Constitutional Law

Political Law (Constitutional Law) Article XVIII

ARTICLE XVIII TRANSITORY PROVISIONS
Effectivity of the 1987 Constitution

The 1987 Constitution took effect immediately upon its ratification.

According to the SC, this took place on February 2, 1987, which was the day

the people cast their votes ratifying the Constitution.

Military bases agreements
1)

Renewals of military bases agreements must be through a strict treaty.

2)

Ratification of the agreement in a plebiscite is necessary only when Congress so

requires.
3)

Section 25 of Article XVIII allows possible local deployment of only AMERICAN

forces.

ARTICLE XVII- AMENDMENTS OR REVISIONS

Definitions:
1) Amendment: an alteration of one or a few specific provisions of the Constitution.
Its main purpose is to improve specific provisions of the Constitution. The changes
brought about by amendments will not affect the other provisions of the Constitution.
2) Revision: An examination of the entire Constitution to determine how and to what
extent it should be altered. A revision implies substantive change, affecting the
Constitution as a whole.
Constituent power v. Legislative power
1)

Constituent power is the power to formulate a Constitution or to propose

amendments to or revisions of the Constitution and to ratify such

proposal. Legislative power is the power to pass, repeal or amend or ordinary laws or
statutes (as opposed to organic law).
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2)

Constituent power is exercised by Congress (by special constitutional

conferment), by a Constitutional Convention or Commission, by the people through

initiative and referendum, and ultimately by sovereign electorate,
whereas legislative power is an ordinary power of Congress and of the people, also
through initiative and referendum.
3)

The exercise of constituent power does not need the approval of the Chief

Executive, whereas the exercise of legislative power ordinarily needs the approval
of the Chief Executive, except when done by people through initiative and
referendum.
Three (3) steps necessary to give effect to amendments and revisions:
1) Proposal of amendments or revisions by the proper constituent assembly;
2) Submission of the proposed amendments or revisions; and
3) Ratification
Proposal of amendments:
Amendments may be proposed by:
A. Congress, acting as a constituent assembly, by a 3/4 vote of all its members.

The power of Congress to propose amendments is NOT part of its ordinary

legislative power.

The only reason Congress can exercise such power is that the Constitution has
granted it such power.

B. Constitutional Convention:
1) How a Constitutional Convention may be called
a). Congress may call a ConCon by a 2/3 vote of all its members; or
b). By a majority vote of all its members, Congress may submit to the electorate the
question of whether to call a ConCon or not.

2) Choice of which constituent assembly (either Congress or ConCon) should initiate

amendments and revisions is left to the discretion of Congress. In other words, it is a
political question.
3) BUT: The manner of calling a ConCon is subject to judicial review, because the
Constitution has provided for vote requirements.
4) If Congress, acting as a constituent assembly, calls for a ConCon but does not
provide the details for the calling of such ConCon, Congress exercising its ordinary
legislative power may supply such details. But in so doing, Congress (as legislature)
should not transgress the resolution of Congress acting as a constituent assemble.
5) Congress, as a constituent assembly and the ConCon have no power to appropriate
money for their expenses. Money may be spent from the treasury only to pursuant to
an appropriation made by law.
C. Peoples Initiative
1) Petition to propose such amendments must be signed be at least 12% of ALL
registered voters.
2) Every legislative district represented by at least 3% of the registered voters
therein.
3) Limitation:
It cannot be exercised oftener than once every 5 years.
Note:
1)

While the substance of the proposals made by each type of constituent

assembly is not subject to judicial review, the manner the proposals are made is
subject to judicial review.

2)

Since these constituent assemblies owe their existence to the Constitution, the

courts may determine whether the assembly has acted in accordance with the
Constitution.
3)

Examples of justiciable issues:

a)

Whether a proposal was approved by the required number of votes in Congress

(acting as a constituent assembly).

b)

Whether the approved proposals were properly submitted to the people for

ratification.
Proposal of Revisions
1)

By Congress, upon a vote of 3/4 of its members

2)

By a constitutional convention

Ratification
1)

Amendments and revisions proposed by Congress and/or by a ConCon:

a)

Valid when ratified by a MAJORITY of votes cast in a plebiscite.

b)

Plebiscite is held not earlier than 60 days nor later than 90 days from the

approval of such amendments or revisions.

2)

Amendments proposed by the people via initiative:

a)

Valid when ratified by a MAJORITY of votes cast in a plebiscite.

b)

Plebiscite is held not earlier than 60 days nor later than 90 days after the

certification by COMELEC of the petitions sufficiency

3)

Requisites of a valid ratification:

a)

Held in a plebiscite conducted under the election law;

b)

Supervised by the COMELEC; and

c)

Where only franchised voters (registered) voters take part.

4)

Issues regarding ratification:

a)

The Constitution does not require that amendments and revisions be submitted

to the people in a special election. Thus, they may be submitted for ratification
simultaneously with a general election.
b)

The determination of the conditions under which proposed

amendments/revisions are submitted to the people falls within the legislative sphere.
That Congress could have done better does not make the steps taken
unconstitutional.
c)

All the proposed amendments/revisions made by the constituent assemblies

must be submitted for ratification in one single plebiscite. There cannot be a piecemeal ratification of amendments/revisions.
d)

Presidential proclamation is NOT required for effectivity of

amendments/revisions, UNLESS the proposed amendments/revisions so provide.

ARTICLE XVI GENERAL PROVISIONS

Sections 1-2. Symbols of Nationality

1) Flag

Red, white, and blue.

With a sun and 3 stars

The design may be changed by constitutional amendment.

2) Congress may, by law, adopt a new:

(a) Name for the country,
(b) National anthem, or
(c) National seal.
Note: Law will take effect upon ratification by the people in a NATIONAL
REFERENDUM.
Section 3. State Immunity
Suability of State
1) The State cannot be sued without its consent.
2) When considered a suit against the State
a). The Republic is sued by name;
b). Suits against an un-incorporated government agency;
c). Suit is against a government official, but is such that ultimate liability shall
devolve on the government
i. When a public officer acts in bad faith, or beyond the scope of his authority, he can
be held personally liable for damages.
ii. BUT: If he acted pursuant to his official duties, without malice, negligence, or bad
faith, they are not personally liable, and the suit is really one against the State.
3) This rule applies not only in favor of the Philippines but also in favor of foreign
states.
4) The rule likewise prohibits a person from filing for interpleader, with the State as
one of the defendants being compelled to interplead.
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Consent to be sued
A. Express consent:
1). The law expressly grants the authority to sue the State or any of its agencies.
2). Examples:
a). A law creating a government body expressly providing that such body may sue or
be sued.
b). Art. 2180 of the Civil Code, which creates liability against the State when it acts
through a special agent.
B. Implied consent:
1). The State enters into a private contract.
a). The contract must be entered into by the proper officer and within the scope of
his authority.
b). UNLESS: The contract is merely incidental to the performance of a governmental
function.
2). The State enters into an operation that is essentially a business operation.
a). UNLESS: The operation is incidental to the performance of a governmental
function (e.g. arrastre services)
b). Thus, when the State conducts business operations through a GOCC, the latter can
generally be sued, even if its charter contains no express sue or be sued clause.
3). Suit against an incorporated government agency.
a) This is because they generally conduct propriety business operations and have
charters which grant them a separate juridical personality.
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4). The State files suit against a private party.

UNLESS: The suit is entered into only to resist a claim.
Garnishment of government funds:
1) GENERAL RULE: NO. Whether the money is deposited by way of general or special
deposit, they remain government funds and are not subject to garnishment.
2) EXCEPTION: A law or ordinance has been enacted appropriating a specific amount
to pay a valid government obligation, then the money can be garnished.
Consent to be sued is not equivalent to consent to liability:
1) The Fact that the State consented to being sued does not mean that the State will
ultimately be held liable.
2) Even if the case is decided against the State, an award cannot be satisfied by writs
of execution or garnishment against public funds. Reason: No money shall be paid
out of the public treasury unless pursuant to an appropriation made by law.
Section 4. THE ARMED FORCES OF THE PHILIPPINES
Composition:
A citizen armed force
Prohibitions and disqualifications:
1) Military men cannot engage, directly or indirectly, in any partisan political activity,
except to vote.
2) Members of the AFP in active service cannot be appointed to a civilian position in
the government, including GOCCs or their subsidiaries.
The Chief of Staff:
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1) Tour of duty: Not exceed to three years

2) EXCEPTION: In times of war or other national emergency as declared by Congress,
the President may extend such tour of duty.

ARTICLE XIV EDUCATION, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,

ARTS, CULTURE, AND SPORTS

Education
Goals of the State:
The State shall promote and protect:
1) The right to quality education at all levels;
2) The right to affordable and accessible education; and
3) Education that is relevant to the needs of people and society.
Right to Education and Academic Freedom
The right to education must be read in conjunction with the academic freedom of
schools to require fair, reasonable, and equitable admission requirements.
Power to Dismiss Students
1) Schools have the power to dismiss students, after due process, for disciplinary
reasons.
2) Acts committed outside the school may also be a ground for disciplinary action if:
a) It involves violations of school policies connected to school-sponsored activities; or

b) The misconduct affects the students status, or the good name or reputation of the
school.
Regulation of Right to Education
The right to education in particular fields may be regulated by the State in the
exercise of its police power, e.g. the State may limit the right to enter medical school
by requiring the applicants to take the NMAT.
Free Education
1) The State shall maintain a system of free education in:
a) Elementary level, and
b) High school level.
2) Elementary education is compulsory for all children of school age. However, this is
a moral rather than a legal compulsion.
Educational Institutions
I. Filipinization
A. Ownership:
1). Filipino citizens, or
2). Corporations incorporated in RP and 60% Filipino-owned.
EXCEPT: Schools established by religious groups and mission boards.
3). Congress may increase Filipino equity requirements in ALL educational institutions.
B. Control and Administration:
1). Must be vested in Filipino citizens
2). Refers to line positions, such as President, Dean, Principal, and Trustees
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3). Faculty members may be foreigners.

