Fourier Series 2

N. B. Vyas

Department of Mathematics,
Atmiya Institute of Tech. & Science,
Rajkot (Guj.)- INDIA

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series 2

Functions of any Period p = 2L

Let f (x) be a periodic function with an arbitrary period 2L
defined in the interval c < x < c + 2L

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series 2

Functions of any Period p = 2L

Let f (x) be a periodic function with an arbitrary period 2L
defined in the interval c < x < c + 2L
The Fourier series of f (x) is given by

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series 2

Functions of any Period p = 2L

Let f (x) be a periodic function with an arbitrary period 2L
defined in the interval c < x < c + 2L
The Fourier series of f (x) is given by

 nx i
 nx 
a0 X h
+ bn sin
f (x) =
+
an cos
2
L
L
n=1

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series 2

Functions of any Period p = 2L

Let f (x) be a periodic function with an arbitrary period 2L
defined in the interval c < x < c + 2L
The Fourier series of f (x) is given by

 nx i
 nx 
a0 X h
+ bn sin
f (x) =
+
an cos
2
L
L
n=1
Z
1 c+2L
f (x) dx
where a0 =
L c

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series 2

Functions of any Period p = 2L

Let f (x) be a periodic function with an arbitrary period 2L
defined in the interval c < x < c + 2L
The Fourier series of f (x) is given by

 nx i
 nx 
a0 X h
+ bn sin
f (x) =
+
an cos
2
L
L
n=1
Z
1 c+2L
f (x) dx
where a0 =
L c
Z
 nx 
1 c+2L
an =
f (x) cos
dx
L c
L

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series 2

Functions of any Period p = 2L

Let f (x) be a periodic function with an arbitrary period 2L
defined in the interval c < x < c + 2L
The Fourier series of f (x) is given by

 nx i
 nx 
a0 X h
+ bn sin
f (x) =
+
an cos
2
L
L
n=1
Z
1 c+2L
f (x) dx
where a0 =
L c
Z
 nx 
1 c+2L
an =
f (x) cos
dx
L c
L
Z
 nx 
1 c+2L
bn =
f (x) sin
dx
L c
L

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series 2

Functions of any Period p = 2L

Corollary 1: If c = 0 the interval becomes 0 < x < 2L

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series 2

Functions of any Period p = 2L

Corollary 1: If c = 0 the interval becomes 0 < x < 2L

 nx 
 nx i
a0 X h
an cos
+ bn sin
f (x) =
+
2
L
L
n=1

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series 2

Functions of any Period p = 2L

Corollary 1: If c = 0 the interval becomes 0 < x < 2L

 nx 
 nx i
a0 X h
an cos
+ bn sin
f (x) =
+
2
L
L
n=1
Z 2L
1
where a0 =
f (x) dx
L 0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series 2

Functions of any Period p = 2L

Corollary 1: If c = 0 the interval becomes 0 < x < 2L

 nx 
 nx i
a0 X h
an cos
+ bn sin
f (x) =
+
2
L
L
n=1
Z 2L
1
where a0 =
f (x) dx
L 0
Z
 nx 
1 2L
an =
f (x) cos
dx
L 0
L

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series 2

Functions of any Period p = 2L

Corollary 1: If c = 0 the interval becomes 0 < x < 2L

 nx 
 nx i
a0 X h
an cos
+ bn sin
f (x) =
+
2
L
L
n=1
Z 2L
1
where a0 =
f (x) dx
L 0
Z
 nx 
1 2L
an =
f (x) cos
dx
L 0
L
Z
 nx 
1 2L
bn =
f (x) sin
dx
L 0
L

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series 2

Functions of any Period p = 2L

Corollary 2: If c = L the interval becomes L < x < L

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series 2

Functions of any Period p = 2L

Corollary 2: If c = L the interval becomes L < x < L

 nx 
 nx i
a0 X h
+
an cos
+ bn sin
f (x) =
2
L
L
n=1

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series 2

Functions of any Period p = 2L

Corollary 2: If c = L the interval becomes L < x < L

 nx 
 nx i
a0 X h
+
an cos
+ bn sin
f (x) =
2
L
L
n=1
Z
1 L
where a0 =
f (x) dx
L L

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series 2

Functions of any Period p = 2L

Corollary 2: If c = L the interval becomes L < x < L

 nx 
 nx i
a0 X h
+
an cos
+ bn sin
f (x) =
2
L
L
n=1
Z
1 L
where a0 =
f (x) dx
L L
Z
 nx 
1 L
an =
f (x) cos
dx
L L
L

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series 2

Functions of any Period p = 2L

Corollary 2: If c = L the interval becomes L < x < L

 nx 
 nx i
a0 X h
+
an cos
+ bn sin
f (x) =
2
L
L
n=1
Z
1 L
where a0 =
f (x) dx
L L
Z
 nx 
1 L
an =
f (x) cos
dx
L L
L
Z
 nx 
1 L
f (x) sin
bn =
dx
L L
L

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series 2

Example

Ex. The Fourier series of f (x) = x2 , 0 < x < 2 where

f (x + 2) = f (x).

