geometric modelling

by
Assistant Professor Tanveer Ahmed

geometric modelling
the process of constructing a complete mathematical description (geometric database)
to model a physical entity or system

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geometric modelling
traditional approach:
traditionally prototypes were used for information

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geometric modelling
traditional approach:
traditionally prototypes were used for information
engineering drawings

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geometric modelling
current approach:
presently design concepts are simply (digitally) fed into software
which subsequently displayed either in 2D or 3D forms
a general term applied for 3D
Computer-Aided Design (CAD) techniques

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geometric modelling
current approach:
presently design concepts are simply (digitally) fed into software
which subsequently displayed either in 2D or 3D forms
a general term applied for 3D
Computer-Aided Design (CAD) techniques

geometric models are computational (symbol) structures that capture the spatial aspects of
the objects of interest for an application

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geometric modelling
need to represent:
shape
appearance (color, shininess etc)
material properties (density, stiffness etc)

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geometric modelling
creating symbolic models of the physical world has long been a goal of mathematicians,
scientists and engineers
recently technology has advanced sufficiently to make computer modelling of physical
geometry feasible
engineering modelling:
modelling for engineering applications require higher accuracy of representation
engineering models are used in computer-based design, manufacturing and analysis

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geometric modelling
geometric
modelling

ideas

design
analysis

production

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geometric modelling
geometric modelling is a basic engineering tool

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geometric modelling
geometric modelling is a basic engineering tool
serves as the backbone of design shadows the design process

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geometric modelling
engineering modelling:
feature model =
geometric model + design intent
geometric model =
geometry + topology
design intent =
constraints + rules

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geometric modelling
requirements:
evaluation of geometrical properties:
centroid
cross-sectional area
surface area
volume
evaluation of mass properties:
mass
density
inertia

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geometric modelling
requirements:
finite element analysis and optimization:
complex shapes or geometries
materials
loads
volume visualization
animation of graphics:
obstacle avoidance in robotics
verification of NC tool paths
car crash analysis

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geometric modelling
requirements:
automatic assembly:
modelling of assemblies
assembly sequence
inference checking
tolerance analysis:
process planning
assembly operations
part inspection
interchangeable manufacturing

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geometric modelling
requirements:
manufacturing:
generation of part families
NC code generation
inventory control
computer-aided inspection and control

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geometric modelling
CAD/CAM:
stages
conceptual design
mechanical design
simulation
production
geometric data need to be shared

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geometric modelling
CAD/CAM:
conceptual design

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geometric modelling
CAD/CAM:
mechanical design

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geometric modelling
CAD/CAM:
simulation

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geometric modelling
basic categories of geometric modelling:
2 dimensional
3 dimensional

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geometric modelling
coordinate systems:
the coordinate systems and orientation can be
understood using the right-hand convention as
shown in figure
in most CAD packages, there are two coordinate
system notations are used
the fixed or global coordinate system (GCS) used for
overall definition of model, which cannot be reorientated
work coordinate system (WCS) which is used to
assist construction of model. it can be redefined as
per requirement i.e. moving individual parts in an
assembly

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geometric modelling
categories of 3D geometric modelling:
wireframe modelling
surface modelling
solid modelling

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geometric modelling
wireframe modelling:
it is a part of 3D schemes
computationally most simplified approach
the wireframe model is perhaps the oldest way of representing solids
the name arises from wire like appearance of the models when viewed on the
computer screen
it can be referred to as extension of draughting in 3D visualization
the entities used for wireframe model generation are same as used in draughting

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geometric modelling
wireframe modelling:

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geometric modelling
wireframe modelling:
wireframe model consists of two tables:
the vertex table
o the vertex table records a vertex and its coordinate values
the edge table
o the edge table has two components giving the two incident vertices of that
edge

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geometric modelling
wireframe modelling:
a wireframe model is created with ordinary lines, circles, arcs, etc., to represent
edges
only vertex and edge data is stored
no shading, hidden line removal

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geometric modelling
wireframe modelling:
advantages:
low cost requirement
less time required
less memory requirement
easy to make

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geometric modelling
wireframe modelling:
limitations:
ambiguity
o example that consists of 16 vertices and 32 edges

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geometric modelling
wireframe modelling:
limitations:
ambiguity
inability to recognize curved profiles
o example: we cannot tell the direction of the opening of the cube

