Enhanced Oil Recovery, Power Point

Cartography of oil reserves and recovery
factors of petroleum reservoirs

IOR/EOR methods
to increase ultimate recovery
G. Renard R. Vially - J-F. Argillier
Proved Oil Reserves (2009)
IFP
Total with oil sands : 1517 Gb
G. Renard R. Vially J-F. Argilllier
IFP Energies nouvelles
Oil recovery
Primary
Recovery
Conventional oil recovery

Pumping/ Gas lift /
horizontal drilling
Natural drainage
IFP
Borregales 1977
Steam
In situ combustion
N2
Alkaline
Foam IFP Energies nouvelles
Oil recovery
Primary
Recovery
Pumping/ Gas lift /

horizontal drilling
Natural drainage
Drive
Secondary
recovery
Water flood
RF (sandstones)
Pressure maintenance
Water flood / Gas flood
Gas cycling
25-45%
IFP
Worldwide average : 35 % but large variations
IFP
Example of the North Sea
Secondary and Tertiary recovery

how to increase displacement efficiency
oil that remains in the part of the reservoir
already swept
how to increase sweep efficiency
IFP
oil that remains in the part of the reservoir

not swept
6
Oil recovery
Primary
Recovery
Pumping/ Gas lift /

horizontal drilling
Natural drainage
Secondary
recovery
Drive
Pressure maintenance
Water flood / Gas flood
Gas cycling
Water flood
Tertiary recovery
Thermal
IFP
Gas miscible/immiscible
Steam
In situ combustion
Hydrocarbon
CO2
N2
Enhanced Oil Recovery

(increased RF +10-20%)
Chemical
Other
Polymer
Microbial
Surfactant
Alkaline
Foam IFP Energies nouvelles
Mechanisms of action
action on sweep
efficiency at the
macroscopic scale
polymer flooding
by increasing d
foam drive / WAG
by decreasing o
CO2 drive
steam drive
in situ combustion
by using a miscible
displacing fluid
HC gas, CO2, N2
by reducing the
interfacial tension
surfactant flooding
by action on the
rock wettability
alkaline flooding
IFP
action on
displacement
efficiency at the
pore scale
by increasing w
IOR / EOR
IOR
Enhanced Oil Recovery
Improved Oil Recovery
EOR will involve processes in

order to act on the reservoir
recovery mechanisms
Mobility control
Reduction of Sor
Increase of miscibility
Based on technologies, IOR

evolves versus time according to
various standards across the
world and among the companies
Smart wells
Reservoir management
Reservoir characterization
Down hole separation, ...
IFP
EOR
Optimized reservoir management

and monitoring
Well productivity
improvement
Acidification, stimulation,
reduction of formation damage
Better drainage
architecture
Horizontal wells, Multilaterals,

SAGD, VAPEX, THAI
Reduction of
uncertainties
Reservoir characterization,
fractured reservoirs, 4D seismics
IFP
Stacked multibranch well
10
Cluster well
Dual opposing laterals
Multidrain or multilateral well
Re-entry laterals from a

vertical well
3D Well
EOR at work
IFP
EOR consists in injecting specific fluids into a reservoir

to help recovering some portion of remaining oil
11
+1% Recovery factor = 2 to 3 years additional reserves!

Steam injection processes

HUFF AND PUFF
STEAM DRIVE
SAGD
SAP
IFP
12
Polymer flooding
(Macroscopic sweeping)
When polymer is added to the drive brine it reduces M and leads more
to a piston like displacement and hence higher recovery efficiency
w = 0.1 oil
Water Saturation
w = oil
water injection
polymer injection
Unfavorable mobility ratio M, results in an inefficiency of the

water flood oil displacement mechanism
IFP
Definition of
mobility ratio
krw

w
13
kro

o
krw = Water Relative Permeability, fraction

w= Water viscosity, cp
kro = Oil Relative Permeability, fraction
O= Oil viscosity, cp
RFmax: +10-15%
Surfactant flooding
(Microscopic mobilization)
Core scale
/ Sorw
To remobilize oil, capillary number

Ca, must be significantly increased
Residual oil
saturation vs
capillary number
IFP
This can be achieved by lowering g

with optimized surfactant formulations
14
ASP process
Polymer
Surfactant
mobility ratio
decrease interfacial tension
Alkaline
decrease surfactant adsorption

ionize natural surfactants
water
water
drive
Water
Polymer
Surfactant Alkali
Oil bank
Oil
IFP
Oil
15
Chemicals
Adsorption
Use of polymer
Very favorable mobility
Depends on:
Brine, rock (clays)
pH
Temperature
Additives
biodegradation
ecotoxicity
ratio required
Mobility
Ratio
Stability
(thermal)
Formulation
Performance
Long chain & adapted chemistries

Sourcing (raw materials) is critical
Adapted synthesis process
IFT
Solubility
Robust surfactants
& polymers are
required
Depends on:
Brine
Surfactant-polymer interactions
Surfactant-surfactant interaction
Temperature
Additives (cosolvents)
IFP
Objective:
Design a formulation that will
give optimal performance based
on economical considerations
16
potential of green chemistry?