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series 2

Example

Ex. The Fourier series of f (x) = x2 , 0 < x < 2 where

f (x + 2) = f (x).
1
1
1
2
Hence deduce that 1 2 + 2 2 + . . . =
2
3
4
12

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series 2

Example
Sol. Step 1: The Fourier series of f (x) is given by

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series 2

Example
Sol. Step 1: The Fourier series of f (x) is given by

 nx 
 nx i
a0 X h
f (x) =
+
an cos
+ bn sin
2
L
L
n=1

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series 2

Example
Sol. Step 1: The Fourier series of f (x) is given by

 nx 
 nx i
a0 X h
f (x) =
+
an cos
+ bn sin
2
L
L
n=1
Z
1 2
f (x) dx
where a0 =
L 0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series 2

Example
Sol. Step 1: The Fourier series of f (x) is given by

 nx 
 nx i
a0 X h
f (x) =
+
an cos
+ bn sin
2
L
L
n=1
Z
1 2
f (x) dx
where a0 =
L 0
Z
 nx 
1 2
an =
f (x) cos
dx
L 0
L

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series 2

Example
Sol. Step 1: The Fourier series of f (x) is given by

 nx 
 nx i
a0 X h
f (x) =
+
an cos
+ bn sin
2
L
L
n=1
Z
1 2
f (x) dx
where a0 =
L 0
Z
 nx 
1 2
an =
f (x) cos
dx
L 0
L
Z
 nx 
1 2
bn =
f (x) sin
dx
L 0
L

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series 2

Example
Sol. Step 1: The Fourier series of f (x) is given by

 nx 
 nx i
a0 X h
f (x) =
+
an cos
+ bn sin
2
L
L
n=1
Z
1 2
f (x) dx
where a0 =
L 0
Z
 nx 
1 2
an =
f (x) cos
dx
L 0
L
Z
 nx 
1 2
bn =
f (x) sin
dx
L 0
L
Here p = 2L = 2 L = 1

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series 2

Example

1
Step 2. Now a0 =
1

f (x) dx
0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series 2

Example

1
Step 2. Now a0 =
1
Z 2
a0 =
(x)2 dx

f (x) dx
0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series 2

Example

1
Step 2. Now a0 =
1
Z 2
a0 =
(x)2 dx
0
 3 2
x
=
3 0

f (x) dx
0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series 2

Example

1
Step 2. Now a0 =
1
Z 2
a0 =
(x)2 dx
0
 3 2
x
=
3 0
8
=
3

f (x) dx
0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series 2

Example

1
Step 3. an =
1

f (x) cos
0

N. B. Vyas

 nx 
1

dx

Fourier Series 2

Example

Z
 nx 
1 2
Step 3. an =
f (x) cos
dx
1 0
1
Z 2
an =
x2 cos(nx) dx
0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series 2

Example

Z
 nx 
1 2
Step 3. an =
f (x) cos
dx
1 0
1
Z 2
an =
x2 cos(nx) dx
0
 


2
 cos nx 
sin nx
sin nx
2
= x
+2 3 3
(2x) 2 2
n
n
n
0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series 2

Example

Z
 nx 
1 2
Step 3. an =
f (x) cos
dx
1 0
1
Z 2
an =
x2 cos(nx) dx
0
 


2
 cos nx 
sin nx
sin nx
2
= x
+2 3 3
(2x) 2 2
n
n
n
0
4
= 2 2
n

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series 2

Example

1
Step 4. bn =
1

f (x) sin
0

N. B. Vyas

 nx 
1

dx

Fourier Series 2

Example

Z
 nx 
1 2
Step 4. bn =
f (x) sin
dx
1 0
1
Z 2
bn =
x2 sin(nx) dx
0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series 2

Example

Z
 nx 
1 2
Step 4. bn =
f (x) sin
dx
1 0
1
Z 2
bn =
x2 sin(nx) dx
0
 


 cos nx 2
sin nx
cos nx 
2
= x
(2x) 2 2
+2
n
n
n3 3
0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series 2

