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Many applications involve densities for solids that are best expressed in nonCartesian coordinate systems. In particular, there are many applications in
which the use of triple integrals is more natural in either cylindrical or spherical
coordinates.
For example, suppose that f (r; )
g (r; ) in polar coordinates and that
U (x; y; z) is a continuous function. If S is the solid between z = f (x; y) and
z = g (x; y) over a region R in the xy-plane, then
#
Z Z Z
Z Z "Z
f (x;y)
U (x; y; z) dV =
U (x; y; z) dz
dA
g(x;y)
U (x; y; z) dV =
q( )
p( )
g(r; )
(1)
f (r; )
1 x2
2xy
x2 + y 2 dzdydx
Solution: Rather than employ (1) directly, lets rst evaluate the
integral in z. That is,
Z
1 x2
2xy
2
x +y
dzdydx =
Z Z
2xy
0
dydx
1 x2
2xy x2 + y 2 dydx
1 x2
zx2 + zy 2
2xy x2 + y 2 dA
=2
sin (2 ) r5 drd
=2
sin (2 )
=2
r6
6
d
0
1
sin (2 ) d
6
1
6
f (r; )
p( )
f ( sin( ); )
U ( ; ; ) dV =
q( )
g( ; )
U( ; ; )
sin ( ) d d d
f( ; )
p( )
(2)
sin ( ) d d d
implies
(3)
EXAMPLE 2
tegral
Z
1
1
1 x2
1 x2
Z p1
p
x2 y 2
1 x2 y 2
x2 + y 2 + z 2 dzdydx
=
=
=
1
4
1
4
sin ( ) d d d
4 1
sin ( ) d d
0
sin ( ) d d
cos ( )j0 d
Moreover, z = 1 corresponds to
V =
Z Z Z
dV
cos ( ) = 1; or
=4
sec( )
2
sin ( ) d d d
3 sec( )
= sec ( ) : Thus,
1
3
=4
= =4 in spher-
sin ( ) d d
0
=4
sec3 ( ) sin ( ) d d
=4
tan ( ) sec2 ( ) d d
=
=
=
1
3
1
3
1
d
2
udud =
= =4?
sin ( ) d d d
100
5000d
=
which is Q =
1; 000; 000
coulombs.
Triple integrals in spherical and cylindrical coordinates are common in the study
of electricity and magnetism. In fact, quantities in the elds of electricity and
magnetism are often dened in spherical coordinates to begin with.
EXAMPLE 5 The power emitted by a certain antenna has a power
density per unit volume of
p( ; ; ) =
P0
2
sin4 ( ) cos2 ( )
= P0
10P0
10
P0
2
sin4 ( ) cos2 ( )
sin ( ) d d d
10
cos2 ( )
sin ( ) cos2 ( ) d d
10P0
0
2
16
cos2 d
15
7
80
P0
25
(cos (2 ) + 1) d =
32
P0 W atts
5
= =4?
Mm
r2
(4)
d jF j =
(5)
r) = R2
x2 + y 2 + z 2
or
2rz + r2 = R2
2r cos ( ) + r2
R2 = 0
r2 (1
cos2 ( ))
r2 sin2 ( )
2
1
= r cos +
q
R2
(R=r) while
r2 sin2 ( )
Gm
Gm
Gm
jF j =
= 2 R2
2Gm
If we let u ( ) = R2
u (0) = R2
sin
sin
(R=r)
(R=r)
sin
cos ( )
sin ( ) d d d
1
2
cos ( ) sin ( ) d d d
1
(R=r)
1 ) cos (
) sin ( ) d d d
r2 sin2 ( )
Z
Since
sin
1=2
(R=r)
r2 sin2 ( )
R2
1=2
sin ( ) cos ( ) d d
u sin
10
R
r
= R2
r2
R2
r2
=0
Moreover, du =
jF j =
Gm
r2
Gm
r2
Gm
r2
(R=r)
R2
r2 sin2 ( )
1=2
u1=2 du d
R2
sin
u3=2
3=2
d
R2
3
Z 2
Gm
2R
d
2
r
3
0
Gm 4 R3
r2
3
=
=
However, the volume of the sphere is V = 4 R3 =3; so that the mass of the
sphere is M = V = 4 R3 =3: Thus, we have shown that
jF j =
GM m
r2
Exercises
Convert to cylindrical coordinates and evaluate:
1.
