- ADOPTING INDAH WATER AS AN ALTERNATIVE WATER

SOURCE FOR NON-PORTABLE USE

By:

Prof Ir.
Prof.
Ir Haniffa Hamid & V
V. Sasidharan
Planning & Engineering Department, Indah Water Konsortium Sdn Bhd

6 September 2012
INTAN, Bukit Kiara, Kuala Lumpur

PRESENTATION STRUCTURE
Introduction
Wastewater as an Alternative
Water Source for Non Potable
U in
Use
i Malaysia
M l
i
Issues,, Challenges
g and
Lessons Learnt
Way Forward & Summary

(C) IWK/PED/0912

Objectives

To present an overview of use of

treated wastewater effluent as an alternative
water source for non-portable purpose.

To highlight
g g the thoughts
g
on the way
y forward
for water reuse initiatives in Malaysia

(C) IWK/PED/0912

Introduction
Malaysia Vision to become a fully
developed country by the year 2020.
R
Rapid
id d
development
l
th
has ttaken
k place
l
iin
sectors like agriculture, industry,
tourism, manufacturing and
urbanisation.
urbanisation
All these development would not
possible without adequate water
resources
Despite the countrys
country s wet humid
equatorial climate regime, many parts
of the country suffer from periodic
water stress, primarily due to:
Imbalance water demand in
varying locations and sectors.
Changes
g in weather p
pattern is
affecting trends in precipitation &
temperature
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Need Statement
NationalWaterResourcesStudy(20002050) WaterStressStates
Penang,Melaka,Selangor,potentiallyN.Sembilan.
RapidUrbanizationandIndustrialization.
DuringDryseason,watershortage&rationing
Tocope:InterStatesupply;demand
S
l d
d
management;&efficientwaterusei.e.
waterrecycling
NEEDTOREDUCEWATERABUSE
PotablewaterforPotableUses
ReclaimedWaterforNonPotableUse

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Water in Malaysia Are We Blessed?

y Malaysia tropical country
y Annual rainfall ~ on average 2409

mm precipitation annually
y Rivers = >150 rivers
(Sources: http://www.climatetemp.info/malaysia/)

RECENTCONTRADICTORYSCENARIOS

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Water in Malaysia Whats happening?

Residents in Selangor, Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya will face a water

crisis as early as 2014..
Saturday May 15
15, 2011
2011, NST
Minister of KeTTHA
YB Datuk Seri Peter
Chin Fah Kui

Major states in Malaysia will be facing severe water shortage in 2014

if measures are not taken to curb excessive wastage and high nonrevenue water (NRW) levels..
levels
Saturday April 23, 2011, The Star
MWA President
Ahmad Zahdi Jamil

Penang is also in for a water crisis if it does not find an additional

source.. It is veryy riskyy if the state continues to jjust depend on
one source
Monday December 6, 2010, The Star
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Water Resources and

Hydrology division
director Ir. Hanapi
Mohamad Noor

Water Demands in Malaysia

WaterDemand(thousand
dMLD)

30
25
20
Potable
Irrigation

15

OtherCrops
10

Livestock
Fisheries

5
0
2010

2020

2030
Year

2040

2050

Raw Water Resources in Malaysia

Current & Future Potentials
Treated
Treated
Wastewater

Direct
Extraction
fromRiver
12 620 MLD
12,620MLD

(4000 MLD)

RainWater
Harvesting

StorageDams
Storage
Dams
2,274MLD

GroundWater
204MLD

Seawater
(desalination)

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PRESENTATION STRUCTURE
Introduction
Wastewater as an Alternative
Water Source for Non Potable
Use
Issues,, Challenges
g and
Lessons Learnt
Way Forward & Summary

(C) IWK/PED/0912

Wastewater as an Alternative Water Source

AGRICULTUREREUSE

MUNICIPALREUSE

INDUSTRIALREUSE

Crop
CropIrrigation
Irrigation
HighestDemandin
China,Mexico,India
Reliablesupply
Lowcost
Nutrientrich

