The White Cane is invented in 1921 by James Biggs.

A retired photographer that

loses his eyesight after an accident. Though guiding stick was thoroughly used even
in ancient times, it is only in 1921 that it was painted white to emphasize the
disability and to imply the usage of the said stick.
In the United States, the introduction of the white cane is attributed to George A.
Bonham of the Lions Clubs International. In 1930, a Lions Club member watched as
a man who was blind attempted to cross the street with a black cane that was
barely visible to motorists against the dark pavement. The Lions decided to paint
the cane white to make it more visible. In 1931, Lions Clubs International began a
program promoting the use of white canes for people who are blind.
The white cane continues to improve especially after the World War II.
In 1944, he took the Lions Club white cane (originally made of wood) and
went around the hospital blindfolded for a week. During this time he developed
what is now the standard method of "long cane" training or the Hoover Method. He
is now called the "Father of the Lightweight Long Cane Technique."
The basic technique is to swing the cane from the center of the body back and forth
before the feet. The cane should be swept before the rear foot as the person steps.
Before he taught other rehabilitators, or "orientors," his new technique he had a
special commission to have light weight, long white canes made for the veterans of
the European fronts.
Today, there are different kinds of canes that were used by people with ocular
disability.
Long cane is the traditional white cane and also known as Hoover cane. Named
after its inventor Dr. Richard Hoover. Dr. Hoover designed it primarily as a mobility
tool used to detect objects in the path of a user. This traditional canes length often
varies depending on the height of the subject that commonly stretch from the
perpendicular floor to the subjects sternum.
Technological advancement proportionate the advancement of tools in the fields of
General Science, Physics, Chemistry, and Biology directly. Thus replacing the usage
of most of the earlier tools with the more precise and compact as it exceeds most of
the devices predecessor. With that, the invention of sensors rise
Electronic sensors were invented way back in 1883. Though most application only
include those of the usage in war and thus making us capable of predicting the size
of the device. Most of it thermal and infrared. In 1960, Art Zias and GE developed
piezoresistive accelerometers and pressure sensors for the Aerospace, Industrial
and Microswitch divisions.
In 2013, proponents combined the two inventions into one and made a white cane
with sensor.

The proponents aim to eliminate the white cane entirely to have a more compact
product.

A Passive Infrared sensor (PIR sensor) is an electronic device that measures infrared
(IR) light radiatingfrom objects in its field of view. PIR sensors are often used in the
construction of PIR-based motiondetectors. Apparent motion is detected when an
infrared source with one temperature, such as ahuman, passes in front of an
infrared source with another temperature, such as a
wall[http://www.gadgetshack.com/motionsensor.html]All objects emit what is
known as black body radiation. It is usually infrared radiation that is invisible tothe
human eye but can be detected by electronic devices designed for such a purpose.
The term passivein this instance means that the PIR device does not emit
an infrared beam but merely passively acceptsincoming infrared radiation. Infra
meaning below our ability to detect it visually, and Red becausethis color
represents the lowest energy level that our eyes can sense before it becomes
invisible. Thus,infrared means below the energy level of the color red, and applies
to many sources of invisible energy.
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Infrared radiation enters through the front of the sensor, known as the sensor face.
At the core of a PIRsensor is a solid state sensor or set of sensors, made from an
approximately 1/4 inch square of naturalor artificial pyroelectric materials, usually in
the form of a thin film, out of gallium nitride (GaN), caesiumnitrate (CsNO3),
polyvinyl fluorides, derivatives of phenylpyrazine, and cobalt phthalocyanine.
Lithiumtantalate (LiTaO3) is a crystal exhibiting both piezoelectric and pyroelectric
properties. ].The sensor is often manufactured as part of an integrated circuit and
may consist of one (1), two (2) orfour (4) 'pixels' of equal areas of the pyroelectric
material. Pairs of the sensor pixels may be wired asopposite inputs to a differential
amplifier. In such a configuration, the PIR measurements cancel eachother so that
the average temperature of the field of view is removed from the electrical signal;
anincrease of IR energy across the entire sensor is self-cancelling and will not
trigger the device. This allowsthe device to resist false indications of change in the
event of being exposed to flashes of light or field-wide illumination. (Continuous
bright light could still saturate the sensor materials and render thesensor unable to
register further information.) At the same time, this differential
arrangementminimizes common-mode interference, allowing the device to resist
triggering due to nearby electricfields. However, a differential pair of sensors cannot
measure temperature in that configuration andtherefore this configuration is

specialized for motion detectors. In a PIR-based motion detector (usually called a

PID, for Passive Infrared Detector), the PIR sensor is typically mounted on a printed
circuit board containing the necessary electronics required to interpretthe signals
from the pyroelectric sensor chip. The complete assembly is contained within
a housingmounted in a location where the sensor can view the area to be
monitored. Infrared energy is able toreach the pyroelectric sensor through the
window because the plastic used is transparent to infraredradiation (but only
translucent to visible light). This plastic sheet also prevents the intrusion of
dustand/or insects from obscuring the sensor's field of view, and in the case
of insects, from generating falsealarms.A few mechanisms have been used to
focus the distant infrared energy onto the sensor surface. Thewindow may have
multiple Fresnel lenses molded into it. Alternatively, some PIDs are
manufacturedwith internal plastic, segmented parabolic mirrors to focus the infrared
energy. Where mirrors are used,the plastic window cover has no Fresnel lenses
molded into it. This filtering window may be used to limitthe wavelengths to 8-14
microns which is closest to the infrared radiation emitted by humans (9.4microns
being the strongest).The PID can be thought of as a kind of infrared camera that
remembers the amount of infrared energyfocused on its surface. Once power is
applied to the PID, the electronics in the PID shortly settle into aquiescent state and
energize a small relay. This relay controls a set of electrical contacts that are
usuallyconnected to the detection input of a burglar alarm control panel. If
the amount of infrared energy

focused on the pyroelectric sensor changes within a configured time period,

the device will switch thestate of the alarm relay. The alarm relay is typically a
"normally closed (NC)" relay, also known as a"Form B" relay.A person entering a
monitored area is detected when the infrared energy emitted from
the intruder'sbody is focused by a Fresnel lens or a mirror segment and overlaps a
section on the chip that hadpreviously been looking at some much cooler part of the
protected area. That portion of the chip is nowmuch warmer than when the intruder
wasn't there. As the intruder moves, so does the hot spot on thesurface of the chip.
This moving hot spot causes the electronics connected to the chip to de-energize
therelay, operating its contacts, thereby activating the detection input on the alarm
control panel.Conversely, if an intruder were to try to defeat a PID, perhaps by
holding some sort of thermal shieldbetween himself and the PID, a corresponding
'cold' spot moving across the face of the chip will alsocause the relay to de-energize
unless the thermal shield has the same temperature as the objectsbehind it.