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geometric modelling
wireframe modelling:
limitations:
ambiguity
inability to recognize curved profiles
inability to detect interference between components
difficulty in calculating physical properties
no facility for automatic shading

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geometric modelling
surface modelling:
description corresponding to the visual model includes surface information in
addition to information about characteristic lines and their end points contained in
the wireframe description
model description includes information regarding how adjacent surfaces are
connected at which points (this information is critical for machining operations)

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geometric modelling
surface modelling:

model with surface objects

(10,100,100)

meshes frequently used to represent surfaces

Y

surface, edge & vertex information stored

shading, hidden line removal
useful for modelling shapes with complex
curvature
automobiles)

(e.g.,

hull

forms,

(0,0,0)

airfoils,
X

Surface Model

6 meshed surfaces

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geometric modelling
surface modelling:
surface models may be:
planar
cylindrical/conic
sculptured or freeform in shape

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geometric modelling
surface modelling:
two major uses of surface modeling systems include:
visual model: used to evaluate the model aesthetically
mathematical description: used to generate NC tool paths to machine its surfaces

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geometric modelling
surface modelling:
advantages over wireframe modeling:
ability to recognize and display complex curved profiles
ability to recognize faces and thus provide the facility of shaded surfaces in 3D
ability to display very good tool path simulation
improved robot simulation

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geometric modelling
surface modelling:
limitations:
does not represent internal features of the model, no sense of volume
models of limited value for volumetric and mass property analysis

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geometric modelling
solid modelling:
solid modeling is used to model a shape having closed volume called a solid
main difference from wireframe modeling and surface modeling includes:
simplified characteristic lines of surfaces are not allowed unless they make a closed
volume
mathematical information additionally includes information that determines
weather any location is inside, outside or on the closed volume
consequently machining information is more elaborate

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geometric modelling
solid modelling:
model with solid objects (e.g., primitives,
sweeps)
database
contains
information
about
vertices, edges, surfaces and the space
enclosed by the surfaces:
mass and material properties
interference checking
shading and hidden line removal

(100,100,100)
Y

(0,0,0)
X

Solid Model
1 primitive

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geometric modelling
solid modelling modelling functions:
the modeling functions (MFs) supported by most solid modeling systems can
generally be classified into five groups:
primitive creative functions
moving surface MFs

modifying shape MFs

boundary / lower level entities MFs
customization using familiar shapes

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geometric modelling
solid modelling modelling functions:
primitive creative functions
these include primitive functions that help the designer to get a general shape that
is close to what he finally aims to achieve
example: we want to make a table. this is the primitive model of the table

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geometric modelling
solid modelling modelling functions:
moving surface MFs:
these include functions such as sweeping and skinning. the surfaces are created by
defining some parameters and revolving the model functions to obtain the
defined surface
example: the next step of creating the table would include defining the top
through sweeping

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geometric modelling
solid modelling modelling functions:
modifying shape MFs:
these are used to modify some existing shape to get closer to the original design.
these include functions such as rounding, bending, lifting and more
example: the top would be more clearly defined through rounding or bending

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geometric modelling
solid modelling modelling functions:
boundary/ lower level entities MFs:
lower level entities include vertices edges and faces. manipulating these forms the
4th type of modeling functions
example:

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geometric modelling
solid modelling modelling functions:
customization using familiar shapes:
the last step involves customization of the model to achieve the final form.
customization includes using familiar shapes such as chamfer and holes of certain
sizes at certain places
example: this is considered to be the last stage of solid modeling functions

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geometric modelling
solid modelling modelling functions:
primitive creative functions

block

pyramid

cylinder

torus

wedge

cone

hemisphere

sphere

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geometric modelling
solid modelling modelling functions:
advantages:
full description of the object, unambiguous
volumetric shape
able to distinguish between the interior and exterior of the object
able to detect unwanted interference between objects
help to appreciate in the design of:
o 3D kinematic mechanisms
o robot simulations
o complex piping systems

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geometric modelling
solid modelling modelling functions:
advantages:
ability for automatic 3D sections
ability to use an extensive colour palette and shadow effects, giving improved
visualization of the components
in addition such modellers can be used in combination with other computer
programs which are specialized on models presentation and thus provide the
image of an object as this will exist in real life

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geometric modelling
solid modelling modelling functions:
limitations:
most complex
computer memory
require reasonable time

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geometric modelling
overview:

with hidden lines

without hidden lines

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geometric modelling
overview:

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