C. Student Population:
1). GENERAL RULE: Cannot establish school exclusively for aliens. Aliens can only
comprise up to 1/3 of total enrollment.
2). EXCEPTIONS: Schools established for foreign diplomatic personnel and their
dependents, and unless otherwise provided for by law for other foreign temporary
residents.
II. Tax Exemptions
A. Non-stock, non-profit educational institutions:
1) All revenues and assets actually, directly and exclusively used for educational
purposes are exempt from taxes and duties.
2) This is self-executory
B. Proprietary educational institutions, including cooperatives:
1) Entitled to exemptions as may be provided by law, including restrictions on
dividends and re-investment
2) Requires an enabling statute
3) Grants, endowments, donations and contributions actually, directly and exclusively
used for educational purposes are exempt from taxes, subject to conditions
prescribed by law.
III. Academic Freedom
A. Educational Institutions
Schools have the freedom to determine:
1) Who may teach,
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2) What may be taught,

3) How it shall be taught, and
4) Who may be admitted to study.
B. Faculty members
1) Full freedom in research and in the publication of the results, subject to the
adequate performance of their other academic duties.
2) Freedom in the classroom in discussing their subjects, but they should be careful
not to introduce into their teaching controversial matter which has no relation to
their subjects.
3) When faculty members speak or write in their capacity as citizens, then they are
free from institutional censorship or discipline.
C. Students
They have the right to enjoy in school the guarantees of the Bill of Rights.
D. Limitations
1) Dominant police power of the State
2) Social interest of the community
E. Budgetary Priority:
1). Education must be assigned the highest budgetary priority.
2). BUT: This command is not absolute. Congress is free to determine what should be
given budgetary priority in order to enable it to respond to the imperatives of
national interest and for the attainment of other state policies or objectives.

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Religious Education in Public Schools:

Religion may be taught in public schools subject to the following requisites:
1) Express written option by parents and guardians;
2) Taught within regular class hours;
3) Instructors are designated and approved by the proper religious authorities; and
4) WITHOUT ADDITIONAL COST TO THE GOVERNMENT.
Section 6. Language
1) National language: Filipino
2) Official Languages: Filipino, and unless otherwise provided by law, English.
3) Regional languages are auxiliary to the official languages.
4 (Spanish and Arabic are promoted only on an optional and voluntary basis.
ARTICLE XIII SOCIAL JUSTICE AND HUMAN RIGHTS
Social Justice
1) Social justice in the Constitution is principally the embodiment of the principle
that those who have less in life should have more in law.
2) The 1987 Constitution advances beyond what was in previous Constitutions in that
it seeks not only economic social justice but also political social justice.
Principal activities in order to achieve social justice
1) Creation of more economic opportunities and more wealth; and

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2) Closer regulation of the acquisition, ownership, use and disposition of property in

order to achieve a more equitable distribution of wealth and political power.
Labor
Section 3 of Article XIII elaborates on the provision in Article II by specifying

who are protected by the Constitution, what rights are guaranteed, and what
positive measures the state should take in order to enhance the welfare of
labor.
Right to organize and to hold peaceful concerted activities
The right to organize is given to all kinds of workers BOTH in the PRIVATE and

PUBLIC sectors.

The workers have a right to hold peaceful concerted activities except the

right to strike, which is subject to limitation by law.

Right to participate in the decision making process of employers
The workers have the right to participate on matters affecting their rights and
benefits, as may be provided by law. This participation can be through
1)

collective bargaining agreements,

2)

grievance machineries,

3)

voluntary modes of settling disputes, and

4)

conciliation proceedings mediated by government.

Agrarian Reform
Goals:
Agrarian reform must aim at
1) efficient production,
2) a more equitable distribution of land which recognizes the right of farmers and
regular farmworkers who are landless to own the land they till, and
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3) a just share of other or seasonal farmworkers in the fruits of the land.

CARL as an exercise of police power and power of eminent domain

To the extent that the law prescribes retention limits for landowners, there is
an exercise of police power. But where it becomes necessary to deprive owners
of their land in excess of the maximum allowed there is compensable taking and
therefore the exercise of eminent domain.

Reach of agrarian reform

It extends not only to private agricultural lands, but also to other natural
resources, even including the use and enjoyment of communal marine and
fishing resources and offshore fishing grounds.

The Commission on Human Rights

Composition:
1) Chairman; and
2) 4 members
Qualifications:
1) Natural-born citizens of the Philippines;
2) Majority of the Commission must be members of the Philippine Bar;
3) Term of office, other qualifications and disabilities shall be provided by law;
4) The appointment of the CHR members is NOT subject to CA confirmation; and
5) The CHR is not of the same level as the COMELEC, CSC, or COA.
Powers:
1) Investigate all forms of human rights violations involving civil or political rights
A. Violations may be committed by public officers or by civilians or rebels.
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B. CHR cannot investigate violations of social rights.

C. CHR has NO adjudicatory powers over cases involving human rights violations.
D. They cannot investigate cases where no rights are violated.
E. Example: There is no right to occupy government land, i.e. squat thereon.
Therefore, eviction therefrom is NOT a human rights violation.
2) Adopt operational guidelines and rules of procedure.
3) Cite for contempt for violations of its rules, in accordance with the Rules of Court.
4) Provide appropriate legal measures for the protection of the human rights of all
persons, within the Philippines, as well as Filipinos residing abroad, and provide for
preventive measures and legal aid services to the underprivileged whose human rights
have been violated or need protection.
A. CHR can initiate court proceedings on behalf of victims of human rights violations.
B. They can recommend the prosecution of human rights violators, but it cannot itself
prosecute these cases.
C. BUT: The CHR cannot issue restraining orders or injunctions against alleged human
rights violators. These must be obtained from the regular courts.
5) Exercise visitorial powers over jails, prisons and other detention facilities.
6) Establish continuing programs for research, education and information in order to
enhance respect for the primacy of human rights.
7) Recommend to Congress effective measures to promote human rights and to
provide compensation to victims of human rights violations or their families.
8) Monitor compliance by the government with international treaty obligations on
human rights.
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9) Grant immunity from prosecution to any person whose testimony or whose

possession of documents or other evidence is necessary or convenient to determine
the truth in any CHR investigation.
10) Request assistance from any department, bureau, office, or agency in the
performance of its functions.
11) Appoint its officers and employers in accordance with law.
12) Perform such other functions and duties as may be provided for by law
ARTICLE XII NATIONAL ECONOMY AND PATRIMONY
Sec. 1. GOALS OF THE NATIONAL ECONOMY
Three-fold goal:
1. More equitable distribution of opportunities, income and wealth;
2. Sustained increase in the amount of goods and services produced by the nation for
the benefit of the people; and
3. Expanding productivity, as the key to raising the quality of life for all.
The State shall promote industrialization and full employment
1. It should be based on sound agricultural development and agrarian reform
2. It should be through industries that make full and efficient use of human and
natural resources. Industries should also be competitive in both domestic and foreign
markets.
Protection of Filipino enterprises
The State shall protect Filipino enterprises against unfair foreign competition and
trade practices.
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Role of Private Enterprises

Private enterprises, including corporations, cooperatives, and similar collective
organizations, shall be encouraged to broaden the base of their ownership
Section 2. REGALIAN DOCTRINE
Distinction between Imperium and Dominium.
1. Imperium
Government authority possessed by the State which is appropriately embraced in
sovereignty.
2. Dominium
1.

The capacity of the State to own and acquire property.

2.

It refers to lands held by the government in a proprietary character: can

provide for the exploitation and use of lands and other natural resources.

Scope:
The following are owned by the State:
1. Lands of the public domain:
Waters
Minerals, coals, petroleum, and other mineral oils;
All sources of potential energy;
Fisheries;
Forests or timber;
Wildlife;
Flora and fauna; and
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Other natural resources.

Alienation of Natural Resources
1. General Rule: All natural resources CANNOT be alienated
2. Exception: Agricultural lands
Exploration, Development and Utilization of Natural Resources
1. Shall be under the full control and supervision of the State
2. Means
A. The state may DIRECTLY UNDERTAKE such activities
B. The state may enter into CO-PRODUCTION, JOINT VENTURE OR PRODUCTIONSHARING arrangements with
1.

Filipino citizen or

2.

Corporation or association at least 60% of whose capital is owned by such

citizens

3. Limitations:
A. Period: It should not exceed 25 years, renewable for not more than 25 years
B. Under terms and conditions as may be provided by law.
4. In case of water rights/water supply/fisheries/industrial uses other than the
development of water power
The beneficial use may be the measure and limit of the grant.
Small-scale Utilization of Natural Resources

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1. Congress may, by law, authorize small-scale utilization of natural resources by

Filipino citizens
2. Congress may also authorize cooperative fish farming with priority given to
subsistence fishermen and fishworkers in the rivers, lakes, bays and lagoons.
Large-Scale Exploration, Development and Utilization of Minerals/Petroleum/Other
Mineral Oils
1. The President may enter into agreements with foreign owned corporations
involving technical or financial assistance for large-scale exploration etc. of minerals,
petroleum, and other mineral oils. These agreements should be in accordance with
the general terms and conditions provided by law.
2. They should be based on the real contributions to economic growth and general
welfare of the country.
3. In the agreements, the State should promote the development and use of local
scientific and technical resources.
4. The President should notify Congress of every contract under this provision within
30 days from its execution.
5. Management and service contracts are not allowed under this rule.
Protection of Marine Wealth
1. The State shall protect its marine wealth in its
Archipelagic waters
Territorial sea &
EEZ
2. The State shall reserve its use and enjoyment exclusively to Filipino citizens.
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Section 3. LANDS OF THE PUBLIC DOMAIN ARE CLASSIFIED INTO

1. Agricultural
2. Forest/timber
3. Mineral lands &
4. National Parks
Note:
1. Classification of public lands is an exclusive prerogative of the Executive
Department through the Office of the President, upon recommendation by the DENR.
2. Classification is descriptive of the legal nature of the land and NOT what it looks
like. Thus, the fact that forest land is denuded does not mean it is no longer forest
land.
Alienable lands of public domain
1. Only agricultural lands are alienable.
2. Agricultural lands may be further classified by law according to the uses to which
they may be devoted.
Limitations regarding Alienable Lands of the Public Domain
1. For private corporations or associations
A. They can only hold alienable lands of the public domain BY LEASE
B. Period: Cannot exceed 25 years, renewable for not more than 25 years
C. Area: Lease cannot exceed 1,000 hectares

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Note: A corporation sole is treated like other private corporations for the purpose of
acquiring public lands.
2. For Filipino citizens
A. Can lease up to 500 hectares
B. Can ACQUIRE not more than 12 hectares by purchase, homestead or grant.
Taking into account the requirements of conservation, ecology and development, and
subject to the requirements of agrarian reform, Congress shall determine by law the
size of the lands of the public domain which may be acquired, developed, held or
lease and the conditions therefore.
Means by Which Lands of the Public Domain Become Private Land
1. Acquired from government by purchase or grant;
2. Uninterrupted possession by the occupant and his predecessors-in-interest since
time immemorial; and
3. Open, exclusive, and undisputed possession of ALIENABLE (agricultural) public land
for a period of 30 years.
A. Upon completion of the requisite period, the land becomes private property ipso
jure without need of any judicial or other sanction.
B. Here, in possession since time immemorial, presumption is that the land was never
part of public domain.
C. In computing 30 years, start from when land was converted to alienable land, not
when it was still forest land
D. Presumption is that land belongs to the State.

