Webinars DL Protection System VPH Uv Ov of 062310

Power Plant and Transmission System
Protection Coordination
Volts Per Hertz (24), Undervoltage (27), Overvoltage (59),
and Under/
Under/Overfrequency
Overfrequency (81) Protection
NERC Protection Coordination Webinar Series
June 23, 2010
Phil Tatro
Agenda
2
Technical Reference Document Overview

Objectives
Obj ti
Description of Protection Functions
Di
Discuss and
dD
Describe
ib S
System
t
E
Events
t th
thatt C
Could
ld C
Create
t
Conditions that Would Cause Operation of These
Functions
Detailed Coordination Information
Function 24 Volts Per Hertz Generator and Transformer
Protection
Function 27 Undervoltage for Generator, Plant Auxiliaries
System, High-Side Point of Common Coupling Protection
g Generator Protection
Function 59 Overvoltage
Function 81 Under/Overfrequency Turbine Generator
Protection
Agenda
3
What is Important
p
to Coordination
Settings that Protect the Generator
Time Coordination with UFLS and UVLS
Consideration of Islanding Conditions
Sufficient Studies
Question and Answer
Disclaimer
4
The information from this webcast is provided for

i f
informational
ti
l purposes only.
l A
An entity's
tit ' adherence
dh
tto th
the
examples contained within this presentation does not
constitute compliance with the NERC Compliance
Monitoring and Enforcement Program ("CMEP")
( CMEP )
requirements, NERC Reliability Standards, or any other
NERC rules. While the information included in this
material may provide some of the methodology that
NERC may use to assess compliance with the
requirements of certain Reliability Standards, this
material should not be treated as a substitute for the
R li bilit St
Reliability
Standard
d d or viewed
i
d as additional
dditi
lR
Reliability
li bilit
Standard requirements. In all cases, the entity should
rely on the language contained in the Reliability
Standard itself,
itself and not on the language contained in this
presentation, to determine compliance with the NERC
Reliability Standards.

5
Introduction and Background Blackout

Recommendation TR-22
SPCS
SPCSs
s Assignment
The Need for this Technical Reference

Document - History and Background:
August 14, 2003 Blackout
Subsequent Events

6
Support of PRC Standards

Benefits of Coordination:
To the Generator Owner
To the Transmission Owner
To the Planning Coordinator
Reliability of the Bulk Electric System and Power

Delivery to the Customer
Objective
7
Increase knowledge of recommended

generator protection for overexcitation,
undervoltage, overvoltage, underfrequency,
and overfrequency protection functions.
Facilitate improved coordination between
power plant and transmission system
protection for these specific
p
p
p
protection
functions.
Scope
8
Focus is on the reliability of the Bulk Electric

System.
This Technical Reference Document is
applicable to all generators, but concentrates on
synchronous
y
g
generators connected at 100-kV
and above.
Distributed Generation (DG) facilities connected
to distribution systems are outside the scope of
this document.
The Need for Overexcitation or

V/Hz
/ Protection Function 24
Overexcitation of a generator or any transformers connected to
the generator terminals will occur whenever the ratio of the voltage
to frequency (V/Hz) applied to the terminals of the equipment
exceeds 105% (generator base) for a generator; and 105%
(transformer base) at full load, 0.8 pf or 110% at no load at the
secondary terminals for a transformer
transformer.
Overexcitation causes saturation of the magnetic core of the
generator or connected transformers, and stray flux may be induced
in non
non-laminated
laminated components that are not designed to carry flux
flux.
Excessive flux may also cause excessive eddy currents in the
generator laminations that result in excessive voltages between
laminations This may cause severe overheating in the generator or
laminations.
transformer and eventual breakdown in insulation.
The field current in the generator could also be excessive.
IEEE C37.102-2006 Guide for AC
Generator Protection, Section 4.5.4
The Need for Generator Unit

Undervoltage
g Protection Function 27
For the generating unit, undervoltage protection that trips the unit is
rarely applied to generators.
It is frequently used as an interlock element for other protection function or

schemes, such as loss-of-field relay (40), distance relay (21), inadvertent
energizing relay (50/27), out-of-step relay (78), etc, where the abnormality
to be detected leads directly or indirectly to an undervoltage condition.
Generators are usually designed to operate continuously at a minimum

voltage of 95% of its rated voltage, while delivering rated power at rated
frequency.
Operating a generator with terminal voltage lower than 95% of its rated
voltage may result in undesirable effects such as reduction in stability limit,
import of excessive reactive power from the grid to which it is connected,
and malfunctioning of voltage sensitive devices and equipment.
This effect
Thi
ff t h
however iis a ffunction
ti off titime. If applied,
li d the
th undervoltage
d
lt
protection is generally connected to alarm and not trip the unit, so that
the operator can take appropriate action to remedy the undervoltage
condition (if possible).
10
The Need for Generating Plant Auxiliary Power

