SOCIOLOGY

- ANTHROPOLOGY 1
MONTHLY NOTES

August 24, 2015

INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGY & ANTHROPOLOGY

v What is sociology?
Socius (group, partners, associates, friends) + logos (study)

v Auguste Comtes contribution
Father of sociology

v Sociology as a science
Influence of natural sciences & scientific method
Use of empirical data and theory

v Areas of Sociology
1. Social organization
Looking at parts of society that forms groups
2. Social psychology
Behavior of an individual influenced by society/a social group
3. Social change & social disorganization
Examples
Social change
Globalization
Inflow of western & other cultures
Revolution
Coup d etat/Oakwood mutiny
Mcdonaldization of the world
Social disorganization
Crime
Increase in % of unemployed
4. Human ecology
How people are influenced by social, empirical & physical
environment
5. Population or demography
Demography: study of population
Conducting a census so that the government knows how to
allocate the countrys funds & needs of the population

August 26, 2015

6. Sociological theory & method
Applying theories in explaining social life
Example
Karl Marx (Labor theory of value): value of product comes
from labor

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7. Applied sociology
Apply sociology in areas wherein it isnt commonly used in
Example
Sociologists can participate in market research

v What is anthropology?
Main concern is man
Anthropos (man or human being) + logos (knowledge)

v Branches of Anthropology
A. Physical/Biological Anthropology
Racial history
Racism cases
Paleontology
Fossils & how they lived before
Human genetics
How are they related?
Possibility of people having the similar genetic traits
despite living in different places
Possible cause of disease/s in relation to their genes
& lifestyle
B. Cultural Anthropology
Ethnography
Description of culture through immersion (participant
observation)
Ethnology
Doing 2 or more ethnographies & comparing their results
Social anthropology
Comparing ethnologies through time
Involves study of social institutions
C. Archaeology
Fossils
Remains of plants/animals/humans
Artifacts
Man-made objects

* Archaeology vs. History
Archaeology
Theories about the past
based on fossils & artifacts

History
Written data/stories
about the past

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D. Linguistics
Culture shapes language
Example
Bomba
1970 porn stars
2007 (after 9/11) bomb that explodes
2013 smoking weed

September 7, 2015

v Anthropology as a science
Holistic in nature
Concerned with ALL the dimensions of humanity (evolutionary,
socio-cultural, political, economic, biological, etc.)
Studies the WHOLE condition of human beings (past, present, and
future)
Analysis of a particular humans environment/society, including climatic
conditions, economic patterns, and socio-political features

v Relationship of sociology and anthropology with other social sciences
Botany, paleontology & zoology
Analyzing plant and animal remains found along with human
bones and artifacts
Physics, chemistry & geology
Identify and date fossils & artifacts
Humanities
Can provide documents or information pertinent to the culture
that is being studied
History
Tracing & interpreting historical development
Placing past events in their social & cultural contexts
Psychology
Offers psychologists a wider factual base where theories or
assumptions may be applied & tested
Economics
Used and presented by anthropologists in a broader perspective to
fully understand economic patterns and activities across time and
space
Political science
Can be utilized in examining government structure and system to
develop an understanding of the world in general and socio-
political systems in particular

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v Relationships between sociology and anthropology
Both discipline synthesize and generalize data about human behavior and
social systems
Both are related to the humanities

v Methods of inquiry in the two sciences
1. Empirical investigation
Knowledge through direct experience or investigation
2. Objectivity
Data must be presented, analyzed, and interpreted independently
of the researchers own beliefs and value judgments
3. Ethnical neutrality
No ethnic biases
4. Sociological imagination
Link between biography & history

v Scientific investigation
1. Identification of the problem
Example
What are the factors that cause violence against women?

2. Gathering of data
a. Observation
Very common in the fields of sociology & anthropology
Makes use of different senses to study a social phenomenon
or group of persons
b. Participant observation
Staying & living in the community being studied
c. Interview
Very commonly adopted in sociology & anthropology
May be either structured or unstructured
Best method used when dealing with sensitive cases like
violence against women
d. Historical method
When in need of background information about past events
of the people of social phenomena
e. Comparative method
Example
What are the factors that cause violence against
women in Brgy. Forbes & Brgy. Tondo?
f. Archival research
Utilizes old records & documents kept in archives
g. Content analysis
Use of any document in general

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3. Analysis of data
Makes inferences about certain social phenomena
From these, recommendations are given

v Relevance of sociology & anthropology
1. Introduces to us various concepts & principles vital in our understanding
of culture & society
2. Expands overview of the world, thereby appreciating society and culture
better
3. Makes us understand better why people of different groups & cultures
behave the way they do
4. Gives us the insight that our group is different from others
5. Helpful in promoting inter-ethnic and cultural understanding. Can
promote national unity & progress, and international understanding
through the promotion of cross-cultural knowledge

v Some of the pioneers of the two disciplines
1. Auguste Comte
French philosopher
Father of sociology
Coined the term sociology (socius + logos)
Published the book, Positive Philosophy
Stages of development of all knowledge about humanity
Law of Three Stages
1) Theological phase
2) Metaphysical phase
3) Scientific phase
Advocated positivism
Necessary for rebuilding a society on a rational basis

2. Emile Durkheim
French sociologist-anthropologist
First French academic sociologist who obtained a doctorate degree
in sociology (1892, University of Paris)
Emphasized the Structural Functionalism in anthropology
Stressed importance of empiricism & rigorous method in building
a scientific base to understand society
Best works:
o LAnnee Sociologique (journal, 1898-1914)
o Division of Labor in Society (book)
Rapid social changes & the specialized division of
labor produce social strains
o Rules of Sociological Method (book)