Example

Z
 nx 
1 2
Step 4. bn =
f (x) sin
dx
1 0
1
Z 2
bn =
x2 sin(nx) dx
0
 


 cos nx 2
sin nx
cos nx 
2
= x
(2x) 2 2
+2
n
n
n3 3
0
4
=
n

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series 2

Example
Step 5. Substituting values of a0 , an and bn in (1), we get the
required Fourier series of f (x) in the interval (0, 2)

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series 2

Example
Step 5. Substituting values of a0 , an and bn in (1), we get the
required Fourier series of f (x) in the interval (0, 2)




 nx  X
 nx 
8 X
4
4
cos
+
f (x) = +

sin
6 n=1 n2 2
1
n
1
n=1

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series 2

Example
Step 5. Substituting values of a0 , an and bn in (1), we get the
required Fourier series of f (x) in the interval (0, 2)




 nx  X
 nx 
8 X
4
4
cos
+
f (x) = +

sin
6 n=1 n2 2
1
n
1
n=1

4
4 X cos(nx) 4 X sin(nx)

= + 2
3 n=1
n2
n=1
n

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series 2

Example
Step 5. Substituting values of a0 , an and bn in (1), we get the
required Fourier series of f (x) in the interval (0, 2)




 nx  X
 nx 
8 X
4
4
cos
+
f (x) = +

sin
6 n=1 n2 2
1
n
1
n=1

4
4 X cos(nx) 4 X sin(nx)

= + 2
3 n=1
n2
n=1
n

Putting x = 1, we get

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series 2

Example
Step 5. Substituting values of a0 , an and bn in (1), we get the
required Fourier series of f (x) in the interval (0, 2)




 nx  X
 nx 
8 X
4
4
cos
+
f (x) = +

sin
6 n=1 n2 2
1
n
1
n=1

4
4 X cos(nx) 4 X sin(nx)

= + 2
3 n=1
n2
n=1
n

Putting x = 1, we get


4
4
1
1
1
1 = + 2 1 + 2 2 + ...
3
1
2
3

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series 2

Example
Step 5. Substituting values of a0 , an and bn in (1), we get the
required Fourier series of f (x) in the interval (0, 2)




 nx  X
 nx 
8 X
4
4
cos
+
f (x) = +

sin
6 n=1 n2 2
1
n
1
n=1

4
4 X cos(nx) 4 X sin(nx)

= + 2
3 n=1
n2
n=1
n

Putting x = 1, we get


4
4
1
1
1
1 = + 2 1 + 2 2 + ...
3
1
2
3


1
1
4
1
1
= 2 1 + 2 2 + ...
3

1
2
3

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series 2

Example
Step 5. Substituting values of a0 , an and bn in (1), we get the
required Fourier series of f (x) in the interval (0, 2)




 nx  X
 nx 
8 X
4
4
cos
+
f (x) = +

sin
6 n=1 n2 2
1
n
1
n=1

4
4 X cos(nx) 4 X sin(nx)

= + 2
3 n=1
n2
n=1
n

Putting x = 1, we get


4
4
1
1
1
1 = + 2 1 + 2 2 + ...
3
1
2
3


1
1
4
1
1
= 2 1 + 2 2 + ...
3

1
2
3
2

1
1
1
1
= 2 2 + 2 2 + ...
12
1
2
3
4
N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series 2

Example

Ex. Find the Fourier series of f (x) = 2x in 1 < x < 1

where p = 2L = 2.

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series 2

Example
Sol. Step 1: The Fourier series of f (x) is given by

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series 2

Example
Sol. Step 1: The Fourier series of f (x) is given by

 nx i
 nx 
a0 X h
f (x) =
+
+ bn sin
an cos
2
L
L
n=1

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series 2

Example
Sol. Step 1: The Fourier series of f (x) is given by

 nx i
 nx 
a0 X h
f (x) =
+
+ bn sin
an cos
2
L
L
n=1
Z 1
1
where a0 =
f (x) dx
L 1

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series 2

Example
Sol. Step 1: The Fourier series of f (x) is given by

 nx i
 nx 
a0 X h
f (x) =
+
+ bn sin
an cos
2
L
L
n=1
Z 1
1
where a0 =
f (x) dx
L 1
Z
 nx 
1 1
an =
f (x) cos
dx
L 1
L

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series 2

Example
Sol. Step 1: The Fourier series of f (x) is given by

 nx i
 nx 
a0 X h
f (x) =
+
+ bn sin
an cos
2
L
L
n=1
Z 1
1
where a0 =
f (x) dx
L 1
Z
 nx 
1 1
an =
f (x) cos
dx
L 1
L
Z
 nx 
1 1
dx
bn =
f (x) sin
L 1
L