Systems Undervoltage Protection Function 27
This function is used to protect auxiliary system equipment from severe

undervoltage conditions that would have serious consequences, such as
auxiliaryy motors stalling
g or voltage
g collapse
p for the g
generating
g unit(s).
( )
When the voltage level of the auxiliary system reaches the undervoltage
set-point, this protection may initiate any one or a combination of the
following actions:
Al
Alarming.
i
Automatic transfer to alternative power supply.
Starting of emergency generator(s).
Tripping the generating unit,

unit if necessary.
necessary
This function also protects the integrity of the power supply to safety related
buses applied to support the reactor of nuclear power plants. In these
applications two undervoltage thresholds are utilized:
The first undervoltage (UV) level (function 27SB1) initiates auxiliary load
transfers to an alternative power supply.
The second UV level (function 27SB2) initiates a unit trip. (See section 3.3.4 for
further details)
11
The Need for Undervoltage Relays Applied

at the Point of Common Coupling Function 27
The function of these relays is to alarm that an

undervoltage condition is occurring on the
transmission system and that the operator
should be on a heightened state of awareness,
matching this alarm with others that may be
occurring
i within
ithi th
the plant.
l t
12
The Need for Generator Unit

Overvoltage
g Protection Function 59
Generator overvoltage may occur without necessarily exceeding the V/Hz

limits of the machine. In general, this is a problem associated with hydro
generators, where upon load rejection, the overspeed may exceed 200% of
normal.
Protection for generator overvoltage is provided with a frequencycompensated (or frequency-insensitive) overvoltage relay.
relay The relay should
have both an instantaneous unit and a time-delay unit with an inverse time
characteristic. The instantaneous unit is generally set to pick up at 130% to
150% voltage while the inverse time unit is set to pick up at about 110% of
normal voltage. Two definite time-delayy relays
y can also be applied.
Overvoltage protection is necessary for preventing an insulation break-down from a

sustained overvoltage. The generator insulation system is capable of operating at
105 percent overvoltage continuously.
g above 105 p
percent normally
y should not occur for a g
generator
Sustained overvoltage
with a healthy voltage regulator, but may be caused by the following contingencies:
(1) defective automatic voltage regulator (AVR) operation, (2) manual operation w/o
AVR, and (3) sudden load loss.
13
The Need for Generator Unit Under and

Overfrequency
q
y Protection Function 81
14
Mismatch between load and generation may be caused by a variety of

system disturbances and/or operating conditions. However, of primary
concern is the system disturbance caused by a major loss of generation that
produces system separation and severe overloading on the remaining
system generators.
Under this condition, the system frequency will decay and the generators
may be
b subjected
bj t d tto prolonged
l
d operation
ti att reduced
d
d ffrequency and
d th
there
exists the possibility of operation at reduced frequency for sufficient time to
damage steam or gas turbine generators.
Full- or partial-load rejection

j
may
y be caused by
y clearing
g of system
y
faults or
by over-shedding of load during a major system disturbance. Load rejection
will cause the generator to overspeed and operate at some frequency
above normal.
In g
general,, underfrequency
q
y operation
p
of a turbine g
generator is more critical
than overfrequency operation since the operator does not have the option of
control action.

Relay OneOne-Line Showing All Generator Protection

and Identifying Functions 24, 27, 59, and 81
15
87U
87T
51T
87G
50BF
24
24
27
27
59
59
81
81
51TG
59GN/
27TH
21
32
40
46
50/27
51V
78
System Events that Could Cause Undesired

Operation of These Protection Functions
Fault Conditions
Loss of Critical Lines
Loss of Critical Units
Events such as August
g
14,, 2003 Blackout
System Islanding Conditions
16
General Data Exchange Requirements

Generator Owner Data and Information
The following general information must be exchanged in addition to
relay settings to facilitate coordination
coordination, where applicable:
Relay scheme descriptions
Generator off nominal frequency operating limits
CT and
d VT/CCVT configurations
fi
ti
Main transformer connection configuration
Main transformer tap position(s) and impedance (positive and zero
sequence) and neutral grounding impedances
High voltage transmission line impedances (positive and zero
sequence) and mutual coupled impedances (zero sequence)
Generator impedances (saturated and unsaturated reactances that
include direct and quadrature axis, negative and zero sequence
impedances and their associated time constants)
Documentation showing the function of all protective elements listed
above
17
General Data Exchange Requirements

Transmission or Distribution Owner Data and Information
The following general information must be exchanged in addition to
relay settings to facilitate coordination
coordination, where applicable:
Relay scheme descriptions
Regional Reliability Organizations off-nominal frequency plan
CT and VT/CCVT configurations
Any transformer connection configuration with transformer tap
position(s) and impedance (positive and zero sequence) and neutral
grounding impedances
High voltage transmission line impedances (positive and zero
sequence) and mutual coupled impedances (zero sequence)
Documentation showing
g the function of all p
protective elements
Results of fault study or short circuit model
Results of stability study
Communication-aided
Communication aided schemes
18
Detailed Coordination Information for

