Transmission Properties of Pair Cables: Nils Holte, NTNU

Transmission properties of
pair cables
Nils Holte, NTNU
NTNU
Department of Telecommunications
Digital Kommunikasjon 2002
Overview
Part I: Physical design of a pair cable
Part II: Electrical properties of a single pair
Part III: Interference between pairs,
crosstalk
Part IV: Estimates of channel capacity of pair
cables. How to exploit the existing
cable plant in an optimum way
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Part I
Basic design of pair cables
A single twisted pair

Binder groups
The cross-stranding principle
Building binder groups and cables of
different sizes
A complete cable
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Cross section of a single pair

Insulation
Conductor
Most common conductor diameters: 0.4 mm, 0.6 mm

(0.5 mm, 0.9 mm)
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A twisted pair
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Typical pair cables of the

Norwegian access network
0.4 and 0.6 mm conductor diameter
Polyethylene insulation (expanded)
Twisting periods in the interval
50 - 150 mm
10 pair cross-stranded binder groups
10 - 2000 pairs in a cable
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Pair positions in a 10 pair binder group

Cross-stranding [13]:
The positions of
all the pairs are
alternated randomly
along the cable.
Interference is thus
randomised, and all
pairs will be almost
uniform
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Cross-stranding
Cross-stranding
technique:
Each pair runs
through a die in the
cross-stranding
matrix.
The positions of the
dies are set by a
random generator
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Design of binder groups up to 100 pairs
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Design of binder groups up to 1000 pairs
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Typical cable design (Kombikabel)
This cable may be used as:
1) overhead cable
2) buried cable
3) in water (fresh water)
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Part II
Properties of a single pair
Equivalent model of a single pair

Capacitance
Inductance
Skin effect
Resistance
Per unit length model of a pair
The telegraph equation - solution
Propagation constant
Characteristic impedance
Reflection coefficient, terminations
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A single pair in uniform insulation

2a
2r
r
A coarse estimate of the primary parameters R, L, C, G

may be found assuming a >> r, uniform insulation, and
no surrounding conductors
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Model of a single pair in a cable

The electrical
influence of
the surrounding
pairs in the cable
may be modelled
as an equivalent
shield. This model
will give accurate
estimates of
R, L, C and G [12]
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Capacitance of a single pair

The capacitance per unit length of a single pair is given by:
0 r
C=
2a
ln
r
The capacitance of cables in the access network is 45 nF/km
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Inductance of a single pair

The inductance per unit length of a single pair is given by:
0 2a
L=
ln
r
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Skin effect
At high frequencies the current will flow in the outer part
of the conductors, and the skin depth is given by [12]:
1
f r 0
is the conductance of the conductors
For copper the skin depth is given by:
2, 11
FkHz
mm
= 2.11 mm at 1 kHz
= 0.067 mm at 1 MHz
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Resistance of a conductor
The resistance per unit length of a conductor is for r << a given by:
1
r2
RC =
1
2 r
for >> r (low frequencies)

for << r (high frequencies)
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Resistance of a pair
The resistance per unit length of a pair will be the sum of the
resitances of the two conductors and is given by:
2
r2
R = 2 RC =
1
r
for >> r (low frequencies)

for << r (high frequencies)
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Conductance of a pair
The conductance per unit length of a pair is given by:
G = l C
l is the dielectric loss factor
A typical value of the loss factor is l = 0.0003. This means

that the conductance is usually negligible for pair cables.
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10
Per unit length model of a pair

Lx
Rx
U+U
I+I
Cx
Gx
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Model of a pair of length l

I(x)
R, L, C, G
U(x)
x=0
x=l
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11
The telegraph equation