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series 2

Example
Sol. Step 1: The Fourier series of f (x) is given by

 nx i
 nx 
a0 X h
f (x) =
+
+ bn sin
an cos
2
L
L
n=1
Z 1
1
where a0 =
f (x) dx
L 1
Z
 nx 
1 1
an =
f (x) cos
dx
L 1
L
Z
 nx 
1 1
dx
bn =
f (x) sin
L 1
L
Here p = 2L = 2 L = 1

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series 2

Example

1
Step 2. Now a0 =
1

f (x) dx
1

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series 2

Example

1
Step 2. Now a0 =
1
Z 1
a0 =
2x dx

f (x) dx
1

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series 2

Example

1
Step 2. Now a0 =
1
Z 1
a0 =
2x dx

f (x) dx
1

=0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series 2

Example

1
Step 3. an =
1

f (x) cos
1

N. B. Vyas

 nx 
1

dx

Fourier Series 2

Example

Z
 nx 
1 1
Step 3. an =
f (x) cos
dx
1 1
1
Z 1
an =
2x cos(nx) dx
1

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series 2

Example

Z
 nx 
1 1
Step 3. an =
f (x) cos
dx
1 1
1
Z 1
an =
2x cos(nx) dx
1


= 2x

sin nx
n

 cos nx 1
(2) 2 2
n
1

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series 2

Example

Z
 nx 
1 1
Step 3. an =
f (x) cos
dx
1 1
1
Z 1
an =
2x cos(nx) dx
1

sin nx
= 2x
n

2(1)n
= 0+ 2 2
n

 cos nx 1
(2) 2 2
n
1

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series 2

Example

Z
 nx 
1 1
Step 3. an =
f (x) cos
dx
1 1
1
Z 1
an =
2x cos(nx) dx
1


 cos nx 1
sin nx
= 2x
(2) 2 2
n
n
1


n
n
2(1)
2(1)
= 0+ 2 2 0 2 2
n
n


N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series 2

Example

Z
 nx 
1 1
Step 3. an =
f (x) cos
dx
1 1
1
Z 1
an =
2x cos(nx) dx
1


 cos nx 1
sin nx
= 2x
(2) 2 2
n
n
1


n
n
2(1)
2(1)
= 0+ 2 2 0 2 2
n
n
=0


N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series 2

Example

Ex. Find the Fourier series of periodic function

f (x)= 1; 1 < x < 0
= 1; 0 < x < 1
p = 2L = 2

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series 2

Example

Ex. Find the Fourier series of periodic function

f (x)= 0; 2 < x < 0
= 2; 0 < x < 2
p = 2L = 4

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series 2

Fourier Half Range Series

A function f (x) defined only on the interval of the form

0 < x < L.

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series 2

Fourier Half Range Series

A function f (x) defined only on the interval of the form

0 < x < L.
If f (x) is represented on this interval by a Fourier series of
period 2L

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series 2

Fourier Half Range Series

A function f (x) defined only on the interval of the form

0 < x < L.
If f (x) is represented on this interval by a Fourier series of
period 2L
Then such Fourier series are known as half range Fourier
series or half range expansions.

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series 2

Fourier Half Range Series

A function f (x) defined only on the interval of the form

0 < x < L.
If f (x) is represented on this interval by a Fourier series of
period 2L
Then such Fourier series are known as half range Fourier
series or half range expansions.
Types of Half Range Fourier series

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series 2

Fourier Half Range Series

A function f (x) defined only on the interval of the form

0 < x < L.
If f (x) is represented on this interval by a Fourier series of
period 2L
Then such Fourier series are known as half range Fourier
series or half range expansions.
Types of Half Range Fourier series
1

Fourier Cosine Series

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series 2

Fourier Half Range Series

A function f (x) defined only on the interval of the form

0 < x < L.
If f (x) is represented on this interval by a Fourier series of
period 2L
Then such Fourier series are known as half range Fourier
series or half range expansions.
Types of Half Range Fourier series
1
2

Fourier Cosine Series

Fourier Sine Series

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series 2

Fourier Cosine Series

Let f (x) be piecewise continuous on [o, l].