Functions 24,, 27,, 59,, and 81
Detailed coordination information is presented
under seven headings, as appropriate, for each
function in the document.
The following slides present a section-by-section
summaryy for Functions 24,, 27,, 59,, and 81.
19
Document Format Seven SubSub-Sections

for Each Protection Function
Purpose
Coordination of Generator and Transmission System
Faults
Loadability
Other Conditions, Where Applicable
Considerations and Issues
Coordination Procedure
Test Procedure for Validation
Setting Considerations
Examples
Proper Coordination
Improper Coordination
Summary of Detailed Data Required for Coordination of the Protection

F
Function
i
Table of Data and Information that Must be Exchanged
20
Volts Per Hertz Function 24

21
Purpose
Prevent damage to generators and connected transformers that
may occur when the excitation (V/Hz) applied exceeds the
equipment capability.
Generator: 105% on the generator base
Transformer: 105% on the transformer base at full load, 0.8 pf or
110% at no load at the secondary terminals.
Overexcitation
O
it ti may resultlt in:
i
Saturation of the magnetic core.
Stray flux induced in non-laminated components that are not
d i
designed
d tto carry flflux.
Excessive eddy currents in the generator laminations resulting in
excessive voltages between laminations, severe overheating, and
eventual breakdown in insulation.
Excessive field current in the generator.
Coordination of Generator and

Transmission System
y
Function 24
Faults
There are no coordination issues for system faults for
this function.
Loadability
Th
There are no coordination
di ti issues
i
related
l t d to
t loadability
l d bilit
for this function.
22

Transmission System
y
Function 24
Other Operating Conditions
Coordination between generating plant overexcitation
protection and the transmission system is necessary
for off-nominal
off nominal frequency events
events.
Coordination is necessary to allow the UFLS program
to arrest frequency decline and recover frequency to
a sustainable operating condition.
Uncoordinated tripping of generation by overexcitation
protection will exacerbate the unbalance between load and
generation.
This may result in tripping of more load than necessary, or in
the worst case, system collapse if the resulting imbalance
exceeds the design basis of the UFLS program.
23
Considerations and Issues Function 24

24
Overexcitation withstand limit characteristics of

generators and transformers should be requested from
the equipment manufacturer whenever possible.
Abnormal system voltage during UFLS events is not
uncommon.
Particularly when such events occur during heavy load
conditions when reactive sources are dispatched to meet
reactive power demand.
Under such conditions restoring a balance between load and
generation to recover system frequency may be insufficient to
control excitation to acceptable levels.
Additional coordination with voltage control devices may be
required (e.g. to remove shunt capacitor banks or connect shunt
reactors).
Coordination Procedure Function 24

25
The following data and information exchange steps should be taken

b the
by
h G
Generator O
Owner and
d Pl
Planning
i C
Coordinator.
di
N
Note that
h iin
cases where the generator step-up transformer is owned by the
Transmission Owner, the Transmission Owner would have the same
responsibility as the Generator Owner.
Step 1 Generator Owner provides Settings, Time Delays, and
Protection Characteristics to the Planning Coordinator for both the
Generator and Generator Step-up
Step up Transformer.
Step 2 The Generator Owner and Planning Coordinator confirm
that the Protection settings coordinate with operation of the UFLS
program.
Step 3 The Planning Coordinator performs studies to verify
coordination.
Setting Procedure Function 24

26
Plot the V/Hz withstand capability curves of the GSU transformer

and generator.
Plot the overexcitation (V/Hz) protection characteristic on the same
graph.
Ch
Check
k proper coordination
di ti b
between
t
th
the relay
l characteristic
h
t i ti curves
and timing settings of excitation control limiter(s).
Short time excursions beyond the overexcitation limit should not cause
the protection system to trip the generator.
generator
The excitation control system limiter should act first to reduce excitation
to prevent equipment damage.
Th
The generator
t protection
t ti mustt be
b sett to
t operate
t slower
l
than
th the
th
excitation limiter, but fast enough to protect the equipment should the
excitation limiter fail.
Protection system tripping times are generally long enough so that
coordination with exciter response is not a problem.
Setting Procedure Function 24

27
Coordination between the overexcitation protection and the UFLS

program design
d i can b
be validated
lid d only
l through
h
h a stability
bili study.
d
The overexcitation protection should be modeled in the study
Or
Excitation should be monitored for comparison against tripping

characteristics (at all buses at which overexcitation protection is utilized)
In a limited number of cases, conditions may exist for which

coordination cannot be achieved for every generating unit.
Coordination may be deemed acceptable if tripping does not cascade
and is limited to a small amount of generation (as a percentage of the
load in the affected portion of the system).
Protection models should be added to system models for any units for
which coordination cannot be obtained.
Example - Proper Coordination