From the circuit diagram:
d
U ( x ) = ( R + jL) I ( x ) = Z I ( x )
dx
d
I ( x ) = (G + jC )U ( x ) = Y U ( x )
dx
Combining the equations:
d2
U( x) = Z Y U( x)
dx
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Solution of the telegraph equation
U(x) = c1 e x + c2 e x
I(x) =
c1 x c 2 x
e +
e
Z0
Z0
c1 and c2 are constants

is propagation constant
Z0 is characteristic impedance
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12
Propagation constant
= Z Y = ( R + jL) (G + jC ) =
( R + jL) jC
= + j
is the attenuation constant in Neper/km
is the phase constant in rad/km
Neper to dB:
dB =
20
= 8.69
ln(10)
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Characteristic impedance
Z0 =
Z
=
Y
( R + jL)
=
(G + jC )
( R + jL)
jC
At high frequencies R << jL :
Z0 =
L
C
The characteristic impedance is approximately 120 ohms

at high frequencies for pair cables in the access network
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13
Attenuation constant
At high frequencies (f > 100 kHz) R <<L.
By series expansion of :
R C G
+
2 L 2
L
=
C
R C
= k1 f
2 L
At low frequencies (f < 10 kHz) R >>L. Hence:

=
jC R = (1 + j )
==
RC
2
RC
= k2 f
2
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Attenuation constant of pair cables
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14
Phase constant
At high frequencies (f > 100 kHz):
= L C = k3 f
Phase velocity:
v=
x wavelength 2
=
=
=
t
cycle
2
1
c
=
LC
r
Phase velocity is 200 000 km/s for pair cables at high frequencies
(r = 2.3 for polyethylene)
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Termination of a pair
I(l)
U(l)
R, L, C, G
ZT
x=0
x=l
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15
Reflection coefficient
U(x) = V+ e ( l x ) + V e ( l x )
I(x) =
ZT =
V+ ( l x ) V ( l x )
e
e
Z0
Z0
U ( l)
V + V
= Z0 +
I ( l)
V+ V
Solution of telegraph equation

including termination imp. ZT
V+ is voltage of wave in
positive direction at x=l
V- is voltage of reflected
wave in at x=l
Reflection coefficient:
Z Z0
V
= = Z0 T
V+
ZT + Z 0
No reflections ( =0) for

ZT= Z0 . Ideal terminations
are assumed in later
crosstalk calculations
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Part III
Crosstalk in pair cables
Basic coupling mechanisms

Crosstalk coupling per unit length
Near end crosstalk, NEXT
Far end crosstalk, FEXT
Statistical crosstalk coupling
Average NEXT and FEXT
Crosstalk power sum - crosstalk from many pairs
Statistical distributions of crosstalk
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Crosstalk mechanisms
Main contributions:
Capacitive coupling
Inductive coupling
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Ideal and real twisting of a pair

Ideal twisting
Actual twisting of a real pair
The crosstalk level observed in real cables

is caused mainly by deviations from ideal twisting
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17
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Normalised NEXT coupling coefficient [11]:
1 dU2 N
1 Ci , j ( x ) Li, j ( x )
=
+
j 0 U1 dx 2 C
L
N i, j ( x ) =
Normalised FEXT coupling coefficient [11]:
F i, j ( x ) =
1 dU2 F
1 Ci , j ( x ) Li, j ( x )
j 0 U1 dx 2 C
L
Ci,j(x) is the mutual capacitance per unit length between pair i and j
Li,j(x) is the mutual inductance per unit length between pair i and j
0 is the lossless phase constant, 0 = L C
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18
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Assuming weak coupling, the near end voltage transfer
function is given by [11]:
l
V
H NE ( f ) = 20 = j 0 N ( x )e 2x 2 jx dx
V10
0
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19
NEXT between two pairs

100
pair combination
pair combination
pair combination
average NEXT
Near end crosstalk, dB
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
-1
10
10
10
Frequency, MHz
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Stochastic model of crosstalk couplings

Crosstalk coupling factors are white Gaussian stocastic processes:
NEXT autocorrelation function [6]:
RN ( ) = E[ N ( x ) N ( x + )] = kN ( )
FEXT autocorrelation function [6]:
RF ( ) = E[ F ( x ) F ( x + )] = kF ( )
kN and kF are constants
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Average NEXT
Average NEXT power transfer function between two pairs [6]:
p( f ) = E H NE ( f )
2
0 N
e
0
4x
V
= E 20
V10
02 k N
02 k N
4 l
= kN 2 f 1.5
1 e )
dx =
(
4
4
NEXT increases 15 dB/decade with frequency

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21

Assuming weak coupling, the far end voltage transfer
function is given by [11]:
l
V
H FE ( f ) = 2 l = j 0 F ( x ) dx
V1l
0
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Average FEXT
Average FEXT power transfer function between two pairs [6]:
q( f ) = E H FE ( f )
2
0
V
= E 2l
V1l
dx = k F 02 l = kF2 f 2 l
FEXT increases 20 dB/decade with frequency