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Section 4. Congress shall, as soon as possible, determine by law, the specific

limits of forest lands and national parks, marking clearly their boundaries on the
ground. Thereafter, such forest lands and national parks shall be conserved and
may not be increased or diminished, EXCEPT by law. Congress shall provide
measures to prohibit logging in
1.

a.

Endangered forest and

2.

b.

Watershed areas for such period as it may determine.

Section 5. ANCESTRAL LANDS

Protection of Indigenous Cultural Communities
1. The State protects the rights of indigenous cultural communities to their ancestral
lands
A. Subject to Constitutional provisions
B. Subject to national development policies and programs
2. In determining ownership and extent of ancestral domain, Congress may use
customary laws on property rights and relations.
3. ANCESTRAL DOMAIN
A. It refers to lands which are considered as pertaining to a cultural region
B. This includes lands not yet occupied, such as deep forests.
Section 7. PRIVATE LANDS
General rule
1. Private lands CAN only be transferred or conveyed to:
A. Filipino citizens
B. Corporations or associations incorporated in the Philippines, at least 60% of whose
capital is owned by Filipino citizens
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2. Exceptions
A. In intestate succession, where an alien heir of a Filipino is the transferee of
private land.
B. A natural born citizen of the Philippines who has lost his Philippine citizenship may
be a transferee of PRIVATE ALND, subject to limitation provided by law. Hence, land
can be used only for residential purposes. In this case, he only acquires derivative
title.
C. Foreign states may acquire land but only for embassy and staff residence
purposes.
3. Filipino citizenship is only required at the time the land is acquired. Thus, loss of
citizenship after acquiring the land does not deprive ownership.
4. Restriction against aliens only applies to acquisition of ownership. Therefore:
A. Aliens may be lessees or usufructuaries of private lands
B. Aliens may be mortgages of land, as long as they do not obtain possession thereof
and do not bid in the foreclosure sale.
5. Land tenure is not indispensable to the free exercise of religious profession and
worship. A religious corporation controlled by non-Filipinos cannot acquire and own
land, even for religious purposes.
Remedies to recover private lands from disqualified aliens:
1. Escheat proceedings
2. Action for reversion under the Public Land Act
3. An action by the former Filipino owner to recover the land
A. The former pari delicto principle has been abandoned
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B. Alien still has the title (didnt pass it on to one who is qualified)
Section 10. NATIONAL ECONOMY AND PATRIMONY/INVESTMENTS
Power of Congress
1. Congress, upon the recommendation of NEDA, can reserve to Filipino citizens or to
corporations or associations at least 60% of whose capital is owned by such citizens, or
such higher percentage as Congress may prescribe, certain areas of investment. This
may be done when the national interest dictates.
2. Congress shall also enact measures to encourage the formation and operation of
enterprises whose capital is wholly owned by Filipinos.
National Economy and Patrimony
In the grant of rights, privileges and concessions covering the national economy and
patrimony, the State shall give preference to QUALIFIED Filipinos.
Section 11. FRANCHISES FOR PUBLIC UTILITIES
Power to grant:
1. Congress may directly grant a legislative franchise; or
2. Power to grant franchises may be delegated to appropriate regulatory agencies
and/or LGUs
Public utility
1. In order to be considered as a public utility, and thus subject to this provision, the
undertaking must involve dealing directly with the public.
2. Thus, a Build-Operate-Transfer grantee is NOT a public utility. The BOT grantee
merely constructs the utility, and it leases the same to the government. It is the
government which operates the public utility (operation separate from ownership).
To whom granted:
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1. Filipino citizens or
2. Corporations or associations incorporated in the Philippines and at least 60% of the
capital is owned by Filipino citizens.
Terms and conditions:
1. Duration: Not more than 50 years
2. Franchise is NOT exclusive in character
3. Franchise is granted under the condition that it is subject to amendment,
alteration, or repeal by Congress when the common good so requires.
Participation of Foreign Investors
1. The participation of foreign investors in the governing body of any public utility
enterprise shall be limited to their proportionate share in its capital.
2. Foreigners cannot be appointed as the executive and managing officers because
these positions are reserved for Filipino citizens.
Section 16. FORMATION/ORGANIZATION/REGULATION OF CORPORATIONS
1. Private corporations
Congress can only provide for the formation, etc of private corporations through a
general law.
2. GOCCs
They may be created by:
a. Special charters in the interest of the common good and subject to the test of
economic viability.
b. By incorporation under the general corporation law.
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Sections 18-19. SPECIAL ECONOMIC POWERS OF THE GOVERNMENT

1. Temporary takeover or direction of operations:
A. Conditions
i. National emergency and
ii. When the public interest requires
B. May be used against privately owned public utilities or businesses affected with
public interest.
C. Duration of the takeover: period of emergency
D. Takeover is subject to reasonable terms and conditions
E. No need for just compensation because it is only temporary.
2. Nationalization of vital industries:
A. Exercised in the interest of national welfare or defense
B. Involves either:
i. Establishment and operation of vital industries; or
ii. Transfer to public ownership, upon payment of just compensation, public utilities
and other private enterprises to be operated by the government.
Section 19. MONOPOLIES
1. The Constitution does NOT prohibit the existence of monopolies.
2. The State may either regulate or prohibit monopolies, when public interest so
requires.
3. Combinations in restraint of trade or unfair competition are prohibited.
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Filipino citizenship or equity requirements:

ACTIVITY REQUIREMENTS
Exploitation of natural resources

CITIZENSHIP AND/OR EQUITY

1. Filipino citizens; or

2. Corporations incorporated in RP, with 60% Filipino ownership

Operation of Public Utilities

1. Filipino citizens; or

2. Corporations incorporated in RP, with 60% Filipino ownership

Acquisition of alienable lands of the public domain

1. Filipino citizens;
2. Corporations incorporated in RP, with 60% Filipino ownership;
3. Former natural-born citizens of RP, as transferees, with certain legal restrictions;
and
4. Alien heirs as transferees in case of intestate succession.

Practice of ALL Professions

Filipino citizens only (natural persons)

*Congress may, by law, otherwise prescribe

Mass Media
28

1. Filipino citizens; or

2. Corporations incorporated in RP, and 100% Filipino owned

Advertising

1. Filipino citizens; or

2. Corporations incorporated in RP, and 70% Filipino owned.

Educational institution

1. Filipino citizens; or

2. Corporations incorporated in RP, with 60% Filipino ownership

EXCEPT: Schools established by religious groups and mission boards.
*Congress may, by law, increase Filipino equity requirements for ALL educational
institutions.

Other economic activities

Congress may, by law, reserve to

Filipino citizens or to corporations 60% Filipino owned (or even higher) certain
investment areas.

ARTICLE XI: ACCOUNTABILITY OF PUBLIC OFFICERS

Section 1: PUBLIC OFFICE AS A PUBLIC TRUST
Public officers and employees must at all times be accountable to the people,
serve them with utmost responsibility, integrity, loyalty and efficiency, act with
patriotism and justice and lead modest lives.
Section 2: IMPEACHMENT/REMOVAL FROM OFFICE
29

Impeachment: (as means of removal from office)

1. Who may be impeached:
President
VP
SC Justices
Constitutional Commission members
Ombudsman
2. Grounds
Culpable violation of the Constitution
treason
bribery
graft and corruption
other high crimes or
betrayal of public trust
Note: It is an exclusive list. Congress cannot, by law, add to the list of
impeachable offenses.
1.

These officers cannot be charged in court with offenses that have removal from
office as penalty.

2.

The President cannot be charged with murder.

3.

A SC Justice cannot be disbarred because this would disqualify him from his
position.

4.

BUT AFTER an official has been impeached, he can be charged with the
appropriate offense.

30

5.

Resignation by an impeachable official does not place him beyond the reach of
impeachment proceedings; he can still be impeached

All Other Public Officers and Employees

1. They may be removed from office as provided by law
2. BUT: NOT by impeachment
Section 3: PROCEDURE FOR IMPEACHMENT
Exclusive Power of House of Representatives
The House of Representatives has exclusive power to INITIATE all cases of
impeachment.
Procedure:
1. Filling of verified complaint
1.

Can be filed by:

1.

Any member of the House of Representatives or

2.

Any citizen upon a resolution of endorsement by any Member of the House or

3.

By at least 1/3 of all the Members of the House of Representatives

2.) Inclusion of complaint in the order of business with 10 session days

3.) Referral to proper Committee within 3 session days thereafter
4.) Submission of Committee report to the House together with corresponding
resolution
1.

There should be a hearing

2.

There should be a majority vote of the members

3.

The report should be submitted within 60 days from referral, after hearing, and
by a majority vote of ALL its members.

5.) Calendaring of resolution for consideration by the House

31

Should be done within 10 session days from receipt thereof

6.) Vote of at least 1/3 of all Members of the House necessary to:
1.

