Digital signal processing

LAB REPORT-3
Z TRANSFORMS
DHARAMSOTH SANTHOSH
27th AUG 2013

0.1

AIM

1. knowledge of z transform
2. determination of stability of system with the help of poles and zeros

0.2

THEORY

0.3

Autocorrelation

The autocorrelation of a random process describes the correlation between

values of the process at different points in time, as a function of the two times
or of the time difference.
Z
f ( )g(t + )d
f (t) ? g(t) =

0.3.1

AUTO CORRELATION

Autocorrelation is the cross-correlation of a signal with itself.

It is a mathematical tool for finding repeating patterns, such as the presence
of a periodic signal obscured by noise, or identifying the missing fundamental
frequency in a signal implied by its harmonic frequencies.
Z
f ( )f (t + )d
Rf f (t) = f (t) ? f (t) =

0.3.2

DIRECT Z TRANSFORM

The direct z-transform or two-sided z-transform or bilateral z-transform or

just the z-transform of a discrete-time signal x[n] is defined as follows.
X(z) =

x(n)z n

0.3.3

REGION OF CONVERGENCE

The region of convergence (ROC) is the set of points in the complex plane
for which the Z-transform summation converges.



X


n 
ROC = z : 
x[n]z  <


1

The stability of a system can also be determined by knowing the ROC alone.
If the ROC contains the unit circle (i.e., |z| = 1) then the system is stable.
If you need a causal system then the ROC must contain infinity and the
system function will be a right-sided sequence.
If you need an anticausal system then the ROC must contain the origin and
the system function will be a left-sided sequence.
If you need both, stability and causality, all the poles of the system function
must be inside the unit circle.

0.3.4

INVERSE Z TRANSFORM
x(n) = Z

1
[X(z)] =
2j

X(z)z n1 dz

where C is a counterclockwise closed path encircling the origin and entirely

in the region of convergence (ROC). In the case where the ROC is causal (see
Example 2), this means the path C must encircle all of the poles of X(z).

0.3.5

TRANFER FUNCTION

Y (z)
is the system transfer function for the difference equation.
The function X(z)
where Y(z) is the z transform of output y(n) and X(z) is the z transform of
the input x(n)

0.3.6

POLES AND ZEROS

Poles are the values of z that make the denominator zero,(i.e transfer function
to infinite) and zeros are the values of z that make the numerator go to
zero.(i.e transfer function zero).

0.4

PROCEDURE

1. For the first question,poles and zeros are plotted using solve matlab
function and magnitude and phase spectrum is plotted to the given
transfer function
2. For the second question pole-zero plot is plotted for different values of
a to know the stability of given transfer function an (n >= 0)
The values which we plotted are::
a = 1(on unit circle);

a = 0.5, a = 0.5(inside unit circle);

a = 1.5, a = 1.5(outside unit circle);
3. For the third question pole zero plot is plotted for different values of a
and b to know the stability of given transfer function
an (n >= 0) (causal)and
bn (n < 0) (anti causal)
To find intersection of ROC , pole zero plot is plotted for different
values of a and b

0.5

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

whenever plot-zero plot of a transfer function contains unit circle,then system is stable.for causal systems like an (n >= 0) contains ROC outside of
radius=a circle and for anti-causal systems like bn (n < 0) contains ROC
inside of radius=b circle.
from above discussions,
for a < 1,an (n >= 0) is stable(roc includes unit circle)
for b > 1,bn (n < 0) is stable(roc includes unit circle) whenever both an (n >=
0) and bn (n < 0) involved in the transfer function intersection of ROC s is
considered.i.e,for this system a < 1 and b > 1 is the stability condition.

0.6

CONCLUSION

The pole-zero plot and the magnitude and phase spectrum of the transfer function h(z) = 1 (0.3z 1) (0.2z 2) are obtained.
stability of an (n >= 0) is obtained by plotting pole zero plots for
different a values and found that for a < 1,system is stable
stability of (an (n >= 0) and bn (n < 0)) is obtained by plotting pole zero
plots for different a and b values and found that for (a < 1andb > 1)
system is stable.

0.7

BIBILOGRAHY

Signals and systems -B.P LATHI