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BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING
Submitted by
B.SASHIDAR REDDY
09245A0212
M.SUBHASH
08241A0248
P.RUPAK PRANAV TEJ 08241A0241
M.ABHISHEK
08241A0202
Under the Guidance of
K.SATISH KUMAR,
Asst. Professor
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this project report entitled INTEGRAL CYCLE 1PHASE
INDUCTION MOTOR SPEED CONTROL USING MICRO CONTROLLER that is
being submitted by B.SASHIDAR REDDY, M.SUBHASH, P.RUPAK PRANAV TEJ, M.
ABHISHEK, in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING to the Jawaharlal Nehru
Technological University is a record of bonafide work carried out by him under my guidance
and supervision. The results embodied in this project report have not been submitted to any
other University or Institute for the award of any degree or diploma.
INTERNAL GUIDE
K.SATISH KUMAR
EEE DPT
GRIET, HYDERABAD
ACKNOWLEDEGEMENT
I thank Sri. P. S. Raju Garu, Prof.EEE and Director of Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of
Engineering And Technology, Hyderabad for the facilities provided and constant
encouragement.
I take our pleasure to acknowledge Dr. J.N.M Murthy Garu, Principal of Gokaraju
Rangaraju Institute Of Engineering And Technology, Hyderabad, for providing good
environment for studies and continuous support in achieving our goals.
We are also thankful to Dr. S. N. Saxena, Prof. EEE for providing us constant guidance and
giving us regular feedback on the work done by us, which helped us a great deal to complete
our project in time and with desired outputs.
I would like to express gratitude and indebtedness to MR.P.M. Sharma, HOD.EEE and
Sri. M. Chakravarthy, Prof. EEE, for their valuable advice and guidance without which this
project would not have seen the light of the day.
I would also thank MR.K SATISH KUMAR, Asst. Prof.EEE for his guidance and support
due to which the project has been a success.
The satisfaction and euphoria that accompany the successful completion of the task would be
great, but incomplete without the mention of the people who made it possible, whose constant
guidance and encouragement crown all the efforts with success. In this context, I would like
to thank all the other staff members, both teaching and non-teaching, who have extended their
timely help and eased my task.
ABSTRACT
Now a days speed control of single phase induction motor has got more importance and used
in many applications. We are using various methods to control the speed. This project is
basically designed to control the 1-phase
induction
motor
speed Effectively
and
economically.
Integral cycle control is a method to remove portions of full cycles/one cycle of an ac signal
for controlling ac power across fan loads interfaced to a programmed micro controller. In
Integral cycle control supply is switched on to the load for some cycles called ON cycles and
supply is switched off to the load for some cycles called OFF cycles by varying this ON and
OFF cycles we can get variable voltage across the load i.e fan. Hence we can get variable
3
controlled speed .This process of power control generates 1% total harmonic distortion as
against 61% of phase angle control. There by harmonic losses are less, hence having more
efficiency.
This type of control is used in applications which have high mechanical inertia and high
thermal time constant (such as industrial heating and speed control of ac motors).
CONTENTS
Chapters
Page. No
1. Introduction
1.1 AC Voltage Controllers
1-8
9-16
17
1.4 Optocoupler
21
1.4.1 Theory
1.4.2 Circuit Diagrams
1.4.3 Symbols and Abberiviations
1.5 Triac
1.5.1
1.5.2
1.5.3
1.5.4
1.5.5
1.5.6
23
Name of Device and Symbol
Latch and Hold Characteristics
Characteristics of the Triac
Methods of Control AC Switch
Zero Point Switching
Zero Point Switching Techniques
4
28
1.6.1 Theory
1.6.2 Motor Slip
1.6.3 Equivalent Circuit
31
1.7Push Buttons
1.7.1 images
32
LIST OF FIGURES
NO
PAGE
12
16
17
21
23
24
29
30
CHAPTER1
Introduction
The RMS value of the ac output voltage and the ac power flow to the load is controlled by
varying (adjusting) the trigger angle
Thyristors are turned ON precisely at the zero voltage crossings of the input supply.The
thyristor 1 T is turned on at the beginning of each positive half cycle by applying the gate trigger
pulses to 1 T as shown, during the ON time ON t . The load current flows in the positive direction,
which is the downward direction as shown in the circuit diagram when 1 T conducts. The thyristor
2 T is turned on at the beginning of each negative half cycle, by applying gating signal to the gate
of 2 T , during ON t . The load current flows in the reverse direction, which is the upward direction
when 2 T conducts. Thus we obtain a bi-directional load current flow (alternating load current
flow) in a ac voltage controller circuit, by triggering the thyristors alternately.