Affirm a favorable resolution with the Articles of Impeachment of the

Committee or

2.

To override its contrary resolution

Note: If the verified complaint or resolution of impeachment was filed by at least 1/3
of all the Members of the House, it shall constitute the Articles of Impeachment. Trial
in the Senate shall proceed.
7.)

Trial in the Senate

1.

Senate has the sole power to try and decide all cases of impeachment

2.

For this purpose, the Senators shall be under oath or affirmation

3.

When the President of the Philippines is on trial, the CJ of the Supreme Court
presides. However, he/she will not vote.

8.)

Judgment of Conviction

This requires the concurrence of 2/3 of all the Members of the Senate
9.)

Effect of the Impeachment

1.

Removal from office of the official concerned

2.

Disqualification to hold any office under the Republic of the Philippines

3.

Officer still liable to prosecution, trial, and punishment if the impeachable

offense committed also constitutes a felony or crime.

Section 4: SANDIGANBAYAN
Sandiganbayan = the anti-graft court
Sections 5-6, 8-14: OFFICE OF THE OMBUDSMAN
Composition:
1.)
32

Ombudsman/Tanodbayan

2.)

Overall deputy

3.)

At least one Deputy each for Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao

4.)

Deputy for military establishment may be appointed

Qualifications: (Ombudsman and his deputies)

1.)

Natural born citizen of the Philippines

2.)

At least 40 years old at time of appointment

3.)

Of recognized probity and independence

4.)

Member of the Philippine bar

5.)

Must not have been candidate for any elective office in the immediately

preceding election
6.)

For Ombudsman: He must have been for ten years or more

1.

A judge or

2.

Engage in the practice of law in the Philippines

Disqualifications/Prohibitions (under Article IX, Section 2)

1.)

Cannot hold any other office or employment during his tenure

2.)

Cannot engage in the practice of any profession or in the active management or

control of any business which may be affected by the functions of his office
3.)

Cannot be financially interested, directly or indirectly, in any contract with or in

any franchise or privilege granted by the Government, any of its subdivisions,

agencies or instrumentalities, including GOCCs or their subsidiaries.
Appointment
1. Of Ombudsman and deputies
33

1.

By the president from a list of at least 6 nominees prepared by the Judicial and
Bar Council. Vacancies will be filled from a list of 3 nominees

2.

Appointments do NOT require confirmation

3.

All vacancies shall be filled within 3 months after they occur.

2. Of other officials and employees of the Office of the Ombudsman

1.

By the Ombudsman

2.

In accordance with Civil Service Law

Term: (Ombudsman and deputies)

1. 7 years with reappointment
2. They are NOT qualified to run for any office in the election immediately
succeeding their cessation from office
Rank/Salaries:
1. The Ombudsman has the rank of Chairman of a Constitutional Commission
2. The Members have the rank of members of a Constitutional Commission
3. Their salaries cannot be decreased during their term of office.
Powers, Functions and Duties of the Office of the Ombudsman
1. Investigate on its own, or on complaint by any person, any act or omission of any
public official, employee, office or agency, when such act or omission appears to be
illegal, unjust, improper, or inefficient.
1.

The SC held that the power to investigate and prosecute cases involving public
officers and employees has been transferred to the Ombudsman.

2.

The Ombudsman may always delegate his power to investigate.

3.

The power to investigate includes the power to impose preventive suspension.

4.

This preventive suspension is not a penalty.

5.

INVESTIGATE does not mean preliminary investigation.

6.

The complaint need not be drawn up in the usual form.

34

7.

The ILLEGAL act or omission need not be in connection with the duties of the
public officer or employee concerned.

8.

ANY illegal act may be investigated by the Ombudsman. In this regard, the
Ombudsmans jurisdiction is CONCURRENT with that of the regular prosecutors.

2. Direct, upon complaint or at its own instance, any public official or employee of
the government, or any subdivision, agency or instrumentality thereof, as well as of
any government-owned or controlled corporation with original charter, to perform and
expedite any act of duty required by law, or to stop, prevent, and correct any abuse
or impropriety in the performance of duties.
1.

The Ombudsman has PERSUASIVE POWER, and may require that proper legal
steps are taken by the officers concerned.

2.

The public official or employee must be employed in:

(I).

The Government

(II).

Any subdivision, agency, or instrumentality thereof; or

(III).

GOCCs with original charters

1.

The SC has held that the SP may prosecute before the Sandiganbayan judges
accused of graft and corruption, even if they are under the Supreme Court.

3.) Direct the officer concerned to take the appropriate action against a public
official or employee at fault, and recommend his removal, suspension, demotion,
fine, censure, or prosecution, and ensure compliance therewith.
1.

The Ombudsman does NOT himself prosecute cases against public officers or
employees.

2.

Final say to prosecute still rests in the executive department.

3.

The Ombudsman or Tanodbayan may use mandamus to compel the fiscal to

prosecute.

35

4.) Direct the officer concerned, in any appropriate case, and subject to such
limitations as may be provided by law to furnish it with copies of documents relating
to contracts or transactions entered into by his office involving the disbursement or
use of public funds of properties, and report any irregularity to COA for appropriate
action.
5.) Request any government agency for assistance and information necessary in the
discharge of its responsibilities, and to examine, if necessary, pertinent records and
documents.
6.) Public matters covered by its investigation when circumstances so warrant and
with due process.
7.) Determine the cause of inefficiency, red tape, mismanagement, fraud and
corruption in the government and make recommendations for their elimination and
the observance of high standards of ethics and efficiency
8.) Promulgate its rules of procedure and exercise such other powers or perform such
functions or duties as may be provided by law.
Note: The Office of the Ombudsman also has the duty to act promptly on complaints
filed in any form or manner against public officials or employees of the government,
or any subdivision, agency or instrumentality including GOCCs and their subsidiaries.
In appropriate cases, it should notify the complainants of the action taken and the
result thereof.
Fiscal Autonomy
The Office of the Ombudsman enjoys fiscal autonomy. Its approved annual
appropriations should be automatically and regularly released.
Section 7: OFFICE OF THE SPECIAL PROCECUTOR

36

1. Under the 1987 Constitution, the existing Tanodbayan became the Office of the
Special Prosecutor
2. Powers
1.

It will continue to function and exercise its powers as now or hereafter may be
provided by law

2.

Exception: Powers conferred on the Office of the Ombudsman

3. The Office of the Special Prosecutor is subordinate to and acts under the orders of
the Ombudsman
Note: According to Jack, the SC was wrong because the ConCom intended that the
SP was to prosecute anti-graft cases.

Section 15: RECOVERY OF ILL-GOTTEN WEALTH

Prescription, Laches, Estoppel
1.)

The right of the State to recover properties unlawfully acquired by public

officials and employees from them or from their nominees or transferees shall NOT be
barred by prescription, laches or estoppel.
2.) Their right to prosecute criminally these officials and employees may prescribe.
Section 16: PROHIBITION ON CERTAIN FINANCIAL TRANSACTIONS
Coverage:
This prohibition applies to:
1.)

President

2.)

Vice-President

3.)

Members of the Cabinet

37

4.)

Members of Congress

5.)

Members of Supreme Court

6.)

Members of Constitutional Commissions

7.)

Ombudsman

8.)

Any firm or entity in which they have controlling interest

When prohibition applies:

Prohibition applies during their TENURE.
Scope of prohibition:
1.)

The above mentioned officials cannot obtain, directly or indirectly for BUSINESS

PURPOSES:
1.

Loans

2.

Guarantees

3.

Other forms of financial accommodation

From:
1.

Government owned or controlled banks; or

2.

Government owned or controlled financial institutions.

2.)

If the loan, etc, is NOT for business purpose, e.g. a housing loan, the prohibition

does not apply.

Section 17: Statements of assets, liabilities and net worth
When submitted:

38

Public officer and employee shall submit a declaration under oath of his assets,
liabilities and net worth upon assumption of office and as often as required under the
law.
When declaration shall be disclosed to the public:
These declarations shall be disclosed to the public in a manner provided by law in the
case of:
1.)

President

2.)

Vice-President

3.)

Members of the Cabinet

4.)

Members of Congress

5.)

Justices of the Supreme Court

6.)

Members of Constitutional Commissions

7.)

Other constitutional offices

8.)

Officers of the armed forces with general or flag rank

Section 18: Allegiance of public officers and employees

Allegiance to the State and to the Constitution
Change in Citizenship/Immigrant Status
1.)

Incumbent public officers and employees who seek either:

1.

Change his citizenship; or

2.

Acquire immigrant status in another country

Shall be dealt with by law.

39

2.)

If Philippine citizenship is one of the qualifications to the office, the loss of such

citizenship means the loss of the office by the incumbent.

3.)

The Election Code provides the rules with respect to non-incumbents, i.e.

persons running for elective offices.

1.

The Code provides that permanent residents of or immigrant to a foreign

country cannot file certificates of candidacy unless they expressly waive their
status as such

This renunciation must be some other than, and prior to, the filling of the certificate
of candidacy.

ARTICLE X: LOCAL GOVERNMENT

Section 1. TERRITORIAL/POLITICAL SUBDIVISIONS OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE
PHILIPPINES ARE THE:
Composition:
1)

Provinces

2)

Cities;

3)

Municipalities; and

4)

Barangays

There shall be Autonomous regions in:

1)

Muslim Mindanao, and

2)

Cordileras [At present, it is only the Cordilera ADMINISTRATIVE region]

Note:
40

1) A third autonomous regions would require a constiutional amendment.

2) These political subdivisions, created by the Constitution cannot be replaced by

AMENDMENT, and not by law.
3) While Congress can abolish or eradicate individual units, it cannot abolish an entire
class of LGUs
Section 2. Local Autonomy
1)

All political subdivisions shall enjoy local autonomy

2)

This does not mean that the LGUs are completely free from the central

government.
1.

Judiciary may still pass on LGU actions

2.

President may exercise disciplinary power over LGU officials.