Function 24
28
Transformer
Generator
130
Inverse Time Curve

Definite Time
125
Percentage V/Hz
Series5
120
115
Definite Time
Pickup
110
Inverse Time
Pickup
105
100
0.01
0.1
10
Operating Time in Minutes
100
Example - Proper Coordination

Function 24
Bus Excitation (V/Hz)

Bus Voltage
Bus Frequency
29
Summary of Protection Functions

Required
q
for Coordination Function 24
Table2Excerpt Function24ProtectionCoordinationConsiderations
GeneratorProtection
Function
24 Volts/Hz
TTransmissionSystemProtection
i i S t
P t ti
Functions
UFLSProgram
UFLSdesignisgenerallytheresponsibility
ofthePlanningCoordinator
SystemConcerns
GeneratorV/Hzprotectioncharacteristicsshallbedetermined
Generator
V/Hz protection characteristics shall be determined
andberecognizedinthedevelopmentofanyUFLSprogramfor
allrequiredvoltageconditions.TheGeneratorOwner(andthe
TransmissionOwnerwhentheGSUtransformerisownedbythe
TransmissionOwner)exchangeinformationofV/Hzsetpoints and
UFLSsetpoints withthePlanningCoordinator
CoordinatewiththeV/HzwithstandcapabilityandV/Hzlimiterin
Coordinate
with the V/Hz withstand capability and V/Hz limiter in
theexcitationcontrolsystemofthegenerator
CoordinatewithV/Hzconditionsduringislanding(highvoltage
withlowfrequencysystemconditionsthatmayrequiresystem
mitigationactions)
RegionalUFLSprogramdesignmustbecoordinatedwiththese
settings.
Islandingissues(highvoltageandlowfrequency)mayrequire
planningstudiesandrequirereactiveelementmitigation
strategies
Settingsshouldbeusedforplanningandsystemstudieseither
throughexplicitmodelingofthefunction,orthroughmonitoring
through
explicit modeling of the function, or through monitoring
voltageandfrequencyperformanceattherelaylocationinthe
stabilityprogramandapplyingengineeringjudgment
30
Protection Function Data and Information

Exchange
g Required
q
Table3Excerpt Function24DatatobeExchangedBetweenEntities
GeneratorOwner
Theoverexcitationprotection
characteristics,includingtimedelaysand
relaylocation,forthegeneratorandthe
GSUtransformer(ifownedbythe
Generator Owner)
GeneratorOwner)
TransmissionOwner
Theoverexcitationprotectioncharacteristicsforthe
GSUtransformer(ifownedbytheTransmission
Owner)
PlanningCoordinator
Feedbackonproblemsfoundbetween
overexcitation settingsandUFLSprograms
31
Undervoltage Protection Function 27

32
G
System
GSU
27
27
Alarm
Figure 3.3.1.1 Typical Unit

Generator Undervoltage Scheme
Point of
Common
Coupling
Backup
Power
Supply
Power
P
Plant
Station
Service
Trasfer
Switch
Auxiliary
GSU
System
G
System
y
G
GSU
27
Figure 3.3.3.1 Undervoltage

Relay Applied at the Point of
Common Coupling
Figure 3.3.2.1 Generating Plant

Auxiliary Power System
Undervoltage Protection Scheme

33
1. Purpose of Generator Unit Function 27

Undervoltage alarms are used as an indicator of possible
abnormal operating conditions on hydro, fossil, combustion and
nuclear units, such as excitation problems and thermal issues
within the unit.
Note that each type of unit (hydro, fossil, nuclear, combustion, and
renewable) has different abnormal operating issues relating to
system undervoltage.
IEEE C37.102 IEEE Guide for AC Generator Protection does

not recommend use of the 27 function for tripping,
pp g but only
y to
alarm to alert operators to abnormal conditions that require
operator intervention.
Manufacturers recommend operator action up to and including
reduction in unit output rather than a unit trip.

34
2. Purpose
p
of Function 27 on the Generator Auxiliary
y
System
These relays are used to protect auxiliary system equipment
f
from
severe undervoltage
d
lt
conditions
diti
that
th t would
ld have
h
serious
i
consequences, such as auxiliary motors stalling or voltage
collapse for the generating unit(s).
These relays initiate alarming, automatic transfer to an
alternative power supply, starting of emergency generator(s), or,
if necessary, generator tripping.
3. Purpose of Function 27 at Point of Common Coupling

These relays are used to alert the operator that an undervoltage
condition is occurring on the transmission system.