Screening criteria (heavy oils)

Technologies
Primary cold production (reference)

Water flooding or HC miscible
Partial miscible CO2 flood
Polymer flooding
CHOPS
VAPEX
In situ combustion
Cyclic Steam Stimulation
Steam flood
SAGD
IFP
Regions
10-3
17
10-3
10-2
10-1
101
100
North Sea
Brazil
Indonesia
USA (Cal.)
Venezuela
USA (Alaska)
Canada
10-2
10-1
100
101
/k (cp/mD)
102
103
/k (cp/mD)
102
103
EOR target in the world

Conventional
Crudes
Heavy, extra-heavy and

bitumen (API<20)
5 700 Gb
5 000 Gb
Nonrecoverable
today
Nonrecoverable
today
3 800 Gb
4 250 Gb
Recoverable with
present
technologies
Recoverable with
present
technologies
700 Gb
IFP
900 Gb
18
Already
produced
Already
produced
1 000 Gb
50 Gb
Worldwide EOR production in 2008

Canada
18%
Source: Oil & Gas Journal + IFP
USA 28%
Mexico
China
22%
Venezuela
16%
Thermal
Chemical
HC
injection
CO2
Ninjection
injection
19
Indonesia
8%
~ 2.3 Mb/j
Other countries ~0.5%

India, Colombia,
Trinidad, Brsil
IFP
7%
2.5 % of the
world oil
production
2008 EOR production

Breakdown by recovery method
Terms of Production
Others
0%
Nitrogen
injection
22%
98% steam
1.5% combustion in
situ
<1% hot water
CO2 injection
12%
Thermal
52%
Hydrocarbon
gas injection
12%
Source: IFP + Oil & Gas Journal
IFP
Chemical
2%
20
2008 EOR production

Breakdown by recovery method
Nb of actives projects
Nitrogen
injection (6)
CO2 injection
Microbial (2)
122
157
About 350 active projects
Thermal
133 steam
21 combustion in situ
38
3 hot water
Chemical (23)
IFP
Hydrocarbon
gas injection
21
2000-2008
EOR production evolution
2.361
2.224
2.278
2.399
2.295
2008/2006
-4.3%
3 000
2 500
Production
000 b/d
Production Mb/d
EOR Total
Nitrogen injection
Chemical
HC gas injection
CO2 injection
Thermal
2 000
1 500
1 000
500
IFP
22
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
Energies
Source: IFPIFP
+ Oil
& Gasnouvelles
Journal
2000-2008
EOR by number of projects
Active projects
314
308
302
348
400
2008/2006
+15%
350
300
Microbial
Nitrogen injection
Chemical
HC gas injection
CO2 injection
Thermal
250
200
150
100
50
IFP
23
2002
2004
2006
2008
EOR Costs & Recovery Rate

Solvent aided
process
30
Costs in $/b
25
Surfactantflood
20
CO2
15
Steam
10
Polymerflood
Waterflood
0
0%
10%
20%
40%
50%
60%
Recovery factor
IFP
24
30%
70%
IFP
Chemical EOR Alliance
25
IFP
Chemical EOR project milestones
26
Conclusions
EOR production is increasing but slowly
Despite a context of high oil price & increasing demand
Today evolution technologies
Steam is decreasing for very viscous crude
CO2 is highly increasing
Environmental impact of high water consumption

Price of gas, high CO2 emissions for others
Additional revenues for CCS
Answer to global warming concern
Chemical injection, mainly polymer flood
IFP
Allow to enhance waterflood, widely used technology

As a wide potential
Not no expensive technology
27

Enhanced Oil Recovery, Power Point

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Cartography of oil reserves and recovery

factors of petroleum reservoirs

G. Renard R. Vially - J-F. Argillier

Proved Oil Reserves (2009)

Total with oil sands : 1517 Gb

G. Renard R. Vially J-F. Argilllier

IFP Energies nouvelles

Conventional oil recovery

G. Renard R. Vially J-F. Argilllier

Pumping/ Gas lift /

Worldwide average : 35 % but large variations

G. Renard R. Vially J-F. Argilllier

IFP Energies nouvelles

Example of the North Sea

G. Renard R. Vially J-F. Argilllier

IFP Energies nouvelles

Secondary and Tertiary recovery

oil that remains in the part of the reservoir

G. Renard R. Vially J-F. Argilllier

IFP Energies nouvelles

Pumping/ Gas lift /

G. Renard R. Vially J-F. Argilllier