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o Suicide (book)
Suicide can only be understood by analyzing society
Four types of suicide (egoistic, altruistic, anomic &
fatalistic)
o The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life (book)

3. Karl Marx
German philosopher, political economist, historian, political
theorist, sociologist, communist, and revolutionary
Founder of communism
Communist Manifesto
Written with Friedrich Engels
History is a continuous struggle between the conflicting ideas and
forces
Necessary to achieve social change
All aspects of society (work, religion, government, law, and
morality) are economically conditioned & controlled by capitalism
Capitalism, as Marx argued, will end through organized actions of
an international working class

4. Max Weber
German lawyer, politician, scholar, political economist, and
sociologist
Profoundly influenced sociological theory
Works:
o The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism
Religion is one of the non-exclusive reasons for the
different ways Occidental and Oriental cultures have
developed
o The Religion of India: The Sociology of Hinduism and
Buddhism
o Theory of Social and Economic Organization
o Politics as a Vocation
State is an entity claiming monopoly on the
legitimate use of violence
Verstehen method
Sociologist must not only employ objective methods, but
also ascertain the subjective meanings that people attach to
their own behavior and that of others

5. Ferdinand Toennis
Born in Schleswig, Germany
Spent academic life at the University of Kiel
First most important writing is about his social theory of
Gemeinshaft and Gesellschaft (1887)

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Types of social groups & types of societies

Gemeinshaft
Willed into being because of
sympathy among its membranes,
or the expression of the will

Gesellschaft
Arbitrarily willed group
that arises to attain
some definite end

6. William Graham-Sumner
Famous sociologist, anthropology, scholar, and an influential
professor (Yale University)
Author of Folkways and the Science of Society (extensively studies
of folkways)
Taught political economy, now known as, economics
Introduces the term ethnocentrism
Intended to express his anti-imperialist sentiment

7. A.R. Radcliffe-Brown
English social anthropologist
Theory of Structural Functionalism
Basic concepts in the structure of primitive societies
Anthropological fieldworks:
o The Andaman Islanders
o The Social Organization of Australian Tribes
o Structure and Function in Primitive Society
Made Anthropology a college subject

8. Friedrich Engels
German social scientist, author, political theorist, and philosopher
Father of the Communist Theory
Established alongside Karl Marx
The Condition of the Working Class in England (1844)
Study on the working class of Victoria England
Other works:
o Socialism: Utopian and Scientific
o Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State

9. Bronislaw Malinowski
Polish-born anthropologist
Conducted ethnographic studies in New Guinea when he was
stranded there during World War I
Gave birth to Argonauts of the Western Pacific (book, 1922)
Advocates data-gathering procedure through the
natives point of view
This method later developed into a research approach
(participant observation)

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10. Thorstein Veblen
American-Norwegian sociologist and economist
A primary mentor of the institutional economics movement
Along with John R. Commons
Impassioned critic of the American economy
The Theory of the Leisure Class (book)
Concepts on conspicuous consumption, ostentatious display,
trained incapacity, predatory culture, absentee ownership, and
discretionary control
Showed intense appreciation for workman-like performance and
time-saving machinery


11. Pitirim Sorokin
Russian-American sociologist
Was a scholar of international reputation
Became a professor at several Russian, Czech, and American
universities
Founded the Department of Sociology (Harvard University)
Sought to provide a complete account of psychologically and
philosophically oriented sociology
Works:
o Contemporary Sociological Theories
o Fads and Foibles in Modern Sociology and Related Sciences
o Social and Cultural Dynamics

12. Talcott Parsons
American sociologist
Taught at Harvard University (1927-1973)
Action Theory
A general theory for the study of society
Based on the methodological theory of analytical realism
Human action is not conceived to be completely free but is
grounded in and circumscribed by norms or ultimate principles of
action

v Development of Sociology & Anthropology in the Philippines

o Anthropology
Ethnographic data were provided through the historical writings of
the early cultures and society in the Philippine archipelago of the
early chroniclers like Pigafetta, Loarca, Placencia, and Fr. Chirino.
Archaeological explorations were undertaken by various groups like
that led by a Frenchman, Alfred Marche (19th century)

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Later, the American government became interested in the various

ethnic groups in the country. Because of this, the Bureau of Non-
Christian Tribes was established, which was later replaced by the
Ethnological Survey of the Philippines.

o Sociology
Sociology was introduced to the Philippines by Fr. Valentin Marin
when he initiated a course on criminology in UST (1896)
Prof. Salt introduced a course on social ethics in UP (1908)
Dr. Clyde Heflin introduced sociology at the Siliman University
(1919)
Serafin Macaraig, the first Filipino to receive a doctorate degree
in Sociology, published his Introduction to Sociology, which
became the first textbook in UP (1939)
A group of Filipino educators and visiting professors in the different
regions organized the Philippine Sociological Society (1952)
The Research Foundation of Philippine Anthropology and
Archaeology was established (1960)
The Philippine Social Science Council was formed to consolidate
the Philippine social science resources (1968)
Researches were undertaken along different aspects of social and
cultural life. Pioneering along this work were Mary Hollnsteiners
Dynamics of Power in a Philippine Municipality; Frank Lynchs Four
Readings on Philippine Values; Agaton Pals Rural Peoples Responses
to Change; Buenaventura Villanuevas The Barrio and Self-
Government; Francis Madigans The Farmer Said No; Jaime Bulataos
Split Level Christianity; F. Landa Jocanos Sulod Society; and a few
others. (1960s-1970s)

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