channel (HSDSCH).
pmNackReceived: The number of Negative-Acknowledgements (NACK) that the RBS receives from the User Equipment (UE) over the
Hi h S
High-Speed
dD
Downlink
li k Sh
Shared
d Ch
Channell (HS
(HS-DSCH).
DSCH) pmAverageRssi:
A
R i Th
The average R
Received
i d Si
Signall St
Strength
th IIndication
di ti (RSSI)
(RSSI).

132

Agenda
1. Overview
2. Architecture
3. Channel Structure
4. Accessibility & Mobility Principles
5. InterFrequency Mobility
bili Principles
i i l
RNC KPI
6. Capacity Management
6. KPIs
133

Cell Availability (1)

1) HS cell Availability (24 Hours period)

Av_HS(Hsdsch) =

24 * 3600 (pmHsDowntimeAuto + pmHsDowntimeMan)

*100
24 * 3600

2) percentage of unplanned HS downtime (24 Hours period)

A A t HS(Hsdsch)
Av_Auto_HS
(H d h) =

pmHsDowntimeAuto
p
*100
24 * 3600

3) percentage of planned HS downtime (24 Hours period)

pmHsDowntimeMan
*100
Av_Man_HS(Hsdsch) =
24 * 3600

The length of time in seconds that a cell is available for Packet Interactive HS service is defined as cell HS availability. in the example, the cell HS
availability during 24 hour period is reported
reported.

134

Accessibility

attempted
establishments
PS Interactive RAB
The newThe
andnumber
existingofcell
countersRAB
used
in the PS RABfor
establishment
procedure
are given
in the
following
list: for the selected Serving HS-DSCH
mapped
on HS-DSCH
HS
DSCH
(stepped
HS DSCH cell
at RAB establishment and before possible Inter-Frequency HO).
Counter name

The number of successful RAB establishments for PS

New/existing
Interactive RAB mapped
on HS-DSCH.

pmNoRabEstablishAttemptPacketInteractive

Existing

Number of successful Hard HO for serving

EDSCH
isting cell
HS Existing
HS-DSCH
ll selection
l i (i
(in the
h source cell).
ll)

pmNoRabEstablishS ccessPacketInteracti e
pmNoRabEstablishSuccessPacketInteractive
pmNoRabEstablishAttemptPacketInteractiveHs
pmNoRabEstablishSuccessPacketInteractiveHs
pmNoOutgoingHsHardHoAttempt
pmNoIncomingHsHardHoAttempt
p
g
p
pmNoHsHardHoReturnOldChSource
pmNoHsHardHoReturnOldChTarget

135

New

Number of successful Hard HO for serving

New
HS-DSCH
cell selection (in the target cell).
cell)
New

Number of failed Hard HO for serving HSNewselection and UE connection

DSCH cell
maintained (in the source cell).
New

NumberNew
of failed Hard HO for serving HSDSCH cell selection and UE
connection maintained (in the target cell).

Accessibility/ IF counters

136

Accessibility

PS Interactive Total RAB establishment

establishment, success rate =
pmNoRabEstablishSuccessPacketInteractive

100 *
(pmNoRabEstablishAttemptPacketInteractive
pmNoOutgoingHsHardHoAttempt + pmNoIncomingHsHardHoAttempt
+pmNoHsHardHoReturnOldChSource- pmNoHsHardHoReturnOldChTarget )

PS Interactive HS RAB establishment success rate =

100 *

137

pmNoRabEstablishSuccessPacketInteractiveHs
pmNoRabEstablishAttemptPacketInteractiveHs
N R bE t bli hAtt
tP k tI t
ti H

InterFrequency Handover
1) PS Interactive HS Hard Handover outgoing success rate

PS_M_HSHardOut_S =

pmNoOutgoingHsHardHoSuccess
*100
pmNoOutgoingHsHardHoAttempt

2) PS Interactive HS Hard Handover incoming success rate

PS_M_HSHardIn_S =

pmNoIncomingHsHardHoSuccess
*100
pmNoIncomingHsHardHoAttempt

3) PS Interactive HS Hard Handover return to old channel rate (source Cell)

PS M HSHardOldCh_Sou
PS_M_HSHar
dOldCh Source =

pmNoHsHardHoReturnOldChSource
* 100
pmNoOutgoingHsHardHoAttempt

4) PS Interactive HS Hard Handover return to old channel rate (target Cell)

PS M HSH dOldCh_Tar
PS_M_HSHar
dOldCh T get =

pmNoHsHard
p
No s a dHoReturnOl
o etu O dC
dChTarget
a get
*100
pmNoIncomingHsHardHoAttempt

5) PS Interactive HS Hard Handover outgoing Lost connection rate

PS_M_HSHardOut_Lost =

pmNoOutgoingHsHardHoAttempt - (pmNoOutgoingHsHardHoSuccess + pmNoHsHardHoReturnOldChSource)