Sec. 3. Congress shall enact a local government code which shall provide for a
more responsive and accountable local government structure instituted through a
system of decentralization with effective mechanisms of recall, initiative, and
referendum, allocate among the different local government units their powers,
responsibilities, and resources, and provide for the qualifications, election,
appointment and removal, term, salaries, powers and functions and duties of local
officials, and all other matters relating to the organization and operation of the
local units.

Section 4. PRESIDENTIAL SUPERVISION OF LGUS

Supervision of President
1)

The President exercises general supervision over all LGUs

2)

The President exercises DIRECT supervision over

1.

Provinces

2.

Autonomous regions and

41

3.
3)

Independent cities.
This power is limited to ensuring that lower officers exercise their functions in

accordance with law.

4)

The president cannot substitute his judgment for that of an LGU official unless

the latter is acting contrary to law.

5)

The President may, however, impose administrative sanctions against LGU

officials, such as suspension for 120 days, and may even remove them from their
posts, in accordance with law.
6)

Provinces exercise direct supervision over component cities and municipalities.

7)

Cities and municipalities exercise direct supervision over component barangays.

Section 5. EACH LOCAL GOVERNMENT SHALL HAVE THE POWER TO CREATE OWN
SOURCES OF REVENUE/LEVY TAXES, FEES AND CHARGES ETC.
Limitations on Power
1)

It is subject to such guidelines and limitations as Congress may provide. See

Local Government Code for examples.

2)

The guidelines set by Congress should be consistent with the basic policy of

local autonomy.
Accrual of taxes, fees, charges
The taxes, fees and charges shall accrue exclusively to the local governments.
Section 6. LGUs SHALL HAVE A JUST SHARE IN NATIONAL TAXES, AS DETERMINED BY
LAW, WHICH SHALL BE AUTOMATICALLY RELEASED TO THEM
Internal Revenue Allotment (IRA)
1)

42

Share of LGUs in national taxes is limited to the internal revenue taxes.

2)

The share of each LGU should be released, without need of any further action,

directly to the provincial, city, municipal or barangay treasurer. Release is made on a

quarterly basis within 5 days after the end of each quarter.
3)

The share of each LGU should not be subject to any lien or holdback that may

be imposed by the national government for whatever purpose.

4)

Each LGU should appropriate in its annual budget at least 20% of its annual IRA

for development projects.

5)

Adjustments in IRA
1.

Ground: Unmanageable public section deficit

2.

President can make the necessary adjustments in the IRA upon the
recommendation of the following:

1.

Department of Finance Secretary

2.

DILG Secretary

3.

DBM Secretary

6)

IRA considered for purposes of conversion from one political subdivision to the

next. (Alvarez v. Guingona)

Section 7. SHARE OF LGUS IN NATIONAL WEALTH
Share of LGUs in national wealth
1)

LGUs are entitled to an equitable share in the proceeds of the utilization and

development of the national wealth within their respective areas in the manner
provided by law.
2)

This includes share the same with the inhabitants by way of direct benefits.

Under the LGC

1)

LGUs have a share of 40% of the gross collection derived by the national

government from the preceding fiscal year from

43

1.

Mining taxes

2.

Royalties

3.

Forestry and fishery charges

4.

Other taxes, fees and charges

5.

Share in any co-production, joint venture or production sharing agreement in

the utilization and development of the national wealth w/in their territorial

jurisdiction
Sec. 8. TERM OF OFFICE
Term of Office
Elective local officials, now including barangay officials have a term of 3 years.
Limitations:
1)

No elective official shall serve for more than 3 consecutive terms

2)

Voluntary renunciation of office for any length of time shall not be considered

as an interruption in the continuity of his service for the full term for which he was
elected.
Sec. 9. SECTORAL REPRESENTATION IN LGUS
Legislative bodies of the local governments shall have Sectoral Representation
(under the LGC) as may be provided by law
There should be representatives from:
1)

The womens sector

2)

The workers

3)

Third sector (can choose from any of the following)

A)

Urban poor

B)

Indigenous cultural communities

44

C)

Disabled persons

D)

Any other sector as may be determined by the sanggunian

Election of Sector Representatives

Sec. 10. Creation, abolition and division of LGUs
1)

Requisites
1.

Compliance with the requirements of the Local Government Code; and

2.

Approved by a majority of the votes cast in a plebiscite held in the political

units DIRECTLY affected.

2)

Thus, a province is supposed to be divided into 2 separate provinces, plebiscite

will include voters of the ENTIRE province, and not just the area to comprise the new
province.
3)

LGC requirements relate to matters such as population, revenue, and area

requirements.
Sec. 11. Metropolitan political subdivisions
Creation:
1)

Congress may create special metropolitan political subdivisions by law.

2)

It is subject to a plebiscite

Jurisdiction of Metropolitan authority

It is limited to basic services requiring coordination.
Basic Autonomy of Component Cities and Municipalities
1)

The component cities and municipalities retain their basic autonomy

2)

They shall be entitled to their own local executive and legislative assemblies.

Sec. 12. CITIES

Classification of Cities:
45

1)

Highly urbanized (as determined by law)

2)

Component cities (cities still under provincial control); and

3)

Independent component cities (non-highly urbanized cities whose voters are

prohibited by thecity charter from voting in provincial elections)

Independence from the Province
1)

Highly urbanized cities and independent component cities are independent of

the province.
2)

Component cities whose charter contain no such prohibition are still under the

control of the province and its voters may still vote for elective provincial officials.
Section 13. Coordination among LGUS
Consolidation and Coordination of Efforts, Services and Resources
1)

It is optional on the part of LGUs as shown by the use of the word may

2)

It can be done for purposes commonly beneficial to them in accordance with

the law.
Under LGC (Section 33)
1)

Consolidation and coordination may be done through appropriate ordinances.

2)

A public hearing should be conducted and the approval of the sanggunian

obtained.
3)

An LGU can:
1.

Contribute funds, real estate, equipment and other kinds of property

2.

Appoint/assign personnel under such terms and conditions as may be agreed

upon by the participating LGUs through Memoranda of Agreement.

Section 14. REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT COUNCILS
Who can provide for RDC
46

The President shall provide for RDC or other similar bodies composed of:
Composition
1)

Local government officials

2)

Regional heads of departments and other government offices

3)

Representatives of NGOS within the regions

For Purpose of
1)

Administrative decentralization

2)

To strengthen local autonomy

3)

To accelerate the economic and social growth and development of the units in

the region
Section 15. AUTONOMOUS REGIONS
Where:
1)

Muslim Mindanao

2)

Cordillera region

Factors:
1)

Historical heritage

2)

Cultural heritage

3)

Economic and social structures,

4)

Other relevant characteristics within:

1.

The framework of the consititution

2.

National sovereignty

3.

Territorial integrity.

47

Creation:
1)

Provided by law.

2)

EFFECTIVITY of such creation occurs only when it is approved by a majority of

the votes cast in a plebiscite held among the constituent units.

3)

Only those Provinces, Cities, and Geographical Areas voting favorably in such

plebiscite shall form part of the autonomous region.

4)

If only 1 province approved the law, NO AUTONOMOUS REGION created, since

the constitution requires more than one province to constitute one (like what
happened in the Cordillera plebiscite)
5)

The question of which LGUs shall constitute an autonomous region is one which

is exclusively for Congress to decide.

Section 16. GENERAL SUPERVISION OVER AUTONOMOUS REGIONS
By Whom:
The President
Purpose:
To ensure that the laws are faithfully executed.
Sec. 17. All powers, functions and responsibilities not granted by this Constitution
or by law to the autonomous region shall be vested in the National Government.
Examples:

1) Foreign relations,

2) National defense and Security

3) Monetary Affairs
Section 20. LEGISLATIVE POWERS
The Organic Act of Autonomous Region shall provide for legislative powers over:
48

1)

Administrative organization;

2)

Creation of sources of revenues;

3)

Ancestral domain and natural resources

4)

Personal, family and property relations

5)

Regional, urban, and rural planning development;

6)

Economic, social, and tourism development;

7)

Educational policies;

8)

Preservation and development of the cultural heritage; and

9)

Such other matters as may be authorized by law for the promotion of the

general welfare of the people of the region.

Limitations:
1)

Subject to the provisions of the Constitution and national laws

2)

To be exercised within its territorial jurisdiction

Section 21. PRESERVATION OF PEACE AND ORDER/DEFENSE AND SECURITY

Peace and Order
It shall be the responsibility of the local police agencies.
Defense and Security
It shall be the responsibility of the national government.

Reference:
Political Law (Constitutional Law) Reviewer & Memory Aid
Ateneo Central Bar Operations 2001
49

Louie, Carrie, Evelyn, Thel, Gem, Ronald

ARTICLE IX THE CONSTITUTIONAL COMMISSIONS

Section 1. Constitutional Commissions
Independent Constitutional Commissions:
1) Civil Service Commission (CSC)
2) Commission on Elections (COMELEC)
3) Commission on Audit (COA)
Why Independent?
They perform vital functions of government. Their integrity is protected by the fact
that they:
1) Are constitutionally created (Sec. 1)
2) Have independent powers of appointment (Sec. 4)
3) Each Commission may promulgate its own procedural rules (Sec. 6)
4) Fiscal autonomy (Sec. 5)
5) Salaries may not be diminished during their office (Sec. 3)
6) Commissioners have a fixed term
7) Commissioners are removable by impeachment only.
Section 2. DISQUALIFICATIONS
Disqualifications:
Members cannot, during their tenure:
50

1) Hold any other office or employment;

2) Engage in the practice of any profession;
3) Engage in the active management or control of any business, which, in any way,
may be affected by the functions of their office; and
4) Be financially interested, direct or indirect, in any contract, franchise, privilege
granted by the government, any of its subdivisions, agencies, instrumentalities,
including GOCCs and their subsidiaries.
Note: The Ombudsman and his deputies are subject to the same qualifications.
Section 3. SALARIES
Salaries
1) Salaries are fixed by law and shall not be decreased during their TENURE.
2) Decreases in salaries only affect those members appointed AFTER increase.
3) Incumbent members do not lose any salary.
4) Increases take effect IMMEDIATELY.
Section 6. RULES OF PROCEDURE
Procedures:
1) Rules: The Commissions may promulgate its own rules EN BANC.
2) Limitation: It shall not:
a) Diminish,
b) Increase, or
c) Modify substantive rights.
3) Power of SC
51

a). The SC may not, under Art. VIII Sec. 5(5), exercise the power to disapprove rules
of special courts and quasi-judicial bodies.
b). In proceedings before the Commissions, the rules of the Commission prevail.
c). In proceedings before a court, the Rules of Court prevail.
d). The SC may, however, in appropriate cases, exercise JUDICIAL REVIEW
Section 7. DECISION MAKING/APPEAL
Decision-Making:
1) Each commission shall decide matter or cases by a majority vote of all the
members within 60 days from submission.