2nd
2ndWATER
WATER
Fillingrecreational
parks
Washingtrucksand
t i
trains
Streetwashingand
draincleaning
Park Irrigation
ParkIrrigation
HIGHQUALITY
WATER
DrinkingWater
supply
l

Private
Privatesectordriven
sector driven
Welldefinedneeds
andrequirements
Coolingpurpose
gp p
Steamgeneration
Processwater

Treated Wastewater as an Alternative Water Source

- The Benefits

Reduce dependence of Natural Resources

Diminishing
margin for action

Sustainability
Use of Technology in alternative sources

Reduces
R
d
tensions
i
and
d stress on potable
bl water supply
l
Reduces demand on potable water for non potable use
Improve potable water demand management for the public/community.
L
Lower
costt for
f non potable
t bl use, particularly
ti l l for
f municipal
i i l reuse.

Reduceof
water
stress

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Use of
te
echnology

Sustainable
Water
Resource
Development

Natural
resources

Sustainable water resources management looks at 2 aspects:

Treated Wastewater as an Alternative Water Source

The Beneficiaries
- Zero discharge
- Promote Green Technologies
- Reduce pollution
- Promote resource recovery
- Showcase of Green
Technology applications

- More potable reserves

- Reduce public complaints

- Public education &

awareness

- Reliable supply
- Alternative sources of water

- Exports of technology and

know-how

- Reliable supply
- Zero discharge

- Better quality supply

- Additional revenue

- Increased production

- Resource recovery promotion

- Attraction of FDI
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Water reclamation and reuse around the world

What say the World?

Rank Country

A Wastewater
Reclamation facility in
Sydeny Australia. Uses
Continuous MF & RO to
produce 20ML D of
reclaimed effluent for
industrial reuse by
BlueScope Steel.
Reduces potable water
use by 60%
A Wastewater
Reclamation facility in
Sulaibiya Kuwait.
375,000 m3/d ultrafiltration and reverse
osmosis.
Santa Carla California 10% wastewater ((60MLD))
is recycled through South
Bay Water Recycling
pipelines for landscaping,
agricultural irrigation, and
industrial needs
NeWater facility in
Singapore.
Uses Advanced dualmembrane
(microfiltration
& reverse osmosis) and
ultraviolet disinfection

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43

USA
S. Arabia
Egypt
Syria
Israel
Spain
Mexico
China
Japan
Tunisia
UAE
Australia
Korea, Rep
Kuwait
Iran
Chile
Peru
Jordan
Turkey
Argentina (1)
Italy
Libya
Qatar
Yemen
Germany (1)
SA (1)
Singapore
Oman
Cyprus
Bolivia
Bahrain
UK (1)
Namibia
Greece
Brazil (1)
France
Malta
Palestine
Belgium (1)
Morocco
Lebanon
Poland
Guatemala

Treated Country
waste-water
reused
d m3/d

7,600,000
1,847,000
1,780,821
1,014,000
1,014,000
821,920
767,280
670,000
573,800
512,328
506,850
456,100
430,000
424,657
420,000
320,000
280,100
,
225,000
136,986
129,600
123,288
110,000
105,600
92,000
,
86,400
82,195
75,000
71, 200
68,493
43,200
41,100
40,000
35,520
28,000
23,330
19,178
10,960
8 750
8,750
6,950
6,600
5,500
2,740
1,460

Qatar
Israel
Kuwait
UAE
Cyprus
S. Arabia
Bahrain
Syria
Tunisia
Jordan
Malta
Oman
USA
Egypt
Australia
Spain
Chile
Namibia
Libya
Singapore
Peru
Korea, Rep
Mexico
Iran
Bolivia
Japan
Yemen
Argentina (1)
Palestine
Greece
Italy
Turkey
SA (1)
Lebanon
Germany (1)
Belgium (1)
UK (1)
China
France
Morocco
Brazil (1)
Guatemala
Poland

Treated Country
wastewater
reused
d
m3/million
capita
170,323
166,230
163,330
126,713
88,952
75,081
56,301
55,109
51,233
40,179
27,400
27,385
25,486
24,395
22,805
20,436
19,876
,
19,733
18,966
17,442
10,163
9,024
7,259
6,000
,
4,800
4,479
4,444
3,375
2,734
2,624
2,163
2,011
1,771
1,528
1,048
671
662
510
320
213
127
119
71