Transmission System
y
Function 27
Faults
The undervoltage function should never trip for a transmission
system fault condition.
The p
protection should be set to coordinate with the longest
g
clearing time and reclosing times for faults on transmission
system elements connected to the high-side bus.
Loadability
The preferred method is to alarm only.
If the undervoltage function is used to trip the unit
unit, the
undervoltage function should not trip the generator for a
recoverable system event.
D
Defined
fi d as a sustained
t i d ttransmission
i i system
t
voltage
lt
att th
the hi
high-side
h id
of the generator step-up transformer of 0.85 per unit.
35

Transmission System
y
Function 27
Loss of generating units due to tripping by undervoltage
protection or operator action during a system fault or recoverable
system event must be avoided
avoided.
If undervoltage tripping is applied on the generator and an
Undervoltage Load Shedding (UVLS) program is used in the
t
transmission
i i system,
t
th
the UVLS sett points
i t and
d time
ti
delays
d l
mustt
be coordinated with the generator undervoltage protection.
The generator set points should be modeled in system studies to
verify coordination.
A simple relay-to-relay setting coordination is inadequate due to
differences in voltage between the generator terminals and
transmission or distribution buses where the UVLS protection is
implemented.
36

37
Alarm
IEEE C37.102
C37 102 IEEE Guide for AC Generator Protection does not
recommend use of the 27 function for tripping, but only to alarm to alert
operators to take necessary actions.
Undervoltage element (function 27) calculation:
V27 = 90% of Vnominal = 0.9 x 120 V = 108 V with a 10 second time delay to
prevent nuisance alarms (per IEEE standard C37.102).
Tripping (not recommended)

CAUTION: If the Generator Owner uses the 27 function for tripping, the
following condition must be met at a minimum:
Time delay of the undervoltage element trip must be longer than the greater
of the local or remote backup clearing times for all transmission elements
connected
t d tto the
th high-side
hi h id b
bus, b
butt nott lless th
than 10 seconds.
d
Undervoltage element (function 27) calculation:

V27 = 87% of Vnominal = 0.87 x 120 V = 104 V with a coordinated time delay
N
Note:
t A
An 87 percentt sett point
i t was selected
l t db
because th
the power plant
l t iis nott
capable of continued operation at this voltage level, and it allows for a
reasonable margin for extreme system contingencies.
Example Function 27
38
Proper
p Coordination
If the undervoltage function is set to trip the generator:
The threshold setting is below 90 percent at the generator terminals,
and
An adequate time delay is applied to allow system recovery above
this level.
If the undervoltage function is set to trip the generator:
A threshold setting at or above 90 percent at the generator
terminals, and/or
Inadequate time delay to allow system recovery .

Required
q
Table2Excerpt Function27(Gen.Prot.)ProtectionCoordinationConsiderations
GeneratorProtection
Function
TransmissionSystemProtectionFunctions
27 GeneratorUnit
UndervoltageProtection
**ShouldNotBeSetto
Trip,AlarmOnly**
Iffunction27trippingis
ff
usedforanunmanned
facility thesettingsmust
coordinatewiththe
stressedsystemconditionof
0.85perunitvoltageand
time delays set to allow for
timedelayssettoallowfor
clearingofsystemfaultsby
transmissionsystem
protection,including
breakerfailuretimes.
21
27ifapplicable
87B
87T
50BF
Longesttimedelayfortransmissionsystem
protection to clear a fault
protectiontoclearafault
SystemConcerns
Mustnottripprematurelyforarecoverableextremesystem
eventwithlowvoltageorsystemfaultconditions
t ith l
lt
t
f lt
diti
UVLSsetpoints andcoordinationifapplicable
Settingsshouldbeusedforplanningandsystemstudies
eitherthroughexplicitmodelingofthefunction,orthrough
monitoringvoltageperformanceattherelaylocationinthe
Mustcoordinatewithtransmissionlinereclosing
39

Exchange
g Required
q
Table3Excerpt Function27(Gen.Prot.)DatatobeExchangedBetweenEntities
G
GeneratorOwner
t O
Relaysettings:Undervoltagesetpointifapplicable,
includingtimedelays,atthegeneratorterminals
T
TransmissionOwner
i i O
Timedelayoftransmissionsystemprotection
Pl
PlanningCoordinator
i C di t
Feedbackonproblemsfoundin
coordinatingwithstressedvoltage
conditionstudiesandifapplicable,UVLS
studies
40

Required
q
Table2Excerpt Function27(PlantAux.)ProtectionCoordinationConsiderations
GeneratorProtection
Function
27 PlantAuxiliary
27
Plant Auxiliary
Undervoltage
IfTrippingisused the
correctsetpointand
adequatetimedelaysoit
doesnottripforsystem
faultsandrecoverable
extremesystemevents
TransmissionSystemProtection
Functions
21
27ifapplicable
87B
87T
50BF
protection to clear a fault
SystemConcerns
Coordinatetheauxiliarybusprotectionandcontrolwhen
connecteddirectlytotheHighVoltagesystem
GeneratorOwnertovalidatetheproperoperationof
Generator
Owner to validate the proper operation of
auxiliarysystemat8085percentvoltage.Theundervoltage
tripsettingispreferredat80percent
GeneratorOwnersvalidatetheproperoperationofauxiliary
systemat0.80.85perunitvoltage
41