COMELEC may sit en banc or in 2 divisions.

Election cases, including pre-proclamation controversies are decided in

division, with motions for reconsideration filed to the COMELEC en banc.

The SC has held that a majority decision decided by a division of the COMELEC
is a valid decision.

2) As COLLEGIAL BODIES, each commission must act as one, and no one member can
decide a case for the entire commission. (i.e. The Chairman cannot ratify a decision
which would otherwise have been void).
Appeals:
1) Decisions, orders or rulings of the COMELEC/COA may be brought on certiorari to
the SC under Rule 65.
2) Decisions, orders or ruling of the CSC should be appealed to the CA under Rule 43.
Enforcement:

It has been held that the CSC can issue a writ of execution to enforce
judgments which are final.

52

THE CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION

Section 1. COMPOSITION/QUALIFICATIONS/TERM
Composition:
1) Chairman
2) Commissioners 2 commissioners
Qualifications:
1) Natural-born citizens of the Philippines;
2) At least 35 years old at the time of their appointments;
3) With proven capacity for public administration; and
4) NOT candidates for any elective position in the elections immediately preceding
their appointment.
5) Appointees by the President to the CSC need Commission on Appointments (CA)
confirmation
Term:
1) Chairman -7 years; Commissioner1 5 yrs; Commissioner2 3 yrs
2) Limitation: single term only, no reappointment
3) Appointment to vacancy: only for unexpired term of predecessor
4) No temporary appointments, or appointments in acting capacity.
Section 2. Scope:
The Civil Service embraces all:
A. branches,
53

B. subdivisions,
C. instrumentalities,
D. agencies of the government,
E. including GOCCs with original charters.
1.With Original Charter means that the GOCC was created by special law/by
Congress
2. If incorporated under the Corporation Code, it does not fall within the Civil
Service, and is not subject to the CSC jurisdiction.
3. Even if once government-controlled, then becomes privatized, ceases to fall under
CSC.
4. Jurisdiction is determined as of the time of filing the complaint.
Appointments to civil service shall be:
A. Competitive positions

According to merit and fitness to be determined by competitive examinations,

as far as practicable except to positions which are policy-determining, primarily
confidential, or highly technical.

B. Non-competitive positions
1). No need for competitive examinations.
2). 3 kinds
a) Policy-determining

formulate a method of action for the govt

b) Primarily confidential

more than ordinary confidence; close intimacy insures

freedom of intercourse without betrayals of personal trust

c) Highly technical
54

requires technical skill to a superior degree.

C. The TEST to determine whether non/competitive is the Nature of the

responsibilities, NOT the administrative or legislative description given to it.
D. Both types of positions are entitled to security of tenure. They only differ in
the MANNER in which they are filled.
E. Who may be appointed:
1). RULE: Whoever fulfills all the qualifications prescribed by law for a particular
position may be appointed therein.
2). The CSC cannot disapprove an appointment just because another person is better
qualified, as long as the appointee is himself qualified.
3). The CSC CANNOT add qualifications other than those provided by law.
F. Next-In-Rank Rule

While a person next in rank is entitled to preferential consideration, it does not

follow that only he, and no one else, can be appointed. Such person has no
vested right to the position and the appointing authority is not bound to appoint
the person next in rank.

Tenure (Classification of Positions)

Career Service

Non-Career Service

1. Entrance based on merit and

fitness to be determined as far as
practicable by competitive
examinations or based on highly 1. Entrance on bases OTHER than
technical qualifications.
usual tests of merit and fitness.
2. Entitled to security of tenure

1.

Tenure limited to:

a)

Period specified by law,

b)

Coterminous with the

appointing authority or subject to his

55

pleasure, or
c)

Limited to the duration of a

particular project for which purpose

the employment was made.
3. With opportunity for
advancement to higher career
positions.
Security of Tenure:
1) Officers or employees of the Civil Service cannot be removed or suspended EXCEPT
for cause provided by law. It guarantees both procedural and substantive due process.
2) For LEGAL CAUSE Cause is:
a). related to and affects the administration of office, and
b). must be substantial (directly affects the rights & interests of the public)
3) Security of tenure for Non-competitive positions
a). Primarily confidential officers and employees hold office only for so long as
confidence in them remains.
b). If there is GENUINE loss of confidence, there is no removal, but the expiration of
the term of office
c). Non-career service officers and employees do not enjoy security of tenure.
d). Political appointees in the foreign service possess tenure coterminous with that of
the appointing authority or subject to his pleasure.

56

4) One must be VALIDLY APPOINTED to enjoy security of tenure. Thus, one who is not
appointed by the proper appointing authority does not acquire security of tenure.
Abolition of Office
To be valid, abolition must be made:
(a) In good faith; (good faith is presumed)
(b) Not for political or personal reasons; and
(c) Not in violation of law
Temporary employees are covered by the following rules:
1). Not protected by security of tenure can be removed anytime even without cause
2). If they are separated, this is considered an expiration of his term.
3). BUT: They can only be removed by the one who appointed them.
4). Entitled only to such protection as may be provided by law.
No officer or employee in the Civil Service shall engage in any electioneering or in
partisan political activity
1) Cannot solicit votes in favor of a particular candidate.
2) Cannot give campaign contributions or distribute campaign materials.
3) BUT: Allowed to express views on political issues, and to mention the names of the
candidates whom he supports.
4) Prohibition does not apply to department secretaries
Right to organize
The right to organize does NOT include the right to strike
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Sections 6-7. DISQUALIFICATION

Disqualifications
1) Losing candidates in any election
a). Cannot be appointed to any office in the government or GOCCs or their
subsidiaries.
b). Period of disqualification: One (1) year after such election.
2) Elective officials
a). Not eligible for appointment or designation ANY CAPACITY to ANY PUBLIC OFFICE or
position during their tenure.
b). EXCEPTION: May hold ex officio positions.

Examples:

The Vice President may be appointed Cabinet member

Congressman may sit in the Judicial and Bar Council

c). To be eligible to hold any other office, the elected official must first resign his
office
d). Even Congress cannot, by law, authorize the appointment of an elective official.
3). Appointive officials
a). Cannot hold any other office or employment in the government, any subdivision,
agency, instrumentality, including GOCCs and their subsidiaries.
b). EXCEPTION: Unless otherwise allowed by law, or by the primary functions of his
position.
c). This exception DOES NOT APPLY to Cabinet members, and those officers mentioned
in Art. VII, Sec. 13. They are governed by the stricter prohibitions contained therein.
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Section 8. COMPENSATION
1) Prohibitions: applies to elected or appointed officers and employees
Cannot receive:
A. Additional an extra reward given for the same office i.e. bonus
B. Double when an officer is given 2 sets of compensation for 2 different offices
held concurrently by 1 officer
C. Indirect Compensation
2) EXCEPTION: Unless specifically authorized by law
A. SPECIFICALLY AUTHORIZED means a specific authority particularly directed to the
officer or employee concerned.
B. BUT: per diems and allowances given as REIMBURSEMENT for expenses actually
incurred are not prohibited
3) Cannot accept any present, emolument, office, title of any kind from foreign
governments UNLESS with the consent of Congress.
4) Pensions and gratuities are NOT considered as additional, double, or indirect
compensation.
THE COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS
Section 1. COMPOSITION/QUALIFICATIONS/TERM
Composition: (7)
1) Chairman and
2) Commissioners (6)
Qualifications:
1) Natural-born citizens of the Philippines;
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2) At least 35 years old at the time of appointment

3) Holders of college degrees; and
4) Not candidates for any elective position in the immediately preceding elections.
5) Majority of the Commission, including the Chairman must be:
a). Members of the Philippines Bar
b). Engaged in the practice of law for at least 10 years: any activity in or out of
court, which requires the application of law, legal procedure, knowledge, training and
experience.
6) Appointments subject to CA approval
Term:
1) Chairman -7 yrs; 3 Members 7 yrs; 2 Members 5 yrs; 1 Member 3 yrs.
2) LIMITATION: Single term only: no reappointment allowed
3) Appointment to a vacancy: only for unexpired portion of predecessors term
4) No temporary appointments, or appointments in acting capacity
a). Thus, the President cannot designate an incumbent commissioner as acting
Chairman.
b). The choice of temporary chairman falls under the COMELECs discretion.
Section 2. POWERS AND FUNCTIONS
Powers:
1) Enforce and administer all laws and regulations relative to the conduct of an
election, plebiscite, initiative, referendum, and recall.
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(a)

Ex: COMELEC can enjoin construction of public works within 45 days of an

election.
1)

Exercise:

A. Exclusive original jurisdiction over all contests relating to the elections, returns,
and qualifications of all elective
1. Regional,
2. Provincial, and
3. City officials
B. Appellate jurisdiction over all contests involving:
1. Elective municipal officials decided by trial courts of general jurisdiction
2. Elective barangay officials decided by trial courts of limited jurisdiction.
C. Decisions, final orders, or rulings of the Commission on election contests involving
elective municipal and barangay offices shall be final, executory, and not appealable.
Exception: Appealable to the SC on questions of law.
1.