Kuwait
Israel
Singapore
Qatar
Cyprus
Jordon
UAE
Malta
Tunisia
S. Arabia
Namibia
Bahrain
Oman
Syria
Bolivia
Egypt
Libya
y
Chile
Korea, Rep
Spain
Australia
USA
Peru
Yemen
Mexico
SA (1)
Japan
Iran
Argentina (1)
UK (1)
Lebanon
Turkey
Greece
Italy
Germany (1)
China
Belgium (1)
Guatemala
Morocco
France
Brazil (1)
Poland

Treated
wastewater
reuse as % off
the total
water
extraction
35.2
18.1
14.4
13.3
10.4
8.1
8.0
7.8
7.1
5.5
4.3
4.2
1.9
1.9
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
00
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0

What say the World?

- For e.g. Guidelines are well
established

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Treated Wastewater as an Alternative Water Source

What say Malaysia?
ProportionofAcceptanceTowardsVaryingBioeffluentReuseApplications
(400respondents;200withoutInterventionand200afterIntervention)
PreIntervention

PostIntervention

99%
79%

97%
85%

82%

89%
80%

67%

64%
52% 52%

52%
28%

ToiletFlushing OrnamentalFish Landscaping &

Pond
Gardening

Aquaculture

24%

Hydroponic
Agriculture

Irrigationof HeatRegulating
nonfoodCrops forIndustry

IncreaseinPositiveResponsesafterintervention,exceptforreuseintoiletflushing
andhydroponicagriculture.IndicatesNiMBY(notinmybackyard)syndrome
Overallhighacceptancetowardsnonfoodrelatedindustrialapplications
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Treated Wastewater as an Alternative Water Source

What say Malaysia?
RankingofKeyFactorsInfluencingPerceptions
Scale:8(mostconcerned)to1(leastconcerned)innonfoodrelatedreuseapplicationse.g.biosolid asbricks;
bioeffluentforindustry

8
7

PreIntervention

PostIntervention
6
5

3
2

Hygiene

4
3

Religious
Acceptance

Culture

Proximitywith Frequencyof
Transitory Germs&Toxics Odour/Smell
Product
Contact(by
Contactwith
Workers)
Products(Non
Workers)

TheTopFactorsofConcernwerewithReligiousEndorsementonReuse,Hygieneof
ReuseProducts,Odor,Germs&Toxicsthatareperceivedinthesewagebyproducts

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Domestic Wastewater Dimensions and Network

PERLIS

KEDAH

PULAU PINANG
KELANTAN
PERAK

LABUAN

TERENGGANU

PAHANG
SELANGOR
WP KUALA LUMPUR

NEGERI SEMBILAN

MELAKA
JOHOR
PUBLIC STPs
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REGIONAL STPs

Effluent to Recycled Water - JPP-MWA-UTM-IWK Pilot Project

Units

*Average Bioeffluent
ff
((Before
f
RO)

Average
after RO

O
WHO

MOH
O

BOD

mg/l

27

NA

NA

COD

mg/l

80

20

NA

NA

SS

mg/l

22

0.2

NA

NA

Ammoniacal
Nitrogen

mg/l

32

2.5

1.5

0.5

Turbidity

NTU

100

<0.7

Iron

mg/l

0.08

<0.01

0.3

0.3

Manganese

mg/l

0.1

<0.03

0.5

0.1

Copper

mg/l

0.04

<0.01

Zinc

mg/l

0.1

0.02

Silica

mg/l

0.5

10

10

Hardness

mg/l

97.46

12.08

30

500

Aluminium

mg/l

NA

<0.03

0.2

0.2

Chloride

mg/l

NA

<1

250

250

Hazen

NA

<5

15

15

H2S

mg/l

NA

<0 01
<0.01

0 05
0.05

0 05
0.05

Sodium

mg/l

NA

5.58

200

200

Sulfate

mg/l

NA

1.75

400

400

TDS

mg/l

NA

12.9

1000

1000

Flouride

mg/l

NA

0.07

1.5

0.9

Parameters

Colour

RO

u n it

RO Units

Note: the above data is based on values compiled from a pilot project at Shah Alam STP in 2003;
NA refers to Not Applicable. * refers to data of average/feed into RO or final effluent of which
some of parameters were not applicable to be monitored as not required by DOE Std B.