FEXT increases 10 dB/decade with cable length
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22
Crosstalk from N different pairs

crosstalk power sum
Only crosstalk between identical systems is
considered (self NEXT and self FEXT)
Crosstalk from different pairs add on a
power basis
Effective crosstalk is given by the sum of
crosstalk power transfer functions, which is
denoted crosstalk power sum
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Crosstalk from N different pairs

crosstalk power sum
NEXT crosstalk power sum for pair no i:
2
H NE ps ( f ) = H NE i , j ( f )
j =1
j i
FEXT crosstalk power sum for pair no i:

2
HFE ps ( f ) = HFE i , j ( f )
j =1
j i
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23
NEXT power sum

70
NEXT ps, cable 1
NEXT ps, cable 2
NEXT ps, cable 3
average NEXT ps
65
NEXT power sum, dB
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
-1
10
10
10
Frequency, MHz
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Probability distributions of crosstalk

Crosstalk power transfer function for a single pair
combination at a given frequency is gamma-distributed
with probability density [6]:
z
1
1
pz ( z ) =
z e a
( ) a
= 1.0 for NEXT

= 0.5 for FEXT
a is average crosstalk power
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24
Probability density of NEXT and

FEXT for a single pair combination
2
ny = 0.5 (FEXT)
ny = 1.0 (NEXT)
1.8
Probability density
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
Amplitude relative to average power transfer function
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Probability of crosstalk for an

arbitrary pair combination
Different pair combinations will have different levels
of crosstalk coupling (different kN and kF).
It can be shown that:
The crosstalk power transfer function for a random
pair combination is approximately gamma-distributed
The number of degrees of freedom, must be found
empirically. < 1.0 for NEXT and < 0.5 for FEXT
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Probability of crosstalk power sum

Crosstalk from different pairs add on a power basis. Hence,
crosstalk power sum is approximately gamma-distributed
with probability distribution:
ps
1
p ps ( z ) =
( ps ) a ps
ps
ps 1
ps z
a ps
aps=Na, where a is the average crosstalk of one pair combination

ps=N , where is the number of degrees of freedom
for a random pair combination
N is the number of disturbing pairs
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Probability density of
crosstalk power sum
2
ny = 0.2
ny = 0.5
ny = 1.0
ny = 2.0
ny = 5.0
1.8
Probability density
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
Amplitude relative to average power sum
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26
Worst case crosstalk

Crosstalk dimesioning is usually based upon the 99% point
of NEXT and FEXT power sum, which is given by
(1% of the pairs will have crosstalk that exceeds this limit):
p ps 99 ( f ) = N E[kN 2 ] f 1.5 c99 ( ps )
for NEXT
q ps 99 ( f ) = N E[kF 2 ] f 2 l c99 ( ps ) for FEXT

c99(ps) is the ratio between the 99% point and the average power sum
in the gamma distribution
The expectations E[kN2] and E[kF2] are taken over all pair combinations
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Empirical worst case NEXT model

International model of 99% point of NEXT power sum
based upon 50 pair binder groups:
N
p ps 99 ( F ) = 10
49
4
0.6
F1.5
N is the number of disturbing pairs in the cable

F is the frequency in MHz
This model fits well with 100% filled Nowegian cables

with 10 pair binder groups
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27
Empirical worst case FEXT model

International model of 99% point of FEXT power sum
based upon 50 pair binder groups:
N
q ps 99 ( F ) = 3 10
49
4
0.6
F2 L
N is the number of disturbing pairs in the cable

F is the frequency in MHz
L is the cable length in km
This model fits well with 100% filled Nowegian cables

with 10 pair binder groups
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Part IV
Channel capacity estimates [1,2,8]
Shannons channel capacity formula

Signal and noise models
Realistic estimates of channel capacity
Channel capacity per bandwidth unit
One-way transmission
Two-way transmission
Crosstalk between different types of systems,
alien NEXT, alien FEXT
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28
Shannons theoretical channel capacity

Maximum theoretical channel capacity
in the frequency band [fl,fh]:
fh
S( f )
CSh = log 2 1 +
df
N( f )
fl
bit/s
S(f): signal power density