Exchange
g Required
q
Table3Excerpt Function27(PlantAux.)DatatobeExchangedBetweenEntities
GeneratorOwner
Relaysettings:Undervoltagesetpointif
applicable,includingtimedelays,atthe
powerplantauxiliarybus
TransmissionOwner
PlanningCoordinator
Feedbackonproblemsfoundin
coordinatingwithstressedvoltage
conditionstudies,andifapplicable,UVLS
studies
42

Required
q
Table2Excerpt Function27(PlantHVSystemSide)ProtectionCoordinationConsiderations
GeneratorProtection
Function
27 PlantHighVoltage
systemsideundervoltage
21
27ifapplicable
87B
87T
50BF
SystemConcerns
Mustnottripprematurelyforarecoverableextremesystem
eventwithlowvoltageorsystemfaultconditions
UVLSsetpoints andcoordinationifapplicable
43

Exchange
c a ge Required
equ ed for
o Coo
Coordination
d at o Function
u ct o 27
Table3Excerpt Function27(PlantHVSystemSide)DatatobeExchangedBetweenEntities
GeneratorOwner
Relaysettings:Undervoltagesetpointif
applicable,includingtimedelays,athigh
pp
g
y
g
sidebus
TransmissionOwner
y
y
p
PlanningCoordinator
Feedbackonproblemsfoundincoordinating
withstressedvoltageconditionstudiesandif
g
applicable,UVLSstudies
44
Overvoltage Protection Function 59

45
Purpose
Prevent an insulation breakdown from a sustained overvoltage
condition.
59
GSU
Insulation of
Stator
Windings
Surge
Arrester
Surge
Capacitor

Transmission System
y
Function 59
Faults
There are no coordination requirements for system faults given
the high voltage set point and long delay; tens of seconds or
longer.
longer
Loadability
Coordination for extreme system events resulting in overvoltage
should be considered when a trip threshold is utilized at 1.1 per
unit nominal voltage.
E
Even when
h significant
i ifi
t ttrip
i d
delay
l iis applied
li d ((e.g. 10 seconds
d or
longer).
For credible contingencies where overvoltage may occur,

available voltage control should be coordinated with the trip time
setting on the generator.
46

Transmission System
y
Function 59
Function 59 protection is mainly provided for the generator stator
winding insulation.
Surge arrestors protect the stator from overvoltages caused by
lightning, impulses, and inrush.
The 59 function provides backup protection for these hazards.
Wh
When the
th generator
t voltage
lt
regulator
l t is
i operating
ti normally
ll and
d
keeps the generator terminal voltage within 105 percent of
nominal, there are no system coordination issues.
Pl
Planners and
d operational
ti
l planners
l
need
d tto understand
d t db
both
th th
the
performance of the voltage regulator and the overvoltage relay
settings when studying extended-time, overvoltage system
conditions.
47

48
Setting Considerations
Two types of relays of (or elements) are commonly
used on a g
generator p
protection.
An instantaneous function (59I), applied at 130 150 percent
of nominal voltage.
A time delayed function (59T), applied at about 110 percent
of nominal voltage.
Example Function 59
49
Proper
p Coordination
The following is an example of setting the 59T and 59I element
time delays.
Step 1 Vnominal = (20,000V) (120/20,000) = 120V
Step 2 59T = 105% of 110% of Vnominal = 1.05 x 1.10 x 120V
=139V
139V (=1.155
( 1.155 pu), with a time delay of 10 seconds or longer.
Step 3 59I =105% of 130% of Vnominal = 1.05 x 1.30 x 120V
=184V (=1.365 pu)
A threshold setting lower than 110 percent voltage at the
generator terminals and/or an inadeq
inadequate
ate time dela
delay.
Example Function 59
50
Figure 3.11.3 Typical Example Load Rejection Data for Voltage

Regulator Response Time
Figure 3.11.3 is a typical load rejection response curve of a voltage

regulator for an example of a hydro turbine generator.
The regulator causes the generator to operate back near nominal
voltage in about two seconds
seconds, well before any action by the overvoltage
protection.

Required
q
Table2Excerpt Function59ProtectionCoordinationConsiderations
GeneratorProtection
Function
SystemConcerns
59 Overvoltage
59(whenapplicable)
throughexplicitmodelingofthefunction,orthrough
monitoring voltage performance at the relay location in the
51

Exchange
c a ge Required
equ ed for
o Coo
Coordination
d at o Function
u ct o 59
Table3Excerpt Function59DatatobeExchangedBetweenEntities
GeneratorOwner
TransmissionOwner
Relaysettings:settingandcharacteristics,
includingtimedelaysettingorinversetime
characteristic,atthegeneratorterminals
Pickupandtimedelayinformationofeach59function
appliedforsystemprotection
PlanningCoordinator
None
52
Overfrequency and Underfrequency