Contempt powers

1. COMELEC can exercise this power only in relation to its adjudicatory or quasijudicial functions. It CANNOT exercise this in connection with its purely executive or
ministerial functions.
2. If it is a pre-proclamation controversy, the COMELEC exercises quasijudicial/administrative powers.
3. Its jurisdiction over contests (after proclamation), is in exercise of its judicial
functions.
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E. The COMELEC may issue writs of certiorari, prohibition and mandamus in exercise
of its appellate jurisdiction. This is not an inherent power.
3) Decide, except those involving the right to vote, all questions affecting elections,
including determination of the number and location of polling places, appointment of
election officials and inspectors, and registration of voters.
Note: Questions involving the right to vote fall within the jurisdiction of the ordinary
courts.
4) Deputize, with the concurrence of the President, law enforcement agencies and
instrumentalities of the Government, including the Armed Forces of the Philippines,
for the exclusive purpose of ensuring free, orderly, honest, peaceful, and credible
elections.
a). This power is NOT limited to the election period.
b). Applies to both criminal and administrative cases.
5) Registration of political parties, organizations, or coalitions/accreditation of
citizens arms of the Commission on Elections.
a). The political parties etc. must present their platform or program of government.
b). There should be sufficient publication
c). Groups which cannot be registered:
i. Religious denominations/sects
ii. Groups which seek to achieve their goals through violence or unlawful means
iii. Groups which refuse to uphold and adhere to the Constitution
iv. Groups which are supported by any foreign government.

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d). BUT: Political parties with religious affiliation or which derive their principles
from religious beliefs are registerable.
e). Financial contributions from foreign governments and their agencies to political
parties, organizations, coalitions, or candidates related to elections constitute
interference in national affairs. If accepted, it is an additional ground for the
cancellation of their registration with the Commission, in addition to other penalties
that may be prescribed by law.
1)

File, upon a verified complaint, or on its own initiative, petitions in court for

inclusion of exclusion of voters; investigate and, where appropriate, prosecute cases

of violations of election laws, including acts or omissions constituting elections
frauds, offenses and malpractices.
1.

COMELEC has exclusive jurisdiction to investigate and prosecute cases for

violations of election laws.

2.

COMELEC can deputize prosecutors for this purpose. The actions of the
prosecutors are the actions of the COMELEC

3.
2)

Preliminary investigation conducted by COMELEC is valid.

Recommend to the Congress effective measures to minimize election spending,

including limitation of places where propaganda materials shall be posted, and to

prevent and penalize all forms of election frauds, offenses, malpractices, and
nuisance candidacies.
3)

Recommend to the President the removal of any officer or employee it has

deputized, or the imposition of any other disciplinary action, for violation or disregard
or, or disobedience to its directive, order, or decision.
4)

Submit to the President and the congress a comprehensive report on the conduct

of each election, plebiscite, initiative, referendum, or recall.

Section 3. RULES OF PROCEDURE/DECISION-MAKING
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Rules of Procedure
1)

COMELEC can sit en banc or in two divisions

2)

It has the power to promulgate its own rules of procedure in order to expedite

disposition of election cases, including pre-election controversies.

Decision-Making
1) Election cases should be heard and decided in division. Provided that,
2) Motions for reconsideration of decisions should be decided by COMELEC en banc.
3) Decisions mean resolutions on substantive issues.
2)

If a division dismisses a case for failure of counsel to appear, the Motion for

Reconsideration here may be heard by the division.

3)

EXCEPTION: COMELEC en banc may directly assume jurisdiction over a petition to

correct manifest errors in the tallying of results by Board of Canvassers.

Section 4. SUPERVISION/REGULATION OF FANCHISES / PERMITS / GRANTS / SPECIAL
PRIVILEGES / CONCESSIONS
Regulation of franchises
A. What can COMELEC supervise or regulate
1). The enjoyment or utilization of all franchises or permits for the operation of
transportation and other public utilities, media of communication or information.
2). Grants, special privileges or concessions granted by the Government or any
subdivision, agency or instrumentality thereof, including any GOCC or its subsidiary
B. When can COMELEC exercise this power
1). During the election period
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a). Under Article XI, Section 9, the election period commences 90 days before
the day of the election and ends 30 days thereafter.
b). In special cases, COMELEC can fix a period.
2). Applies not just to elections but also to plebiscites and referenda.
3). Plebiscite: Submission of constitutional amendments or important legislative
measures to the people ratification
4). Referendum: power of the electorate to approve or reject legislation through an
election called for that purpose.
COMELEC and the MEDIA
1). COMELEC cannot compel print media to donate free space to the COMELEC. It
may, however, compel it to provide space after paying just compensation.
2). Power of COMELEC is over franchises and permits, NOT individuals. For example,
COMELEC may not regulate media practitioners, for this would violate the freedom of
expression.
Section 5. No pardon, amnesty, parole, or suspension of sentence for violation of
election laws, rules, and regulations shall be granted by the President without the
favorable recommendation of the Commission.
Section 6
Definition of Political Party

organized group of persons pursuing the same political ideals in a government

and includes its branches, and divisions

Importance of registration of a political party

1)

Registration confers juridical personality on the party.

2)

It informs the public of the partys existence and ideals.

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3)

It identifies the party and its officers for purposes of regulation by the COMELEC.

Section 7. No votes cast in favor of a political party, organization, or coalition shall

be valid, except for those registered under the party-list system as provided in this
Constitution.
Prohibition on block-voting
1) General rule: Block voting NOT allowed
2) EXCEPTION: those registered under the party-list system
Section 8. PARTY LIST SYSTEM
No Right to be Represented in Various Boards

Political parties, organizations, or coalitions registered under the party-list

system shall NOT be represented in the following:

1). Voters registrations boards,

2). Boards of election inspectors,
3). Boards of canvassers, or
4). Other similar bodies.
Poll Watchers

Political parties, etc. are entitled to appoint poll watchers in accordance with
law.

Section 10. Bona fide candidates for any public office shall be free from any form
of harassment and discrimination.

This section does not give candidates immunity from suit.

Discrimination includes unequal treatment in the availment of media facilities.

Section 11. FUNDING

How provided
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1)

Funds certified by the COMELEC as necessary to defray the expenses for holding

regular and special elections, plebiscites, initiative, referenda and recalls, shall
provided in the regular or special appropriations.
2)

Funds should be certified by the COMELEC as necessary.

Release of funds

Once approved, funds should be released automatically upon certification by

the Chairman of COMELEC.

THE COMMISSION ON AUDIT

Section 1. COMPOSITION/QUALIFICATIONS
Composition:
1)

Chairman, and

2)

Commissioners (2).

Qualifications:
1)

Natural-born citizens of the Philippines

2)

At least 36 years old at the time of their appointment;

3)

Either:

a). CPAs with at least 10 years auditing experience; or

b). Members of Phil. Bar with 10 years of practice.
4)

Members cannot all belong to the same profession.

5)

Subject to confirmation of the CA.

6)

Must not have been candidates for any elective position in the elections

immediately preceding their appointment.

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Term:
1)

Chairman -7 yrs; Commissioner1 -5yrs; Commissioner 2 -3 yrs.

2)

LIMITATION: Single terms only; no re-appointment allowed

3)

Appointments to any vacancy shall only be for the unexpired portion of

predecessors term.
Section 2. POWERS
1)

Examine, audit, and settle accounts pertaining to:

1.

Revenue and receipts of funds or property; or

2.

Expenditures and uses of funds or property

Owned or held in trust by, or pertain to:

1.

The Government;

2.

Any of its subdivisions, agencies or instrumentalities;

3.

Including GOCCs with original charters.

2)

Conduct post-audit with respect to the following:

1.

Constitutional bodies, commissions, and offices granted fiscal autonomy;

2.

Autonomous state colleges and universities;

3.

GOCCs and their subsidiaries incorporated under the Corporation Code.

4.

None-governmental entities receiving subsidies or equity, directly or indirectly,

from or through the government, which are required by law of the granting of
institution to submit to such audit.

3)

If COA finds internal control system of audited agencies as inadequate, COA may

adopt measures, including temporary or special pre-audit, as may be necessary.

4)

Keep the general accounts of the government, preserving vouchers and other

supporting papers pertaining thereto.

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5)

Exclusive authority to define the scope of COAs audit and examination and to

establish the techniques and methods required therefor.

6)

Promulgate accounting and auditing rules and regulations.

1.

Including those for the prevention or disallowance of irregular, unnecessary,

excessive, extravagant, or unconscionable expenditures or uses of government
funds and properties.

2.

Failure to comply with these rules can be a ground for disapproving the
payment of a proposed expenditure.

Note:
1)

The functions of COA can be classified as:

1.

Examine and audit all forms of government revenues;

2.

Examine and audit all forms of govt expenditures

3.

Settle govt accounts

4.

Promulgate accounting and auditing rules (including those for the prevention of
irregularexpenditures.

5.
2)

To decide administrative cases involving expenditures of public funds.

COA can settle only LIQUIDATED ACCOUNTS or those accounts which may be

adjusted simply by arithmetic process.

3)

COA has authority not just over accountable officers but also over other officers

who perform functions related to accounting such as verification of evaluations and

computation of fees collectible, and the adoption of internal rules of control.
4)

COA does not have the power to fix the amount of an unfixed or undetermined

debt.
5)

Where the following requirements are complied with, it becomes the ministerial

duty of the COA to approve and pass in audit vouchers for payment:
1.
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There is a law appropriating funds for a particular purpose;

2.

There is a contract, made by the proper officer, entered into in conformity

with the above-mentioned law;

3.

The goods or services covered by such contract have been delivered or

rendered in pursuance to such contract, as attested by the proper officer; and

4.

Payment has been authorized by officials of the corresponding department or

bureau.

6)

Prosecutors may still review accounts already settled and approved by COA for

the purpose of determining possible criminal liability. This is because COAs interest
in such accounts is merely administrative.
7)

COA has the power to determine the meaning of public bidding and what

constitutes failure when regulations require public bidding for the sale of government
property.
Section 3. No law shall be passed exempting any entity of the Government or its
subsidiary in any guise whatever, or any investment of public funds, from the
jurisdiction of the Commission on Audit.

ARTICLE VIII. THE JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT

Sec. 1. JUDICIAL POWER

Scope:
1. Judicial power is the authority to settle justiciable controversies or disputes
involving rights that are enforceable and demandable before the courts of justice or
the redress of wrongs for violations of such rights.
2. Vested in the Supreme Court and such lower courts as may be established by law.