* 100
pmNoOutgoingHsHardHoAttempt

6) PS Interactive HS Hard Handover incoming Lost connection rate

PS_M_HSHar dIn_Lost =
138

pmNoIncomingHsHardHoAttempt - (pmNoIncomingHsHardHoSuccess + pmNoHsHardHoReturnOldChTarget)

* 100
pmNoIncomingHsHardHoAttempt

Retainability
The new and existing cell counters used for Retainability are given in the
following list:

Counter name

Number of system releases of packet RABs mapped

New/existing
on HS-DSCH in the
Serving HS-DSCH cell.

pmNoSystemRabReleasePacket
pmNoNormalRabReleasePacket
pmChSwitchFachIdle
pmNoTpSwitchSp64Speech
pmNoSystemRbReleaseHs
pmNoNormalRbReleaseHs
pmInactivityHsIdle

139

Existing

Number of successful normal releases of packet RABs

mapped
d on HS
HS-DSCH
DSCH in
i the
h Serving
S i HS-DSCH
HS DSCH cell.
ll
Existing
Existing

The number of signalling connection releases

Existing
triggered for
PS Interactive RAB mapped on HSDSCH due to
inactivity (Channel Switching
New
g
request
q
the execution of a
Evaluation algorithms
switch to idle).
New
The counter is stepped at the reception of RANAP Iu Release
Command fromNew
CN, for HS channel cell or RANAP RAB
assignment Request (when the RAB is released) and the RANAP
cause is User Inactivity.

Retainability

HS Radio Bearer retainability

retainability, drop rate =

100 *

pmNoSystemRbReleaseHs
y
pmNoSystemRbReleaseHs + pmNoNormalRbReleaseHs

Total PS Interactive retainability, drop rate =

( pmNoSystemRabReleasePacket )

100 *

140

pmNoSystemRabReleasePacket + pmNoNormalRabReleasePacket

System Utilization

It is possible to measure HS A-DCH utilisation in terms of code usage and average

number of users per cell.

Two new set of counters shall be implemented. The first set is used to observe the HS ADCH code utilisation per cell. The KPI indicates the the total number of A-DCH radio
bearers established in a cell.

( pmSumPsHsAdchRabEstablish
S P H Ad hR bE t bli h /pmSamplePsHsAdchRabEstablish
/
S
l P H Ad hR bE t bli h )

The second set is used to observe the average number of users per cell (hence the
number of HS users), which is done by looking only at the best cell:

141

(pmSumBestPsHsAdchRabEstablish /pmSampleBestPsHsAdchRabEstablish )

Throughput

142

Throughput
1) Average Throughput for PS interactive HS (RNC Level)
pmSentPacketDataHs1+ pmSentPacketDataHs2 + pmSentPacketDataHs3 + pmSentPacketDataHs4

PintHS_I_TP =

*8
pmTotalPacketDurationHs1 + pmTotalPacketDurationHs2 + pmTotalPacketDurationHs3 + pmTotalPacketDurationHs4

2) Retransmission Rate for PS interactive HS

PintHS I Ret = 1
PintHS_I_R

(RNC Level)

pmSentPacketDataHs1+ pmSentPacketDataHs2+ pmSentPacketDataHs3 + pmSentPacketDataHs4

PDHs12 + PDHs34

Where:

PDHs12 = ppmSentPacketDataInclRetransHs1 + p
pmSentPacketDataInclRetransHs2
PDHs 34 = pmSentPacketDataInclRetransHs3 + pmSentPacketDataInclRetransHs4

3) HSDPA total RLC data Traffic DL [MByte]

PintHS I DATA =
PintHS_I_D

(RNC Level)

pmSentPacketDataHs1 + pmSentPacketDataHs2 + pmSentPacketDataHs3 + pmSentPacketDataHs4

1000000
143

Retrans rate live RNC

Object Name
RNCCN1
RNCKS1
RNCKS2
RNCNY1

144

Retrans Rate
PS Int HS
99.63%
99.49%
100 00%
100.00%
98.03%

Mobility
For mobility only the HS serving cell
Note
that no .AC is
change procedure is
considered

requested
q
in the cell
change procedure
Counter name

New/existing

pmNoHsCcSuccess

New

pmNoHsCcAttemptt

New

The corresponding KPI is

1) Success
S
rate
t ffor HS C
Cell
ll
Change in target cell
PS_M_HSCC_ S =

145

pmHsCcSucc ess
* 100
pmHsCcAtte mpt

Admission & Congestion Control

Number of of radio links that are on SF=4
SF 4 in UL
pmSumSf4Ul /pmSamplesSf4Ul

RNC counter
t monitoring
it i no. off admission
d i i rejects
j t (RAB setup)
t ) off HSDPA
users
pmNoOfNonHoReqDeniedHs

RNC counters monitoring no. of HSDPA users (connections) released due to

congestion
pmNoOfTermHsCong & pmNoOfIurTermHsCong

146