This type of control is used in applications which have high mechanical inertia and high thermal
time constant (Industrial heating and speed control of ac motors). Due to zero voltage and zero
current switching of Thyristors, the harmonics generated by switching actions are reduced.
For a sine wave input supply voltage, vs =Vm sint = 2VS sintS V =RMS value of input ac supply
=2m V = RMS phase supply voltage. If the input ac supply is connected to load for n number of
input cycles and disconnected for m number of input cycles, then, ON OFF t = nT t =mT Where
T 1f= = input cycle time (time period) andf = input supply frequency.
ON t = controller on time = nT .
OFF t = controller off time = mT .
O T = Output time period = ( ) ( ) ON OFF t + t = nT + mT .
10
11
12
13
14
MICRO CONTROLLER(8051):
AT89S52
15
16
Special Function Register. Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control
signals during Flash program-ming and verification.
Port 3 Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 3
output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins, they are
pulled high by the inter-nal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are
externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pull-ups. Port 3 receives
some control signals for Flash programming and verification. Port 3 also serves the functions
of various special features of the AT89S52, as shown in the fol-lowing table.
18
4.11 XTAL1 Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock
operating circuit. 4.12 XTAL2 Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.
Interrupts The AT89S52 has a total of six interrupt vectors: two external interrupts
(INT0 and INT1), three timer interrupts (Timers 0, 1, and 2), and the serial port interrupt.
These interrupts are all shown in Figure 13-1. Each of these interrupt sources can be
individually enabled or disabled by setting or clearing a bit in Special Function Register IE.
IE also contains a global disable bit, EA, which disables all interrupts at once. Note that
Table 13-1 shows that bit position IE.6 is unimplemented. User software should not write a 1
to this bit position, since it may be used in future AT89 products. Timer 2 interrupt is
generated by the logical OR of bits TF2 and EXF2 in register T2CON. Neither of these flags
is cleared by hardware when the service routine is vectored to. In fact, the service routine
may have to determine whether it was TF2 or EXF2 that generated the interrupt, and that bit
will have to be cleared in software. The Timer 0 and Timer 1 flags, TF0 and TF1, are set at
S5P2 of the cycle in which the timers overflow. The values are then polled by the circuitry in
the next cycle. However, the Timer 2 flag, TF2, is set at S2P2 and is polled in the same cycle
in which the timer overflows.
19
Baud Rate Generator Timer 2 is selected as the baud rate generator by setting TCLK
and/or RCLK in T2CON (Table 5-2). Note that the baud rates for transmit and receive can be
different if Timer 2 is used for the receiver or transmitter and Timer 1 is used for the other
function. Setting RCLK and/or TCLK puts Timer 2 into its baud rate generator mode, as
shown in Figure 11-1. The baud rate generator mode is similar to the auto-reload mode, in
that a rollover in TH2 causes the Timer 2 registers to be reloaded with the 16-bit value in
registers RCAP2H and RCAP2L, which are preset by software. The baud rates in Modes 1
and 3 are determined by Timer 2s overflow rate according to the fol-lowing equation. The
Timer can be configured for either timer or counter operation. In most applications, it is configured for timer operation (CP/T2 = 0). The timer operation is different for Timer 2 when it
is used as a baud rate generator. Normally, as a timer, it increments every machine cycle (at
1/12 the oscillator frequency). As a baud rate generator, however, it increments every state
time (at 1/2 the oscillator frequency). The baud rate formula is given below. where
(RCAP2H, RCAP2L) is the content of RCAP2H and RCAP2L taken as a 16-bit unsigned
integer. Timer 2 as a baud rate generator is shown in Figure 11-1. This figure is valid only if
RCLK or TCLK = 1 in T2CON. Note that a rollover in TH2 does not set TF2 and will not
generate an inter-rupt. Note too, that if EXEN2 is set, a 1-to-0 transition in T2EX will set
EXF2 but will not cause a reload from (RCAP2H, RCAP2L) to (TH2, TL2). Thus, when
Timer 2 is in use as a baud rate generator, T2EX can be used as an extra external interrupt.
