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Waveguide twists are used to change the plane of polarization of a propagating wave.
Waveguide twists are helpful in converting vertical to horizontal polarizations or vice
versa.
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tubes
M- type Tube
Static magnetic field is perpendicular to the
electric field.
Electron beam travels in curved path
Magnetron is the example
10.Write the expression for noise figure of a two port amplifier ( N / D 11)
The generated noise of a two port network can be determined from the signal to noise
ratio ( SNR) from the input to the output.
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12. Why impe dance matching is required? What are the other constraints required?
( M / J 13)
Matching networks can help stabilize the amplifier by keeping the source and load
impedances in the appropriate range. Matching network is important for the following
reasons.
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E Stub
H- Stub
E-H tuner
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Bethe coupler.
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Coupling coefficient
Directivity
Insertion loss
Isolation.
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As a duplexer
As a mixer
As an isolator
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PN diode
Low noise
Moderate noise
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Gallium Arsenide
Indium phosphide
Cadmium telluride
Indium arsenide.
Radio telescopes
Tropo- receivers.
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Optical lithography
X- ray Lithography
Epitaxial growth
Lithography
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at the other side. This phenomenon of penetration of carriers through the depletion region is
known as tunneling.
19. Define Homo- Junction Transistor
When the transistor junction is joined by two similar materials such as silicon- to silicon
or germanium-to-germanium, it is called a homo junction transistor.
20. What do you mean by hetero junction transistor?
When the transistor junction is joined by two different materia ls such as Ge to GaAs, then
it is called a homo junction transistor.
21. What are the applications of tunnel diode?
The applications of tunnel diode are
Relaxation oscillator
Microwave oscillator
Storage device
Pulse generator
Low cost
Low noise
High speed
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Microwave generators
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Interdigitated
Overlay
Matrix
34. Why monolithic technology is not well suitable for microwave integrated circuits?
Monolithic technology is not well suited for microwave integrated circuits,because the
processing difficulties, low yields and the performance have seriously limited their
applications.
35. What is Lithography?
Lithography is the process of transferring patterns of geometric shapes on a mask to a
thin layer of radiation sensitive material, which is known as resist, for covering the surface of a
semiconductor wafer.
36. Name the circuits used in hybrid MMICs.
Prepared by A.Devasena., Associate Professor., Dept / ECE
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Three general types of circuits can be utilized for hybrid MMICs. They are
Lumped- element
Barretter
Thermistor
V max and Vmin may not be measured in the square law region of the crystal detector.
The change of resistance due to a mismatch at the microwave input ports results in
incorrect reading.
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5. What is the principle by which high powe r measure ments could be done by calorimetric
method? ( A/ M 08)
Thermistor
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9. What are the drawbacks of using powe r meter with single bridge?
The change of resistance due to a mismatch at the microwave input port results in
incorrect reading. The thermistor is sensitive to changes in the ambient temperature in false
reading.
10. Name two methods to measure impedance.
Slotted line
Reflectometer.
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film tantalum- nitride resistive load deposited on a Si substrate which forms one electrode of the
thermocouple. This emf is proportional to the incident microwave power to be measured.
Microwave measurements
circuits
are
Radar transmitters
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The variation in electron velocity in the drift space is known as velocity modulation.
Klystron Amplifier
Radar transmitters.
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Bandwidth is large
High reliability
High gain
In klystrons and magnetrons, the microwave circuit consists of a resonant structure which
limits the bandwidth of the tube.
Lead- inductance
30. What are the errors possible sin voltage standing wave ratio measure ments?
( N / D 12), ( M / J 13)
Vmax and Vmin may not be measured in the square- law region of the crystal detector.
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The probe thickness and depth penetration may produce reflections in the line and also
distortion in the field to be measured.
Any harmonics and spurious signals from the source may be tuned by the probe to cause
measurement error.
A residual VSWR of slotted line arises due to mismatch impedance between the slotted
line and the main line.
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