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3. Since the courts are given judicial power and nothing more, courts may neither
attempt to assume or be compelled to perform non-judicial functions. They may not
be charged with administrative functions except when reasonably incidental to the
fulfillment of their duties.
4. In order that courts may exercise this power, there must exist the following:
1.

An actual controversy with legally demandable and enforceable rights;

2.

Involving real parties in interest;

3.

The exercise of such power will bind the parties by virtue of the courts
application of existing laws.

5. Judicial power cannot be exercised in vacuum. Without any laws from which
rights arise and which are violated, there can be no recourse to the courts.
6. The courts cannot be asked for advisory opinions.
7. Judicial power includes:
1.

The duty of the courts to settle actual controversies involving rights which are
legally demandable and enforceable; and

1.

To determine whether or not there has been a grave abuse of discretion

amounting to lack or excess of jurisdiction on the part of any branch or
instrumentality of the government.

Political Questions:
1. A political question is one the resolution of which has been vested by the
Constitution exclusively in either the people, in the exercise of their sovereign
capacity, or in which full discretionary authority has been delegated to a co-equal
branch of the Government.
2. Thus, while courts can determine questions of legality with respect to
governmental action, they cannot review government policy and the wisdom thereof,

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for these questions have been vested by the Constitution in the Executive and
Legislative Departments.
Sec. 2. ROLES OF CONGRESS
1. Defining enforceable and demandable rights and prescribing remedies for
violations of such rights; and
2. Determining the court with jurisdiction to hear and decide controversies or
disputes arising from legal rights.
3. Thus, Congress has the power to define, prescribe and apportion the jurisdiction of
various courts.
1.

BUT, Congress cannot deprive the Supreme Court of its jurisdiction over cases
provided for in the Constitution.

2.

Creation and abolition of courts:

1.

The power to create courts implies the power to abolish and even reorganize courts.

2.

BUT this power cannot be exercised in a manner which would undermine

the security of tenure of the judiciary.

3.

If the abolition/re-organization is done in good faith and not for political

or personal reasons, then it is VALID. (same rule applies for civil servants)

Sec. 3. FISCAL AUTONOMY

1.

The entire judiciary shall enjoy fiscal autonomy.

2.

Annual appropriations for the judiciary cannot be reduced below the amount
appropriated for the previous year.

3.

Once approved, appropriations shall be automatically and regularly released.

Secs. 4-7; 12 JUDICIARY

Composition of the Supreme Court:
1.

Chief Justice and

2.

14 Associate Justices

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Note: Members of the Supreme Court and of other courts established by law shall not
be designated to any agency performing quasi-judicial or administrative functions.
Qualifications of members of the SC:
1. Natural born citizen of the Philippines
2. At least 40 years old
3. At least 15 years of experience as a judge or in the practice of law in the
Philippines
4. Person of proven competence, integrity, probity and independence.
Qualifications of members of lower collegiate courts (CA, CTA, Sandiganbayan)
1. Natural born citizen of the Philippines
2. Member of the Philippine bar
3. Possesses other qualifications prescribed by Congress
4. Person of proven competence, integrity, probity and independence.
Qualifications of judges of lower non-collegiate courts:
1. Citizen of the Philippines (may be a naturalized citizen)
2. Member of the Philippine Bar
3. Possesses other qualifications prescribed by Congress
4. Person of proven competence, integrity, probity and independence.
Section 8. JUDICIAL AND BAR COUNCIL
1. The Judicial and Bar Council is under the supervision of the SC.
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A. Is under the supervision of the Supreme Court and is composed of:

1.

Chief Justice, as ex-officio chairman

2.

Secretary of Justice, as an ex-officio member

3.

Representative of Congress, as an ex-officio member

4.

Representative of the Integrated Bar

5.

A professor of law

6.

A retired member of the SC; and

7.

Private sector representative

Note: The last four re the regular members of the JBC. Regular members are
appointed by the President with CA approval. Regular members serve for 4 years,
with staggered terms.
B. Functions of JBC
1.

Principal function: recommend appointees to the Judiciary

2.

Exercise such other functions as the SC may assign to it.

C. Appointments to the Judiciary

1.

President shall appoint from a list of at least 3 nominees for each vacancy, as
prepared by the JBC.

2.

No CA confirmation is needed for appointments to the Judiciary.

3.

Vacancies in SC should be filled within 90 days from the occurrence of the

vacancy.

4.

Vacancies in lower courts should be filled within 90 days from submission to the
President of the JBC list.

Sec. 10. SALARIES

1. Salaries of SC Justices and judges of lower courts shall be fixed by law.
2. Cannot be decreased during their continuance in office, but can be increased.
3. Members of the Judiciary are NOT exempt from payment of income tax.
Sec. 11. TENURE/DISCIPLINARY POWERS OF SC

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1. Members of the SC and judges of the lower courts hold office during good behavior
until
a. The age of 70 years old; or
b. They become incapacitated to discharge their duties.
2. Disciplinary action against judges of lower courts:
a. Only the SC en banc has jurisdiction to discipline or dismiss judges of lower courts.
b. Disciplinary action/dismissal: Majority vote of SC Justices who took part in the
deliberations and voted therein.
3. Removal of SC Justices:
a. Only by IMPEACHMENT.
b. Cannot be disbarred while they hold office.
Secs. 4-6, 13. THE SUPREME COURT
Hearing of cases:
1.

En banc; or

2.

Divisions of 3, 5, or 7.

Cases required to be heard en banc:

1. All cases involving constitutionality of a/an:
a. Treaty
b. International or executive agreement or
c. Law.
2. All cases required to be heard en banc under the Rules of Court:
a. Appeals from Sandiganbayan; and
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b. From the Constitutional Commissions

3. All cases involving the constitutionality, application or operation of
a. Presidential decrees
b. Proclamations
c. Orders
d. Instructions
e. Ordinances; and
f. Other regulations.
4. Cases heard by a division where required majority of 3 was not obtained.
5. Cases where SC modifies or reverses a doctrine or principle of law laid down by
the SC en banc or by a division.
6. Administrative cases to discipline or dismiss judges of lower courts; and
7. Election contests for President and Vice-President.
Cases heard by division
1. Must be decided with the concurrence of a majority of the members who took part
in the deliberations and voted thereon.
2. Majority vote in a division should be at least 3 members.
Powers of the SC
1. SC has ORIGINAL jurisdiction over
a. Cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls.
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Note: This refers to foreign ambassadors, etc., stationed in the Philippines.

b. Petitions for certiorari, prohibiton, mandamus, quo warranto, and habeas corpus.
2. SC has APPELLATE jurisdiction over final judgments and orders in the following:
a. All cases involving the constitutionality or validity of any
1.

treaty

2.

international or executive agreement

3.

law

4.

presidential decree

5.

proclamation

6.

order

7.

instruction

8.

ordinance, or

9.

regulation;

b. All cases involving the legality of any

1.

tax

2.

impost

3.

assessment or

4.

toll or

5.

any penalty imposed in relation thereto;

c. All cases in which the jurisdiction of any lower court is in issue

d. Criminal cases where the penalty imposed is reclusion perpetua or higher; and
e. All cases where ONLY errors or questions of law are involved.
3. Temporarily assign lower court judges to other stations in the public interest.
Note: Temporary assignment shall not exceed 6 months without the consent of the
judge concerned.
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4. Order a change of venue or place of trial to avoid a miscarriage of justice.

5. Promulgate rules concerning:
a. The protection and enforcement of constitutional rights;
b. Pleading, practice and procedure in all courts;
c. Admission to the practice of law;
d. The Integrated Bar; and
e. Legal assistance to the underprivileged.
Limitations on Rule Making Power
a. It should provide a simplified and inexpensive procedure for the speedy disposition
of cases.
b. It should be uniform for all courts of the same grade.
c. It should not diminish, increase, or modify substantive rights.
6. Appoint ALL officials and employees of the Judiciary, in accordance with Civil
Service Law.
7. Exercise administrative supervision over ALL courts and the personnel thereof.
Decisions of the Supreme Court:
1. Reached in consultation before being assigned to a member for the writing of the
opinion.
2. A certification to this effect must be signed by the Chief Justice and attached to
the record of the case and served upon the parties.

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3. Members of the SC who took no part, or who dissented or abstained must state the
reasons therefore.
Note: This procedure shall also be observed by all lower collegiate courts (CA, CTA,
and theSandiganbayan).
JUDICIAL REVIEW
Definition
1. Judicial Review is the power of the SC to declare a law, treaty, ordinance etc.
unconstitutional.
2.

Lower courts may also exercise the power of judicial review, subject to the

appellate jurisdiction of the SC.

3. Only SC decisions are precedent, and thus, only SC decisions are binding on all.
Requisites

Code: [A R S Co R]

1. An ACTUAL CASE calling for the exercise of judicial power

2. The question involved must be RIPE FOR ADJUDICATION, i.e. the government act
must have had an adverse effect on the person challenging it.
3. The person challenging the governmental act must have STANDING, i.e. a
personal and substantial interest in the case such that he has sustained, or will
sustain, direct injury as a result of its enforcement.
4. The question of Constitutionality must be raised in the first instance, or at the
earliest opportunity.
5. Resolution of the issue of constitutionality is unavoidable or is the very lis mota.
Effect of a declaration of unconstitutionality:
1. Prior to the declaration that a particular law is unconstitutional, it is considered as
an operative fact which at that time had to be complied with.
2. Thus, vested rights may have been acquired under such law before it was declared
unconstitutional.
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3. These rights are not prejudiced by the subsequent declaration that the law is
unconstitutional.
Sec. 14. DECISIONS
1. Decisions MUST state clearly and distinctly the facts and the law on which it is
based.
2. Refusal to give due course to petitions for review and motions for reconsideration
must state the legal basis for such refusal.
3. Memorandum decisions, where the appellate court adopts the findings of fact and
law of the lower court, are allowed as long as the decision adopted by reference is
attached to the Memorandum for easy reference.
4. These rules only apply to courts. They do not apply to quasi-judicial or
administrative bodies nor to military tribunals.

Courtesy of Ms. Magz

http://en.gravatar.com/lawphilreviewer

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