Note that when Timer 2 is running (TR2 = 1) as a timer in the baud rate generator mode, TH2
or TL2 should not be read from or written to. Under these conditions, the Timer is
incremented every state time, and the results of a read or write may not be accurate. The
RCAP2 registers may be read but should not be written to, because a write might overlap a
reload and cause write and/or reload errors. The timer should be turned off (clear TR2) before
accessing the Timer 2 or RCAP2 registers. Modes 1 and 3 Baud Rates Timer 2 Overflow
20
Rate 16 ----------------------------------------------------------- = Modes 1 and 3 Baud Rate -------------------------------------- Oscillator Frequency 32 x [65536-RCAP2H,RCAP2L)]
OPTOCOUPLER THEORY:
1. INTRODUCTION
This application note discusses the common mode transient immunity (CMTI) properties of
optocouplers. It covers phototransistor output and optically coupled logic gates. Common
mode transient immunity, (CMTI), common mode transient rejection (CMTR), or common
mode rejection(CMR), are a measure of ability of an optocouplers output amplifier to reject
fast transient noise signals that are present between the input (LED) and the output side of the
optocoupler. To characterize the CMTI behavior of an optocoupler it is necessary to describe
it with two values: VCM - common mode voltage (VCM = VCM) dV/dt - rate of rise or
fall of the common mode voltage(dV/dt = VCM/tr or dV/dt = VCM/tf)Figure 1 shows
how these two values are defined. Only when both values are specified can the CMTI be
evaluated properly. The ability of the optocoupler to withstand a given common mode
transient is called common mode transient immunity at logic low level or logic high level; the
abbreviation is CML or CMH. The optocoupler fails if its output high voltage drops below
2.0 V or its output low voltage rises above 0.8 V, in the presence of the common mode
transient noise signal.
21
VOH
TRIAC THORY:
TRIAC is a bidirectional conducting device .it can conduct in both directions from mt2 to
mt1 and also from mt1 to mt2.it has three terminals namely MT1,MT2,GATE .
It has four quadrant operations
23
24
characteristic makes the triac very useful. Since the triac will conduct in either direction and
can be triggered with either a positive or negative gate signal there are four possible
triggering modes (Figure 2.3): Quadrant I; MT2 (+), G(+), positive voltage and positive gate
current. Quadrant II; MT2 (+), G (), positive voltage and negative gate current. Quadrant
III; MT2 (), G(), negative voltage and negative gate current. Quadrant IV; MT2 (), G(+),
negative voltage and positive gate current. Present triacs are most sensitive in quadrants I and
III, slightly less so in quadrant II, and much less sensitive in quadrant IV. Therefore it is not
recommended to use quadrant IV unless special circumstances dictate it. An important fact to
remember is that since a triac can conduct current in both directions, it has only a brief
interval during which the sine wave current is passing through zero to recover and revert to
its blocking state. OF or this reason, reliable operation of present triacs is limited to 60 Hz
line frequency and lower frequencies. For inductive loads, the phaseshift between the
current and voltage means that at the time the current falls below IH and the triac ceases to
conduct, there exists a certain voltage which must appear across the triac. If this voltage
Appears too rapidly, the triac will resume conduction and control is lost. In order to achieve
control with certain inductive loads, the rate of rise in voltage (dv/dt) must be limited by a
series RC network across the triac. The capacitor will then limit the (dv/dt) across the triac.
The resistor is necessary to limit the surge of current from the capacitor when the triac fires,
and to damp the ringing of the capacitance with the load inductance.
METHODS OF CONTROL AC SWITCH
A useful application of triac is as a direct replacement for an ac mechanical relay. In this
application, the triac onoff control and the powerregulating ability of the triac is not
utilized. The control circuitry for this application is usually very simple, consisting of a
source for the gate signal and some type of small current switch, either mechanical or
electrical. The gate signal can be obtained from a separate source or directly from the line
voltage at terminal MT2 of the triac.
PHASE CONTROL
An effective and widelyused method of controlling the average power to a load through the
triac is by phase control. Phase control is a method of utilizing the triac to apply the ac supply
to the load for a controlled fraction of each cycle. In this mode of operation, the triac is held
in an off or open condition for a portion of each positive and negative cycle, and then is
triggered into an on condition at a time in the half cycle determined by the control circuitry.
In the on condition, the circuit current is limited only by the load i.e., the entire line
voltage (less the forward drop of the triac) is applied to the load.