N(f): noise power density
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Capacity per bandwidth unit

A realistic estimate of bandwidth efficiency [2]:
( f ) =
S( f )
C
= keff log 2 1 +
N( f )
f
bit/s/Hz
S(f): signal power density

N(f): noise power density
1: factor for margin (safety margin + margin for mod.meth.)
keff 1: factor for overhead (sync bits, RS-code, cyclic prefix)
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Signal transmission
Attenuation proportional to f
due to skin effect (f > 100 kHz)
Signal transfer function:
H ( f ) = 10
dBl
20
= exp kl f
dB: attenuation constant in dB

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Signal and noise models

Signal:
S( F ) = e 2L
Noise models:
N NEXT = 10 4 F1.5
N ( F ) = N FEXT = 3 10 4 F 2 L e 2L
8
N
AWGN = 10
NEXT
FEXT
AWGN
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Channel capacity vs. frequency

Potential bandwith efficiency, bit/s/Hz
15
FEXT
AWGN
NEXT
10
L=1 km
5
0
0
Frequency, MHz
10
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Channel capacity vs frequency II

L=1 km
L=3 km
15
one-way transmission
two-way transmission
2*two-way transmission
10
0
0
Frequency, MHz
10
15
2*two-way transmission
10
0
0
0.5
Frequency, MHz
1.5
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Total channel capacity

One-way transmission:
fh
S( F )
Rone way = keff log 2 1 +
df
N FEXT + N AWGN
fl
Two-way transmission:
fh
S( F )
Rtwo way = keff log 2 1 +
df
N
+
N
+
N
NEXT
FEXT
AWGN
fl
The channel capacity is somewhat greater than this expression for two-way
transmission due to uncorrelated NEXT in different frequency bands [9,10]
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Assumptions for estimation of bitrates

For one-way transmission, the total bitrate found
in the calculations must be divided by downstream
and upstream transmission
Identical systems in all pairs of the cable (only self
NEXT and self FEXT)
All pairs are used, the cable is 100% filled
Net bitrate is 90% of total bitrate (keff=0.90)
Frequency band: f 100 kHz,
upper limit 11 MHz
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Assumptions II
Multicarrier modulation [7]
Adaptive modulation in each sub-band
M-TCM modulation in each sub-band
4 M 16384, 1 - 13 bit/s/Hz
Distance to Shannon (): 9 dB
(6 dB margin + 3 dB for modulation)
White noise: 80 dB below output signal
Cable: 0.4 mm, 22.5 dB/km at 1 MHz
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Potential range for .4 mm cable

60
60
transmission
one-way
50
50
VDSL
Bitrate,Mbit/s
Mbit/s
Bitrate,
40
40
30
30
20
20
ADSL
10
10
00
00
11
22
Range,
Km3
Range, Km
44
55
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Potential range for .4 mm cable II

4
3.5
SHDSL+
means a
multicarrier
system using
approximately
the same
frequency
band as
SHDSL
Bitrate, Mbit/s
3
2.5
2
1.5
SHDSL+
1
0.5
0
2
2.5
3.5
Range, Km
4.5
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Digital Subscriber Line systems,

xDSL
ADSL; Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Lines [5]
Asymmetric data rates, 256 kbit/s - 8 Mbit/s downstream,
range up to 4 - 5 km
SHDSL; Symmetric High-speed Digital

Subscriber Lines [3]
Symmetric data rates, 192 kbit/s - 2.3 Mbit/s, range up to 6 - 7 km
VDSL; Very high-speed Digital Subscriber Lines

Asymmetric or symmetric data rates (still under standardisation),
up to 52 Mbit/s downstream, range typically 1 km [4]
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Frequency allocations in the

access network
Upstream
2 Mbit/s SHDSL
SHDSL low
0
ADSL
125
Frequency, kHz
211
400
1104
SHDSL low 640 kbit/s
Downstream
2 Mbit/s SHDSL
SHDSL low
0
VDSL
ADSL + VDSL
125
276
400
Frequency, kHz
1104
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Conclusions
Frequency planning in pair cables is very
important
New systems should be introduced with
great care in order to preserve the potential
transmission capacity of the cable
Full rate SHDSL systems overlaps with
ADSL
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References I
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
J.-J. Werner, "The HDSL environment," IEEE Journal on Sel.