Generator Protection Function 81
Purpose
Protect the turbine against
g
the p
potential impacts
p
of operating
p
g
at off-nominal frequency.
Figure 3.14.1 Typical Location of Generator Frequency

Relays and Load Shedding Relays Requiring Coordination
53

Transmission System
y
Function 81
Faults
There are no coordination issues for system faults for
this function.
Loadability
Th
There are no coordination
di ti issues
i
related
l t d to
t loadability
l d bilit
for this function.
54

Transmission System
y
Function 81
Other Operating Conditions
Coordination is necessary to allow the UFLS program to stabilize
frequency at a sustainable operating condition.
Generator UF protection and the UFLS program must be
coordinated to permit load shedding to arrest frequency decline
and recover frequency to a sustainable operating condition.
If this is not possible, most regions require accounting for unit
tripping in UFLS design assessments and require UFLS program
modifications such as arming additional "compensating"
compensating load
shedding.
Generator OF protection and the UFLS program must be

prevent g
generator tripping
pp g due to frequency
q
y
coordinated to p
overshoot.
It is important to note that the coordination is not a relay-to-relay
coordination in the traditional sense; rather it is coordination
between the generator prime mover capabilities
capabilities, the over and
underfrequency protection, and the UFLS program and
transmission system design.
55

Transmission System
y
Function 81
G
Generator
t off-nominal
ff
i l ffrequency protection
t ti should
h ld b
be
coordinated with the governor settings.
Ensure that protection does not trip the unit for a condition from
which the governor could restore the unit to an acceptable operating
condition.
Turbine limits should be obtained from the turbine manufacturer

in order to properly set the over and underfrequency protection.
protection
When it is necessary to apply underfrequency protection, settings
must consider turbine limits that account for both frequency and
time at frequency.
In some plant designs, critical station service load may be

supplied from a motor-generator (M-G) set.
When frequency protection is located on the load side of the M-G
set, the protection settings must account for the frequency
difference between the system and the load.
56

Transmission System
y
Function 81
57
Considerations and Issues (cont.)

Note that generator frequency protection is not coordinated
directly with the UFLS relay settings:
S
Subsequent
bseq ent to the UFLS program operating to shed load
load, a time
delay will exist before frequency decline is arrested and recovery
begins.
This time delay,
delay as well as the rate at which frequency recovers
recovers, is a
function of the physical characteristics of the system including types
of load, generating unit inertia, and governing response.
It is important to understand the protection function limitations

limitations.
Some relays are blocked automatically if the system frequency or
voltage is outside the range of relay specifications, while other
relays remain in
in-service
service but are subject to misoperations
misoperations.

58
Step 1 Planning Coordinator provides the regional

underfrequency load shedding and generator off
off-nominal
nominal frequency
protection setting criteria.
Step 2 Generator Owner and Planning Coordinator verify that the
generator off-nominal
off nominal frequency protection is set to coordinate with
the regional UFLS program design and generator off-nominal
frequency protection setting criteria.
Step 3 If coordination cannot be achieved without compromising
protection
t ti off the
th generating
ti unit,
it th
the Pl
Planning
i C
Coordinator
di t performs
f
studies to assess the impact on the UFLS program design and
identify modifications, if necessary, to accommodate the generator
protection setting while ensuring the UFLS program continues to
meett its
it design
d i objectives.
bj ti
Example Function 81
59
Proper
p Coordination
The following Figure 3.14.3 illustrates an example of how
generator protection settings are coordinated with the turbine
p
y and the underfrequency
q
yp
protection setting
g limits for
capability
generating units.
In this example the protection setting must be set above the
green curve which defines the turbine capability
g
p
yp
provided by
y the
manufacturer and on or below the red curve that defines the
applicable generator underfrequency protection setting limits.
In this example the protection is set with an instantaneous trip
threshold at 57.7 Hz and a time delayed threshold setting at 58.5
Hz with a definite time delay of 60 seconds. Both settings
coordinate in this example.
Example Function 81
60
60
59.5
58.5
Fre
equency (Hz)
59
58
57 5
57.5
0.1
10
100
1000
57
10000
Time (sec)
Generator Capability
Generator UF Protection Limit
Generator Protection Setting-Inst
Generator Protection Setting-TD
Figure 3.14.3 Generator Underfrequency Protection Setting Example

Required
q
Table2Excerpt
p
Functions81U/81OProtectionCoordinationConsiderations
/
GeneratorProtection
Function
81U Underfrequency
81O Overfrequency
81U
81O
Note:UFLSdesignisgenerallythe
responsibilityofthePlanningCoordinator
SystemConcerns
Coordination with system UFLS setpoints andtimedelay

CoordinationwithsystemUFLSsetpoints
and time delay
(typicallyachievedthroughcompliancewithregionalfrequency
standardsforgenerators)
Meetunderfrequency overfrequency requirements
Autorestartofdistributedgenerationsuchaswindgeneration
duringoverfrequency conditions
throughexplicitmodelingofthefunction,orthrough
monitoringfrequencyperformanceattherelaylocationinthe
61

