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a) COMPONENTS
Basic design of a computer consist of mainly 7 components as listed below
each with unique application and usage that intern design the basic
components of a computer.
1)
2)
3)
4)
e)
The adder of logic circuit has three set of inputs.One set of 16 input comes
from the output of AC.Another 16 bit comes from data register.and set of 8
inputs comes from the input register.the output of ALC provides the data input
for the register.we aslo include logic gates to control ld,INCR,CLR functions.the
logical associated with AC is given below.
RISC Characteristic
RISC architecture reduces the execution time by simplifying the instruction set
of the computer.Major characteristic of a RISK are
Fixed length
Register-Register Instructions
- Avoid memory reference instructions except
- Load and Store instructions
- Most of the operands can be found in the
Registers instead of main memory
=> Shorter instructions
=> Uniform instruction cycle
=> Requirement of large number of registers
Advantages of RISC
The simplicity of RISC allows more freedom to choose how to use the
space on a microprocessor.
STACK ORGANIZATION
Stack is a storage structure that organize and stores data . PUSH/POP is 2
important functions of STACK organization . The stack is a "FILO" (first in,
last out) data structure, that is managed and optimized by the CPU quite
closely. Every time a function declares a new variable, it is "pushed" onto
the stack. Then every time a function exits, all of the variables pushed
onto the stack by that function, are freed (that is to say, they are deleted).
Once a stack variable is freed, that region of memory becomes available
for other stack variables. The advantage of using the stack to store
variables, is that memory is managed for you. You don't have to allocate
memory by hand, or free it once you don't need it any more. What's more,
because the CPU organizes stack memory so efficiently, reading from and
writing to stack variables is very fast. The main functions of stacks are as
follows
The stack grows and shrinks as functions push and pop local variables
There is no need to manage the memory yourself, variables are
allocated and freed automatically
The stack has size limits
Stack variables only exist while the function that created them, is
running
SP SP + 1
M[SP] DR
IF (SP = 0) THEN (FULL = 1)
EMTY 0
Always we use DR to pass word into stack .M[SP] memory word
specified by address currently in SP . First item stored in stack is at
address 1 . Last item stored in stack is at address 0. That is FULL =
1 . Any push to stack means EMTY = 0
PUSH:
SP SP - 1
M[SP] DR
POP:
DR M[SP]
SP SP + 1