3.
5.
7.
9.
R 1 R p1
2
p x
1 x2
R 1 R p1
2
p x
1 x2
R 1 R p1 x2
p
1
1 x2
R 1 R x R jxj+1
0
3
0
p
0
9 x2
R2
0
z dzdydx
R1 p
0
2.
x2 + y 2 + z dzdydx
R1
dzdydx
0 x2 +y 2 +1
6.
dz dydx
jxj+1
R x2 +y2
0
4.
8.
(z + 1) dzdydx
11
10.
R 1 R p1
2
p x
1 x2
R 1 R p1
R2
0
2
p x
1 x2
R1 R0
1
1 x2
R1
0
R1
R 4 R p16
0
x2
2z
p
x2 + y 2 dzdydx
zdzdydx
0 x2 +y 2 +1
R 1 R x R px2 +y2
0
z dzdydx
dz dydx
p
2
2
R p16
0
x +y
x2 y 2
z dzdydx
13.
15.
17.
R 1 R p1
2
p x
1 x2
R 4 R p16
p
R 3 R p9
0
R p1
p
x2
16 x2
x2
x2 y 2
1 x2 y 2
R p16
x2 y 2
9
xdzdydx
x2 +y 2 +z 2
14.
x2 y 2 dzdydx
p 2 2
x +y
R p9
p
x2
y2
16.
x2 + y 2 dzdydx
18.
R 1 R p1
1
R 4 R p16
0
= 0 to
= 0 to
= 0 to
=1
=
=2
20.
= 1 to
= 0 to
= 0 to
=2
=
=2
21.
= 0 to
= 0 to
= 0 to
=1
= 4
=2
22.
= 0 to
= 0 to
= 0 to
=1
=
=
below x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1
above x2 + y 2 = z 2
24.
x2
R 4 R p16
19.
23.
2
p x
1 x2
R p1
p
x2 y 2
zdzdydx
2
2
2
1 x2 y 2 x +y +z
x2 y 2
ydzdydx
2
2
2
1 x2 y 2 x +y +z
R p16
p
x2 y 2
16 x2 y 2
x2
R p16
x2 y 2
29.
3
(x; y; z) = 2 C=m
p
(x; y; z) = 0 x2 + y 2 + z 2 C=m3
p 2 2 2
(x; y; z) = 0 e x +y +z C=m3
inside x2 + y 2 = 1
between z = 0 and z = 1
26.
28.
(x; y; z) = 4 C=m3
(x; y; z) = p 2 0 2
30.
(x; y; z) =
x +y +z 2
C=m3
)
ep(
2
2
2
x +y +z
x2 +y 2 +z 2
31. The solid cone between the xy-plane and the right circular cone (z
x2 + y 2 has a volume charge density of
1) =
x2 + y 2 z 2
(x; y; z) = 1
(b
a) z 2
5=2
(x2 + y 2 + z 3 )
12
y +z
x2 dzdydx
The following are volume charge densities of charge clouds contained in a sphere
of radius 1 meter. Calculate the total charge inside the sphere. Consider 0 to
be a constant.
25.
27.
dzdydx
p
2
2
with 0 constant. What is the total charge between the two spheres?
33. A certain sphere of radius 1 meter centered at the origin has a mass
density of
p
kg
(x; y; z) = x2 + y 2 + z 2 3
m
What is the mass of the sphere?
34. Suppose that the solid S is the spherical capbetween x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 2
and z = 1 if the mass density is
(x; y; z) =
z
(x2
y2
3=2
+ z2)
R
h
13