Figure 2.17 shows the voltage waveform along with some common terms used in describing
triac operation. Delay angle is the angle, measured in electrical degrees, during which the
triac is blocking the line voltage. The period during which the triac is on is called the
conduction angle. It is important to note that the triac is either off (blocking voltage) or fully
on (conducting). When it is in the on condition, the circuit current is determined only by the
load and the power source. As one might expect, in spite of its usefulness, phase control is
not without disadvantages. The main disadvantage of using phase control in triac applications
is the generation of electromagnetic interference (EMI). Each time the triac is fired the load
current rises from zero to loadlimited current value in a very short time. The resulting (di/dt)
26
generates a wide spectrum of noise which may interfere with the operation of nearby
electronic equipment unless proper filtering is used.
receives all the control; a convenient control method is to replace the switch with a
lowpower transistor, which can be controlled by bridgesensing circuits, manually
controlled potentiometers, or various other techniques.
MOTOR SLIP
The rotor in an induction motor cannot turn at the synchronous speed. In order to induce an
EMF in the rotor, the rotor must move slower than the SS. If the rotor were to somehow turn
at SS, the EMF could not be induced in the rotor and therefore the rotor would stop.
However, if the rotor stopped or even if it slowed significantly, an EMF would once again be
induced in the rotor bars and it would begin rotating at a speed less than the SS. The
relationship between the rotor speed and the SS is called the Slip. Typically, the Slip is
expressed as a percentage of the SS. The equation for the motor Slip is: 2 % S = (SS RS)
X100SS
Where:
%S = Percent Slip
SS = Synchronous Speed (RPM)
RS = Rotor Speed (RPM)
Example:
SS = 900 RPM
RS = 885 RPM
%S = (900 885) X 100
900
%S = 1.7% (or S = 0.017)
If the motor slip is known, the rotor speed can be expressed by the equation:
RS = (1 S) X SS
Example (using the information from above):
SS = 900 RPM
%S = 1.7% (or S = 0.017)
RS = (1 S) X SS
RS = (1 0.017) X 900 RPM
RS = 885 RPM
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
To analyze the operating and performance characteristics of an induction motor, an
Equivalent Circuit can be drawn. We will consider a 3phase, Y connected machine, the
The characteristics of an induction motor, the speed, current, starting torque, maximum
torque, the motor losses and efficiency can all be determined from an analysis of the
equivalent circuit Current and Power Factor To begin the analysis, the impedance of the
motor needs to be calculated. The impedance, ZRF, is the equivalent per phase impedance
seen by the stator across the motor gap.
6 ZRF = Z2 in parallel with Zx
= (R2/S + j X2 ) in parallel with jXx
= (Rf + j Xf )
The total impedance, Z, is then:
7 Z = Z1 + ZRF
The stator current is:
8 I1 = V1 / Z
29
30
Chapter2
SIMULATION IN PROTEUS SOFTWARE
Schematic Design:
31
Program :
#include<reg51.h>
sbit inc=P1^0;
sbit dec=P1^1;
sbit out=P2^0;
void delay(int i);
void delay1();
void main()
{ int i=10;
while(1)
{
if(inc==0)
{
while(inc==0);
i=i+1;
if(i>=20)
i=20;
}
if(dec==0)
{
while(dec==0);
i=i-1;
if(i<=0)
i=0;
}
out=1;
delay(i);
out=0;
delay(20-i);
}
}
32
33
Chapter3
HARDWARE DESIGN
Fig shows the hardware design of the project:
Whole project is embedded in the wooden box.
It consists of micro controller 8051
Optocoupler is 3021
Triac is BTA12
1-phase induction motor i.e., fan
CRO is used to observe the input cycles.
By controlling on-off cycles we can get variable speed.
Two switches are used one for increasing speed, other is for decreasing speed.
Adapter is used to give supply to micro controller.
34
35
DATA SHEETS
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
OUTPUT OBSERVATIONS
S.NO
NO. OF ON
CYCLES
NO. OF OFF
CYCLES
OUTPUT
VOLTAGE
10
23
47
63
94
121
152
173
190
10
213
11
10
229
44
CHAPTER
REFERENCES
CHAPTER
CONCLUSION:
Due to zero voltage and zero current switching of thyristors the harmonics generated
by switching actions are reduced .Therefore i-phase induction motor speed control by
integral cycle control method has greater advantages such as less harmonic loss ,increased
efficiency.
45
46
CHAPTER
REFERENCES
47