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Thoughts on Water Reuse Unplanned and Planned

Indirect Potable Use

Integratedwater,wastewaterandreuse.Integration
Inreality,manydrinkingwatersuppliesalreadycontain
facilitatetheeconomicsofscaleandallowoptimizationof
wastewatereffluentfromupstreamsources.Thisis
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environmentandexpenditure.
incidental,unplanned,indirectpotablereuse.

A Potential Water Reuse Scheme

Wastewater
Treatment Plant

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Illustration of Potential Non Potable Water Reuse for

Landscape Irrigation and Industrial Applications
CaseScenario1:Damansara STPtotheFactoriesandGolfClub

GolfClub
Effluent
KLR354
KLR 354 - Damansara STP
Uses Oxidation Ditch
Activated Sludge Systems
to produce high quality
treated effluent
effl ent (Std A)
Currently : 15,907 m3/day
treated effluent is released
and not recycled
IndustrialZone
Potential Water Reuse
Application to Golf Course
Landscape and Industrial
Zone in Petaling Jaya.
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Illustration of Potential Non Potable Water Reuse for

Industrial Applications
CaseScenario2:Bayan Baru RegionalSTPtotheBayan Lepas IndustrialPark

PEG 061 Bayan

Baru STP
Uses Oxidation Ditch
Activated Sludge
Systems to produce
high quality treated
effluent (Std A)
Treated
Effluent

Bayan Baru STP

(C) IWK/PED/0912

Currently 69, 376

m3/day treated effluent
is released and not
recycled
Potential Water Reuse
Application to Industrial
Zone in Bayan Lepas

PRESENTATION STRUCTURE
Introduction
Wastewater as an Alternative
Water Source for Non Potable
U in
Use
i Malaysia
M l
i
Issues,, Challenges
g and
Lessons Learnt
Way Forward & Summary

(C) IWK/PED/0912

Issues and Challenges

Fragmented
Institutional
Framework
Local standards,
criteria, guidelines for
different types of
applications is N/A.

No tariff for water

reuse pricing.
High funding cost
for capital
investment for
certain types of
applications

Absenceof
Guidelines&
Standards

Multi sectoral agencies

are involved

Legaland
Policy
Aspects

Issues&
Challenges
Funding&
T iff
Tariff

Public acceptance is crucial

religious/ cultural
Public trust & confidence
Attitudes towards
environment

Stakeholder
Acceptance
p

Technological

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Lackof
Scientific&
T h i l
Technical
Data

No Acts or
Regulations; land
issues, conflicts in
services
se
ces p
provisions
o so s

Local
scientific data
and
information to
support large
scale viable
applications is
inadequate

Various types of technology

is available, largely foreign
based lacks local
based,
specification and standard

Lessons Learnt in Water Reuse

1 T
1.
Type off Technology
T h l
selected
l t d needs
d to
t suit
it the
th reuse
application or demand for minimum quality and criteria set by
client :
For example; electronic industry or boilers for refineries
requires high quality reclaimed water produced from
membrane technology
gy via Reverse Osmosis.
Other types of industries/sectors/area requires only media
filtration for utility washing and landscaping
Technology

Capability

Reuse Application
ReuseApplication

Membranetechnology
MF/UF/Nano/RO

Highestremoval oflarge
moleculesorions

Semiconductor,refineries
Laboratory,Pharmaceutical

Flotationtechnology
DAF

Removalofsuspended
matters

Papermill,textile

Mediatechnology
Sand,gravel,fiber,etc

Removalofsolidsand
organics

Utility washing&
landscaping

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Lessons Learnt in Water Reuse

2
2.

3.
4.
5.
6.
7
7.
8.

