4 15 September 2004

Dammam, Saudi Arabia

API 510 PREPARATORY

Points To Recall Day 9
1.

2.

For MT (Art.7):
a.

Yoke Type: Electromagnet or Permanent Magnet.

Suitable for surface defects.

b.

Prod Type: Electromagnet

Suitable for surface/sub-surface defects

c.

Examination Medium: Dry powder or Wet Powder

Dry powder suitable for higher temperatures

d.

For Electromagnets: Equipment Ammeters shall be checked

anually with a Master Ammeter. 3 Readings
to be taken and should be within +- 10% of full scale.

e.

Lifting Power of Yokes

AC shall have lifting power of at least 4.5 Kg
DC shall have lifting power of at least 18.1 Kg
Weight too shall be checked prior to first use

f.

Min. two examinations on each area, the second is

perpendicular to first

g.

Prod Spacing - Not exceed 8" and not less than 3"

SE-797 UT Measurement:
a.
b.

Pulse- Echo method can be adopted up to 200 deg. F. Not

suitable on Coarse-Grain Castings.
Apparatus: - 3 types CRT read out
- CRT + direct read out
- Direct thickness read out

c.

Search Units: 3 types

-

Straight beam contact type

Delay line type. (Delay block to minimize dead zone).
Suitable for Low thickness
- Dual element type. (Two crystals in one unit).
Low roof angle used for higher thickness range and
vice-versa. Low thicknesses measurements require
Vee-error correction.

d.

High thickness measurement:

Use of multiple echo is made by using thinner calibration
block. The second last back-echo coincides to zero; the last
echo to the end of screen, the screen is thus calibrated to
thickness of the calibration block.

e.

While taking measurement for high temperature

condition a positive error of 1% per 55C (100F)
will results. Hence temperature correction is necessary.

f.

CRT read out is recommended when reflecting surface is

corroded or rough.

3.

Acceptance criteria are to be applied to indications and not

actual size of discontinuity.

4.

The chloride salts in Crude, in the presence of water (or during

steam stripping) produces HCl acid which can attack the steel
and in presence of H2S, the HCl is regenerated continuing the
corrosion of steel equipments
Fe + 2HCl
FeCL2 + 2HCl

5.

-->
-->

FeCl2 + 2H
FeS + 2HCl

Atomic Hydrogen can cause Hydrogen Induced Cracking (HIC) and

Hydrogen Blistering (HB) at high temp (>800F). In addition to
HIC and HB, the steel becomes spongy as methane gas formation
takes place by combining Hydrogen with free Carbon which is
coming from decomposition of Cementite.

6.

H2S will cause HIC and HB due to formation of Atomic Hydrogen

during sulphide corrosion of steel (Fe + H 2S --> FeS + 2H). and
H2S also regenerates HCl as in (8) above.

7.

Erosion is caused due to high velocity flow of solid suspensions in

liquids and gases or liquid suspensions in gases. R.O.E. varies as
Cube of velocity.

8.

Intergranular corrosion of authentic S.S. is caused due to

Chromium carbide precipitation at grain boundries, making the
areas close to grain boundries depleting chromium below
stainless limit of 11.5%.

9.

Vessel inspections are for The safety, continuity, reliability.

10.

Graphitization in Carbon Steels takes place due to prolonged

exposure in 825 to 1400 deg. F range resulting in decomposition
of Steel into Ferrite Crystals and Graphite Nodules. In-situ
Metallography is used to detect the Graphitization

11.

External inspection of Pr. Vessels and Exchangers should start

with ladders, platforms, stairways connected to or bearing on
vessel.

12.

External surfaces of vessels shall be examined for not only for

corrosion but also for leaks, cracks, buckles, etc.

13.

If any settling is seen on vessel, nozzles and adjacent shell area

shall be inspected for distortion and cracking.

14.

Hammer test shall be followed by suitable NDT.

15.

Grounding connection resistance shall not exceed 25 ohms but 5

ohms is normally preferred.

16.

In presence of acidic co rodents (PH < 7) hydrogen blistering is

expected above and below (close to) liquid level.

17.

Auxiliary equipments (Pr. gauges, sight glass, safety valves etc.

may be visually inspected while in service. Undue vibrations
shall be arrested by providing additional supports or qualified
engineer should determine if these could lead to fatigue failure.

18.

First step for internal inspection is review of previous records.

19.

For heavy wall vessels at high pressure, major concern is crack

damage particularly at the welds ( Weld & HAZ).

20.

In presence of acidic co rodents (PH<7) hydrogen blistering is

expected above and below (close to) liquid level.

21.

Laminations run slant while cracks run normal to surface.

22.

Spark testing is effective method for breaks/leaks in paint, glass,

plastic and rubber lining.

23.

UT is the primary means of obtaining thickness measurements.

Other methods like profile radiography, Step-wedge comparison
radiographs, Corrosion buttons, test holes and depth drilling are
some other methods

24.

pH=7 represents neutral fluid. pH>7 indicates basic while

pH<7 indicates acidic fluid.