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PASSIVE
BROAD BANDING
CS amplifier and Miller effect
Miller effect causes a dominant pole at the input
when source impedance and vgain are high, But when CL*RL
>> 1/omegaM, this will be the dominant pole
Remedies:
Add an inductor in series with the collector/drain
resistor
Inductor impedance rises with frequency new BW limit is LC resonant f
Shunt peaked amplifier
Load impedance: choose the inductance
Check 3dB BW difference with and without L=> omega2/omega1
Select a criterion: Max BW, ZL = R at omega1 amplitude flatness,
flat group delay
Series peaked amplifier
Separating the load capacitance with series inductance
No LF zero
Combination (plus extra L)
Shunt and double series peaking
Shunt peaked L is biggest, has most delay
So a change in CGD can load first, than later CL so faster rise time
A trade-off between BW and delay
Three coils can be replaced by one T-coil
Pole-zero cancellation
ONLY for low order networks
Example of the probe
We use a tuneable capacitor
So the TF is a pole zero doublet
Other approach
Introduce a zero in a CS amplifier at the source
LF: gain is reduced; HF gain rises due to lower impedance of C
Chose R.C = RL.CL dominant (if the case) is cancelled
Method of open-circuit time constants
How to search the dominant pole? => Open-circuit time-constants OCtau
Underestimates the true bandwidth, accurate for dominant pole systems
FEEDBACK
TECHNIQUES
The basics
Negative feedback lowers closed-loop gain
Transc, current => ideal current source others voltage source
Voltage
transimpedance
Transconductance
current
Impact of negative feedback on the in/output impedance
Shunt-series feedback
Effective transconductance
Design procedure: Av en R
Rf => input impedance
Re => gain
Consider for HF a perfect BJT (rpi & r0
= 0)
Multi stage feedback
Dual transistor broadband amplifier
Problem: every stage causes phase shift
Stability issue
Worst case scenario for stability: B equals 1
Bode stability criterion: starting at phase(A) = 0
phase crossover frequency (omegaPC) when phase(A) = -180
gain crossover frequency (omegaGC) when log(mod(A)) = 0 dB
At omegaPC, the loop gain A(omegaPC) must be less than 0dB
1st order: always stable when B <= 1
Caveat
Not always able to determine A, nor B
Return ratio analysis
We look for the return ratio of the error-amplifier
ACTIVE
BROAD BANDING
Passive is expensive (large area) and, not very good/accurate
Active components are cheaper, can match each other better
Miller effect
(The effective input capacitance of an inverting amplifier rises due to
negative feedback caused by capacitance between the input and output)
The input impedance forms together with the capacitance a LPF
Miller pole:
Miller effect: non ideal amp
Use small scale approximation.
Use unilateral approximation (UA)
Neglect: I that leaves collector through CCB,
But dont neglect the I that leaves the base
We use a CS and a CG
ZIN of M2 is low => reduction in voltage gain of the CS
Result: lower voltage gain and Miller multiplication
Use Source substitution: replace the source in series
a new source in shunt + resistor
Conclusion: BW higher, input pole is no longer dominant
but more complex and reduced output level swing and
more dissipation
Reduce Miller effect 2: Source coupled amplifier
Prevents the miller effect (is halved) by
eliminating an voltage inversion
by
so Cgs