Location of Site in relation to the surrounding demand; its suitability/site

conditions and space availability or Water Reclamation Plant (WRP) to be
constructed.
Consistent effluent flow from sewage treatment plant to WRP to ensure
consistent supply of reclaimed water.
quality
y for water reclamation p
plant.
Consistent effluent q
Supply distribution - investigation of piping layout and routing.
Maintenance support service availability.
Need to assess whole life cycle cost for decision making and selecting
suitable proposal.
Non tangible benefits to community and environment should not be
ignored.
ignored

27

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Treatment Requirement for Water Reuse Applications

TYPESOF
APPLICATIONS

TREATMENT REQUIREMENT
Tertiary
Treatment
((MF or/andRO)
/
)

Treated
Wastewater
Effluent

Sand
Filtration

Disinfection

a) StreetCleaning/Construction

b) Drain Cleaning
b)DrainCleaning

c)Landscaping

d)RecreationalImpoundment

e)VehicleWashing

f)Indirectpotableuse
groundwaterrecharge/
environmental lake

Process
Specific(user
defined)
f
)

1.Municipal use

2.IndustrialUse
a)Processwater

b)CoolingPurpose

c)Boiler

3. AgricultureUse
g
a)Irrigationfornonfoodcrops

b) Aquaculture(ornamental)

Economic Analysis of Water Reuse

Cost factor is dependant on the following key parameters :

Types of applications
Water demand/requirements
Methods of reuse and applications
Environmental factors
Locations of applications site
Additi
Additional
l iinfrastructure/facilities
f t t /f iliti
Method of supply and rate/price

E g for landscape plants,

E.g.
plants preliminary cost analysis as follows :

Assume Water Supply is potable water tariff varies from RM 0.80 per
cu.m (SAINS) to RM 2.80 per cu.m (SAJ)
The cost of using potable water can be saved
saved. The quantum of cost
savings depends on the factors above. Majority of international water
reuse recorded savings up to 25% of potable water rates.

Other non-tangible benefits includes:

Improved Environmental quality
Positive impact on Social aspects
(C) IWK/PED/0912

PRESENTATION STRUCTURE
Introduction
Wastewater as an Alternatives
Water Resources for Non
P t bl U
Potable
Use
Issues,, Challenges
g and
Lessons Learnt
Way Forward & Summary

(C) IWK/PED/0912

Way Forward
Institutional strengthening
Implement Demo/Pilot Projects
Gain
government
support

National Policy & Guidelines

Incentives & Innovative Funding

Produce Guidelines and Standards On Reuse

Create Awareness and Understanding
C
Continue
i
IIntensified
ifi d Scientific
S i
ifi R
Research
h
(C) IWK/PED/0912

Summary & Recommendations

S
SewageByProductsReuse,AreWeReady?
B P d t R
A W R d ?

YES

As
Aslongasminimaldirectcontactwiththeby
long as minimal direct contact with the byproducts
products.
Enhancedacceptancethroughinterventionprogrammes
whichareeducationalinnaturetoemphasizethebigpicture
ofenvironmentalconservation.
Thepubliciswillingtocontributetowardsagreen
environment,andnotnecessarilyadverse
environment,andnotnecessarilyadversetowardsreuseof
i
t d t
il d
t
towardsreuseof
d
f
sewagebyproducts.
sewageby

Summary & Recommendations

GovernmentPoliciesand
IncentivesforReplication
ofReuseofTreated
Wastewatern E.g.
EstablishGT/3RFund
Promote
Promotemultistakeholder
multi stakeholder
collaboration.ImplementDemo/Pilot
GreenTechnologyforWastewater
ReusetointensifyR&D,Local
gy
p
TechnologyDevelopmentand
ConductStakeholdersengagementto
CreateBuyin.DevelopGuidelines.

FurtherGrowthinReuse
D
Demands,developmentof
d d l
t f
moreadvancerecycling
technology,sustainable
environmentandsewerage
services

KeTTHA & ASM to

submit a position paper to
the Government to promote
water reuse and incentivise
the initiative through a policy
directive for a sustainable water
demand management

For more info and queries please visit our website:

www.iwk.com.my

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