Areas in Commun., August 1991, pp. 785-800
T. Starr, J. M. Cioffi, P. J. Silverman, "Understanding digital
subscriber line technology," Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River,
1999
ITU-T Recommendation G.991.2, " Single-Pair High-Speed
Digital Subscriber Line (SHDSL) transceivers", Geneva, 2001
ETSI TS 101 270-1, V1.2.1, "Very high speed Digital Subscriber
Line (VDSL); Part 1: Functional requirements", Sophia Antipolis,
1999
ITU-T Recommendation G.992.1, "Asymmetric Digital Subscriber
Line (ADSL) transceivers", Geneva, 1999
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References II
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
H. Cravis, T. V. Crater, "Engineering of T1 carrier system

repeatered lines," Bell System Techn. Journal, March 1963,
pp. 431-486
J. A. C. Bingham, "Multicarrier modulation for data transmission:
An idea whose time has come," IEEE Communications Magazine,
May 1990, pp. 5-19
N. Holte, Broadband communication in existing copper cables
by means of xDSL systems - a tutorial, NORSIG, Trondheim,
October 2001
N. Holte, A new method for calculating the channel capacity in
pair cables with respect to near end crosstalk, DSLcon Europe,
Munich, November 2001
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36
References III
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
A. J. Gibbs, R. Addie, "The covariance of near end crosstalk and

its application to PCM system engineering in multipair cable,"
IEEE Trans. on Commun., Vol. COM-27, No. 2, Feb. 1979,
pp.469-477
W. Klein, "Die Theorie des Nebensprechens auf Leitungen,"
Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1955
H. Kaden, Wirbelstrme und Schirmng in der Nachrichtentechnik, Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1959
S. Nordblad, "Multi-paired Cable of nonlayer design for low
capacitance unbalance telecommunication networks," Int. Wire
and cable symp., 1971, pp. 156-163
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37

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Transmission properties of

Nils Holte, NTNU

Digital Kommunikasjon 2002

Digital Kommunikasjon 2002

A single twisted pair

Digital Kommunikasjon 2002

Cross section of a single pair

Most common conductor diameters: 0.4 mm, 0.6 mm

Digital Kommunikasjon 2002

Digital Kommunikasjon 2002

Typical pair cables of the

Digital Kommunikasjon 2002

Pair positions in a 10 pair binder group

Digital Kommunikasjon 2002

Digital Kommunikasjon 2002

Design of binder groups up to 100 pairs

Digital Kommunikasjon 2002

Design of binder groups up to 1000 pairs

Digital Kommunikasjon 2002

Typical cable design (Kombikabel)

This cable may be used as:

Digital Kommunikasjon 2002

Equivalent model of a single pair

Digital Kommunikasjon 2002

A single pair in uniform insulation

A coarse estimate of the primary parameters R, L, C, G

Digital Kommunikasjon 2002

Model of a single pair in a cable

Digital Kommunikasjon 2002

Capacitance of a single pair

Digital Kommunikasjon 2002

Inductance of a single pair

Digital Kommunikasjon 2002

is the conductance of the conductors

For copper the skin depth is given by:

Digital Kommunikasjon 2002

for >> r (low frequencies)

Digital Kommunikasjon 2002

for >> r (low frequencies)

Digital Kommunikasjon 2002

A typical value of the loss factor is l = 0.0003. This means

Digital Kommunikasjon 2002

Per unit length model of a pair

Digital Kommunikasjon 2002

Model of a pair of length l

Digital Kommunikasjon 2002

The telegraph equation

Digital Kommunikasjon 2002

Solution of the telegraph equation

c1 and c2 are constants

Digital Kommunikasjon 2002

Digital Kommunikasjon 2002

At high frequencies R << jL :

The characteristic impedance is approximately 120 ohms

Digital Kommunikasjon 2002

At low frequencies (f < 10 kHz) R >>L. Hence:

Digital Kommunikasjon 2002

Attenuation constant of pair cables

Digital Kommunikasjon 2002

Digital Kommunikasjon 2002

Digital Kommunikasjon 2002

Solution of telegraph equation

No reflections ( =0) for