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series 2

Fourier Cosine Series

Let f (x) be piecewise continuous on [o, l].

the Fourier cosine series expansion of f (x) on the half range
interval [0, l] is given by

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series 2

Fourier Cosine Series

Let f (x) be piecewise continuous on [o, l].

the Fourier cosine series expansion of f (x) on the half range
interval [0, l] is given by

 nx 
ao X
f (x) =
+
an cos
2
l
n=1

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series 2

Fourier Cosine Series

Let f (x) be piecewise continuous on [o, l].

the Fourier cosine series expansion of f (x) on the half range
interval [0, l] is given by

 nx 
ao X
f (x) =
+
an cos
2
l
n=1
Z l
2
where a0 =
f (x) dx
l 0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series 2

Fourier Cosine Series

Let f (x) be piecewise continuous on [o, l].

the Fourier cosine series expansion of f (x) on the half range
interval [0, l] is given by

 nx 
ao X
f (x) =
+
an cos
2
l
n=1
Z l
2
where a0 =
f (x) dx
l 0
Z
 nx 
2 l
an =
f (x) cos
dx
l 0
l

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series 2

Fourier Sine Series

Let f (x) be piecewise continuous on [o, l].

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series 2

Fourier Sine Series

Let f (x) be piecewise continuous on [o, l].

the Fourier sine series expansion of f (x) on the half range
interval [0, l] is given by

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series 2

Fourier Sine Series

Let f (x) be piecewise continuous on [o, l].

the Fourier sine series expansion of f (x) on the half range
interval [0, l] is given by

 nx 
X
f (x) =
bn sin
l
n=1

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series 2

Fourier Sine Series

Let f (x) be piecewise continuous on [o, l].

the Fourier sine series expansion of f (x) on the half range
interval [0, l] is given by

 nx 
X
f (x) =
bn sin
l
n=1
Z l
 nx 
2
bn =
f (x) sin
dx
l 0
l

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series 2

Example

Ex. Find Fourier cosine and sine series of the function

f (x) = 1 for 0 x 2

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series 2

Example

Sol. Here given interval is 0 x 2

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series 2

Example

Sol. Here given interval is 0 x 2

l=2

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series 2

Example

Fourier cosine series

 nx 
a0 X
+
Step 1. f (x) =
an cos
2
l
n=1

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series 2

Example

Fourier cosine series

 nx 
a0 X
+
Step 1. f (x) =
an cos
2
l
n=1
Z
2 l
where a0 =
f (x)dx
l 0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series 2

Example

Fourier cosine series

 nx 
a0 X
+
Step 1. f (x) =
an cos
2
l
n=1
Z
2 l
where a0 =
f (x)dx
l 0
Z
 nx 
2 l
an =
f (x) cos
l 0
l

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series 2

Example

2
Step 2. a0 =
2

f (x)dx
0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series 2

Example

2
Step 2. a0 =
2
Z 2
=
1dx

f (x)dx
0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series 2

Example

Z
2 2
Step 2. a0 =
f (x)dx
2 0
Z 2
=
1dx = [x]20
0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series 2

Example

Z
2 2
Step 2. a0 =
f (x)dx
2 0
Z 2
=
1dx = [x]20 = 2.
0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series 2

Example
2
Step 3. an =
2

f (x)cos
0

N. B. Vyas

 nx 
2

Fourier Series 2

dx

Example
Z
 nx 
2 2
f (x)cos
Step 3. an =
dx
2 0
2
Z 2
 nx 
=
dx
(1) cos
2
0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series 2

Example
Z
 nx 
2 2
f (x)cos
Step 3. an =
dx
2 0
2
Z 2
 nx 
=
dx
(1) cos
2
0

 nx  2
sin
 2
=

n
2
0

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series 2

Example
Z
 nx 
2 2
f (x)cos
Step 3. an =
dx
2 0
2
Z 2
 nx 
=
dx
(1) cos
2
0

 nx  2
sin
 2
=

n
0
 2
2
=
(sin (n) sin (0))
n

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series 2

Example
Z
 nx 
2 2
f (x)cos
Step 3. an =
dx
2 0
2
Z 2
 nx 
=
dx
(1) cos
2
0

 nx  2
sin
 2
=

n
0
 2
2
=
(sin (n) sin (0)) = 0
n

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series 2

Example

Fourier cosine series of f (x) is

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series 2

Example

Fourier cosine series of f (x) is

 nx 
a0 X
f (x) =
+
an cos
2
l
n=1

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series 2

Example

Fourier cosine series of f (x) is

 nx 
a0 X
f (x) =
+
an cos
2
l
n=1
=

2
+0
2

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series 2

Example

Fourier cosine series of f (x) is

 nx 
a0 X
f (x) =
+
an cos
2
l
n=1
=

2
+0 =1
2

N. B. Vyas

Fourier Series 2