Exchange
c a ge Required
equ ed for
o Coo
Coordination
d at o Function
u ct o 8
81
Table3Excerpt Functions81U/81ODatatobeExchangedBetweenEntities
GeneratorOwner
Relay settings and time delays

Relaysettingsandtimedelays
TransmissionOwner
None
PlanningCoordinator
Feedbackonproblemsfoundbetween
underfrequency settingsandUFLSprograms
62
What is Important to Coordination

63
Settings
g That Protect the Generator
Islanding Conditions
Sufficient Studies
Settings that Protect the Generator

64
The g
generator p
protection set-points
p
are described in the
IEEE Guide for AC Generator Protection (C37.102) for
Functions 24, 27, 59, and 81.
The times to trip or alarm are adjusted based on the
specific generator and application limits as well as
coordination with system functions and schemes
schemes.
Examples of these were given in the presentation, but
again,
g , specific
p
settings
g need to be determined by
y the
entities.

65
Coordination of g
generator p
protection with UFLS and
UVLS programs is essential to surviving extreme
operating conditions from which the system is capable of
recovering.
recovering
As noted, coordination is not a typical relay-to-relay
coordination.
coordination
System studies are required to verify coordination
between the g
generator p
protection,, the UFLS and UVLS
program settings, and the system response to severe
events.
Consideration of Islanding Conditions

66
The protection must be set to avoid unnecessary tripping for worst

case survivable
i bl conditions:
di i
Operation of transmission equipment within continuous and emergency
thermal and voltage limits
Recovery from a stressed system voltage condition for an extreme
system event i.e. 0.85 pu voltage at the system high side of the
generator step-up transformer
Stable power
po er swings
s ings
Transient frequency and voltage conditions for which UFLS and UVLS
programs are designed to permit system recovery
When coordination cannot be achieved without compromising

protection of the generator, the generator protection setting must be
accounted for in system studies.
Sufficient Studies
67
The Planning
g Coordinator must study
y a number of
operating conditions sufficient to bound the worst case.
Assess sensitivity of generator and system response to:
System load level
Generator loading (both active and reactive power)
Commitment and dispatch of other generators
System operating states (N-0, N-1, . . .)
The most limiting operating condition may vary among

protective functions or even for different settings for a
single protective function
function.
68
Question & Answer

Q
Contact:
Phil Tatro
Senior Engineer, System Analysis
and Reliability Initiatives
phil.tatro@nerc.net
hil t t @
t
508.612.1158

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Power Plant and Transmission System

Technical Reference Document Overview

Question and Answer

The information from this webcast is provided for

Technical Reference Document Overview

Introduction and Background Blackout

The Need for this Technical Reference

Technical Reference Document Overview

Support of PRC Standards

Reliability of the Bulk Electric System and Power

Increase knowledge of recommended

Focus is on the reliability of the Bulk Electric

The Need for Overexcitation or

The Need for Generator Unit

It is frequently used as an interlock element for other protection function or

Generators are usually designed to operate continuously at a minimum

The Need for Generating Plant Auxiliary Power

This function is used to protect auxiliary system equipment from severe

Automatic transfer to alternative power supply.

Starting of emergency generator(s).

Tripping the generating unit,

The Need for Undervoltage Relays Applied

The function of these relays is to alarm that an

The Need for Generator Unit

Generator overvoltage may occur without necessarily exceeding the V/Hz

Overvoltage protection is necessary for preventing an insulation break-down from a

The Need for Generator Unit Under and

Mismatch between load and generation may be caused by a variety of

Full- or partial-load rejection

IEEE C37.102-2006 Guide for AC

Relay OneOne-Line Showing All Generator Protection

System Events that Could Cause Undesired

General Data Exchange Requirements

General Data Exchange Requirements

Detailed Coordination Information for

Document Format Seven SubSub-Sections

Coordination of Generator and Transmission System

Other Conditions, Where Applicable

Considerations and Issues

Test Procedure for Validation

Summary of Detailed Data Required for Coordination of the Protection

Table of Data and Information that Must be Exchanged

Volts Per Hertz Function 24

Coordination of Generator and

Coordination of Generator and

Considerations and Issues Function 24

Overexcitation withstand limit characteristics of

Coordination Procedure Function 24

The following data and information exchange steps should be taken

Setting Procedure Function 24

Plot the V/Hz withstand capability curves of the GSU transformer

Setting Procedure Function 24

Coordination between the overexcitation protection and the UFLS

Excitation should be monitored for comparison against tripping

In a limited number of cases, conditions may exist for which

Example - Proper Coordination

Inverse Time Curve

Operating Time in Minutes

Example - Proper Coordination

Bus Excitation (V/Hz)

Summary of Protection Functions

Protection Function Data and Information

Undervoltage Protection Function 27